04板块一专题一第四讲主旨大意题PPT课件-2026版高考英语二轮专题复习与策略

(共138张PPT)
第一部分 复习讲义
板块一 阅读
第四讲　主旨大意题
专题一 阅读四选一
一、熟知主旨大意题的设问方式与考查角度
1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式
(1)What is the best title for the text
(2)What is the passage/paragraph...mainly about
(3)Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
(4)Which is the most suitable title for the text
(5)What is the first/second...paragraph mainly about
2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度
(1)选定最佳标题；
(2)归纳段落大意；
(3)理解文章主旨。
二、明了主旨大意题的选项特征
正确 选项 特征 1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2．确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。 3．精确性强，不会改变原文语言表意的程度及感彩。 4．含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。
干扰 选项 特征 以偏概全 只阐述了局部信息或文章内容的某一个方面
主题过大 归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际所讨论的内容
断章取义 以次要的事实或细节代替全文的主要观点
无中生有 与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖
标题归纳题——“高度概括”定标题
【典例】(2024·全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇)
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways．For instance，almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help，scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter．But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills．They are able to have entire conversations with humans using
meows and you're able to interpret it．If a pet cat is hungry，it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food．However，when a cat is looking for affection，they tend to produce stretched and soft meows．Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed．
Cats have many heightened senses，but their sense of smell is quite impressive．They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger．They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax．However，another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells．Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future．That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats，which they don't usually like．
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit，but cats take this behavior up a notch．Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners．This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物)．Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you．These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time．So just go along with it!
27．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
√
解题导引：
Step 1　读文章，厘清结构
第一段：介绍猫通过声音和人类交流；
第二段：介绍猫通过嗅觉感知环境；
第三段：介绍猫可以为人类取物。
因此，文章主要介绍了对猫的各种行为的理解。
Step 2　析选项，斟酌判断
A 找一只聪明猫的小贴士
B 了解你的猫的行为
C 和你的猫玩得开心
D 如何让你的猫保持健康
Step 3　对比选项，得出答案
【图解技巧】
文章大意题——“主题句定位”寻主旨
【典例】(2023·浙江1月卷·阅读理解B篇)
Live with roommates？Have friends and family around you？Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon．
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me．I've learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household．
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back．I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson，sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars，and have so little trash！A few days later，I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries，and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere．It came off as a bit discouraging．
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach．I had my own bedroom，so I worked on removing things I didn't need．Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品)，I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable．I also offered to cook every so often，so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries．Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch，but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire．
As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate．If you have individuals who are not on board，your words probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged．
So here is my advice：Lead by action．
27．What is the text mainly about
A．How to get on well with other family members．
B．How to have one's own personal space at home．
C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household．
D．How to control the budget when buying groceries．
√
解题导引：
Step 1　读文章，概括大意
第一、二段：讲述了在家庭生活中实行“零浪费”生活方式可能遭遇反对；
第三、四段：讲述了作者自身如何通过行动在家庭中改变生活方式；
第五段：讲述了当你改变生活方式时，你可能遭遇的情况；
第六段：讲述了作者给读者的建议
再根据第二段尾句中的“how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household”可知，文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现“零浪费”生活方式有关。
Step 2　析选项，斟酌判断
A 如何与其他家庭成员相处融洽
B 如何在家里拥有自己的个人空间
C 如何在家中过零浪费的生活
D 买杂货如何控制预算
Step 3　对比选项，得出答案
【图解技巧】
段落大意题——首尾兼顾知大意
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B篇)
Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition．After Charlie had a heart attack，Tindale says，she was prepared to put him to sleep，but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months．And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse，Nappy，“moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment．
26．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment．
B．The complexity of veterinarians'work．
C．Examples of rare animal diseases．
D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine．
√
解题导引：
Step 1　读文章，了解段意
Farber使Leigh Tindale的宠物狗减轻痛苦，多活了五个月，并让Priscilla Dewing的马行动更轻便，骑起来更舒适，这些都说明整体医学疗法对于动物治疗的有效性。
Step 2　析选项，斟酌判断
A 按摩疗法的步骤
B 兽医工作的复杂性
C 罕见的动物疾病的例子
D 整体医学的有效性
Step 3　对比选项，得出答案
【图解技巧】
随堂演练促迁移
Passage 1
(2024·安徽蚌埠三模)
In June 1985，two British mountaineers Joe Simpson and Simon Yates made the first-ever climb of the West Face of the 21，000-foot snow-covered Siula Grande mountain in Peru．It was exceptionally tough — but nothing compared to what was to come．Early in the descent (下降)，Simpson fell and broke his right knee．Yates could
have abandoned him but managed to find a way of lowering him down the mountain in a series of difficult drops blinded by snow and cold．Then Simpson fell into a crevasse (冰隙) and Yates eventually had no choice but to cut the rope，utterly convinced that his friend was now dead．
In his subsequent book on the climb entitled Touching The Void，Joe Simpson wrote：“As I gazed at the distant moraines (冰碛)，I knew that I must at least try．I would probably die out there amid those rocks．The thought didn't alarm me．It seemed reasonable，matter-of-fact．That was how it was．I could aim for something．If I died，well，that wasn't so surprising，but I wouldn't have just waited for it to happen．The horror of dying no longer affected me as it had in the crevasse．I now had the chance to confront it and struggle against it．My leg would hurt when I fell and when I couldn't get up I would die．”
The survival of Simpson himself was extraordinary．Finding a way to climb out of the crevasse after 12 hours，then dragging himself six miles back to camp，and going three days and nights without food or drink would be the stuff of heroic fiction if it was not so true．Indeed，six operations and two years later，he was even back climbing．All because，against all the odds，he tried．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述登山者Joe Simpson在被冰雪覆盖的山上膝盖受伤并掉进冰隙，在困难重重的情况下，他保持冷静，设法尝试自救的励志故事。
1．What happened to Simpson
A．He went blind in the accident．
B．He was hurt for lack of the rope．
C．He had his knee injured in the descent．
D．He was deserted into a crevasse on purpose．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“Early in the descent，Simpson fell and broke his right knee．”可知，Simpson在下降过程中摔倒，膝盖受伤。]
2．What did Simpson do in the crevasse
A．He tried to remove the rocks．
B．He struggled for food and drink．
C．He thought about his dead friend．
D．He stayed calm to rescue himself．
√
D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“As I gazed at the distant moraines，I knew that I must at least try...but I wouldn't have just waited for it to happen．”和第三段中“Finding a way to climb out of the crevasse after 12 hours”可知，Simpson在冰隙中保持冷静自救。]
3．What does the underlined word “confront” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Face up to． B．Give way to．
C．Get away with． D．Come up with．
√
A　[词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“The horror of dying no longer affected me as it had in the crevasse．”以及其后的“struggle against it”可知，此处指“直面恐惧并与之抗争”，confront意为“直面，面对”。]
4．What message does the text mainly convey
A．No way is impossible to wisdom．
B．Nothing is hard to the man who will try．
C．The good seaman is known in bad weather．
D．Good company on the road is the shortest cut．
√
B　[主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段中“All because，against all the odds，he tried．”可知，文章主要讲述登山者Joe Simpson膝盖受伤并掉进冰隙，在困难重重的情况下，他保持冷静，设法尝试自救，最终得以幸存，所以文章主要传达了“世上无难事，只要肯尝试”的道理。]
Passage 2
(2024·山东泰安二模)
When Spanish meets English，new dialects emerge，giving us real-time insight into language evolution，linguists say．
For instance，“Vamos de punches punches punches”， Yamilet Munoz texted her friends in Austin，Texas．It means “let's go and party”， but it's not a phrase you'll find in any dictionary．It's a remix of Spanish and English words seasoned with an in-joke about punching the air as you dance．
“Our language has always been a very big indicator of our cultural pride，” says Munoz，whose parents migrated from Mexico to San Antonio，Texas，in the 1990s．Around 66% of the city's population identify as Hispanic or Latino/Latina．For Munoz and her friends there is pride in speaking Spanish，but also in mixing the languages into the hybrid known as Spanglish．
The evolution of Spanglish has been documented for decades，with each generation adding its unique twist．Now a growing body of research，as well as the experiences of bilingual(双语的) speakers like Munoz，shows just how deeply English and Spanish are influencing each other in the United States，not only resulting in hybrid dialects like Spanglish but also transforming the underlying languages．
For the past decade，Carter and his colleagues have studied language change in Miami，a city where some 72% identify as Latino or Hispanic and which is strongly shaped by historical migration from Cuba．Their research documents the emergence of a distinct “Miami English” dialect as a result of that Spanish-language heritage．
The Spanish influence has also shown up in ways people may not immediately notice，such as sounds like the “oo” in “boot” being pronounced in a more Spanish-style way in Miami，more like the Spanish “u” vowel，according to separate research by Carter，Lydda Lopez Valdez at the University of Miami and Nandi Sims at Ohio State University．
“This is the work of language change; this is the work of dialect formation; this is how it happens．It happens in things that are really noticeable，like the phrase ‘get down from the car'， but it also happens in really slight ways，” he says．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Spanglish(西班牙语和英语的混合语)的形成和演变，特别是新一代人是如何重新创造Spanglish的。
5．Why is an example introduced in paragraph 2
A．To illustrate the language innovation．
B．To explain the advantage of Spanish．
C．To highlight the mix of Spanish and English．
D．To prove the enrichment of English vocabulary．
√
A　[推理判断题。根据文章第一段和文章第二段内容可知，第二段中引入一个例子是为了说明语言的创新。]
6．What can be inferred from Munoz and her friends
A．Spanish and English are interrelating．
B．Mixing two languages is complicated．
C．Languages dominate cultural development．
D．Bilingualists tend to observe their own culture．
√
A　[推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句和文章第四段中“Now a growing body of research...resulting in hybrid dialects like Spanglish but also transforming the underlying languages．”可推知，Munoz和她的朋友们在说话中混合使用西班牙语和英语，这表明两种语言是相互关联的。]
7．What does Carter intend to convey
A．Dialects evolve flexibly and frequently．
B．Spanish possesses more sounds than English．
C．Phrases are changing more slowly than before．
D．Language change is progressive and dynamic．
√
D　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可推知，Carter想要传达的是语言变化是渐进的和动态的。]
8．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．How Researchers Are Studying Languages
B．How Modern English Is Changing Globally
C．How a Generation Is Reinventing Spanglish
D．How Spanglish Is Influencing American Culture
√
C　[标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了Spanglish(西班牙语和英语的混合语)的形成和演变，特别是新一代人是如何重新创造Spanglish的。因此，文章的最佳标题应该是C项。 ]
针对性训练9　阅读理解——主旨大意题(1)
Passage 1
(2024·四川内江三模)
Newly published Federal Trade Commission data shows that consumers reported losing more than $5.8 billion to scams (欺诈) in 2021，an increase of more than 70 percent over 2020．
Of the losses reported by consumers，more than $2.3 billion of losses reported were due to imposter (假冒者) scams—up from $1.2 billion in 2020，while online shopping accounted for about $392 million in reported losses from consumers—up from $246 million in 2020．Prizes，Internet services and job chances followed closely behind．
The FTC's Consumer Sentinel Network (Sentinel ) is a database that receives reports directly from consumers，as well as from federal，state，and local law enforcement(执行) agencies，industry members，and non-profit organizations．It received more than 5.7 million reports in 2021; these include the scam reports detailed above，as well as identity theft reports and complaints related to other consumer problems，such as problems with banks and lenders．These reports are a key resource for FTC studies that stop illegal activities and，when possible，provide aids to consumers．
The FTC uses the reports it receives through Sentinel as the starting point for many of its law enforcement studies，and the agency also shares these reports with approximately 2，800 federal，state，local，and international law enforcement professionals．
The Federal Trade Commission works to promote competition and protect and educate consumers．The FTC will never demand money，make threats，tell you to transfer money，or promise you a prize．Learn more about consumer topics at consumer．ftc．gov，or report scams，and bad business practices at ReportFraud．ftc．gov．Follow the FTC on social media，read consumer warnings and the business blog，and sign up to get the latest FTC news and warnings．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了联邦贸易委员会最新公布的数据显示，消费者报告称2021年因诈骗损失超过58亿美元，比2020年增长了70%以上。
1．How much was lost to scams in 2020
A．About $3.4 billion． B．About $4.1 billion．
C．About $5.8 billion． D．About $9.8 billion．
√
A　[细节理解题。根据文章第一段可知，2021年诈骗损失是58亿美元，比2020年增长了70%以上，故2020年的诈骗损失应为“58亿美元除以(1＋70%)等于34亿美元”，故2020年的诈骗损失应为3.4 billion。]
2．Which scams ranked second in 2021
A．Prize scams． B．Imposter scams．
C．Online shopping scams． D．Internet service scams．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知，欺诈最高的损失是冒名顶替，紧接着就是网上购物的损失，再就是奖项、互联网服务和就业机会，故网上购物欺诈排名第二。]
3．What does paragraph 3 focus on
A．Relations between the FTC and Sentinel．
B．Introductions to Sentinel's primary work．
C．Problems to be worked out by Sentinel．
D．Expectations for setting up Sentinel．
√
B　[主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“The FTC's Consumer Sentinel Network...when possible，provide aids to consumers．”可知，第三段主要介绍了消费者哨兵网络Sentinel是收集报告的机构，这些报告用于阻止非法活动，为消费者提供帮助，故本段主要介绍了消费者哨兵网络Sentinel收集报告这一首要任务。]
4．What are consumers advised to do
A．Make donations to the FTC．
B．Educate consumers with the FTC．
C．Publicize the FTC on social media．
D．Value the FTC warning information．
√
D　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后一句可知，文章最后提出建议，建议消费者注册获取最新的联邦贸易委员会的新闻和警告，故应重视联邦贸易委员会的警告，故选D。]
Passage 2
(2024·安徽滁州二模)
Researchers have found a group of lost cities in the Amazon rainforest．The cities were home to at least 10，000 farmers around
2，000 years ago．
Stéphen Rostain，one of the researchers，first noticed the earthen mounds (土墩) and buried roads in Ecuador more than twenty years ago．But at the time，he wasn't sure how it all fitted together．Recent mapping using laser (激光) technology revealed those locations to be part of a group of settlements in the forested areas near the Andes mountains and connecting roads．
This LIDAR image provided by researchers in January 2024 shows complexes of rectangular (矩形) platforms arranged around low squares along wide dug streets at the Kunguints site，Upano Valley in Ecuador．“It was a lost valley of cities，and it's incredible，” said Rostain．
The Upano people lived in the settlements between around 500 B．C．and 300 to 600 A．D．That was around the same time period as the Roman Empire in Europe．Ancient people built the cities on over 6，000 earthen mounds in an area surrounded by agricultural fields with
drainage (排水) canals．The largest roads were 10 meters wide and went for 10 to 20 kilometers．While it is difficult to estimate populations，the area was home to at least 10，000 people，and possibly about 15，000 or 30，000 at its highest point．That is comparable to the estimated population of Roman-era London，then Britain's largest city．The Amazon is often thought of as a wild area with only small groups of people．But recent discoveries have shown us how much more complex the past really is．
Scientists have recently also found evidence of complex rainforest societies that have came into being before European contact elsewhere in the Amazon，including in Bolivia and Brazil．“There's always been an incredible diversity of people and settlements in the Amazon，not only one way to live，” said Rostain．“We're just learning more about them．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员在亚马逊雨林中发现的一组失落城市。研究人员还发现，亚马逊雨林地区在欧洲罗马帝国时期存在着复杂的社会结构，这与人们对亚马逊地区的传统认知不同。
5．What does Rostain think about the finding
A．Unreasonable．　　　　 B．Understandable．
C．Unforgettable． D．Unbelievable．
√
D　[推理判断题。根据第三段中“‘It was a lost valley of cities，and it's incredible，'said Rostain．”可知，Rostain对这一发现感到非常惊讶和不可思议。]
6．What's paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The lost cities'long history and complex civilization．
B．The lost cities'relationship with the Roman Empire．
C．The Upano people's similarities in lifestyle with Londoners'．
D．The Upano people's advanced agriculture and transport．
√
A　[主旨大意题。根据第四段中“The Upano people lived in the settlements...The largest roads were 10 meters wide and went for 10 to 20 kilometers．”可知，本段主要描述了失落城市的历史和文明，指出这些城市的存在跨越了长久的岁月，并且这些城市建在6 000多个土墩上，有复杂的排水系统和10至20千米长的道路。因此，该段主要介绍了失落城市的悠久历史和复杂的文明。]
7．What can be inferred from Rostain's words in the last paragraph
A．People have learned enough about the complex societies．
B．Much remains to be discovered about the lost societies．
C．The rainforest societies are as complex as ever thought．
D．European contact with the lost cities dates from long ago．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“‘There's always been an incredible diversity of people and settlements in the Amazon，not only one way to live，'said Rostain．‘We're just learning more about them．'”可知，我们对失落社会的了解仍然不够充分，还有很多待发现的内容。因此，可以推断出Rostain认为关于失落社会还有很多待发现的内容。]
8．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text
A．The Loss of Complex Rainforest Societies
B．The History of Complex Old Settlements
C．Researchers Discover Lost Cities in Amazon
D．Scientists Find Incredible Diversity of People
√
C　[标题归纳题。根据第一段“Researchers have found a group of lost cities in the Amazon rainforest．The cities were home to at least
10，000 farmers around 2，000 years ago．”以及通读全文可知，文章介绍的是研究人员在亚马逊雨林中发现的一组失落城市。研究人员还发现，亚马逊雨林地区在欧洲罗马帝国时期存在着复杂的社会结构，这与人们对亚马逊地区的传统认知不同。C项概括文章主要内容，适合作标题。故选C。]
Passage 3
(2024·浙江温州二模)
Many economists predict 2024 will be the time shoppers tighten their belts．That doesn't mean people will stop spending，say retail (零售) analysts．But it will change what they choose to buy．With a slowing job market，global consumers are likely to move away from more high-priced purchases and focus instead on smaller，less expensive treats．
The economic uncertainty means that consumers are becoming more discriminating about their purchases，says Ethan Chermofsky，senior vice president of marketing at intelligence platform Placer．ai．“There are the things that，we decide，are necessary，and then there's another category of things that aren't necessary but that we consider affordable luxuries，” he says．This desire for these “affordable luxuries” is common in difficult economic times．Some economists refer to the phenomenon as the “lipstick index”： a small economic increase led by budget-minded consumers seeking out relatively affordable splurges (挥霍)，like small cosmetics (化妆品)．
Analysts at Deloitte say consumers will spend on little luxuries like specialty coffees and snacks as well．Additionally，stressed-out shoppers are prioritizing small splurge purchases for wellness and personal care．
As retailers see shoppers turning to little luxuries，they're offering more and more of them．Target，for example，has staked a flag in what they refer to as “affordable joy”， which includes a selection of self-care and cosmetic products，along with wellness-centric beauty products．Beyond diversifying their offerings，stores are also bringing in luxury-feeling products at lower price points to appeal to more consumers．
Ethan says not every shopper will shift their spending to little luxuries，but even those who are still longing for the “must-haves” of social media will also look to get a deal．They want the feeling of purchasing lower-priced affordable treats．To get these goods，shoppers are likely to tap into the re-sale market for designer items at a more reasonable price．They want things that make them feel good about themselves—they just want to do it without breaking the bank．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要解释什么是“口红指数”以及出现这种现象的原因。
9．What can affordable luxuries be
A．Inexpensive daily necessities．
B．High-end products．
C．Reasonably-priced designer items．
D．High-priced purchases．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据全文内容尤其是第二段中的“This desire for these ‘affordable luxuries’ is common in difficult economic times．Some economists refer to the phenomenon as the ‘lipstick index’： a small economic increase led by budget-minded consumers seeking out relatively affordable splurges, like small cosmetics．”可知，“负担得起的奢侈品”是指价格合理的名牌商品。]
10．What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The strategies retailers use．
B．The joy businesses offer．
C．The competition stores face．
D．The products consumers buy．
√
A　[主旨大意题。根据第四段“As retailers see shoppers turning to little luxuries...points to appeal to more consumers．”可知，第四段的主要内容是零售商使用的策略。]
11．What do most shoppers seek according to Ethan
A．Social-media deals．
B．World-famous brands．
C．Second-hand bargains．
D．Budget-friendly pleasures．
√
D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段第一、二句可知，根据伊森的说法，大多数购物者都在寻找预算友好的乐趣。]
12．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Lipstick Index：Where Does It Lead Us
B．Must-have Treats：A Future Spending Trend
C．Affordable Joy：Will We Fall into the Trap
D．Little Luxuries：A Driving Force Behind Consumption
√
A　[标题归纳题。根据第二段中的“This desire for...like small cosmetics．”并结合文章主要解释什么是“口红指数”以及出现这种现象的原因可知，A选项“口红指数：它将把我们引向何方？”最适合作文章标题。]
针对性训练10　阅读理解——主旨大意题(2)
Passage 1
(2024·福建泉州三模)
Bruce Campbell，a retired electrical engineer，wanted to change the behavior of mankind by showing how we can recycle old things into new，practical and livable ones．
For about $220，000，he purchased a Greek airliner — a Boeing 727-400 — that logged about 40，000 flights in its peak．Before Campbell got his hands on his Boeing 727 and transformed it into the airplane home he lives in，this aircraft saw regular use as it transported all kinds of people to all sorts of destinations．
After the successful transform，he hosted a big DJ dance party with a couple of friends．The party，called Turbulence：A Dance Party at a 727 in the Woods，happened right on the wing! Guests who attended the party also got the opportunity to take a look at the airplane home．Overall，they got the attention of 14，000 Facebook users who were interested in what sounded like an incredible party．
This talented engineer got another airliner and started on his second airplane home during the beginning of 2018 on the Kyushu Island coast because he wanted it to serve as a safe place for the local community as well．Part of Bruce Campbell's vision was to make an airliner that doubled as a lifeboat in case tsunami (海啸) threats were issued．He wanted the general public to find out that planes are capable of surviving hundreds of years and the cruellest weather conditions thanks to its sealed pressure technology．
Campbell adored the excitement that he received when he recycled airplanes and hoped that people would seriously consider it after they got the chance to see his home during tours and events．He has posted on his website that it is his goal to “inspire a renaissance (复兴) of thought about how to employ this remarkable resource”．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了一位退休的电气工程师Bruce Campbell把旧飞机改造成家的故事。
1．What drew wide public attention to Campbell's first transformed plane
A．Its high residential comfort level．
B．Its remarkable transporting capacity．
C．The incredibly high transformation cost．
D．The Facebook post of a party held on it．
√
D　[细节理解题。根据第三段可知，Facebook上举办派对的帖子吸引了公众对Campbell第一架改装飞机的广泛关注。]
2．What did Campbell think the second plane could serve as
A．A tsunami warning center．
B．A meeting place for local community．
C．A temporary shelter in disasters．
D．An engineering workshop．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据第四段中前两句可知，Campbell认为第二架飞机可以用作灾难中的临时避难所。]
3．Why did Campbell transform the planes
A．To direct attention to housing problems．
B．To satisfy his scientific curiosity．
C．To advocate a greener lifestyle．
D．To call for participation in recycling．
√
D　[细节理解题。根据第一段“Bruce Campbell...how we can recycle old things into new，practical and livable ones．”和最后一段“Campbell adored the excitement that he received when he recycled airplanes and hoped that people would seriously consider...his goal to ‘inspire a renaissance of thought about how to employ this remarkable resource'．”可知，Campbell改造飞机是为了呼吁市民参与循环再造。]
4．What is the text mainly about
A．A former electrical engineer turning retired planes into homes．
B．Recent trends of renaissance-themed decoration．
C．A talented home designer receiving online fame．
D．Diverse approaches for sustainable living．
√
A　[主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段可知，文章主要介绍了一位退休的电气工程师Bruce Campbell把旧飞机改造成家的故事。A项“一位前电气工程师把退役的飞机变成了家”能够总结文章大意。]
Passage 2
(2024·浙江金华十校二模)
Sometimes we only appreciate something when we realize we may lose it．That is the story of the Everglades．A shallow slow-moving river，the Everglades once covered about 18，000 square miles of southern Florida．Until the 1900s，few people lived in the grassy wetlands．Not much was understood about the unique balance of nature that existed there．Plants，creatures，and water had formed a remarkable ecosystem．
By the early 1900s，Florida's pleasant winters attracted more people．Visitors became new permanent residents．They built homes and roads．The conditions looked good for farming，so the newcomers planted large agricultural crops．But South Florida's cycle of flooding was a problem．To address that，developers attempted to drain (排水) the land．They also built structures to control water levels and flow．
Those changes made it easier for more people to live year-round in South Florida．However，they also disturbed life in the Everglades，which depends on freshwater regularly refilling the land．The area's growing human population needed freshwater．And large farms consumed large quantities of freshwater．By the mid-1900s，water levels in southern Florida began to go down．Lack of freshwater wasn't the only problem．As more and more land was developed for people and farms，the Everglades'historic boundaries contracted．Loss of habitat and hunting threatened the survival of native species in the Everglades．
Some people hoped that the government's recognition might save the Everglades．They fought for it．Everglades National Park was established in 1947．It became the first park in the United States created for its biodiversity．
Now，the Everglades National Park protects 1.5 million acres along the southern tip of Florida．An amazing variety of creatures live there．About 360 different species of birds have been sighted in the park．Nearly 300 different species of fish have been identified．About 40 species of mammals and 50 species of reptiles inhabit the park．Nature still rules in the Everglades，a place worth understanding，appreciating，and protecting．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类如何伤害和拯救大沼泽地。
5．What was the Everglades like before the 1900s
A．Naturally wild．　 　 B．Partly explored．
C．Completely lifeless． D．Thickly populated．
√
A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Until the 1900s，few people lived in the grassy wetlands．Not much was understood about the unique balance of nature that existed there．Plants，creatures，and water had formed a remarkable ecosystem．”可知，大沼泽地在20世纪以前处于自然野生的状态。]
6．What problem did new residents cause for the Everglades
A．A cycle of flooding．
B．Pollution of freshwater．
C．Possible extinction of native species．
D．The extension of historic boundaries．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Loss of habitat and hunting threatened the survival of native species in the Everglades．”可知，新居民给大沼泽地带来的问题是本地物种可能灭绝。]
7．Why are the figures mentioned in the last paragraph
A．To attract visitors to the park．
B．To stress the great power of nature．
C．To call for more efforts to protect nature．
D．To show the successful conservation of the park．
√
D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“...protects 1.5 million acres along the southern tip of Florida ...About 360 different species of birds have been sighted in the park．Nearly 300 different species of fish have been identified．About 40 species of mammals and 50 species of reptiles inhabit the park．”可知，最后一段的数字表明了公园保护的成功。]
8．What is the text mainly about
A．How people adapted to the life in the Everglades．
B．How Everglades National Park was established．
C．How humans harmed and saved the Everglades．
D．How the ecosystem of the Everglades was formed．
√
C　[主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“By the early 1900s，Florida's pleasant winters attracted more people．Visitors became new permanent residents．They built homes and roads．The conditions looked good for farming，so the newcomers planted large agricultural crops．”以及第三段中的“As more and more land was developed for people and farms，the Everglades'historic boundaries contracted．Loss of habitat and hunting threatened the survival of native species in the Everglades．”和最后一段中的“Now，Everglades National Park protects 1.5 million acres along the southern tip of Florida ...species of reptiles inhabit the park．”可知，文章主要介绍了人类如何伤害和拯救大沼泽地。]
Passage 3
(2024·云南昆明三模)
Few social networking platforms are known for inspiring positive social change these days，but an Inuit-developed app is helping local communities from Alaska to Greenland advance their self-determination．
Named SIKU after the Inuktitut word for “sea ice”， the app allows communities in the North to pull together traditional knowledge and scientific data to track changes in the environment，trace local wild foods，and make decisions about how to manage wildlife．
Over the years，SIKU has stepped forward in its development．
Recently，the elders saw that the platform could help address a familiar challenge：sharing knowledge with younger people who often have their noses in their phones．In 2019，SIKU relaunched as a full-fledged social network—a platform where members can post photos and notes about wildlife sightings，hunts and sea ice conditions．The app operates in multiple languages，such as Inuktitut，Innu and Greenlandic．Since early 2024，over 25，000 people from at least 120 communities have made more than 75，000 posts on SIKU．
The app is also equipped with useful tools for life on the ice，including weather reports，sea ice forecasts，and other critical safety information．“When I go out on the land with my family，we go a long distance，and the SIKU app can show which area we are in．It's precise，” says Karen Nanook，who lives in Taloyoak，Nunavut．
The data held in SIKU is abundant and up to date，and communities are already using the app to inform important decisions．In 2021，for example，elders in Sanikiluaq were worried the local reindeer population had thinned，so the Hunters and Trappers Association used SIKU to survey hunters and look at recent reported harvest rates．The analysis led the association to temporarily close the hunt to relieve pressure on the population and to reintroduce hunting slowly once the number of reindeer increased．This decision shows how Inuit can use
the technology in combination with traditional wildlife management．
“It's part science and part Inuit knowledge．It can work both ways，instead of one dominating the other，” says Arragutainaq，a manager at the association．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款名为SIKU的应用程序，它帮助北部社区收集传统知识和科学数据，跟踪环境变化，追踪当地野生食材，并决定如何管理野生动物。
9．What do we know about SIKU
A．It traces data to do research．
B．It gets tryouts all over the world．
C．It allows people to post photos and notes．
D．It mainly focuses on traditional knowledge．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“In 2019，SIKU relaunched as a full-fledged social network—a platform where members can post photos and notes about wildlife sightings，hunts and sea ice conditions．”可知，SIKU允许人们发布照片和笔记。]
10．What does the underlined word “full-fledged” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Well-developed． B．Time-saving．
C．Business-centered． D．Fancy-looking．
√
A　[词义猜测题。根据文章第三段中的“Over the years，SIKU has stepped forward in its development．Recently，the elders saw that the platform could help address a familiar challenge：sharing knowledge with younger people who often have their noses in their phones．”可知，画线词所在句句意：在2019年，SIKU作为一个成熟的社交网络重新启动，成员可以在这个平台上发布关于野生动物观察、狩猎和海冰情况的照片和笔记。可知，full-fledged在此处意为“成熟的”。]
11．What is Karen's attitude towards SIKU
A．Favorable． B．Doubtful．
C．Intolerant． D．Curious．
√
A　[推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“‘When I go out on the land with my family，we go a long distance，and the SIKU app can show which area we are in．It's precise，'says Karen Nanook，who lives in Taloyoak，Nunavut．”可知，Karen对SIKU的态度是支持的。]
12．What is the text mainly about
A．SIKU advocates the Inuit tradition．
B．SIKU promotes technological advances．
C．SIKU tracks changes in the environment．
D．SIKU helps local communities make decisions．
√
D　[主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段和第二段可知，SIKU帮助当地社区做出决策，如跟踪环境变化，追踪当地野生食材，并决定如何管理野生动物。所以短文主要关于SIKU帮助当地社区做出决策。]
针对性训练11　阅读理解——主旨大意题(3)
Passage 1
(2024·河北邢台一模)
A recent study conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has discovered that river erosion (侵蚀) can lead to increased biodiversity in areas with minimal tectonic (地壳构造的) activity．The researchers focused their attention on the Tennessee River Basin and examined how the erosion of various rock types by the river had led to the separation and diversification of a type of fish called the greenfin darter．As time passed，these separate fish populations evolved into distinct families with genetic differences．
Scientist Thomas Near observed that the greenfin darter was exclusively found in the southern half of the Tennessee River Basin．The researchers analyzed the genes of each fish in Near's data set and constructed an evolutionary tree．This tree helped them comprehend the evolution and differences of the greenfin darter species．They discovered that the fish within the same branch of the river were more closely related to each other than to the fish in other branches．
This study provides evidence that river erosion significantly impacts biodiversity in regions with low tectonic activity．It illustrates how changes in the landscape caused by river erosion can lead to the division and diversification of species over time，even in peaceful environments．These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms (机制) that drive biodiversity and evolution，even in areas that are not typically associated with intense tectonic activity．
Subsequently，the team discovered a strong correlation between the habitats of the greenfin darter and the type of rocks present．The southern half of the Tennessee River Basin consists of hard，tightly packed rocks，resulting in turbulent (湍急的) waves in the rivers that flow through it．This characteristic may be favored by the greenfin darter．As a result，the team assumed whether the distribution of greenfin darter habitats had been influenced by the changing rock types，as the rivers eroded the land over time．To test this assumption，the researchers developed a simulation model．Remarkably，the results confirmed their assumption．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现河流侵蚀可以增强生物多样性，并以一种名叫greenfin darter的鱼为例，说明了这种影响。
1．What is new about the MIT study
A．It finds river erosion can enhance biodiversity．
B．It further proves the mechanisms of river erosion．
C．It proves the geographical features of biodiversity．
D．It classifies a type of fish called the greenfin darter．
√
A　[细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，麻省理工学院的这项研究发现河流侵蚀可以增强生物多样性。]
2．What can we learn about the greenfin darter
A．Their appearances vary between families．
B．Their genetic constitutions have diversified．
C．They prefer the deep and slow-flowing river．
D．They go extinct in the changing landscape of rivers．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The researchers focused their attention...evolved into distinct families with genetic differences．”可知，greenfin darter的基因构成多样化了。]
3．How did Near help the researchers reach their conclusion
A．By creating an evolutionary tree of the fish．
B．By offering the fish's genetic data．
C．By reasoning out the time the fish evolve and separate．
D．By analyzing the genetic similarity between different fish．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The researchers analyzed the genes of each fish in Near's data set and constructed an evolutionary tree．”可知，Near通过提供鱼的基因数据帮助研究人员得出结论。]
4．What is the best title for the text
A．River Erosion Can Shape Fish Evolution
B．Genetic Change in the Greenfin Darter
C．Evolutionary Tree Analysis of the Greenfin Darter
D．The Impact of Climate Change on Fish Diversity
√
A　[标题归纳题。根据第一段“A recent study conducted...genetic differences．”再结合文章的主要内容：研究发现河流侵蚀可以增强生物多样性，并以一种名叫greenfin darter的鱼为例，说明了这种影响可知，A项“河流侵蚀影响鱼类进化”最符合文章标题。]
Passage 2
Humans have long known that being in nature is good for the mind and body．From indigenous (本土的) adolescents completing the adult ceremony in the wild to modern East Asian cultures taking “forest baths”， many have looked to nature as a place for healing and personal growth．But the question still remains．How can nature make it
There is no doubt that being in nature reduces the physiological symptoms of stress in our bodies．What this means is that we are less likely to be anxious and fearful in nature，and therefore we can be more open to other people and creative patterns of thought．Also，nature often leads to awe，wonder and respect，all these emotions facilitating everything from physical to mental health．There is also some evidence that exposure to nature impacts the brain．Viewing natural beauty makes specific reward circuits in the brain associated with dopamine release，a chemical that gives us a sense of purpose，joy and energy to pursue our goals．
But，regrettably，people seem to be spending less time outdoors and less time in nature than before．It is also clear that，in the past 30 years，people's levels of stress and sense of “busyness” have risen dramatically．These joint forces have led environmental writer Richard Louv to coin the term “Nature Deficit Disorder”—a form of suffering that comes from a sense of disconnection from nature and its powers．
Perhaps we should take note and try a course corrective．The 19th century philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote about nature，“There I feel that nothing can befall me in life—no disgrace，no calamity．” The science speaks to Emerson's intuition．It's time to realize that nature is more than just a material resource．It's also a pathway to human health and happiness．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了接触大自然的好处：促进身心健康。
5．Why are “indigenous adolescents” and “modern East Asian cultures” mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To clarify a viewpoint．
B．To answer the question below．
C．To present the natural scenery．
D．To show the cultural differences．
√
A　[ 推理判断题。根据第一段内容可推知，作者提及土著青少年和现代东亚文化是为了阐明一个观点：置身于大自然中对身心有好处。故选A项。]
6．What does the underlined word “facilitating” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Restricting．　　　　 B．Exposing．
C．Promoting． D．Covering．
√
C　[词义猜测题。根据第二段中“There is no doubt that being in nature reduces the physiological symptoms of stress in our bodies．”以及“There is also some evidence that exposure to nature impacts the brain．”可知，画线词所在句指的是大自然常常让人敬畏、惊叹和尊重，所有这些情感都有助于从身体到心理健康的一切。故可猜测画线单词facilitating为“促进”的意思，与C选项Promoting意思一致。故选C项。]
7．What is the tone of the author in writing paragraph 3
A．Uneasy． B．Indifferent．
C．Humorous． D．Proud．
√
A　[推理判断题。根据第三段内容可推知，作者写第三段的语气是不安的，对此感到很担忧，regrettably也是答案的提示词。故选A项。]
8．What can be the best title for the text
A．Is It Time to Challenge Yourself in Nature
B．Do You Know Nature Is a Material Resource
C．Why Do We Care About the Natural Environment
D．What Can Happen When We Connect with Nature
√
D　[标题归纳题。根据文章大意以及第一段内容可知，文章介绍了接触大自然的好处：促进身心健康。因此，“当我们与自然联系时，会发生什么？”为最佳标题。故选D项。]
Passage 3
(2024·山东泰安三模)
Off Australia's northern coast，the remains of ancient coral reefs (珊瑚礁) form the bedrock of wooded islands，which are home to diverse animals and plants，including mangrove (红树林) forests that blanket their coasts and serve as vital habitats and carbon storers．A recent survey shows that expanding seas might have led to a massive mangrove increase．
Mangroves absorb carbon dioxide and store it as “blue carbon”， a term for carbon that is hidden away in ocean environments．“There's a lot of interest in using mangrove blue carbon to lessen climate change，” says Kerrylee Rogers，an environmental scientist at the University of Wollongong in Australia．But there remain a lot of questions around their capacity to adapt to sea level rise．
In 2021，a team led by Wollongong environmental scientist Sarah Hamylton visited the Howick Islands to do related research．They walked through the seawater to assess the plant diversity and measure individual trees．Using the measured widths and heights of several mangroves，the team calculated tree widths for the rest of the forest from the data to estimate the total mangrove quantity．The islands host nearly 54，000 metric tons of mangroves，the team estimates，which is roughly 10，000 more metric tons than there was in 1973．
The Howick Islands are uniquely suited to supporting mangroves as the sea level rises．At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum，around 12，000 years ago，water levels rose around northern Australia，and coral reefs grew upward to fill the space that had opened for them．
When sea levels fell thousands of years later，the exposed reefs became sediment (沉积物)．With sea levels now rising again，the mixture of salt water and sediment makes a perfect home for the salt-tolerant mangroves．
Rogers and Hamylton are now working on a bigger effort to study mangroves around Australia．“If we're going to invest in mangroves to provide us blue carbon and to protect shorelines，we need to understand how dynamic they are，” Rogers says．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在澳大利亚的一些岛屿上，海平面的上升促使红树林的繁荣。
9．What can be known about blue carbon
A．It is produced by ocean water．
B．It is massively present in the air．
C．It is environment-friendly．
D．It is nutritious for mangroves．
√
C　[推理判断题。根据第二段中“There's a lot of interest in using mangrove blue carbon to lessen climate change”可推知，蓝碳对环境友好。]
10．What is the purpose of Hamylton's research
A．To measure the size of mangroves．
B．To figure out where to plant mangroves．
C．To confirm whether the local natural environment is polluted．
D．To see how the mangroves respond to sea level rise．
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D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“But there remain a lot of questions around their capacity to adapt to sea level rise．”和第三段中“In 2021，a team led by Wollongong environmental scientist Sarah Hamylton visited the Howick Islands to do related research．”可知，研究的目的是查明红树林对海平面上升的反应。]
11．What makes the Howick Islands the suitable habitats for mangroves
A．The diversity of ocean life．
B．The increase of coral reefs．
C．The combination of salt water and sediment．
D．The formation of the bedrock of wooded islands．
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C　[细节理解题。根据第五段中“With sea levels now rising again，the mixture of salt water and sediment makes a perfect home for the salt-tolerant mangroves．”可知，盐水和沉积物的组合使Howick群岛成为红树林的合适栖息地。]
12．What is the suitable title for the text
A．Climate Change Causes Sea Level Rise
B．Sea Level Rise Helps Mangroves Boost
C．The Environment on Australia Islands Is Improving
D．Climate Warming Poses Dangers to Mangroves
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B　[标题归纳题。通读全文，结合第一段中“A recent survey shows that expanding seas might have led to a massive mangrove increase．”可知，文章讲述的是在澳大利亚的一些岛屿上，海平面的上升促使红树林的繁荣。所以，B项“海平面的上升有助于红树林生长”适合作为标题。故选B项。]
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