Section Ⅱ Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
Step 1 速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．Why human beings are closely related to nature.
B．Why most living things will die out in the future.
C．Why no forest will exist on the earth in the future.
D．Why extinctions happen and how to avoid the sixth mass extinction.
答案 D
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Step 2 细读——深度获取细节
1．Why would we humans die out with 75% of all species on Earth dying out
A．Because we will have no clean water.
B．Because we will kill all species for food.
C．Because we will have no factory farming.
D．Because we will kill one another for water.
答案 A
2．How can we avoid the sixth extinction
A．By producing more species.
B．By stopping destroying the planet.
C．By taking action to protect ourselves.
D．By moving to another planet immediately.
答案 B
3．What is the purpose of paragraph 4
A．To appeal to people to protect the Earth.
B．To blame people for destroying the environment.
C．To urge the government to take action.
D．To warn the public to reduce their destructive behaviour.
答案 A
4．What is the author’s attitude towards avoiding the sixth extinction
A．Pessimistic. B．Uncertain.
C．Neutral. D．Optimistic.
答案 D
Step 3 读后——课文语法填空
Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species 1.that ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there 2.have been(be) five times when life on Earth has almost ended,3.including(include) the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”．The 4.reasons(reason) for extinctions are 5.varied(vary)．Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time，human activity will be 6.to blame(blame)．
A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times 7.faster(fast) than normal.8.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.
If a sixth mass extinction 9.occurs(occur)，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be 10.at risk of dying out.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
1．These include the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.(P52 Para.1)
结构分析：此句为复合句，其中known as the “Great Dying” 为过去分词作定语，which引导定语从句。
汉语翻译：这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间 90%至 96%的物种灭亡了。
2．Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.(P52 Para.2)
结构分析： 此句是复合句，Although引导让步状语从句，从句中的it是形式主语，for species to die out naturally为真正的主语；主句的主干是the rate is cause for concern；at which为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词rate。
汉语翻译：虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
3．A 2015 study by scientists who were based(base) at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes，that is，the “background extinction rate”．(P52 Para.2)
结构分析：此句话为复合句，句子的谓语动词为looked at，who 引导定语从句，how 引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：2015年在美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种自然状态下灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。
4．There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out：air and water pollution，forests being destroyed(destroy)，factory farming and overfishing.(P53 Para.2)
结构分析：此句为复合句，句子包含there be 句型，why 引导定语从句，先行词为reasons。
汉语翻译：这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
5．If a sixth mass extinction(extinct) occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.(P53 Para.3)
结构分析：此句为复合句，if引导条件状语从句，who引导定语从句，that引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。
6．This would mean we have to significantly(significant) change the way we live.(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个复合句。mean后面是省略了that的宾语从句；we live为省略了that/in which的定语从句，修饰先行词the way。
汉语翻译：这意味着我们必须极大地改变我们的生活方式。
7．For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including setting(set) up special areas where plants and animals can be protected(protect)．(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个复合句。to save endangered species在句中作目的状语，where引导定语从句。
汉语翻译：例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。
8．In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying(destroy) the planet that we live on and start to protect it.(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个复合句。if引导条件状语从句；that引导定语从句，先行词为planet。
汉语翻译：简而言之，如果我们想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的星球并开始保护它。
die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝
die away(声音、光等)逐渐减弱；消失
die of/from因……而死
die down逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡
die off相继死去
(1)用die短语的正确形式填空
①The sound of the car died away as the car drove into the distance.
②To our shock，this species has nearly died out because its habitats are being destroyed.
③What makes us worried is that if the snowstorm doesn’t blow over，the cattle will die off.
[写作佳句]
(2)(读后续写之场景描写)掌声平息后，他深吸一口气，开始了他的演讲。
When the applause had died down，he took a deep breath and began his speech.
mass adj.大量的 n．团，块，堆；大量；(物理学术语)质量(massive adj.巨大的；结实的；非常严重的)
masses of＋名词＋谓语动词复数
a mass of＋
the masses群众；大众媒体
(1)The masses are(be) often the makers of history and they are also the makers of people’s well-being.
(2)(2021·全国乙)He builds massive(mass) sculptures out of plastic garbage，forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
[写作佳句]
(3)(应用文写作之海洋保护)令人担忧的是，由于海洋污染，大量海洋生物正在相继死去。
What makes people worried is that as a result of sea pollution，masses of/a mass of sea creatures are dying off.
decrease n．减少；减少的量 vi.& vt.减少
·decrease to...减少到……
decrease by...减少了……
decrease from...to...从……减少到……
·on the decrease正在减少
on the increase正在增加
(1)Due to the application of advanced equipment，the number of his employees has decreased from 2,000 to 1,500.
(2)The crime rate in this area has decreased to the lowest level nowadays.
[写作佳句] 一句多译
(3)由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数量在减少。
①Because of human activities，the number of some rare animals is on the decrease.(decrease n．)
②Because of human activities，the number of some rare animals is decreasing.(decrease v．)
注意 表示“减少”的词或短语还有：decline，reduce，fall，drop，go down等。
blame vt.责怪，指责 n．过失；责备
be to blame (for sth) (对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame sb for sth因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth on sb/sth把某事归咎于某人/某事
(1)Illegal hunting is to blame(blame) for the extinction of Northern White Rhinos.
(2)We should not blame athletes for not winning medals.After all，they have pushed themselves to the limit.
(3)You don’t apply yourself to studying hard，so don’t blame your failure on bad luck.
[写作佳句]
(4)(话题写作之人际交往)当和他人相处时，我们不应该总是把错误归咎于他人。毕竟，很多时候我们也负有责任。因此，我们应该多交流、换位思考，而不是指责他人。
When getting along with others，we shouldn’t always blame others for mistakes/blame mistakes on others.After all，many times we are also to blame.So instead of blaming others，we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁
take risks/a risk冒险
take/run the risk of doing sth 冒险做某事
at the risk of...冒着……的风险
risk doing sth 冒险做某事
(1)It was Mr Lee who took the risk of losing his own life to save the two boys.
(2)Men who had been stressed tended to take more risks(risk) while women responded in the opposite way.
[写作佳句]
(3)当得知那个城市需要援助时，许多救援人员热切地冒着生命危险前往那里。
When knowing that city was in need of help，many rescue workers were eager to go there at the risk of losing their lives.
倍数表达法
They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.(教材P53 Para.2)
他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。
结构分析：此句为复合句。句中that引导宾语从句；1 000 times faster than...是倍数的表示方法。
————————————————————————————————————————
倍数的表达法如下：
倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than...
倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as...
倍数＋the size/height/length/width/...＋of...
————————————————————————————————————————
(1)The production of corn is expected to be 1.5 times larger(large) than that of last year.
(2)To his delight，his new job brings in 3 times as much income as the old one.
(3)What makes us shocked is that my brother is 10 times the weight of my nephew.
[写作佳句]
(4)(应用文写作之介绍类)我市正在建设的新体育场将是目前这个体育场的三倍大。
①The new stadium being built in our city will be three times as big as the present one.(倍数＋as＋原级＋as)
②The new stadium being built in our city will be three times bigger than the present one.(倍数＋比较级＋than)
③The new stadium being built in our city will be three times the size of the present one.(倍数＋the＋名词＋of)
without 引导的含蓄虚拟语气
Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.(教材P53 Para.3)
没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
结构分析：此句是一个并列句。由and连接两个并列分句，其中Without与no构成双重否定。
————————————————————————————————————————
without短语表示含蓄条件，相当于由if引导的虚拟条件句。
表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”。
表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“would/should/could/might have＋过去分词”。
此处without 可以用 but for(若没有)替换。
————————————————————————————————————————
(1)如果没有王先生的帮助，我就不会取得这么大的进步。
Without Mr Wang’s help，I wouldn’t have made such great progress.
(2)(2022·全国甲，书面表达)没有海洋，任何生物都无法生存，包括人类，所以现在是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
Without the ocean，no living things would survive，including human beings，so it is high time that we devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并回答其后的问题。
The popular film，Titanic，is about a beautiful and sad love story,1.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman,2.who went to America with her mother.Jack,3.who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 4.where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，and Jack lost his life for saving Rose.Everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 5.which most people can’t behave in real life.Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.6.As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that’s the reason 7.why Rose could live on and tell us the moving story.
以上语段中的黑体部分均为定语从句，其中句4,5和7是限制性定语从句，句1,2,3和6是非限制性定语从句，其标志是主句和从句之间用逗号隔开。as引导的定语从句一般放于句首；通常译为“正如”。
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
一、定语从句的种类
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1．限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语从句，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；关系副词有where，when，why。
This is the computer(that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher.
在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师。
2．非限制性定语从句
(1)非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开，是对先行词的附加说明，如去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
The children，who wanted to have a journey to the valley，were disappointed when the journey was cancelled.那些想去山谷旅行的孩子都因旅行的取消而感到失望。
That they will get married，which has not been announced，has spread around.
他们要结婚的消息还没有被宣布，却已经被传得沸沸扬扬。
(2)非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个句子或其中一部分，且常译成并列的分句。
We’ll graduate in July，when we will be free.(先行词为名词)
我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。
He often comes to school late，which makes his teacher angry.(先行词为主句的内容)
他经常上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。
(3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who，whom和whose；指物时用which和whose。还有关系副词when和where。
This is our headmaster，who I think has something crucial to tell you.这是我们的校长，我认为他有非常重要的事情要告诉你。
He has sold the house，which is located in downtown.
他已经卖掉了那所位于市中心的房子。
Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland，where he was buried in 1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。
He fled his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.
他于1992年逃离家乡，当时他只有12岁。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
意义 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整 仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思依然完整
结构要求 紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间不加逗号 用逗号与先行词或主句隔开
功能 修饰先行词 修饰先行词或整个主句
引导词 所有的关系代词及副词 关系代词或关系副词，但是关系代词that及关系副词why除外
When you reach the village，you will first find a house whose windows are made of wood.
当你到达那个村庄时，你首先会发现一座有着木窗的房子。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area，where they also did some climbing.
他们欣赏了这个山区的美景，在那里他们还做了些爬山运动。
[巧学助记]
定从分类有奥妙，限与非限看逗号；
定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；
定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系。
三、as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
as which
指代 只能指代整个主句的内容 既可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 不能置于主句之前
意义 正如 这，那
功能 连接上下文，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等 引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句
As we all know，the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
The singer，as was expected，achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的那样，这位歌手取得了巨大成功。
Catherine will attend a friend’s wedding，which she is busy preparing for now.
凯瑟琳将参加一个朋友的婚礼，现在她正在为此做准备。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．To our amazement，this is the room where the astronaut used to live.
2．At last we arrived at the village，which had been transformed into a park.
3．You can come to our city in April，when peonies are in full bloom.
4．As was often the case，the girl skipped breakfast again.
5．Mr King，whose legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to the hospital.
6．There are many plastic cups on the table，most of which are new.
7．The grinning consumer that/who/whom he met in the supermarket was his friend.
8．The consumer，who will retire from the university next year，is popular among students.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．我的父亲同意我们制作一个视频来记录我们在夏令营的经历，在那里我们度过了美好的时光。
My father approved of us making a video to record our experiences at the summer camp where we had a great time.
2．我最尊敬的人是我的语文老师，他的教学水平远远高于平均水平。
The person I respect most is my Chinese teacher whose teaching level is far above average.
3．他为何不能降低消费，他没有给出任何理由。
The reason，for which he couldn’t reduce his consumption，wasn’t given.
4．该地区矿业发展良好，为当地经济的发展做出了贡献。
Mining has developed well in the area，which contributes to the development of local economy.
5．他没上这节课的原因与你向我解释的很不一样。
The reason why he missed this class was quite different from the one that you explained to me.
Ⅲ.完成下列读后续写片段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法
我倒在地上，躺在血泊中。同时，离我们不远的两名猎人听到了我们的尖叫声。他们冲到我们所在的地方。一看到所发生的事以及还漂浮在我身后的水面上的鳄鱼，其中一个人朝空中开了一枪。正如所期望的，鳄鱼被吓跑了。然后，我失去了知觉，这让两名猎人急忙把我送到医院。
I fell onto the ground，lying in a pool of blood.Meanwhile，our screams were heard by two hunters 1.who/that were not far away from us.They dashed over to the place 2.where we were.On seeing what happened and the crocodile，3.which was still floating in the water behind me，one of them fired a shot in the air.4.As was/had been expected，the crocodile was frightened away.Then I was unconscious,5.which made the two hunters rush me to hospital.
训练2 Lesson 1
[分值：74.5分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共8小题；每小题1.5分，满分12分)
1．We ordinary people have no right to blame stars for contributing less money than others.
2．With their habitats destroyed by human beings，many species have died out.
3．Global greenhouse gas emissions must decrease by 50 per cent compared to levels at the turn of the millennium.
4．Humans wiped out forests on a large scale，which made animals homeless.
5．During the cultural festival，you can enjoy or participate in varieties(vary) of activities.
6．Many people tend to blame their own failure on lack of good fortune.
7．We are extremely happy to know that giant pandas are no longer the most endangered(endanger) animals.
8．Affected(affect) with a serious disease，he was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery.
Ⅱ.单句写作(课文佳句仿写)(满分15分)
1．这部下个月出版的新书的长度是那部书的三倍。(倍数表达法)
This new book to be published next month is three times longer than/three times as long as/three times the length of that one.
2．在这本书中，我们可以知道是人类活动造成了那些物种的灭绝。(be to blame)
In the book，we can know it is human activities that are to blame for the extinction of those species.
3．森林里的动物处于危险之中，因为许多树都被砍倒了。(be at risk)
The animals in the forest are at risk because many trees have been cut down.
4．众所周知，如果没有水和森林，世界上的生命就不会存在了。(without 引导的含蓄虚拟条件句)
What is known to us is that without water and forests，life would not exist in the world.
5．人们想探索恐龙突然灭绝的原因。(die out，定语从句)
People want to explore the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly.
组句成篇 以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
参考范文
This new book to be published next month is three times as long as that one.In the book，we can know it is human activities that are to blame for the extinction of those species.The truth at present is that the animals in the forest are at risk because many trees have been cut down.Although what is known to us is that without water and forests，life would not exist in the world，humans destroy the forests for profits.Besides，the book is suitable for people who want to explore the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly as well.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·山西晋城高二上期中)
By the time you finish reading this passage，a species on Earth might disappear forever.Humans need a variety of animals，plants，and microorganisms for healthy living.Studies show that the decline in biodiversity(生物多样性)，or the variety of life on Earth，causes a serious threat to our existence.My colleagues and I found that biodiversity is also important for mental health.
Contact with nature benefits mental health，particularly for city residents.People living near green spaces have a 71% lower risk of developing depression and anxiety.However，most studies have not looked at how natural diversity influences these benefits.To explore this，we studied whether environments with many natural features，like trees，plants，and wildlife，improve mental health more than those with fewer features.From April 2018 to September 2023,1,998 people used the Urban Mind app to report their environment and mental health over 41,000 times.
We discovered that green spaces with high natural diversity offer more mental health benefits than those with low diversity.Participants reported that nearly a quarter of this positive impact was due to natural diversity，and these benefits could last up to eight hours.Our study suggests that to promote mental health，we should protect biodiversity.This means moving away from decorative gardens and parks with cut grass，which have low biodiversity，toward natural fields and streams that support a variety of plants and animals.
Other studies support our findings.A survey of 15,000 families revealed that those living near areas rich in plants and birds had lower rates of mental health issues，even after accounting for social and economic differences.Our study adds that even brief，daily meets with biodiverse nature can improve mental health.Biodiverse nature wakens the senses，improves focus，and reduces mental tiredness.It also encourages outdoor exercise and social interaction，which improve mood.Additionally，diverse environments reduce pollutants and moderate temperatures，protecting against chronic(慢性的) conditions and stress.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，生活在自然多样性的环境中能显著降低抑郁和焦虑风险，且日常与多样化自然环境的短暂接触也能带来持久的益处。
1．What does the passage say about the decline in biodiversity
A．It mostly harms animals.
B．It is not important to humans.
C．It is a serious danger to humans.
D．It only happens in the countryside.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段内容，尤其是“Studies show that the decline in biodiversity(生物多样性)，or the variety of life on Earth，causes a serious threat to our existence.”可知，生物多样性的减少对人类来说是一种严重威胁，故选C。
2．What conclusion does the author’s study draw
A．We should plant more trees in urban parks.
B．We should reduce the focus on decorative gardens.
C．We should limit public access to protect green spaces.
D．We should shift from low biodiversity to natural diversity.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Our study suggests that to promote mental health...moving away from decorative gardens and parks...toward natural fields and streams that support a variety of plants and animals.”可知，作者的研究发现为了促进心理健康，应保护生物多样性，这意味着要从低生物多样性(如装饰性花园和修剪过的草坪)转向支持多种植物和动物的自然环境。故选D。
3．What does the underlined word “moderate” most likely mean in paragraph 4
A．Increase. B．Balance.
C．Reduce. D．Manage.
答案 B
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词前文“Additionally，diverse environments reduce pollutants”和后文“protecting against chronic conditions and stress”可知，此处强调多样化的环境对健康有益，可推知moderate表达的是对温度的正面调节，结合各选项可知，balance(平衡)最符合文意，也符合常识。故选B。
4．What would be the best title for this passage
A．The Environmental Impact of Urban Parks
B．The Benefits of Physical Activity in Nature
C．How Social Interaction Improves Well-being
D．How Natural Diversity Influences Mental Health
答案 D
解析 标题归纳题。根据第三段中“We discovered that green spaces with high natural diversity offer more mental health benefits than those with low diversity.”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了自然环境的多样性会极大地影响心理健康，D项概括文章主旨，是最佳标题。故选D。
B
(2025·陕西安康高二上期中)
San Francisco’s waterfront(海滨) is on the National Register of Historic Places for good reason.
Its beautiful old landmarks，like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge，have been seen in many books，TV shows and movies—from the stories and novels of Jack London to the 1970s TV series The Streets of San Francisco.The future of San Francisco’s waterfront，however，isn’t safe.
In 2016，the National Trust for Historic Preservation put part of the city’s shoreline on its list of the US’s most endangered historic places，in part because of the threat of sea level rise.The waterfront landmarks of many cities are under increasing threat from floods and rising sea levels brought on by human-driven climate change.St.Mark’s Basilica in Venice，Italy and the Venice Beach boardwalk in Los Angeles face similar challenges to San Francisco.
“The whole issue of climate change and historic preservation intersects(交织) right at the waterfront，” said Elaine Forbes，director of the Port of San Francisco.As she watched the boats come and go on a sunny afternoon，Forbes said，“Sea level rise hasn’t historically been as much of a threat to San Francisco as major earthquakes.” However，that’s changed.Parts of the main road that runs along the waterfront have flooded from heavy rains in recent years.The state estimates(预估) the water could rise up to about two and a half feet above its present level by 2060，and possibly up to seven feet by the turn of the century.
Now，San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline.But the growing magnitude(规模) and frequency of the climate-related threats，the high costs and effort needed in saving heritage sites，and competing ideas about what’s worth saving and what isn’t，can make it hard for cities to know what to do first.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章说明了旧金山的海滨如今正面临着由人类活动引起的气候变化带来的洪水和海平面上升的威胁。
5．What is San Francisco’s waterfront famous for
A．Crowded beaches.
B．Old landmarks.
C．Comfortable climate.
D．Beautiful bridges.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Its beautiful old landmarks，like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge，have been seen in many books，TV shows and movies”可知，它美丽的古老地标，如渡轮大厦和海湾大桥，在许多书籍、电视节目和电影中都有出现，故旧金山的海滨以古老地标闻名。故选B。
6．What challenge is the waterfront facing
A．The threat from rising sea levels.
B．The loss of public support.
C．The competition from other cities.
D．The influence of tourist activities.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In 2016，the National Trust for Historic Preservation...most endangered historic places，in part because of the threat of sea level rise.”可知，2016年，美国国家历史保护信托基金会将旧金山市的部分海岸线列入了美国最濒危的历史遗迹名单，部分原因是海平面上升的威胁。故选A。
7．Why is the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To stress the seriousness of sea level rise.
B．To give an example of existing threats.
C．To show the difficulty in the waterfront protection.
D．To compare different types of natural disasters.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Sea level rise hasn’t historically been...as major earthquakes.” 可知，从历史上看，海平面上升对旧金山的威胁没有大地震那么大。结合下文“However，that’s changed.Parts of the main road...have flooded...century.”可知，如今水位上升幅度很大，其威胁已经超过地震。故第四段提到地震是为了强调海平面上升的严重性。故选A。
8．What can be known from the text
A．Threats have been removed.
B．Heritage sites are in ruins.
C．Solutions are under consideration.
D．The shoreline has been flooded.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Now，San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline.”可知，现在，旧金山正在考虑采取措施保护其历史悠久的海岸线，即解决方案正在考虑之中。故选C。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Rock climbing has become a mainstream pleasure enjoyed by many.The natural world offers a thrilling adventure through beautiful environments filled with wildlife.
However，rock climbing happens in places that are generally hard to access and unsuitable for agricultural expansion and urbanization.As a result，they have generally suffered less human impact and the areas tend to be important sites for biodiversity(生物多样性)． 1 With the sport booming，the amazing biodiversity sustained by cliff ecosystems is under pressure.
2 Giving nesting birds some place is what climbers can do.The presence of climbers at the cliff where birds are nesting tends to cause them to abandon their chicks to starvation.Climbers should check in advance if there are any bird nesting restrictions(限制)．This information is usually found on climbing guidebooks. 3 If climbers spot a nest，try to leave a note and find a way to communicate this to the rest of the local climbing community.
Some cliff-specialist plant species have very narrow ranges.If a suitable habitat is rare，they have few opportunities to grow elsewhere.However，climbers can remove vegetation and soil when establishing a route that has not been climbed before.This can wipe out the cliff ecosystem that was there previously.So climbers should keep the impact on vegetation in mind when developing new climbing routes. 4
The number of climbers heading out to these cliffs is increasing at an astonishing pace.It is important for climbers to know what they can do for the protection of the cliff ecosystem. 5 Please help those with less experience and knowledge by sharing the information about climbing and biodiversity damage!
A．And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B．Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C．Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D．Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E．These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F．For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection areas.
G．Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand the potential impact on the plants.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕“攀岩运动对悬崖生态系统及生物多样性的影响”这一主题展开，通过阐述攀岩活动对鸟类、植物等生物的影响，以及攀岩者可以采取的保护措施，来提醒和呼吁攀岩者关注并保护悬崖生态系统。
1．答案 F
解析 根据上文“...rock climbing happens in places that are generally hard to access and...the areas tend to be important sites for biodiversity(生物多样性)．”可知，攀岩活动发生的地方通常较少受到人类影响，往往是生物多样性的重要地点。选项F“例如，西班牙40%的运动攀岩区位于自然保护区”承接上文，举例说明攀岩区域的生态重要性。故选F。
2．答案 C
解析 上文“With the sport booming，the amazing biodiversity sustained by cliff ecosystems is under pressure.”指出攀岩运动的繁荣威胁着生态多样性，根据下文“Giving nesting birds some place is what climbers can do.”并结合之后的两段可知，攀登者能做一些事来保护生态。选项C“因此，每个攀登者都有责任保护悬崖生态系统”承上启下。故选C。
3．答案 A
解析 上文“Climbers should...on climbing guidebooks.”指出攀登者应提前检查区域内是否有鸟巢，并提到攀岩手册上会有这类信息。选项A“一些组织有一个在线数据库可供查询”承接上文，指出另一信息来源。故选A。
4．答案 G
解析 根据上文“However...when developing new climbing routes.”可知，攀登者在建立以前没有攀登过的路线时可能会摧毁以前存在的悬崖生态系统，所以他们在开发路线时要注意对植被的影响。选项G“他们甚至可以与其他路线开发者及环保人士合作，共同了解对植物的潜在影响”承接上文，继续说明他们应该做什么。故选G。
5．答案 B
解析 根据上文“It is important for climbers to know what they can do for the protection of the cliff ecosystem.”可知，攀登者知道如何保护悬崖生态系统很重要，下文建议通过分享信息来帮助缺少经验和知识的攀登者。选项B“似乎一个简单的方法是传播这些良好做法”承上启下，these good practices呼应上文的what they can do，spread the word则呼应下文的sharing the information。故选B。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
(2025·湖北黄冈高二上期中)
We’ve all heard the claims that by 2050，coffee，as we know it，is set to dramatically change or disappear!
A recent study published on PLOS One predicts 1. overall decline in the world’s suitable growing land for coffee by 2050.An earlier report by the Climate Institute found that coffee production could 2. (cut) in half due to climate change.Warming temperatures have started to introduce several new 3. (threat) to the production of coffee，ranging from unsuitable growing temperatures to new warmer weather pests.And pests reproduce and spread quicker in 4. (hot) climates.Then we have natural disasters,5. the droughts in Brazil，which led to market prices doubling，and the floods in Timor-Estelle，both in 2021.These weather events will continue to get worse,6. (destroy) coffee farmland beyond repair unless we stop deforestation，reduce emissions and expand conservation plans.While a reduced coffee supply will be difficult for consumers，it will be 7. (absolute) disastrous for the 25 million farmers 8. livelihoods depend on it.These are some of the poorest communities in the world，who don’t have the resources 9. (stay) and fight or pack up their farms and move to cooler climates.Then there are millions of people 10. (employ) in packaging，distributing，selling and brewing the coffee we all love.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章讨论了气候变化对咖啡生产的影响，并预测到2050年咖啡种植面积将大幅减少。
1．答案 an
解析 考查冠词。decline“减少”在此用作可数名词，结合句意可知此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词修饰，而空后的overall的发音是以元音音素开头，故填an。
2．答案 be cut
解析 考查被动语态。空处位于that引导的宾语从句中，主语production和动词cut之间是被动关系，此处使用被动语态，表示“咖啡生产可能被减半”，情态动词could后接动词原形，故填be cut。
3．答案 threats
解析 考查名词复数。根据前面的several可知，这里需要一个可数名词的复数形式，故填threats。
4．答案 hotter
解析 考查形容词比较级。根据前面的quicker并结合句意可知，这里需要用形容词的比较级，表示“更热的气候”，故填hotter。
5．答案 like
解析 考查介词。根据句意可知，空后的旱灾和洪灾都是例子，本空应表示列举，使用介词like“例如，像”，故填like。
6．答案 destroying
解析 考查非谓语动词。本句已有谓语动词will continue，所以此处用非谓语动词，destroy与逻辑主语These weather events之间是主动关系，使用现在分词作状语，故填destroying。
7．答案 absolutely
解析 考查副词。这里需要一个副词来修饰形容词disastrous，故填absolutely。
8．答案 whose
解析 考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，修饰farmers，指人，关系词在从句中作定语修饰livelihoods，所以用关系代词whose，故填whose。
9．答案 to stay
解析 考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知，此处表示目的，使用动词不定式to stay，表示他们没有资源留下来斗争或搬迁到有更凉爽气候的地方，故填to stay。
10．答案 employed
解析 考查非谓语动词。employ和people之间是被动关系，使用过去分词作后置定语，表示在包装、分销、销售和冲泡咖啡等工作中被雇用的人，故填employed。(共111张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
CONSERVATION
UNIT 3
.
内容索引
Part 1 课文深度理解
Part 2 长句难句分析
Part 3 语言知识梳理
Part 4 语法项目精讲
训练2
课文深度理解
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A.Why human beings are closely related to nature.
B.Why most living things will die out in the future.
C.Why no forest will exist on the earth in the future.
D.Why extinctions happen and how to avoid the sixth mass extinction.
Step 1 速读——整体理解文意
√
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Earth’s
sixth mass extinction
faster
outcomes
avoid
1.Why would we humans die out with 75% of all species on Earth dying out
A.Because we will have no clean water.
B.Because we will kill all species for food.
C.Because we will have no factory farming.
D.Because we will kill one another for water.
√
Step 2 细读——深度获取细节
2.How can we avoid the sixth extinction
A.By producing more species.
B.By stopping destroying the planet.
C.By taking action to protect ourselves.
D.By moving to another planet immediately.
√
3.What is the purpose of paragraph 4
A.To appeal to people to protect the Earth.
B.To blame people for destroying the environment.
C.To urge the government to take action.
D.To warn the public to reduce their destructive behaviour.
√
4.What is the author’s attitude towards avoiding the sixth extinction
A.Pessimistic. B.Uncertain.
C.Neutral. D.Optimistic.
√
Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species 1. ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there 2. (be) five times when life on Earth has almost ended,3. (include) the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”.The 4._________
(reason) for extinctions are 5. (vary).Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time，human activity will be 6. (blame).
Step 3 读后——课文语法填空
that
have been
including
reasons
varied
to blame
A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times 7. (fast) than normal.8. is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.
If a sixth mass extinction 9. (occur)，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be 10. risk of dying out.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
faster
It
occurs
at
返 回
长句难句分析
1.These include third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.(P52 Para.1)
结构分析：此句为 句，其中known as the “Great Dying” 为过去分词作 ，which引导 从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
the
复合
定语
定语
这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间90%至 96%的物种灭亡了。
2.Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause concern.(P52 Para.2)
结构分析： 此句是 句，Although引导 从句，从句中的it是形式主语， 为真正的主语；主句的主干是 ；at which为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
for
复合
让步状语
for species to die out naturally
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人
担忧。
the rate is cause for concern
rate
3.A 2015 study by scientists who (base) at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at how quickly species die out due
natural causes，that is，the “background extinction rate”.(P52 Para.2)
结构分析：此句话为 句，句子的谓语动词为 ，who 引导
从句，how 引导 从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
were based
to
复合
looked at
2015年在美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种自然状态下灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。
定语
宾语
4.There is long list of reasons why so many species are dying ：air and water pollution，forests (destroy)，factory farming and overfishing.(P53 Para.2)
结构分析：此句为 句，句子包含 句型，why引导 从句，先行词为 。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
a
out
being destroyed
复合
这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
there be
定语
reasons
5.If a sixth mass (extinct) occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.(P53 Para.3)
结构分析：此句为 句，if引导 从句，who引导 从句，that引导 从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
extinction
to
复合
条件状语
研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。
定语
宾语
6.This would mean we have to (significant) change the way we live.(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个 句。mean后面是省略了that的 从句；we live为省略了that/in which的 从句，修饰先行词 。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
significantly
复合
定语
宾语
这意味着我们必须极大地改变我们的生活方式。
the way
7.For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including (set) up special areas where plants and animals can
(protect).(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个 句。to save endangered species在句中作
，where引导 从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
setting
be protected
复合
目的状语
例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。
定语
8.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop (destroy) the planet that we live and start to protect it.(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个 句。if引导 从句；that引导 从句，先行词为 。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
destroying
on
复合
条件状语
简而言之，如果我们想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的星球并开始保护它。
返 回
定语
planet
语言知识梳理
消失；绝迹，灭绝
1
die out
die away(声音、光等)逐渐减弱；消失
die of/from因……而死
die down逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡
die off相继死去
(1)用die短语的正确形式填空
①The sound of the car as the car drove into the distance.
②To our shock，this species has nearly because its habitats are being destroyed.
③What makes us worried is that if the snowstorm doesn’t blow over，the cattle will .
died away
died out
die off
(2)(读后续写之场景描写)掌声平息后，他深吸一口气，开始了他的演讲。
When the applause ，he took a deep breath and began his speech.
had died down
写作佳句
adj.大量的 n.团，块，堆；大量；(物理学术语)质量(massive adj.巨大的；结实的；非常严重的)
2
mass
masses of＋名词＋谓语动词复数
a mass of＋
the masses群众；大众媒体
复数名词＋谓语动词复数
不可数名词＋谓语动词单数
(1)The masses (be) often the makers of history and they are also the makers of people’s well-being.
(2)(2021·全国乙)He builds (mass) sculptures out of plastic garbage，forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
are
massive
(3)(应用文写作之海洋保护)令人担忧的是，由于海洋污染，大量海洋生物正在相继死去。
What makes people worried is that as a result of sea pollution，
.
写作佳句
masses of/a mass of sea creatures are dying off
n.减少；减少的量 vi.& vt.减少
3
decrease
·decrease to...减少到……
decrease by...减少了……
decrease from...to...从……减少到……
·on the decrease正在减少
on the increase正在增加
(1)Due to the application of advanced equipment，the number of his employees has decreased 2,000 1,500.
(2)The crime rate in this area has decreased the lowest level nowadays.
from
to
to
一句多译
(3)由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数量在减少。
①Because of human activities，___________________________
.(decrease n.)
②Because of human activities，___________________________
.(decrease v.)
注意 表示“减少”的词或短语还有：decline，reduce，fall，drop，go down等。
写作佳句
the number of some rare
animals is on the decrease
the number of some rare
animals is decreasing
vt.责怪，指责 n.过失；责备
4
blame
be to blame (for sth) (对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame sb for sth因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth on sb/sth把某事归咎于某人/某事
(1)Illegal hunting is (blame) for the extinction of Northern White Rhinos.
(2)We should not blame athletes not winning medals.After all，they have pushed themselves to the limit.
(3)You don’t apply yourself to studying hard，so don’t blame your failure
bad luck.
to blame
for
on
(4)(话题写作之人际交往)当和他人相处时，我们不应该总是把错误归咎于他人。毕竟，很多时候我们也负有责任。因此，我们应该多交流、换位思考，而不是指责他人。
When getting along with others，we shouldn’t always ________
.After all，many times .So instead of ，we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
写作佳句
we are also to blame
blame
others for mistakes/blame mistakes on others
blaming others
处境危险，受到威胁
5
be at risk
·take risks/a risk冒险
take/run the risk of doing sth 冒险做某事
at the risk of...冒着……的风险
·risk doing sth 冒险做某事
(1)It was Mr Lee who took risk of losing his own life to save the two boys.
(2)Men who had been stressed tended to take more (risk) while women responded in the opposite way.
the
risks
(3)当得知那个城市需要援助时，许多救援人员热切地冒着生命危险前往那里。
When knowing that city was in need of help，many rescue workers .
写作佳句
were eager to go there at the risk of losing their lives
6
倍数表达法
They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.(教材P53 Para.2)
他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。
结构分析：此句为复合句。句中that引导宾语从句；1 000 times faster than...是倍数的表示方法。
倍数的表达法如下：
倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than...
倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as...
倍数＋the size/height/length/width/...＋of...
(1)The production of corn is expected to be 1.5 times (large) than that of last year.
(2)To his delight，his new job brings in 3 times much income as the old one.
(3)What makes us shocked is that my brother is 10 times weight of my nephew.
larger
as
the
(4)(应用文写作之介绍类)我市正在建设的新体育场将是目前这个体育场的三倍大。
①The new stadium being built in our city will be _____________
the present one.(倍数＋as＋原级＋as)
②The new stadium being built in our city will be _____________
the present one.(倍数＋比较级＋than)
③The new stadium being built in our city will be _____________
the present one.(倍数＋the＋名词＋of)
写作佳句
three times as
big as
three times
bigger than
three times the
size of
7
without 引导的含蓄虚拟语气
Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.(教材P53 Para.3)
没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
结构分析：此句是一个并列句。由and连接两个并列分句，其中Without与no构成双重否定。
without短语表示含蓄条件，相当于由if引导的虚拟条件句。
·表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用“would/should/could/might＋动词
原形”。
·表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“would/should/could/might have＋
过去分词”。
·此处without 可以用 but for(若没有)替换。
(1)如果没有王先生的帮助，我就不会取得这么大的进步。
Without Mr Wang’s help， .
(2)(2022·全国甲，书面表达)没有海洋，任何生物都无法生存，包括人类，所以现在是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
，including human beings，so it is high time that we devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
I wouldn’t have made such great progress
Without the ocean，no living things would survive
返 回
语法项目精讲
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并回答其后的问题。
The popular film，Titanic，is about a beautiful and sad love story,1.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman,2.who went to America with her mother.Jack,3.who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 4.where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，and Jack lost his life for saving Rose.
情境导读
Everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 5.which most people can’t behave in real life.Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.6.As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that’s the reason 7.why Rose could live on and tell us the moving story.
以上语段中的加颜色部分均为 从句，其中句4,5和7是 定语从句，句1,2,3和6是 定语从句，其标志是主句和从句之间用
隔开。as引导的定语从句一般放于 ；通常译为“ ”。
定语
限制性
非限制性
逗号
句首
正如
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
一、定语从句的种类
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1.限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语从句，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
语法精讲
引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；关系副词有where，when，why。
This is the computer(that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher.
在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师。
2.非限制性定语从句
(1)非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开，是对先行词的附加说明，如去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
The children，who wanted to have a journey to the valley，were disappointed when the journey was cancelled.那些想去山谷旅行的孩子都因旅行的取消而感到失望。
That they will get married，which has not been announced，has spread around.
他们要结婚的消息还没有被宣布，却已经被传得沸沸扬扬。
(2)非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个句子或其中一部分，且常译成并列的分句。
We’ll graduate in July，when we will be free.(先行词为名词)
我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。
He often comes to school late，which makes his teacher angry.(先行词为主句的内容)
他经常上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。
(3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who，whom和whose；指物时用which和whose。还有关系副词when和where。
This is our headmaster，who I think has something crucial to tell you.这是我们的校长，我认为他有非常重要的事情要告诉你。
He has sold the house，which is located in downtown.
他已经卖掉了那所位于市中心的房子。
Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland，where he was buried in 1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。
He fled his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.
他于1992年逃离家乡，当时他只有12岁。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
意义 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整 仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思依然完整
结构 要求 紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间不加逗号 用逗号与先行词或主句隔开
功能 修饰先行词 修饰先行词或整个主句
引导词 所有的关系代词及副词 关系代词或关系副词，但是关系代词that及关系副词why除外
When you reach the village，you will first find a house whose windows are made of wood.
当你到达那个村庄时，你首先会发现一座有着木窗的房子。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area，where they also did some climbing.
他们欣赏了这个山区的美景，在那里他们还做了些爬山运动。
[巧学助记]
定从分类有奥妙，限与非限看逗号；
定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；
定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系。
三、as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
as which
指代 只能指代整个主句的内容 既可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 不能置于主句之前
意义 正如 这，那
功能 连接上下文，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等 引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句
As we all know，the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
The singer，as was expected，achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的那样，这位歌手取得了巨大成功。
Catherine will attend a friend’s wedding，which she is busy preparing for now.
凯瑟琳将参加一个朋友的婚礼，现在她正在为此做准备。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.To our amazement，this is the room the astronaut used to live.
2.At last we arrived at the village， had been transformed into a park.
3.You can come to our city in April， peonies are in full bloom.
4. was often the case，the girl skipped breakfast again.
5.Mr King， legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to the hospital.
达标检测
where
which
when
As
whose
6.There are many plastic cups on the table，most of are new.
7.The grinning consumer he met in the supermarket was his friend.
8.The consumer， will retire from the university next year，is popular among students.
which
that/who/whom
who
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.我的父亲同意我们制作一个视频来记录我们在夏令营的经历，在那里我们度过了美好的时光。
My father approved of us making a video to record our experiences at the summer camp .
2.我最尊敬的人是我的语文老师，他的教学水平远远高于平均水平。
The person I respect most is my Chinese teacher _____________________
.
where we had a great time
whose teaching level is
far above average
3.他为何不能降低消费，他没有给出任何理由。
The reason， his consumption，wasn’t given.
4.该地区矿业发展良好，为当地经济的发展做出了贡献。
Mining has developed well in the area，____________________________
.
5.他没上这节课的原因与你向我解释的很不一样。
The reason was quite different from the one
.
for which he couldn’t reduce
which contributes to the
development of local economy
why he missed this class
that you explained to me
Ⅲ.完成下列读后续写片段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法
我倒在地上，躺在血泊中。同时，离我们不远的两名猎人听到了我们的尖叫声。他们冲到我们所在的地方。
I fell onto the ground，lying in a pool of blood.Meanwhile，our screams were heard by two hunters 1. .
They dashed over to the place 2. .
who/that were not far away from us
where we were
一看到所发生的事以及还漂浮在我身后的水面上的鳄鱼，其中一个人朝空中开了一枪。正如所期望的，鳄鱼被吓跑了。然后，我失去了知觉，这让两名猎人急忙把我送到医院。
On seeing what happened and the crocodile，3.______________________
，one of them fired a shot in the air.4.__________
，the crocodile was frightened away.Then I was unconscious,5. .
which was still floating in
the water behind me
As was/had
been expected
which made the two hunters rush me to hospital
返 回
训练2
1.We ordinary people have no right to blame stars contributing less money than others.
2.With their habitats destroyed by human beings，many species have died .
3.Global greenhouse gas emissions must decrease 50 per cent compared to levels at the turn of the millennium.
4.Humans wiped forests on a large scale，which made animals homeless.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
for
out
by
out
5.During the cultural festival，you can enjoy or participate in _________
(vary) of activities.
6.Many people tend to blame their own failure lack of good fortune.
7.We are extremely happy to know that giant pandas are no longer the most (endanger) animals.
8. (affect) with a serious disease，he was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery.
varieties
on
endangered
Affected
1.这部下个月出版的新书的长度是那部书的三倍。(倍数表达法)
This new book to be published next month __________________________
.
2.在这本书中，我们可以知道是人类活动造成了那些物种的灭绝。(be to blame)
In the book，we can know the extinction of those species.
Ⅱ.单句写作(课文佳句仿写)
is three times longer than/
three times as long as/three times the length of that one
it is human activities that are to blame for
3.森林里的动物处于危险之中，因为许多树都被砍倒了。(be at risk)
because many trees have been cut down.
4.众所周知，如果没有水和森林，世界上的生命就不会存在了。(without 引导的含蓄虚拟条件句)
What is known to us is that _______________________________________
.
The animals in the forest are at risk
without water and forests，life would not
exist in the world
5.人们想探索恐龙突然灭绝的原因。(die out，定语从句)
People want to explore .
组句成篇 以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly
参考范文
This new book to be published next month is three times as long as that one.In the book，we can know it is human activities that are to blame for the extinction of those species.The truth at present is that the animals in the forest are at risk because many trees have been cut down.Although what is known to us is that without water and forests，life would not exist in the world，humans destroy the forests for profits.Besides，the book is suitable for people who want to explore the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly as well.
A
(2025·山西晋城高二上期中)
By the time you finish reading this passage，a species on Earth might disappear forever.Humans need a variety of animals，plants，and microorganisms for healthy living.Studies show that the decline in biodiversity(生物多样性)，or the variety of life on Earth，causes a serious threat to our existence.My colleagues and I found that biodiversity is also important for mental health.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，生活在自然多样性的环境中能显著降低抑郁和焦虑风险，且日常与多样化自然环境的短暂接触也能带来持久的益处。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
Contact with nature benefits mental health，particularly for city residents.People living near green spaces have a 71% lower risk of developing depression and anxiety.However，most studies have not looked at how natural diversity influences these benefits.To explore this，we studied whether environments with many natural features，like trees，plants，and wildlife，improve mental health more than those with fewer features.From April 2018 to September 2023,1,998 people used the Urban Mind app to report their environment and mental health over 41,000 times.
We discovered that green spaces with high natural diversity offer more mental health benefits than those with low diversity.Participants reported that nearly a quarter of this positive impact was due to natural diversity，and these benefits could last up to eight hours.Our study suggests that to promote mental health，we should protect biodiversity.This means moving away from decorative gardens and parks with cut grass，which have low biodiversity，toward natural fields and streams that support a variety of plants and animals.
Other studies support our findings.A survey of 15,000 families revealed that those living near areas rich in plants and birds had lower rates of mental health issues，even after accounting for social and economic differences.Our study adds that even brief，daily meets with biodiverse nature can improve mental health.Biodiverse nature wakens the senses，improves focus，and reduces mental tiredness.It also encourages outdoor exercise and social interaction，which improve mood.Additionally，diverse environments reduce pollutants and moderate temperatures，protecting against chronic(慢性的) conditions and stress.
1.What does the passage say about the decline in biodiversity
A.It mostly harms animals.
B.It is not important to humans.
C.It is a serious danger to humans.
D.It only happens in the countryside.
√
细节理解题。根据第一段内容，尤其是“Studies show that the decline in biodiversity(生物多样性)，or the variety of life on Earth，causes a serious threat to our existence.”可知，生物多样性的减少对人类来说是一种严重威胁，故选C。
解析
2.What conclusion does the author’s study draw
A.We should plant more trees in urban parks.
B.We should reduce the focus on decorative gardens.
C.We should limit public access to protect green spaces.
D.We should shift from low biodiversity to natural diversity.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Our study suggests that to promote mental health...moving away from decorative gardens and parks...toward natural fields and streams that support a variety of plants and animals.”可知，作者的研究发现为了促进心理健康，应保护生物多样性，这意味着要从低生物多样性(如装饰性花园和修剪过的草坪)转向支持多种植物和动物的自然环境。故选D。
解析
3.What does the underlined word “moderate” most likely mean in paragraph 4
A.Increase. B.Balance.
C.Reduce. D.Manage.
√
词义猜测题。根据画线词前文“Additionally，diverse environments reduce pollutants”和后文“protecting against chronic conditions and stress”可知，此处强调多样化的环境对健康有益，可推知moderate表达的是对温度的正面调节，结合各选项可知，balance(平衡)最符合文意，也符合常识。故选B。
解析
4.What would be the best title for this passage
A.The Environmental Impact of Urban Parks
B.The Benefits of Physical Activity in Nature
C.How Social Interaction Improves Well-being
D.How Natural Diversity Influences Mental Health
√
标题归纳题。根据第三段中“We discovered that green spaces with high natural diversity offer more mental health benefits than those with low diversity.”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了自然环境的多样性会极大地影响心理健康，D项概括文章主旨，是最佳标题。故选D。
解析
B
(2025·陕西安康高二上期中)
San Francisco’s waterfront(海滨) is on the National Register of Historic Places for good reason.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章说明了旧金山的海滨如今正面临着由人类活动引起的气候变化带来的洪水和海平面上升的威胁。
Its beautiful old landmarks，like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge，have been seen in many books，TV shows and movies—from the stories and novels of Jack London to the 1970s TV series The Streets of San Francisco.The future of San Francisco’s waterfront，however，isn’t safe.
In 2016，the National Trust for Historic Preservation put part of the city’s shoreline on its list of the US’s most endangered historic places，in part because of the threat of sea level rise.The waterfront landmarks of many cities are under increasing threat from floods and rising sea levels brought on by human-driven climate change.St.Mark’s Basilica in Venice，Italy and the Venice Beach boardwalk in Los Angeles face similar challenges to San Francisco.
“The whole issue of climate change and historic preservation intersects(交织) right at the waterfront，” said Elaine Forbes，director of the Port of San Francisco.As she watched the boats come and go on a sunny afternoon，Forbes said，“Sea level rise hasn’t historically been as much of a threat to San Francisco as major earthquakes.” However，that’s changed.Parts of the main road that runs along the waterfront have flooded from heavy rains in recent years.The state estimates(预估) the water could rise up to about two and a half feet above its present level by 2060，and possibly up to seven feet by the turn of the century.
Now，San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline.But the growing magnitude(规模) and frequency of the climate-related threats，the high costs and effort needed in saving heritage sites，and competing ideas about what’s worth saving and what isn’t，can make it hard for cities to know what to do first.
5.What is San Francisco’s waterfront famous for
A.Crowded beaches.
B.Old landmarks.
C.Comfortable climate.
D.Beautiful bridges.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Its beautiful old landmarks，like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge，have been seen in many books，TV shows and movies”可知，它美丽的古老地标，如渡轮大厦和海湾大桥，在许多书籍、电视节目和电影中都有出现，故旧金山的海滨以古老地标闻名。故选B。
解析
6.What challenge is the waterfront facing
A.The threat from rising sea levels.
B.The loss of public support.
C.The competition from other cities.
D.The influence of tourist activities.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中“In 2016，the National Trust for Historic Preservation...most endangered historic places，in part because of the threat of sea level rise.”可知，2016年，美国国家历史保护信托基金会将旧金山市的部分海岸线列入了美国最濒危的历史遗迹名单，部分原因是海平面上升的威胁。故选A。
解析
7.Why is the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 4
A.To stress the seriousness of sea level rise.
B.To give an example of existing threats.
C.To show the difficulty in the waterfront protection.
D.To compare different types of natural disasters.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Sea level rise hasn’t historically been...as major earthquakes.” 可知，从历史上看，海平面上升对旧金山的威胁没有大地震那么大。结合下文“However，that’s changed.Parts of the main road...have flooded...century.”可知，如今水位上升幅度很大，其威胁已经超过地震。故第四段提到地震是为了强调海平面上升的严重性。故选A。
解析
8.What can be known from the text
A.Threats have been removed.
B.Heritage sites are in ruins.
C.Solutions are under consideration.
D.The shoreline has been flooded.
√
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Now，San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline.”可知，现在，旧金山正在考虑采取措施保护其历史悠久的海岸线，即解决方案正在考虑之中。故选C。
解析
Rock climbing has become a mainstream pleasure enjoyed by many.The natural world offers a thrilling adventure through beautiful environments filled with wildlife.
However，rock climbing happens in places that are generally hard to access and unsuitable for agricultural expansion and urbanization.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕“攀岩运动对悬崖生态系统及生物多样性的影响”这一主题展开，通过阐述攀岩活动对鸟类、植物等生物的影响，以及攀岩者可以采取的保护措施，来提醒和呼吁攀岩者关注并保护悬崖生态系统。
Ⅳ.七选五
As a result，they have generally suffered less human impact and the areas tend to be important sites for biodiversity(生物多样性). 1 With the sport booming，the amazing biodiversity sustained by cliff ecosystems is under pressure.
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection
areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand
the potential impact on the plants.
√
根据上文“...rock climbing happens in places that are generally hard to access and...the areas tend to be important sites for biodiversity(生物多样性).”可知，攀岩活动发生的地方通常较少受到人类影响，往往是生物多样性的重要地点。选项F“例如，西班牙40%的运动攀岩区位于自然保护区”承接上文，举例说明攀岩区域的生态重要性。故选F。
解析
2 Giving nesting birds some place is what climbers can do.
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this
topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues
on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature
protection areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to
understand the potential impact on the plants.
√
上文“With the sport booming，the amazing biodiversity sustained by cliff ecosystems is under pressure.”指出攀岩运动的繁荣威胁着生态多样性，根据下文“Giving nesting birds some place is what climbers can do.”并结合之后的两段可知，攀登者能做一些事来保护生态。选项C“因此，每个攀登者都有责任保护悬崖生态系统”承上启下。故选C。
解析
The presence of climbers at the cliff where birds are nesting tends to cause them to abandon their chicks to starvation.Climbers should check in advance if there are any bird nesting restrictions(限制).This information is usually found on climbing guidebooks.
3 If climbers spot a nest，try to leave a note and find a way to communicate this to the rest of the local climbing community.
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection
areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand
the potential impact on the plants.
√
上文“Climbers should...on climbing guidebooks.”指出攀登者应提前检查区域内是否有鸟巢，并提到攀岩手册上会有这类信息。选项A“一些组织有一个在线数据库可供查询”承接上文，指出另一信息来源。故选A。
解析
Some cliff-specialist plant species have very narrow ranges.If a suitable habitat is rare，they have few opportunities to grow elsewhere.However，climbers can remove vegetation and soil when establishing a route that has not been climbed before.This can wipe out the cliff ecosystem that was there previously.
So climbers should keep the impact on vegetation in mind when developing new climbing routes. 4
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection
areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand
the potential impact on the plants.
√
根据上文“However...when developing new climbing routes.”可知，攀登者在建立以前没有攀登过的路线时可能会摧毁以前存在的悬崖生态系统，所以他们在开发路线时要注意对植被的影响。选项G“他们甚至可以与其他路线开发者及环保人士合作，共同了解对植物的潜在影响”承接上文，继续说明他们应该做什么。故选G。
解析
The number of climbers heading out to these cliffs is increasing at an astonishing pace.It is important for climbers to know what they can do for the protection of the cliff ecosystem.
5 Please help those with less experience and knowledge by sharing the information about climbing and biodiversity damage!
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection
areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand
the potential impact on the plants.
√
根据上文“It is important for climbers to know what they can do for the protection of the cliff ecosystem.”可知，攀登者知道如何保护悬崖生态系统很重要，下文建议通过分享信息来帮助缺少经验和知识的攀登者。选项B“似乎一个简单的方法是传播这些良好做法”承上启下，these good practices呼应上文的what they can do，spread the word则呼应下文的sharing the information。故选B。
解析
(2025·湖北黄冈高二上期中)
We’ve all heard the claims that by 2050，coffee，as we know it，is set to dramatically change or disappear!
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章讨论了气候变化对咖啡生产的影响，并预测到2050年咖啡种植面积将大幅减少。
Ⅴ.语法填空
A recent study published on PLOS One predicts 1. overall decline in the world’s suitable growing land for coffee by 2050.An earlier report by the Climate Institute found that coffee production could
2. (cut) in half due to climate change.
an
be cut
1.考查冠词。decline“减少”在此用作可数名词，结合句意可知此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词修饰，而空后的overall的发音是以元音音素开头，故填an。
2.考查被动语态。空处位于that引导的宾语从句中，主语production和动词cut之间是被动关系，此处使用被动语态，表示“咖啡生产可能被减半”，情态动词could后接动词原形，故填be cut。
解析
Warming temperatures have started to introduce several new 3.________
(threat) to the production of coffee，ranging from unsuitable growing temperatures to new warmer weather pests.
threats
考查名词复数。根据前面的several可知，这里需要一个可数名词的复数形式，故填threats。
解析
And pests reproduce and spread quicker in 4. (hot) climates.Then we have natural disasters,5. the droughts in Brazil，which led to market prices doubling，and the floods in Timor-Estelle，both in 2021.
4.考查形容词比较级。根据前面的quicker并结合句意可知，这里需要用形容词的比较级，表示“更热的气候”，故填hotter。
5.考查介词。根据句意可知，空后的旱灾和洪灾都是例子，本空应表示列举，使用介词like“例如，像”，故填like。
解析
hotter
like
These weather events will continue to get worse,6. (destroy) coffee farmland beyond repair unless we stop deforestation，reduce emissions and expand conservation plans.
destroying
考查非谓语动词。本句已有谓语动词will continue，所以此处用非谓语动词，destroy与逻辑主语These weather events之间是主动关系，使用现在分词作状语，故填destroying。
解析
While a reduced coffee supply will be difficult for consumers，it will be
7. (absolute) disastrous for the 25 million farmers 8.________
livelihoods depend on it.
absolutely
whose
7.考查副词。这里需要一个副词来修饰形容词disastrous，故填absolutely。
8.考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，修饰farmers，指人，关系词在从句中作定语修饰livelihoods，所以用关系代词whose，故填whose。
解析
These are some of the poorest communities in the world，who don’t have the resources 9. (stay) and fight or pack up their farms and move to cooler climates.
to stay
考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知，此处表示目的，使用动词不定式to stay，表示他们没有资源留下来斗争或搬迁到有更凉爽气候的地方，故填to stay。
解析
Then there are millions of people 10. (employ) in packaging，distributing，selling and brewing the coffee we all love.
employed
考查非谓语动词。employ和people之间是被动关系，使用过去分词作后置定语，表示在包装、分销、销售和冲泡咖啡等工作中被雇用的人，故填employed。
解析
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