Section Ⅱ Using language
维度一：基础题型练
根据首字母或汉语提示写出单词的适当形式
1.S is an electric railway which runs below the surface of the ground.
2.The building being built is served for students’ a .
3.Originally， I couldn’t adapt to this t of food， but I gradually fell in love with it.
4.To be on the safe side， we should fill up the tank now，because we might run out of （汽油） on the way.
5.For more brochures about other package tours around Peru， （联系） us at tourinfo@ travelperu.org.
6.When you open a dictionary， you often come across a lot of （不熟悉的） words.
7.Young drivers are far more （可能的） to have accidents than old drivers.
8.“Smart” can mean “intelligent” or “sarcastic”， depending on the （上下文）.
维度二：语法与写作
选词填空
English-speaking，poorly-paid，absent-minded，passer-by，face-to-face，ill-treated，peace-loving，notebook， ready-made， long-distance
1.Meanwhile， I’m an active member of my school’s running team and volunteering club.
2.Though it is a job， he still devotes much time and energy to it.
3.The glass window fell down all of a sudden without warning， and five were injured.
4.His spoken English is very good， because he is from Australia， an country.
5.The workers took up struggles for equal human rights.
6.They agreed to have a talk next week.
7.The fat man can hardly find any clothes that fit him well.
8.We Chinese are people and we’ll never declare war on others.
9.The professor is always losing his glasses when wearing them.
10.When I use my dictionary，I write down all the new words I learn in this little .
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面短文，分析并写出加黑单词的构词法。
Last 1.weekend， I was traveling home from business.It was too late， so I decided to go to a hotel near the bus stop. At the entrance to the hotel， I met a man who was 2.disabled， and I made up my mind to offer him some help.He spoke to me and explained his past life when he was 3.healthy.He had worked in a car factory for five years.Then an accident left him disabled.While listening to his story I realized that he had 4.experienced a lot in his life.I told him that although he was 5.physically disabled， his heart was strong， and he could always depend on it.I offered him some money to buy food and 6.drinks and then he went home.I have learnt that if you say a few good words and offer a little help to others， it will not only bring 7.happiness to you， but it will also be in people’s hearts forever.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Year-12 student Noah Little has already sat his first Chinese-speaking exam and said it was “the easiest exam I’ve ever done”.That view is not surprising given the Wagga High School student loves language — so much so he has built a Chinese translation app.
Noah said his love of language was encouraged by his community.“Wagga is a place full of people from different cultures， and sometimes when I meet new people who have trouble speaking English， I like to talk to them in their own language，” he said.“I also have a few Chinese friends so I think it will be cool to talk to them in their language.”
The 17-year-old started teaching himself Chinese around five years ago， before taking distance education classes at the start of Year 11.His language ability was also useful in his part-time job at a local Chinese restaurant， where he translated orders for the cooks and customers.
Noah said he also had a basic knowledge of seven other languages.It was while teaching himself languages that Noah got the idea of the translation tool.“I decided to make my own app because there weren’t many around — all the other apps were full of advertisements and the translation feature （功能） wasn’t powerful enough，” he said.
His app also includes a word of the day feature， lessons on how to write Chinese characters （汉字） and a news feed of important Chinese news.
He said learning computer programming to build the app had been like studying another language.With the end of school around the corner， Noah said he would like to pursue （追求） both his interests in computer programming and languages.“I’m planning to work for a year and save so I can go on to university as I really want to make a career （事业） out of one of these two topics.”
1.What do we know about Noah？
A.He began to learn Chinese at 11.
B.He failed his first Chinese exam.
C.He likes teaching Chinese to people.
D.He gets a lot from learning Chinese.
2.What are included in Noah’s app？
A.Advertisements.
B.Pieces of world news.
C.Suggestions for memorizing words.
D.Ways of writing Chinese characters.
3.What has Noah decided to do shortly after high school graduation？
A.Look for a job. B.Attend university.
C.Develop a new app. D.Learn more languages.
4.Which of the following can best describe Noah？
A.Curious and creative. B.Humorous and honest.
C.Courageous and caring. D.Outgoing and outspoken.
B
To most people， especially the Americans， the Canadians speak the same language as them.This makes them believe that Canadian English is simply American English.However， there are several reasons why it can be said that the Canadians have their own variant （变体） of the English language.What makes Canadian English so special？
Canadian English is a variant of both variants.Because of the fact that their next-door neighbours speak American English， no doubt they were largely influenced by it.However， it is to be noted that the Canadians were strongly against colonization （殖民化） when the Americans tried to force them to join.This showed just how much loyalty （忠诚） they have for the Queen of England.The English spoken by the British and that spoken by the Americans are worlds apart and Canadian English took the best of both worlds to create its own language style.
What’s more， nothing beats the uniqueness （独特性） of the Canadian accent （口音）.This accent can go back to the history of the first Canadians.The first people to arrive in Canada were the Irish who were under the rule of Great Britain.However， soon after， a large number of people who came from neighbouring America also started to arrive.Many accents mixed into something between the British and the American accent.It created certain mannerisms （习惯） which cannot be found in either British or American English.
When you are in Canada， you cannot help but notice mannerisms used by most Canadians.The word “eh” is one word which has fully come to be connected with the Canadians.You would most likely hear a Canadian speak to you and end his sentence with “eh”.
5.What do most people think of Canadian English？
A.It is somewhere in between American and British English.
B.It is less popular than American English.
C.It is no different from American English.
D.It is the same as British English.
6.What did the Americans try to do in history？
A.To require the Canadians to change their mannerisms.
B.To ask Canada to take a stand against colonization.
C.To force the Canadians to learn American English.
D.To make Canada part of America’s land.
7.What can be learned about the first Canadians？
A.They were from Ireland.
B.They hated Americans a lot.
C.They spoke American English.
D.They came to Canada through America.
8.How do the Canadians use the word “eh”？
A.To finish a sentence.
B.To start a new sentence.
C.To show good manners.
D.To express a strong feeling.
C
All languages change over time.New vocabulary is often required for the latest inventions or ideas.But a language can also change for reasons that are not clear.
Language changes whenever speakers communicate with each other.People from different places clearly speak differently， but even within the same small community， people speak differently depending on their age， origin， and social and educational background.When we communicate with these different speakers in different situations， we hear new words and expressions， and can make them a part of our own speech.Even if your family has lived in the same area for generations， you can probably see a number of differences between the language you use and the way your grandparents speak.When enough time has passed， the influence of these changes becomes clearer.
During the 18th century， Jonathan Swift， the Irish writer， and many other people felt the English language was in serious decline （衰落） and that a national organization — like those in France and Italy — should be created to save the language.Swift once wrote that we should find a way to stop our language from changing.Even today， we hear people complaining about a lack of “standards （标准）” in spoken and written English.New words and expressions， or changes in grammar， are often considered bad.
More experts believe that change in language is unavoidable.Change is a way of keeping a language alive and useful， and gives speakers different ways of saying things with extremely small differences of meaning and ways of expressing completely new ideas.The organizations set up in France and Italy have had little success in reducing the amount of change in French or Italian.
In 1747， Samuel Johnson wrote about his desire to write a dictionary that would fix the pronunciation of English and keep it pure （纯正的）.But when he completed the dictionary ten years later， he admitted in his introduction that fixing a language was impossible.Like it or not， language is always changing and English will go on doing so in many creative and — to some people — annoying ways.
9.What can we learn from the second paragraph？
A.Some people learn to speak better than others.
B.The youth should learn from their grandparents.
C.Language change is greatly influenced by people.
D.Language changes little if people stay in the same place.
10.What does Jonathan Swift think of language change？
A.He thinks it is hopeful.
B.He thinks it is unclear.
C.He agrees on the change.
D.He doesn’t agree on the change.
11.Why did Samuel Johnson decide to write a dictionary？
A.To create some new words.
B.To include some foreign words.
C.To keep English pure from changes.
D.To record the changes in English.
12.What would be the best title for the text？
A.Why Does Language Change？
B.Written English Needs Standards
C.Does Language Change Influence Society？
D.How to Protect the Language
Ⅱ.完形填空
One year ago， I paid no attention to English idioms （习语）， though my teacher told me about them again and again.But soon， the 13 of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.
One day， I 14 to meet an Englishman on the road， and soon we began to talk.As I was talking about how I was studying English， the 15 seemed to be surprised.Gently shaking his 16 ，shrugging （耸） his shoulders， he said， “You don’t say！” I was 17 .I thought perhaps this was not a proper 18 .I had better change it.So I said to him， “Have you ever been to the Great Wall？” “Certainly！ It was amazing.Everyone back home will 19 me if I leave China without seeing it.” I continued， “The Great Wall is one of the 20 in the world.We are very proud of it.” But soon， “You don’t say！” came to my ears again.I couldn’t 21 asking， “Why do you ask me not to talk about it？” “Well， I didn’t ask you to do so，” he answered， 22 surprised.I said， “Didn’t you say ‘You don’t say！’？” 23 this， the Englishman laughed to tears.He began to 24 ， “‘You don’t say！’ actually means ‘Really’！ It is a（n） 25 of surprise.Perhaps you don’t pay attention to English idioms.” Only then did I know I had made a 26 of myself.Since then I have been more 27 with idiomatic expressions.
13.A.effect B.difference
C.importance D.source
14.A.used B.expected
C.happened D.refused
15.A.foreigner B.teacher
C.student D.partner
16.A.hand B.arm
C.head D.body
17.A.worried B.uneasy
C.curious D.confused
18.A.style B.topic
C.opinion D.task
19.A.laugh at B.ran after
C.rely on D.refer to
20.A.works B.wonders
C.choices D.examples
21.A.help B.admit
C.regret D.allow
22.A.naturally B.purposely
C.hardly D.greatly
23.A.Finding B.Feeling
C.Hearing D.Noticing
24.A.request B.explain
C.complain D.determine
25.A.problem B.expression
C.goal D.recognition
26.A.sense B.sign
C.mess D.fool
27.A.satisfied B.annoyed
C.anxious D.careful
Ⅲ.语法填空
You know how disappointed it can be if you are not able to communicate with the 28 （native） when you’re traveling， and you might think learning a new language is a tough task.
But fear not！ We figured out 29 （exact） how many words you need to learn to speak a language well.A group of linguists （语言学家） have created a test 30 （see） how many words you know in English.There are 200，000＋words in the English language， but the test only 31 （include） 50 of them.You may not understand all of the 50 words.The linguists believe that if you multiply （乘） 32 number of words out of 50 that you understand by 500， you’ll almost know your English vocabulary.
A professor has found that native speakers of a language know 15，000 to 20，000 lemmas （词目）.A lemma 33 （make） up of a root word （say： walk） and all of 34 （it） inflections （屈折变化） （walked， walking， walker， etc.）.But if you learn a new language， you can never understand 15，000 lemmas.
He discourages people from learning all of the words in a language.There are 800 to 1，000 lemmas 35 are used most frequently in the language.He advises people to focus 36 these lemmas.With these lemmas， people can understand 75% of the language.And they will be 37 （confidence） enough to start a conversation， order at a restaurant， and deal with other daily communication.
28. 29. 30.
31. 32. 33.
34. 35. 36.
37.
Section Ⅱ Using language
基础知识自测
维度一
1.Subway 2.apartments 3.type 4.petrol/gas 5.contact
6.unfamiliar 7.likely 8.context
维度二
1.long-distance 2.poorly-paid 3.passers-by 4.English-speaking 5.ill-treated 6.face-to-face 7.ready-made
8.peace-loving 9.absent-minded 10.notebook
维度三
1.合成法 2.派生法 3.派生法 4.转化法 5.派生法 6.转化法 7.派生法
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了高中生Noah学习中文的经历，学习汉语让他获益良多，他结合自己自学语言的经历开发了一款翻译应用程序。
1.D 推理判断题。根据第一段和第三段内容可知，Noah热爱学习语言，他学习中文的经历促使他开发了一款中文翻译应用程序；学习汉语使Noah在兼职的餐厅更好地为客人服务。由此推知，汉语学习让Noah获益良多。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知，Noah的应用程序包括每日一词、教如何写汉字的课程以及推送重要的中国新闻。
3.A 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的I’m planning to work for a year and save so I can go on to university as I really want to make a career （事业） out of one of these two topics.可知，Noah决定高中毕业后先找一份工作。
4.A 推理判断题。根据第三、四段内容可知，Noah自学了汉语并掌握了其他七种语言的基本知识，并结合自己自学语言的经历设计了一款翻译应用程序。由此可知，Noah不仅求知欲强，而且很有创造力。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。人们往往认为加拿大英语和美式英语没有区别，但是加拿大人有自己的英语变体，文章对其中的原因进行了介绍。
5.C 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，大多数人认为加拿大英语和美式英语没有区别。
6.D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的However， it is to be noted that the Canadians were strongly against colonization （殖民化） when the Americans tried to force them to join.可知，历史上美国曾想让加拿大成为美国领土的一部分。
7.A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的The first people to arrive in Canada were the Irish who were under the rule of Great Britain.可知，第一批加拿大人来自爱尔兰。
8.A 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，加拿大人用“eh”这个词结束一个句子。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了语言是变化的，并分析了其变化的原因。
9.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的Language changes ... can make them a part of our own speech.可知，人们的说话方式会因年龄、出身、社会和教育背景的不同而不同。我们在与不同的人交流时会受到影响，语言也就发生了变化。所以语言的变化受人的影响很大。
10.D 细节理解题。根据第三段前两句可知，乔纳森·斯威夫特不赞同语言的变化。
11.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句可知，为了保持英语的纯正，让其不受变化的影响，塞缪尔·约翰逊决定编写一本词典。
12.A 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章提出语言是变化的，并分析了其变化的原因。所以A项（为什么语言会变化？）为文章最佳标题。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是作者在一次与外国友人的交流中，没有注意到习语的重要性，出了洋相。由此作者注意到在学习英语的过程中，应该注重英语习语的表达。
13.C 根据上文But soon可知，上下文之间是转折关系，说明作者之前不重视英语习语，但后来开始重视，认识到它的重要性。effect作用；difference区别；importance重要性；source来源。
14.C 根据下文an Englishman on the road可推知，作者之前不认识这个英国人，他们只是碰巧遇到。use使用；expect期待；happen碰巧；refuse拒绝。
15.A 根据上文One day， I 14 to meet an Englishman on the road可知，作者是与外国人交谈，故外国人感觉很惊讶。foreigner外国人；teacher教师；student学生；partner伙伴。
16.C 根据上文be surprised可知，外国人感到惊讶，摇头表示不赞同作者的做法。hand手；arm胳膊；head头；body身体。
17.D 根据下文I couldn’t 21 asking， “Why do you ask me not to talk about it？”可知，作者不理解You don’t say！的意思，感觉到很困惑。worried担心的；uneasy不舒服的；curious好奇的；confused困惑的。
18.B 根据下文I had better change it.可知，作者认为自己选择的谈话话题不合适，决定换一个。style风格；topic话题；opinion观点；task任务。
19.A 根据上文It was amazing.可知，如果外国人来中国没去长城，则会被家里人笑话。laugh at嘲笑；run after追逐；rely on依靠；refer to提及。
20.B 结合常识可知，长城是世界上的奇迹之一。work作品；wonder奇迹；choice选择；example例子。
21.A 作者对于外国友人一直说You don’t say！故忍不住问原因；couldn’t help doing sth禁不住做某事。 help帮助；admit承认；regret懊悔；allow允许。
22.D 根据上文可知，作者问外国人为什么不让自己谈论这个话题，外国人非常惊讶地回答他没有不让作者说这个话题。naturally自然地；purposely故意地；hardly几乎不；greatly极大地。
23.C 根据下文the Englishman laughed to tears可知，英国人听了作者的回答，然后笑哭了。find找到；feel感觉；hear听到；notice注意到。
24.B 根据下文“You don’t say！” actually means “Really”！ It is a（n） 25 of surprise.可知，英国人给作者解释了什么是You don’t say！request要求；explain解释；complain抱怨；determine决定。
25.B 根据上一句的解释可知，You don’t say！是英语的习语表达。problem问题；expression表达；goal目标；recognition承认。
26.D 根据上文可知，作者不知道这个英语习语的真正含义，出了洋相。make fool of oneself出洋相；出丑。sense感觉；sign标记；mess脏，乱；fool愚蠢。
27.D 作者在知道自己出了洋相后，会对英语习语的使用更加小心。satisfied感到满意的；annoyed恼怒的；anxious焦急的；careful小心的。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了学习一门语言的方法和技巧。
28.natives 考查名词复数。空处作宾语应用名词，此处表示复数意义，应用其复数形式。故填natives。
29.exactly 考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处作状语，修饰动词短语figured out，应用副词。故填exactly。
30.to see 考查非谓语动词。句中have created为谓语，空处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to see。
31.includes 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空处是谓语动词，根据前半句的are可知，此处使用一般现在时。主语the test为第三人称单数，谓语动词也应该使用第三人称单数。故填includes。
32.the 考查冠词。the number of为固定搭配，意为“……的数量”。故填the。
33.is made 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，句子表述客观事实：一个词目由一个词根和它所有的屈折形式组成，故使用一般现在时，主语A lemma为第三人称单数，谓语也应用单数形式。故填is made。
34.its 考查代词。空处修饰名词inflections，应用形容词性物主代词作定语，故填its。
35.which/that 考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词lemmas，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which/that。
36.on/upon 考查介词。focus on/upon为固定短语，意为“集中注意力于……”。故填on/upon。
37.confident 考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处作表语，应用形容词。故填confident。
5 / 6Section Ⅱ Using language
复习：构词法
①This made me realize that there’s no egg in eggplant either.
②Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple.
③If harmless actions are the opposite of harmful actions，why are shameless and shameful behaviors the same？
④When you see the capitalized “WHO” in a medical report，do you read it as the “who” in “Who’s that？”
⑤What about “IT” and “US”？
⑥You also have to wonder at the unique madness of a language in which ...
⑦ ...but when the lights are out， they are invisible.
⑧Not only can you post specific questions， but you can also broaden your knowledge by reading posts from other English learners around the world.
【我的发现】
1.句①和句②中的黑体单词都是由两个单词连在一起合成的一个新词，这种词叫 ，这种构词法被称为 。
2.句③、⑥、⑦中的黑体单词是在词根之后加上 或在词根之前加上 ，构成一个与原来单词意思相近或相反的单词，这种构词法叫 。
3.句⑧中的两个post词性不同：第一个post为 ，意为“发帖子”；第二个post为 ，意为“ ”。这是在不改变词形的前提下将一个词由一种词性转化为另外一种词性，这种方法被称为 。
4.句④、⑤中的WHO，IT，US是由多个单词的首字母拼在一起而构成的单词，这种构词法叫 。
一、构词法的定义及分类
按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。英语构词法主要有缩略法 （Abbreviation）、合成法 （Compounding）、派生法 （Derivation）、转化法 （Conversion）等。
二、几种常见的构词法
1.缩略法
缩略法是指把原词的音节加以省略或简化，从而在拼写和读音上都呈现出新的形式的构词方法。缩略法最常见的一种形式就是首字母缩略。例如：
UN——the United Nations联合国
MTV——music television音乐电视
AIDS——Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome艾滋病
【即时演练1】 写出下列词汇的缩略词
①very important person→
②television→
③Information Technology→
④Voice of America→
2.合成法
由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成的词叫合成词，这种构词法称为合成法。最常见的合成法包括：合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词、合成副词、合成介词、合成代词。词与词之间有的用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。
分类 方法 举例
合 成 名 词 名词＋名词 sportsman 男运动员 lifeboat 救生船 bookmark 书签 wheelchair 轮椅 guidebook 指南，手册
名词＋动词-ing handwriting 书法 babysitting 照看小孩 sightseeing观光
名词＋动词＋-er painkiller 止痛药 storyteller 讲故事的人 lawmaker立法者
动词＋名词 typewriter 打字机 postmark 邮戳 pushcart 手推车 workshop 研讨会；车间
形容词＋名词 gentleman 绅士 greenhouse 温室
名词＋动词 handshake 握手 sunset 日落
介词＋名词 overweight 超重 by-product 副产品
副词＋动词 income 收入 output 产量，输出
动词＋副词 cleanup 打扫 closedown 停业 checkup 检查 get-together 聚会 breakthrough 突破 tryout 选拔赛
合 成 形 容 词 名词＋形容词 lifelong 终身的，毕生的 snow-white 雪白的
名词＋动词-ing English-speaking 讲英语的 peace-loving 爱好和平的 heartbreaking 令人心碎的 breathtaking 激动人心的
名词＋动词-ed fun-filled 充满乐趣的 man-made 人造的 heartbroken 悲伤的 custom-made 定制
形容词＋动词-ing good-looking 相貌好看的 easy-going 性格随和的
形容词＋ 名词＋-ed warm-hearted 热心的 white-colored 白色的
形容词＋动词-ed strong-minded 意志坚强的 electric-powered 电动的 white-painted 漆成白色的 ill-cooked 厨艺差劲的
副词＋动词-ed well-educated 受过良好教育的 newly-made 新建的 well-known 著名的
副词＋动词-ing hard-working 勤劳的
介词＋名词/ 动词-ing in-depth 彻底的 underlying 根本的，潜在的
数词＋名词＋-ed one-eyed独眼的 three-storeyed三层的
数词＋名 词＋形容词 three-year-old 三岁的 two-foot-deep 两英尺深的
动词-ed＋副词 built-in内置的，固有的
续表
分类 方法 举例
合成 动词 形容词＋动词 ill-treat虐待 whitewash用石灰水粉刷
副/介词＋动词 overcome 战胜 overthrow 推翻
合 成 副 词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot 匆忙地 anyway 无论如何
形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处 somehow 不知何故
副词＋副词 however 无论如何 whole-heartedly 全心全意地
介词＋副词 forever 永远
介词＋名词 beforehand 预先 downstairs 在楼下
合 成 介 词 副词＋名词 inside 在……里 outside 在……外
介词＋副词 throughout 遍及 within 在……之内
副词＋介词 into 到……里 upon 在……之上
合 成 代 词 代词宾格＋self herself 她自己 himself 他自己
物主代词＋self myself 我自己 yourself 你自己
形容词＋名词 anything 任何东西 everything 一切东西
【即时演练2】 写出下列合成词的汉语意思
①greenhouse
②sunset
③far-reaching
④heartfelt
⑤hotfoot
⑥overcome
3.派生法
派生法指在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加后缀构成一个与原来单词意义相近或相反的单词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意思，不改变词性；后缀一般改变单词的词性，但是并不引起词义的变化。
（1）动词变名词后缀
①-y discover→discovery发现；injure→injury伤害
②-er/-or/-ar/-ee beg→beggar乞丐；educate→educator教育工作者；lie→liar撒谎者
③-al arrive→arrival到达；refuse→refusal拒绝
④其他 choose→choice选择；think→thought思想；思考
（2）形容词变名词后缀
①-y/-ty/-ity difficult→difficulty困难；safe→safety安全；able→ability能力
②-th warm→warmth温暖；true→truth真理
③-ness happy→happiness幸福；kind→kindness仁慈
④-ce silent→silence沉默；different→difference差异
（3）形容词变副词后缀
①直接加-ly certain→certainly肯定地；natural→naturally自然地
②以-y结尾的词，变y为i再加-ly happy→happily高兴地；lucky→luckily幸运地
③以-le结尾的词，去e加y terrible→terribly非常；simple→simply简单地
（4）否定前缀
①un- healthy→unhealthy不健康的；fair→unfair不公平的
②im- possible→impossible不可能的；polite→impolite不礼貌的
③dis- like→dislike不喜欢；agree→disagree不同意
④mis- understand→misunderstand误解；lead→mislead误导
⑤in- formal→informal非正式的；convenient→inconvenient不方便的
（5）其他意义的前缀、后缀
①re-（重新） write→rewrite重写；build→rebuild重建
②-less（无） harm→harmless无害的；use→useless无用的
【即时演练3】 根据汉语意思给下列单词加上适当的词缀
① complete 不完全的
② possible 不可能的
③ large 扩大
④ cycle 再循环
⑤wid 加宽
⑥scholar 奖学金
4.转化法
在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而不加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转化法。转化法种类很多，但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。
（1）许多名词可转化为动词，意思也随之有些改变。如：
cook （n.厨师→v.烹调）
name （n.名字→v.取名）
picture （n.画→v.描绘）
stand （n.看台→v.站）
（2）形容词转化为动词。如：
calm （adj.平静的→v.使平静）
spare （adj.空闲的→v.节省）
own （adj.自己的→v.拥有）
last （adj.最后的→v.持续）
（3）形容词转化成副词。如：
hard （adj.困难的→adv.努力地）
well （adj.健康的→adv.很好地）
【即时演练4】 句型转换
①We had lunch together after the meeting.
→We together after the meeting.
②Let’s fill the water into this bottle.
→Let’s the water.
③You are so fat that you have to go on a diet.
→You are so fat that you have to .
④Snow often falls in my hometown in winter.
→It often in my hometown in winter.
come across 偶然发现，偶然遇见
【教材原句】 When you open a dictionary， you often come across a lot of unfamiliar words.
当你打开词典时，你经常会遇到许多不熟悉的单词。
【用法】
come about 发生，产生
come up with 赶上；提出，想出（主意、解决方法、计划等）
come up 走近；出现；被提出
come out 出来，显露；开花；出版，发表；上市
【佳句】 Whenever I came across difficulties， your help always cheered me up.
我无论何时遇到困难，你的帮助总会使我振作起来。（感谢信）
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The shop manager came over and asked the customer how the quarrel had come .
②Various suggestions came at the meeting but were refused at last.
【写美】 用come的相关短语完成语段
③I an old friend in the street yesterday. He said his new book would the next month. We also talked about the accident that that day.
contact vt. 联系，联络 n. 接触，联系
【教材原句】 a friend that you contact by writing，traditionally using a pen ...
一个你通过写信联系的朋友，传统上使用钢笔……
【用法】
（1）be in contact with 接触；与……有联系（表状态）
keep/stay in contact with 与……保持联系
（2）lose contact with 与……失去联系
be out of contact with 与……失去联系（表状态）
make contact with 与……取得联系
【佳句】 For more information， please contact us in our office.
如需更多信息，请联系我们的办公室。（通知）
【练透】 补全句子
①I’ve most of my school friends.
我与学校的大多数朋友失去了联系。
②We have each other for years. And last week we again.
我们已经很多年没有联系了。上周我们又取得了联系。
【写美】 翻译句子
③互联网有助于我和朋友们保持联系。
likely adj.可能的，可能发生的
【用法】
（1）be likely to do ... 可能做……
（2） 可能……
（3）It is possible for sb to do sth
某人有可能做某事【佳句】 She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
她还说，可能还有其他一些基因帮助巴瑶人潜水。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①My heart beat with joy as I knew we were likely （save）.
【写美】 同义句转换
②Brian is gifted in writing music； he is very likely to be a Beethoven.
→Brian is gifted in writing music； a Beethoven.
→Brian is gifted in writing music； he will be a Beethoven.
Section Ⅱ Using language
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
1.合成词 合成法 2.后缀 前缀 派生法
3.动词 名词 帖子 转化法 4.缩略法
即时演练1
①VIP ②TV ③IT ④VOA
即时演练2
①温室 ②日落 ③影响深远的 ④由衷的 ⑤匆忙地 ⑥克服
即时演练3
①in ②im ③en ④re ⑤en ⑥ship
即时演练4
①lunched ②bottle ③diet ④snows
【知识要点·须拾遗】
1.①about ②up ③came across； come out； came about
2.①lost contact with
②been out of contact with； made contact
③The Internet helps me to keep/stay in contact with my friends.
3.①to be saved ②it is very possible for him to be； it is very likely/possible/probable that
7 / 7(共98张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Using language
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
知识要点·须拾遗
3
课时检测·提能力
重难语法·要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
复习：构词法
①This made me realize that there’s no egg in eggplant either.
②Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple.
③If harmless actions are the opposite of harmful actions，why are
shameless and shameful behaviors the same？
④When you see the capitalized “WHO” in a medical report，do you
read it as the “who” in “Who’s that？”
⑤What about “IT” and “US”？
⑥You also have to wonder at the unique madness of a language in
which ...
⑦ ...but when the lights are out， they are invisible.
⑧Not only can you post specific questions， but you can also broaden
your knowledge by reading posts from other English learners around the
world.
【我的发现】
1. 句①和句②中的蓝体单词都是由两个单词连在一起合成的一个新
词，这种词叫 ，这种构词法被称为 。
2. 句③、⑥、⑦中的蓝体单词是在词根之后加上 或在词根之
前加上 ，构成一个与原来单词意思相近或相反的单词，这
种构词法叫 。
合成词
合成法
后缀
前缀
派生法
3. 句⑧中的两个post词性不同：第一个post为 ，意为“发帖
子”；第二个post为 ，意为“ ”。这是在不改变
词形的前提下将一个词由一种词性转化为另外一种词性，这种方法
被称为 。
4. 句④、⑤中的WHO，IT，US是由多个单词的首字母拼在一起而构
成的单词，这种构词法叫 。
动词
名词
帖子
转化法
缩略法
一、构词法的定义及分类
按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。英语构词法主要有
缩略法 （Abbreviation）、合成法 （Compounding）、派生法
（Derivation）、转化法 （Conversion）等。
二、几种常见的构词法
1. 缩略法
缩略法是指把原词的音节加以省略或简化，从而在拼写和读音上都
呈现出新的形式的构词方法。缩略法最常见的一种形式就是首字母
缩略。例如：
UN——the United Nations联合国
MTV——music television音乐电视
AIDS——Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome艾滋病
【即时演练1】 写出下列词汇的缩略词
①very important person→
②television→
③Information Technology→
④Voice of America→
VIP
TV
IT
VOA
2. 合成法
由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成的词叫合成词，这种构词法
称为合成法。最常见的合成法包括：合成名词、合成形容词、合成
动词、合成副词、合成介词、合成代词。词与词之间有的用连字符
连接，有的直接连接在一起。
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 名词＋名词 sportsman 男运动员
lifeboat 救生船
bookmark 书签
wheelchair 轮椅
guidebook 指南，手册
名词＋动词-ing handwriting 书法
babysitting 照看小孩
sightseeing观光
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 名词＋动词＋-er painkiller 止痛药
storyteller 讲故事的人
lawmaker立法者
动词＋名词 typewriter 打字机
postmark 邮戳
pushcart 手推车
workshop 研讨会；车间
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 形容词＋名词 gentleman 绅士
greenhouse 温室
名词＋动词 handshake 握手
sunset 日落
介词＋名词 overweight 超重
by-product 副产品
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 副词＋动词 income 收入
output 产量，输出
动词＋副词 cleanup 打扫
closedown 停业
checkup 检查
get-together 聚会
breakthrough 突破
tryout 选拔赛
分类 方法 举例
合成 形容词 名词＋形容词 lifelong 终身的，毕生的
snow-white 雪白的
名词＋动词-ing English-speaking 讲英语的
peace-loving 爱好和平的
heartbreaking 令人心碎的
breathtaking 激动人心的
分类 方法 举例
合成 形容词 名词＋动词-ed fun-filled 充满乐趣的
man-made 人造的
heartbroken 悲伤的
custom-made 定制
形容词＋动词-ing good-looking 相貌好看的
easy-going 性格随和的
形容词＋名词＋-ed warm-hearted 热心的
white-colored 白色的
分类 方法 举例
合成 形容词 形容词＋动词-ed strong-minded 意志坚强的
electric-powered 电动的
white-painted 漆成白色的
ill-cooked 厨艺差劲的
副词＋动词-ed well-educated 受过良好教育的
newly-made 新建的
well-known 著名的
副词＋动词-ing hard-working 勤劳的
分类 方法 举例
合成 形容词 介词＋名词/动词-ing in-depth 彻底的
underlying 根本的，潜在的
数词＋名词＋-ed one-eyed独眼的
three-storeyed三层的
数词＋名词＋形容词 three-year-old 三岁的
two-foot-deep 两英尺深的
动词-ed＋副词 built-in内置的，固有的
分类 方法 举例
合成 动词 形容词＋动词 ill-treat虐待
whitewash用石灰水粉刷
副/介词＋动词 overcome 战胜
overthrow 推翻
分类 方法 举例
合成 副词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot 匆忙地
anyway 无论如何
形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处
somehow 不知何故
副词＋副词 however 无论如何
whole-heartedly 全心全意地
介词＋副词 forever 永远
介词＋名词 beforehand 预先
downstairs 在楼下
分类 方法 举例
合成 介词 副词＋名词 inside 在……里
outside 在……外
介词＋副词 throughout 遍及
within 在……之内
副词＋介词 into 到……里
upon 在……之上
分类 方法 举例
合成 代词 代词宾格＋self herself 她自己
himself 他自己
物主代词＋self myself 我自己
yourself 你自己
形容词＋名词 anything 任何东西
everything 一切东西
【即时演练2】 写出下列合成词的汉语意思
①greenhouse
②sunset
③far-reaching
④heartfelt
⑤hotfoot
⑥overcome
温室
日落
影响深远的
由衷的
匆忙地
克服
3. 派生法
派生法指在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加后缀构成一个与原来单
词意义相近或相反的单词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意
思，不改变词性；后缀一般改变单词的词性，但是并不引起词义的
变化。
（1）动词变名词后缀
①-y discover→discovery发现；injure→injury伤害
②-er/-or/-ar/-ee
beg→beggar乞丐；educate→educator教育工作者；lie→liar撒谎者
③-al arrive→arrival到达；refuse→refusal拒绝
④其他 choose→choice选择；think→thought思想；思考
（2）形容词变名词后缀
①-y/-ty/-ity
difficult→difficulty困难；safe→safety安全；able→ability能力
②-th warm→warmth温暖；true→truth真理
③-ness happy→happiness幸福；kind→kindness仁慈
④-ce silent→silence沉默；different→difference差异
（3）形容词变副词后缀
①直接加-ly certain→certainly肯定地；natural→naturally自然地
②以-y结尾的词，变y为i再加-ly
happy→happily高兴地；lucky→luckily幸运地
③以-le结尾的词，去e加y
terrible→terribly非常；simple→simply简单地
（4）否定前缀
①un- healthy→unhealthy不健康的；fair→unfair不公平的
②im- possible→impossible不可能的；polite→impolite不礼貌的
③dis- like→dislike不喜欢；agree→disagree不同意
④mis- understand→misunderstand误解；lead→mislead误导
⑤in- formal→informal非正式的；convenient→inconvenient不方便的
（5）其他意义的前缀、后缀
①re-（重新） write→rewrite重写；build→rebuild重建
②-less（无） harm→harmless无害的；use→useless无用的
【即时演练3】 根据汉语意思给下列单词加上适当的词缀
① complete 不完全的
② possible 不可能的
③ large 扩大
④ cycle 再循环
⑤wid 加宽
⑥scholar 奖学金
in
im
en
re
en
ship
4. 转化法
在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，
而不加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转化法。转化法种类很多，但
数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。
（1）许多名词可转化为动词，意思也随之有些改变。如：
cook （n.厨师→v.烹调）
name （n.名字→v.取名）
picture （n.画→v.描绘）
stand （n.看台→v.站）
（2）形容词转化为动词。如：
calm （adj.平静的→v.使平静）
spare （adj.空闲的→v.节省）
own （adj.自己的→v.拥有）
last （adj.最后的→v.持续）
（3）形容词转化成副词。如：
hard （adj.困难的→adv.努力地）
well （adj.健康的→adv.很好地）
【即时演练4】 句型转换
①We had lunch together after the meeting.
→We together after the meeting.
②Let’s fill the water into this bottle.
→Let’s the water.
③You are so fat that you have to go on a diet.
→You are so fat that you have to .
④Snow often falls in my hometown in winter.
→It often in my hometown in winter.
lunched
bottle
diet
snows
知识要点·须拾遗
关注高频词汇
2
come across 偶然发现，偶然遇见
【教材原句】 When you open a dictionary， you often come across a
lot of unfamiliar words.
当你打开词典时，你经常会遇到许多不熟悉的单词。
【用法】
come about 发生，产生
come up with 赶上；提出，想出（主意、解决方法、计划等）
come up 走近；出现；被提出
come out 出来，显露；开花；出版，发表；上市
【佳句】 Whenever I came across difficulties， your help always
cheered me up.我无论何时遇到困难，你的帮助总会使我振作起来。
（感谢信）
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The shop manager came over and asked the customer how the quarrel
had come .
②Various suggestions came at the meeting but were refused at
last.
about
up
【写美】 用come的相关短语完成语段
③I an old friend in the street yesterday. He said his new
book would the next month. We also talked about the
accident that that day.
came across
come out
came about
contact vt. 联系，联络 n. 接触，联系
【教材原句】 a friend that you contact by writing，traditionally using
a pen ...
一个你通过写信联系的朋友，传统上使用钢笔……
【用法】
（1）be in contact with 接触；与……有联系（表状态）
keep/stay in contact with与……保持联系
（2）lose contact with 与……失去联系
be out of contact with 与……失去联系（表状态）
make contact with 与……取得联系
【佳句】 For more information， please contact us in our office.
如需更多信息，请联系我们的办公室。（通知）
【练透】 补全句子
①I’ve most of my school friends.
我与学校的大多数朋友失去了联系。
②We have each other for years. And last
week we again.
我们已经很多年没有联系了。上周我们又取得了联系。
lost contact with
been out of contact with
made contact
【写美】 翻译句子
③互联网有助于我和朋友们保持联系。
The Internet helps me to keep/stay in contact with my friends.
likely adj.可能的，可能发生的
【用法】
（1）be likely to do ... 可能做……
（2） 可能……
（3）It is possible for sb to do sth某人有可能做某事
【佳句】 She also said there were likely a number of other genes that
help the Bajau dive.
她还说，可能还有其他一些基因帮助巴瑶人潜水。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①My heart beat with joy as I knew we were likely
（save）.
to be saved
【写美】 同义句转换
②Brian is gifted in writing music； he is very likely to be a Beethoven.
→Brian is gifted in writing music； a
Beethoven.
→Brian is gifted in writing music；
he will be a Beethoven.
it is very possible for him to be
it is very likely/possible/probable
that
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
根据首字母或汉语提示写出单词的适当形式
1. S is an electric railway which runs below the surface of the
ground.
2. The building being built is served for students’ a .
3. Originally， I couldn’t adapt to this t of food， but I gradually
fell in love with it.
ubway
partments
ype
4. To be on the safe side， we should fill up the tank now，because we
might run out of （汽油） on the way.
5. For more brochures about other package tours around
Peru， （联系） us at tourinfo@ travelperu.org.
6. When you open a dictionary， you often come across a lot
of （不熟悉的） words.
7. Young drivers are far more （可能的） to have accidents
than old drivers.
8. “Smart” can mean “intelligent” or “sarcastic”， depending on
the （上下文）.
petrol/gas
contact
unfamiliar
likely
context
维度二：语法与写作
选词填空
English-speaking，poorly-paid，absent-minded，passer-by，face-to-
face，ill-treated，peace-loving，notebook， ready-made， long-
distance
1. Meanwhile， I’m an active member of my school’s
running team and volunteering club.
2. Though it is a job， he still devotes much time and
energy to it.
long-
distance
poorly-paid
3. The glass window fell down all of a sudden without warning， and
five were injured.
4. His spoken English is very good， because he is from Australia，
an country.
5. The workers took up struggles for equal human rights.
6. They agreed to have a talk next week.
7. The fat man can hardly find any clothes that fit him
well.
passers-by
English-speaking
ill-treated
face-to-face
ready-made
8. We Chinese are people and we’ll never declare war
on others.
9. The professor is always losing his glasses when
wearing them.
10. When I use my dictionary，I write down all the new words I learn in
this little .
peace-loving
absent-minded
notebook
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面短文，分析并写出加蓝单词的构词法。
Last 1.weekend， I was traveling home from business.It was too
late， so I decided to go to a hotel near the bus stop. At the entrance to the
hotel， I met a man who was 2.disabled， and I made up my mind to
offer him some help.He spoke to me and explained his past life when he
was 3.healthy.He had worked in a car factory for five years.Then an
accident left him disabled.While listening to his story I realized that he
had 4.experienced a lot in his life.I told him that although he was
5.physically disabled， his heart was strong， and he could always
depend on it.I offered him some money to buy food and 6.drinks and
then he went home.I have learnt that if you say a few good words and
offer a little help to others， it will not only bring 7.happiness to you，
but it will also be in people’s hearts forever.
答案：1.合成法 2.派生法 3.派生法 4.转化法 5.派生法 6.转
化法 7.派生法
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Year-12 student Noah Little has already sat his first Chinese-speaking
exam and said it was “the easiest exam I’ve ever done”.That view is
not surprising given the Wagga High School student loves language — so
much so he has built a Chinese translation app.
Noah said his love of language was encouraged by his
community.“Wagga is a place full of people from different cultures，
and sometimes when I meet new people who have trouble speaking
English， I like to talk to them in their own language，” he said.“I also have a few Chinese friends so I think it will be cool to talk to them in their language.”
The 17-year-old started teaching himself Chinese around five years
ago， before taking distance education classes at the start of Year 11.His
language ability was also useful in his part-time job at a local Chinese
restaurant， where he translated orders for the cooks and customers.
Noah said he also had a basic knowledge of seven other languages.It
was while teaching himself languages that Noah got the idea of the
translation tool.“I decided to make my own app because there weren’t
many around — all the other apps were full of advertisements and the
translation feature （功能） wasn’t powerful enough，” he said.
His app also includes a word of the day feature， lessons on how to
write Chinese characters （汉字） and a news feed of important Chinese
news.
He said learning computer programming to build the app had been
like studying another language.With the end of school around the corner，
Noah said he would like to pursue （追求） both his interests in computer
programming and languages.“I’m planning to work for a year and save
so I can go on to university as I really want to make a career （事业） out
of one of these two topics.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了高中生Noah学习中
文的经历，学习汉语让他获益良多，他结合自己自学语言的经历开
发了一款翻译应用程序。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了高中生Noah学习中
文的经历，学习汉语让他获益良多，他结合自己自学语言的经历开
发了一款翻译应用程序。
1. What do we know about Noah？
A. He began to learn Chinese at 11.
B. He failed his first Chinese exam.
C. He likes teaching Chinese to people.
D. He gets a lot from learning Chinese.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段和第三段内容可知，Noah热爱
学习语言，他学习中文的经历促使他开发了一款中文翻译应用程
序；学习汉语使Noah在兼职的餐厅更好地为客人服务。由此推
知，汉语学习让Noah获益良多。
2. What are included in Noah’s app？
A. Advertisements.
B. Pieces of world news.
C. Suggestions for memorizing words.
D. Ways of writing Chinese characters.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知，Noah的应用程序包
括每日一词、教如何写汉字的课程以及推送重要的中国新闻。
3. What has Noah decided to do shortly after high school graduation？
A. Look for a job.
B. Attend university.
C. Develop a new app.
D. Learn more languages.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的I’m planning to work
for a year and save so I can go on to university as I really want to make
a career （事业） out of one of these two topics.可知，Noah决定高
中毕业后先找一份工作。
4. Which of the following can best describe Noah？
A. Curious and creative.
B. Humorous and honest.
C. Courageous and caring.
D. Outgoing and outspoken.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第三、四段内容可知，Noah自学了汉
语并掌握了其他七种语言的基本知识，并结合自己自学语言的经历
设计了一款翻译应用程序。由此可知，Noah不仅求知欲强，而且
很有创造力。
B
To most people， especially the Americans， the Canadians speak
the same language as them.This makes them believe that Canadian
English is simply American English.However， there are several reasons
why it can be said that the Canadians have their own variant （变体） of
the English language.What makes Canadian English so special？
Canadian English is a variant of both variants.Because of the fact that
their next-door neighbours speak American English， no doubt they were
largely influenced by it.However， it is to be noted that the Canadians
were strongly against colonization （殖民化） when the Americans tried
to force them to join.This showed just how much loyalty （忠诚） they
have for the Queen of England.The English spoken by the British and that
spoken by the Americans are worlds apart and Canadian English took the
best of both worlds to create its own language style.
What’s more， nothing beats the uniqueness （独特性） of the
Canadian accent （口音）.This accent can go back to the history of the
first Canadians.The first people to arrive in Canada were the Irish who
were under the rule of Great Britain.However， soon after， a large
number of people who came from neighbouring America also started to
arrive.Many accents mixed into something between the British and the
American accent.It created certain mannerisms （习惯） which cannot be
found in either British or American English.
When you are in Canada， you cannot help but notice mannerisms
used by most Canadians.The word “eh” is one word which has fully
come to be connected with the Canadians.You would most likely hear a
Canadian speak to you and end his sentence with “eh”.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。人们往往认为加拿大英语和美式英
语没有区别，但是加拿大人有自己的英语变体，文章对其中的原因
进行了介绍。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。人们往往认为加拿大英语和美式英
语没有区别，但是加拿大人有自己的英语变体，文章对其中的原因
进行了介绍。
5. What do most people think of Canadian English？
A. It is somewhere in between American and British English.
B. It is less popular than American English.
C. It is no different from American English.
D. It is the same as British English.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，大多数人认为加
拿大英语和美式英语没有区别。
6. What did the Americans try to do in history？
A. To require the Canadians to change their mannerisms.
B. To ask Canada to take a stand against colonization.
C. To force the Canadians to learn American English.
D. To make Canada part of America’s land.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的However， it is to be noted
that the Canadians were strongly against colonization （殖民化）
when the Americans tried to force them to join.可知，历史上美国曾
想让加拿大成为美国领土的一部分。
7. What can be learned about the first Canadians？
A. They were from Ireland.
B. They hated Americans a lot.
C. They spoke American English.
D. They came to Canada through America.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的The first people to arrive in
Canada were the Irish who were under the rule of Great Britain.可知，
第一批加拿大人来自爱尔兰。
8. How do the Canadians use the word “eh”？
A. To finish a sentence.
B. To start a new sentence.
C. To show good manners.
D. To express a strong feeling.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，加拿大人用
“eh”这个词结束一个句子。
C
All languages change over time.New vocabulary is often required for
the latest inventions or ideas.But a language can also change for reasons
that are not clear.
Language changes whenever speakers communicate with each
other.People from different places clearly speak differently， but even
within the same small community， people speak differently depending on
their age， origin， and social and educational background.When we
communicate with these different speakers in different situations，
we hear new words and expressions， and can make them a part of our own speech.Even if your family has lived in the same area for generations， you can probably see a number of differences between the language you use and the way your grandparents speak.When enough time has passed， the influence of these changes becomes clearer.
During the 18th century， Jonathan Swift， the Irish writer， and
many other people felt the English language was in serious decline （衰
落） and that a national organization — like those in France and Italy —
should be created to save the language.Swift once wrote that we should
find a way to stop our language from changing.Even today， we hear
people complaining about a lack of “standards （标准）” in spoken and
written English.New words and expressions， or changes in grammar，
are often considered bad.
More experts believe that change in language is unavoidable.Change
is a way of keeping a language alive and useful， and gives speakers
different ways of saying things with extremely small differences of
meaning and ways of expressing completely new ideas.The organizations
set up in France and Italy have had little success in reducing the amount of
change in French or Italian.
In 1747， Samuel Johnson wrote about his desire to write a dictionary
that would fix the pronunciation of English and keep it pure （纯正
的）.But when he completed the dictionary ten years later， he admitted
in his introduction that fixing a language was impossible.Like it or not，
language is always changing and English will go on doing so in many
creative and — to some people — annoying ways.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了语言是变化的，并分析
了其变化的原因。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了语言是变化的，并分析
了其变化的原因。
9. What can we learn from the second paragraph？
A. Some people learn to speak better than others.
B. The youth should learn from their grandparents.
C. Language change is greatly influenced by people.
D. Language changes little if people stay in the same place.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的Language changes ... can
make them a part of our own speech.可知，人们的说话方式会因年
龄、出身、社会和教育背景的不同而不同。我们在与不同的人交流
时会受到影响，语言也就发生了变化。所以语言的变化受人的影响
很大。
10. What does Jonathan Swift think of language change？
A. He thinks it is hopeful.
B. He thinks it is unclear.
C. He agrees on the change.
D. He doesn’t agree on the change.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段前两句可知，乔纳森·斯威
夫特不赞同语言的变化。
11. Why did Samuel Johnson decide to write a dictionary？
A. To create some new words.
B. To include some foreign words.
C. To keep English pure from changes.
D. To record the changes in English.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句可知，为了保持英
语的纯正，让其不受变化的影响，塞缪尔·约翰逊决定编写一本
词典。
12. What would be the best title for the text？
A. Why Does Language Change？
B. Written English Needs Standards
C. Does Language Change Influence Society？
D. How to Protect the Language
解析： 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章提出语言是变化
的，并分析了其变化的原因。所以A项（为什么语言会变化？）
为文章最佳标题。
Ⅱ.完形填空
One year ago， I paid no attention to English idioms （习语），
though my teacher told me about them again and again.But soon，
the 13 of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.
One day， I 14 to meet an Englishman on the road， and soon
we began to talk.As I was talking about how I was studying English，
the 15 seemed to be surprised.Gently shaking his 16 ，shrugging
（耸） his shoulders， he said， “You don’t say！” I was 17 .I
thought perhaps this was not a proper 18 .I had better change it. So I said to him， “Have you ever been to the Great Wall？” “Certainly！
It was amazing.Everyone back home will 19 me if I leave China
without seeing it.” I continued， “The Great Wall is one of the 20
in the world.We are very proud of it.” But soon， “You don’t say！” came to my ears again.I couldn’t 21 asking， “Why do you ask me not to talk about it？” “Well， I didn’t ask you to do so，” he answered， 22 surprised.I said， “Didn’t you say ‘You don’t say！’？” 23 this， the Englishman laughed to tears.He began to 24 ， “‘You don’t say！’ actually means ‘Really’！ It is a（n） 25 of surprise.Perhaps you don’t pay attention to English idioms.” Only then did I know I had made a 26 of myself.Since then I have been more 27 with idiomatic expressions.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是作者在一次与外国友
人的交流中，没有注意到习语的重要性，出了洋相。由此作者注意
到在学习英语的过程中，应该注重英语习语的表达。
13. A. effect B. difference
C. importance D. source
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是作者在一次与外国友
人的交流中，没有注意到习语的重要性，出了洋相。由此作者注意
到在学习英语的过程中，应该注重英语习语的表达。
解析： 根据上文But soon可知，上下文之间是转折关系，说明
作者之前不重视英语习语，但后来开始重视，认识到它的重要
性。effect作用；difference区别；importance重要性；source来源。
14. A. used B. expected
C. happened D. refused
解析： 根据下文an Englishman on the road可推知，作者之前不
认识这个英国人，他们只是碰巧遇到。use使用；expect期待；
happen碰巧；refuse拒绝。
15. A. foreigner B. teacher
C. student D. partner
解析： 根据上文One day， I 14 to meet an Englishman on
the road可知，作者是与外国人交谈，故外国人感觉很惊讶。
foreigner外国人；teacher教师；student学生；partner伙伴。
16. A. hand B. arm C. head D. body
解析： 根据上文be surprised可知，外国人感到惊讶，摇头表示
不赞同作者的做法。hand手；arm胳膊；head头；body身体。
17. A. worried B. uneasy
C. curious D. confused
解析： 根据下文I couldn’t 21 asking， “Why do you ask
me not to talk about it？”可知，作者不理解You don’t say！的意
思，感觉到很困惑。worried担心的；uneasy不舒服的；curious好
奇的；confused困惑的。
18. A. style B. topic C. opinion D. task
解析： 根据下文I had better change it.可知，作者认为自己选
择的谈话话题不合适，决定换一个。style风格；topic话题；
opinion观点；task任务。
19. A. laugh at B. ran after
C. rely on D. refer to
解析： 根据上文It was amazing.可知，如果外国人来中国没去
长城，则会被家里人笑话。laugh at嘲笑；run after追逐；rely on依
靠；refer to提及。
20. A. works B. wonders
C. choices D. examples
解析： 结合常识可知，长城是世界上的奇迹之一。work作
品；wonder奇迹；choice选择；example例子。
21. A. help B. admit C. regret D. allow
解析： 作者对于外国友人一直说You don’t say！故忍不住问
原因；couldn’t help doing sth禁不住做某事。 help帮助；admit承
认；regret懊悔；allow允许。
22. A. naturally B. purposely
C. hardly D. greatly
解析： 根据上文可知，作者问外国人为什么不让自己谈论
这个话题，外国人非常惊讶地回答他没有不让作者说这个话
题。naturally自然地；purposely故意地；hardly几乎不；
greatly极大地。
23. A. Finding B. Feeling
C. Hearing D. Noticing
解析： 根据下文the Englishman laughed to tears可知，英国人听
了作者的回答，然后笑哭了。find找到；feel感觉；hear听到；
notice注意到。
24. A. request B. explain
C. complain D. determine
解析： 根据下文“You don’t say！” actually means
“Really”！ It is a（n） 25 of surprise.可知，英国人给作者
解释了什么是You don’t say！request要求；explain解释；
complain抱怨；determine决定。
25. A. problem B. expression
C. goal D. recognition
解析： 根据上一句的解释可知，You don’t say！是英语
的习语表达。problem问题；expression表达；goal目标；
recognition承认。
26. A. sense B. sign C. mess D. fool
解析： 根据上文可知，作者不知道这个英语习语的真正含
义，出了洋相。make fool of oneself出洋相；出丑。sense感觉；
sign标记；mess脏，乱；fool愚蠢。
27. A. satisfied B. annoyed
C. anxious D. careful
解析： 作者在知道自己出了洋相后，会对英语习语的使用更
加小心。satisfied感到满意的；annoyed恼怒的；anxious焦急的；
careful小心的。
Ⅲ.语法填空
You know how disappointed it can be if you are not able to
communicate with the 28 （native） when you’re traveling， and
you might think learning a new language is a tough task.
But fear not！ We figured out 29 （exact） how many words
you need to learn to speak a language well.A group of linguists （语言学
家） have created a test 30 （see） how many words you know in
English.There are 200，000＋words in the English language， but the
test only 31 （include） 50 of them.You may not understand all of
the 50 words.The linguists believe that if you multiply （乘） 32
number of words out of 50 that you understand by 500， you’ll almost
know your English vocabulary.
A professor has found that native speakers of a language know 15，
000 to 20，000 lemmas （词目）.A lemma 33 （make） up of a
root word （say： walk） and all of 34 （it） inflections （屈折变
化） （walked， walking， walker， etc.）.But if you learn a new
language， you can never understand 15，000 lemmas.
He discourages people from learning all of the words in a
language.There are 800 to 1，000 lemmas 35 are used most
frequently in the language.He advises people to focus 36 these
lemmas.With these lemmas， people can understand 75% of the
language.And they will be 37 （confidence） enough to start a
conversation， order at a restaurant， and deal with other daily
communication.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了学习一门语言的方法和
技巧。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了学习一门语言的方法和
技巧。
28. natives 考查名词复数。空处作宾语应用名词，此处表示复数意
义，应用其复数形式。故填natives。
29. exactly 考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处作状语，修饰
动词短语figured out，应用副词。故填exactly。
30. to see 考查非谓语动词。句中have created为谓语，空处作目的状
语，应用动词不定式。故填to see。
31. includes 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空处是谓语动词，根据前
半句的are可知，此处使用一般现在时。主语the test为第三人称单数，
谓语动词也应该使用第三人称单数。故填includes。
32. the 考查冠词。the number of为固定搭配，意为“……的数
量”。故填the。
33. is made 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，句子表述
客观事实：一个词目由一个词根和它所有的屈折形式组成，故使用一
般现在时，主语A lemma为第三人称单数，谓语也应用单数形式。故
填is made。
34. its 考查代词。空处修饰名词inflections，应用形容词性物主代词
作定语，故填its。
35. which/that 考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行
词lemmas，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which/that。
36. on/upon 考查介词。focus on/upon为固定短语，意为“集中注意
力于……”。故填on/upon。
37. confident 考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处作表语，应
用形容词。故填confident。
谢谢观看！
