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Ⅰ.【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章重点阐述了人们存在的认知偏见以及如何纠正这些偏见,从而帮助人们更理性地看待问题和做出决策。
1.B [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The goal of this book is to...This book also guides us on how to do our best to correct these thinking traps.”可知,这本书旨在介绍认知偏见并指导人们纠正思维陷阱,也就是帮助改变思维方式,故选B。]
2.D [词义猜测题。第二段提到“The first one is that we tend to be overconfident in our abilities without enough evidence.”,这表明我们往往对自身的能力过度自信,这是一种倾向。再结合第三段中的“We can correct this propensity by trying it out ourselves...considering potential problems in advance.”可知,这里的“propensity”指的就是上文提到的这种倾向,所以画线词的意思与D项“Tendency(倾向)”最为接近,故选D。]
3.C [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“This tendency can hold us...an otherwise good choice.”可知,偏见会使我们因过于关注消极事件而不敢做出决策,从而错失重大机会,故选C。]
4.C [推理判断题。最后一段开头提到“There are several suggestions here.”,接着给出了一个做选择时的建议,因此后续应该会继续给出建议,故选C。]
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者由自身经历及思考总结出了“说话前要多思考”的道理。
5.D [细节理解题。由第一段中的“I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story”可知,作者因Linda O’Connell的故事而改变了对伤害性语言的态度。故选D项。]
6.C [推理判断题。第二段第一句提到作者意识到,自己曾被“但是”一词伤害到,而且自己也曾草率地用这个词伤害到了别人。接下来作者讲述了自己在给学生批阅文章时经常使用“但是”一词的经历,所以这一例子是用来说明but一词的错误使用会给他人造成伤害的。故选C项。]
7.D [推理判断题。由第二、三段以及最后一段中的“Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking”可知,作者从自身经历意识到使用错误的语言会对他人造成伤害,以及说话前三思的重要性。由此可见,作者关心他人且善于自我反思。故选D项。A项“诚实的且热心的”;B项“忠诚的且配合的”;C项“积极的且思想开明的”;D项“关心他人的且自我反思的”。]
8.C [文章大意题。作者通过自己错误使用“但是”一词的经历,思考并总结出说话前要深思熟虑的道理,同时告诉人们错误的语言也会像“棍子和石头”一样带来伤害。由此可见,文章主要说明了谨慎使用语言的重要性。故选C项。]
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要从人性的角度讲述了两种关于原谅的观点,说明了原谅的风险和好处,并告诉读者原谅是可以通过训练提升的。
9.D [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In his opinion,forgivers are...take advantage of them.”可知,Droll认为原谅别人的人在宽恕他人的同时也在损害自己的幸福,而被宽恕的人可能会利用他们,故D项正确。A项“人们应该宽恕别人”;B项“好斗的人应该学会原谅”;C项“原谅取决于人性”;D项“宽恕别人的人会让自己的幸福受到影响”。]
10.B [推理判断题。举例是为了说明例子前面的观点或概念。根据第二段中For example前的“Even common sense strongly...harmonious interactions.”可知,支配他人的意志并不能促成和谐的互动。由此可以推断,作者举奴隶制这个例子是为了说明“支配他人就是伤害他人”,故B项正确。A项“原谅就是爱”;C项“奋斗就是成长”;D项“给予就是接受”。]
11.A [观点态度题。根据第三段中的“one of the outcomes of...and reconnect people”和第四段中的“We are not necessarily...in our ability to forgive.”可知,作者认为原谅可以减少仇恨,恢复和谐,打破愤怒的循环,愈合关系,将人们再次联系在一起,且人们应该学习原谅并提升原谅的能力。由此可知,作者对原谅持支持的态度,故A项正确。B项“保守的”;C项“客观的”;D项“持怀疑态度的”。]
12.C [段落大意题。根据最后一段中的“We are not necessarily...develops with practice.”可知,我们不一定天生就有原谅的能力,但我们有潜力去学习原谅并提升我们原谅的能力,原谅是随着练习而发展的。由此可知,本段主要说明原谅是可以通过练习提升的,故C项正确。A项“原谅是我们的天性”;B项“随着时间的推移,原谅会增长”;D项“现状是以潜力为基础的”。]
Ⅱ.【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了超级沟通者的四个习惯。
1.F [上文谈到如果你正在进行实际的对话,你的朋友可能会请你帮忙做出艰难的决定。该空承接上文,继续讲到这种情况下你该怎么做。F项“那么你应该准备好给出好的建议”符合语境。]
2.E [上文讲到为了证明自己正在倾听,专家建议了一个技巧,并讲述了具体的做法。此处为总结句,说明这个做法的好处。E项“这种做法听起来简单,但很有效”符合语境。]
3.B [上文谈到了一种问题类型——比较简单的后续问题,例如“接下来发生了什么 ”,此处指的是另一种问题,结合空前的“超级沟通者还会提出让人们敞开心扉的问题”和选项可知,B项“专家将它们称为‘深度问题’”符合语境。]
4.A [本空为超级沟通者的第四个习惯,首先根据其他段落的段首句特点可知,该句是They作主语;再根据本段内容尤其是“genuinely comprehend someone else’s point of view”(真正理解别人的观点)可知,此处指他们力求理解对方。故选A项。]
5.G [上文谈到正确的回应创造了一种信任和开放的氛围,双方都可以从中受益。G项“那实际上是可能发生的最神奇的事情”承接上文,符合语境。]
A篇 1.核心单词:Para.1:introduce v.把……介绍(给);使初次了解;使尝试 misunderstanding n.误解,误会;意见不一,争执 Para.2:overconfident adj.过分自信的;自负的 underestimate v.低估;对……估计不足 Para.4:unenthusiastic adj.不热心的,缺乏热情的 2.核心短语:Para.3:in advance预先,事先 go through经历;通读;检查 3.词缀变形:Para.5:suggest v.建议;提议;暗示→suggestion n.建议;提议 describe v.描述;形容;把……称为→description n.描写(文字);形容;说明 attract v.吸引;使喜爱;引起……的好感(或爱慕) attraction n.向往的地方;有吸引力的事→attractive adj.吸引人的;令人愉快的
B篇 1.核心单词:Para.1:tolerate v.容忍 destructive adj.毁灭性的 Para.2:character n.(书籍、戏剧或电影中的)人物,角色;文字;特色 realistic adj.现实主义的,写实的 Para.3:constructive adj.建设性的;有益的,积极的 criticism n.批评 2.核心短语:Para.1:change one’s mind改变某人的决定(或看法、主意等) Para.3:make remarks发表评论 pass on去世
C篇 1.核心单词:Para.1:dominance n.优势;显要;支配地位 aggressive adj.好斗的,挑衅的 Para.3:integrity n.完整,完全;耿直,正直诚实 hatred n.仇恨,憎恨,厌恶 Para 4:perspective n.态度,观点;思考方法 2.核心短语:Para.1:for the sake of为了…… Para.2:fall apart破裂;崩溃 3.熟词生义:compromise(Para.1) 常用义:v.妥协,让步 文章义:v.损害 例句:This dangerous drug can further compromise an already weakened immune system. 这个危险药物可能会进一步损害本就脆弱的免疫系统。 4.词缀变形:Para.1:essence n.本质,实质;要素→essential adj.极其重要的,必不可少的 simple adj.简单的→simplify v.使简化,使简易→simplicity n.简单(性),容易(性);简朴 Para.3:restore v.恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原→restoration n.恢复;修复 Para.4:potential n.(人的)潜力 adj.潜在的,可能的→potentiality n.潜力;潜在的可能性 actual adj.实际的,真实的→actuality n.事实,真实情况 capable adj.有能力,有才能;能力强的→capacity n.容量,容积;领悟(或理解、办事)能力;职责;生产能力
七选五 1.核心单词:Para.2:accordingly adv.照着;相应地 Para.4:effective adj.有效的 follow-up adj.后续的 Para.5:comprehend v.理解;领悟;懂 2.核心短语:Para.3:cycle for understanding理解循环 Para.4:open up自由自在地谈 Para.5:benefit from从……中获益 3.词缀变形:Para.1:communicate v.沟通→communicator n.沟通者 consistent adj.一致的;始终如一的→consistently adv.一致地;始终如一地 Para.3:respond v.回答;回应→response n.回答,答复 Para.5:genuine adj.真的;真诚的;诚实的;可信赖的→genuinely adv.真正地
A篇 译文:例如,如果我们正在装修我们的家并且不知道这会花费多长时间,我们可以和近期经历过这种情况的朋友交流或者咨询一些专家,以了解这个项目所花费的时间以及可能出现的问题。
C篇 译文:从第二个观点来看,作为人类,原谅在个人和社区的生物和心理完整性中起着关键作用,因为科学研究表明,原谅的结果之一是仇恨的减少和和谐的恢复。
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Ⅰ.阅读理解
The goal of this book is to introduce some of the cognitive (认知的) prejudices we have—and how misunderstandings can cloud our judgment and affect the people around us. This book also guides us on how to do our best to correct these thinking traps. Here are some examples.
The first one is that we tend to be overconfident in our abilities without enough evidence. This can lead us,for example,to mess up career-changing presentations because of lacking preparation,or greatly underestimate the time we may spend in completing the projects.
We can correct this propensity by trying it out ourselves. This will quickly put any feelings of overconfidence to rest or fight this trend by over-preparing and considering potential problems in advance. For example,if we’re decorating our homes and have no idea how long it will take,talk to friends who went through a recent case or consult with a few experts to understand the time the project costs and what problems may arise.
Another,which can be dangerous,is that we are likely to focus a lot more of our attention on negative events than positive ones. It explains why a friend’s unenthusiastic review of a well-known movie might lead us to watch something else. This tendency can hold us back from making a decision about something,say a big purchase like a house,out of fear there was once a negative event associated with an otherwise good choice.
There are several suggestions here. Initially,when making a choice,stress the positive aspects of our options. Sellers use this approach all the time. For example,instead of saying the beef contains 11% fat,they label it as 89% lean (无脂肪的).These are both true and accurate descriptions of the same product but describing it from the opposite can make it a more attractive choice for buyers concerned with fat intake.
1.What is the book aimed at
A.Teaching social skills. B.Changing thinking modes.
C.Solving physical problems. D.Promoting reflective learning.
2.What does the underlined word “propensity” mean in paragraph 3
A.Tradition. B.Over-preparation.
C.Collection. D.Tendency.
3.What is the harm of prejudices according to paragraph 4
A.Buying useless things.
B.Messing up presentations.
C.Missing big opportunities.
D.Avoiding making decisions.
4.What will be talked about in the following paragraph
A.Analyzing reasons. B.Giving examples.
C.Adding suggestions. D.Making contrasts.
“Sticks and stones may break my bones,but words will never harm me.” This is an old saying my fourth-grade teacher once told me. I grew up thinking as long as people didn’t physically hurt each other,hurtful words were to be tolerated,but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story,Two Little Words with a Big Impact. She discussed two words:“and” and “but”,and explained how “but” can be one of the most destructive words.
Then I realized I had been hurt by the word “but”,and that I had wounded others,too,by using the word thoughtlessly. For example,when I was a teacher and edited my students’ stories,I would always say their content was good,but then I would add comments such as “but you need to make your characters more realistic.” I could have said,“Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.”
In setting up guidelines for commenting on writers,I realize we need to praise each other,make helpful remarks,and then praise each other again,without using the word “but”. I remember a college professor who said,“There is no such thing as constructive criticism. Criticism is criticism.” She has now passed on,but her words remain with me always.
My fourth-grade teacher’s quote was aimed at what she thought was harmless playground teasing,but even teasing hurts. Today,we can read sad news related to many stories where people have been terribly hurt by ugly words and suffered a lot. Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking,even to avoid seemingly unimportant words like “but”.Sticks and stones break our bones,but thoughtless words also do harm.They can leave marks for a lifetime.
5.What changed the author’s attitude to hurtful words
A.A teacher’s advice.
B.His personal experience.
C.A college professor’s words.
D.A story by Linda O’Connell.
6.What message does the example in Paragraph 2 convey
A.The author used “but” too often.
B.The author could tolerate criticism.
C.The misuse of “but” can hurt others.
D.Realistic characters are needed in writing.
7.Which words can best describe the author
A.Honest and warm-hearted.
B.Devoted and cooperative.
C.Optimistic and open-minded.
D.Caring and self-reflective.
8.What is the text mainly about
A.The benefits of learning from mistakes.
B.The long-lasting effect of hurtful words.
C.The importance of using words thoughtfully.
D.The difference between physical and emotional harm.
Is forgiveness against our human nature To answer our question,we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity For the sake of simplicity,people consider two distinctly different views of humanity.The first view involves dominance and power.In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness,Droll(1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows.Those who forgive are against their basic nature,much to their harm. In his opinion,forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others,who might then take advantage of them.
The second view involves the theme of cooperation,mutual respect,and even love as the basis of who we are as humans.Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings,we need both to receive love from and offer love to others.Without love,our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions.For example,how well has slavery (奴隶制) worked as a mode of social harmony
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans,forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness,shown through scientific studies,is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony.Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to an extent the people from whom you are estranged (不和的) accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments.Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
As an important note,when we take a classical Realism philosophical perspective,that of Aristotle,we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality.We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive,but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive.The actuality of forgiving,its actual appropriation in conflict situations,develops with practice.
9.What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness
A.People should offer mercy to others.
B.Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
C.Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D.People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.
10.What does the example in paragraph 2 illustrate
A.To forgive is to love. B.To dominate is to harm.
C.To fight is to grow. D.To give is to receive.
11.What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness
A.Favorable. B.Reserved.
C.Objective. D.Skeptical.
12.What is the message of the last paragraph
A.Forgiveness is in our nature.
B.Forgiveness grows with time.
C.It takes practice to forgive.
D.Actuality is based on potentiality.
Ⅱ.七选五
Super communicators are people who are consistently able to create real connections with others just by listening and talking.The following are four habits of super communicators.
They know what kind of conversation they’re having. Super communicators are usually able to respond accordingly. If you’re having a practical conversation,your friend might ask you to help make hard decisions. 1 If your friend is just expressing his feelings,you just need to be a good listener.
They prove they’re listening.There are plenty of ways to appear like you’re listening,like making eye contact or nodding.To do that,experts suggest a technique called “cycles for understanding”.Ask a question and listen to the response.Repeat what they just told you.Ask your conversation partner if you got what they said correct. 2
They ask a lot of right questions. Research shows that highly effective communicators tend to ask 10 to 20 times as many questions as everyone else.They may simply be follow-up questions like“What happened next ” Super communicators also ask questions that get people to open up. 3 They ask about people’s values or experiences and create an opportunity for emotional connections.
4 The goal of a discussion isn’t to impress someone,convince someone or wait for their turn to speak. It’s to genuinely comprehend someone else’s point of view and share their own views accordingly.The right response creates an atmosphere of trust and openness that both parties can benefit from. 5
A.They aim to understand.
B.Experts call them “deep questions”.
C.They are persuasive communicators.
D.The decisions should be easy to carry out.
E.This practice sounds simple but is powerful.
F.Then you should be ready to give good advice.
G.And that is actually the most magical thing that can happen.
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