Period 3 Grammar and usage—Restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并分析其在句中所作成分
1．A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.2.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.3.A real friend is someone who sees our true self，not just the face that we show to the world.4.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.5.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.6.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.7.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
1．在句1和3中，关系代词who在定语从句中均作主语；在句3和4中，关系代词that分别在定语从句中作宾语和主语；在句6和7中，关系代词which分别在定语从句中作主语和宾语；在句5中，关系代词whom在定语从句中作宾语；在句2中，关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。
2．从上面的句子可以看出，关系代词 who/whom常用来指代人；关系代词 which常用来指代事物；关系代词 that既可以指人也可以指物；关系代词 whom只能用来表示人的宾格；关系代词 whose用来表示人或物的所有格。
一、定语从句的定义
1．在主从复合句中，充当定语，对某一名词、代词或名词短语起修饰作用的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
2．关系词分为关系代词(that，which，who，whom，whose等)和关系副词(when，where，why等)两类。
二、关系代词的基本用法
1．that的用法
that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。
The number of people that/who come to visit the city reaches one million every year.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达到一百万。
The report (that) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race.
特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。
He doesn’t seem to be the man that he was ten years ago.
他看起来已经不是十年前的样子了。
2．which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of over 2,000 years.
桂林是一座有2 000多年历史的城市。
The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.
她赢得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。
3．who的用法
who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。
The person who tricked me was one of my classmates.骗我的那个人是我的一个同学。
In my opinion，my father is the person who I respect most.
在我看来，我的父亲是我最尊敬的人。
4．whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替，也可省略。在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。
Jack is the person (who/whom) you should care about.杰克是你应该关心的人。
The man with whom I chatted just now is my teacher.
刚才和我聊天的那个人是我的老师。
5．whose的用法
whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中修饰名词，作定语。
I have read the book whose characters I like very much.
我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。
This is the poet whose name is known all over the country.
这就是那位闻名全国的诗人。
[温馨提示]
whose指人时，可与“the＋名词＋of whom/of whom＋the＋名词”互换；whose指物时，可与“the＋名词＋of which/of which＋the＋名词”互换。
I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on time.
＝I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn’t been done on time.
＝I will talk to those students of whom the homework hasn’t been done on time.
我将和那些没按时完成作业的学生谈话。
I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.
＝I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with disease.
＝I saw some trees of which the leaves were black with disease.
我看到有几棵树因为病害叶子变黑了。
三、关系词宜用 that而不用 which的情况
1．当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing等不定代词时。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做了。
2．当先行词被all，every，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。
Music is the only thing that cheers me up.
音乐是唯一能让我高兴起来的东西。
3．当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
The movie released recently is the best one that I have ever seen.最近上映的那部电影是我看过的最好看的一部电影。
4．当先行词中既有人又有物时。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.
她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
5．当先行词前面出现who，which等疑问代词时，为了避免重复，只能用that。
Who is the boy that is playing computer games there
正在那里玩电脑游戏的那个男孩是谁？
[疑难点津] 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won’t be allowed to enter the hall.
不允许超过45岁的人进入这间大厅。
[温馨提示] (1)“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一学过法语的男孩。
(2)为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
这就是我们上周日参观的那家工厂。
Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词填空
1．She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.
2．Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
3．This is the best film that we have ever made about friendship.
4．Can you tell me the people and the events that you saw in Britain
5．The book which/that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
6．The old man tried to write down all that he had gone through in his life.
7．The exact year which/that Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
8．The people who/that were injured in the car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
Ⅱ.用定语从句合并句子
1．The city is near the sea.The city is very beautiful.
→The city which/that is near the sea is very beautiful.
2．I live next door to a couple.Their children often make a lot of noise.
→I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.
3．The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→The woman (that/who/whom) you are looking after is my mother.
4．I had given Mary a dress.Last week she wore it.
→Last week Mary wore the dress (that/which) I had given her.
5．He is our geography teacher.He has offered me some useful advice.
→He is our geography teacher who/that has offered me some useful advice.
作业3 Grammar and usage
[分值：70分]
Ⅰ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．大理是我游览过的最美丽的城市。
Dali is the most beautiful city (that) I have ever visited.
2．她是通过考试的女孩之一。
She is one of the girls who/that have passed the exam.
3．当心！不要太靠近那所正在被维修屋顶的房子。
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house whose roof/of which the roof is being repaired.
4．我们将学习一些写于唐朝的中国诗歌。
We are going to learn some Chinese poems that/which were written in the Tang Dynasty.
5．发生在1976年的唐山地震使全世界人民感到震惊。
The earthquake that/which happened in Tangshan in 1976 shocked the people all over the world.
Ⅱ.用适当的关系代词完成下面的短文(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
Hello，everyone! It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share my English learning experience with the people 1.who/that are fond of English.
As the saying goes，“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most important thing 2.that I do is to get myself interested in English.As a senior high school student，I get to know how to study and try my best to build up my vocabulary 3.which/that is of great importance in understanding all 4.that I read or listen to.That is the reason why every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition，I often watch some movies 5.whose stories are moving or interesting.
In a word，if you want to improve your English in senior high school，you should do lots of practice.
Thanks for your listening.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·湖南长沙高一上期中)
David Thomas and I met when we were about 5 years old.We celebrated his 26th birthday last weekend，marking roughly two decades of friendship.David is a doctoral student now，and I’m a science reporter.We’ve both read research on the effect that friendships can have on mental health，and a study published in Child Development seemed particularly relevant to us.The research suggests that friendships from adolescence might have a special role in a person’s mental health for years.
The researchers followed 169 people for 10 years，starting when they were 15 years old.Each year，the participants were asked to bring in their closest friends for one-on-one interviews with the researchers.“They were asked how much trust there is，how good communication is and how disconnected they feel in the relationship，” says Rachel Narr，the lead author on the study.
Narr says that when she watched videos made in the early years of the study of the teens asking their best friends for advice or support or talking through a disagreement，it was easy to tell which relationships were strong.“These teens are more likely to be open with one another about difficult topics，and they interact with one another more frequently，helping the other person when necessary，” she says.
Those strong relationships are paying off in adulthood，the study found.When the researchers evaluated the participants at the conclusion of the study，the ones who had close，emotional links showed improvement in their levels of anxiety，depression and self-worth.
I know that I would not be the same person without David’s 20-year presence in my life.Over the years，David has been one of the first people to listen to my messes without judgment.We talked about Narr’s study last weekend，and we saw ourselves.Yes，the mechanisms(机制) behind how best friendships change one’s mental well-being may be unclear at best.But the study found that simply the presence of a best friend matters，and that makes sense to us.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。作者通过结合自身的友谊事例，介绍了一项关于青少年时期友谊的研究。
1．What were the participants required to do
A．Interview their best friends.
B．Watch videos of their interaction.
C．Work on their communication skills.
D．Share information about their friendships.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Each year，the participants...’They were asked how much...in the relationship，’ says Rachel Narr，the lead author on the study.”可知，参与者被要求分享有关他们友谊的情况。故选D。
2．What do the teens tend to do with their best friends in strong relationships
A．Agree on most issues.
B．Open up with strangers.
C．Become a part of each other’s lives.
D．Walk away from challenging topics.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中“These teens are more likely to be open with one another about difficult topics，and they interact with one another more frequently，helping the other person when necessary”可知，拥有牢固友谊的青少年与其挚友往往相互坦诚、频繁交流、相互支持，可推知他们成为彼此生活的一部分。故选C。
3．What can be concluded about strong friendships from adolescence
A．They prove unbreakable.
B．They cause more anxiety.
C．They contribute to lower self-worth.
D．They produce positive results in adulthood.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Those strong relationships are paying off in adulthood”和“the ones who had close，emotional links showed improvement in their levels of anxiety，depression and self-worth”可知，从青少年时期就形成的牢固的友谊会在成年后产生积极的影响，有益于人们的心理健康。故选D。
4．Which opinion is the author most likely to agree with
A．A best friend holds significance in one’s life.
B．Lasting friendship is built on shared interests.
C．A good friend should always be frank and direct.
D．How we develop best friendships remains unclear.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中“The research suggests that friendships...mental health for years.”和最后一段中“But the study found that simply the presence of a best friend matters，and that makes sense to us.”可推知，作者认同挚友在一个人的生活中的重要性。故选A。
B(此篇精读)
(2025·江苏宿迁高一上期中)
Friendships can have a major influence on your health and happiness，but it’s not always easy to develop or maintain friendships.It’s necessary to understand the importance of social connection in your life and how to meet new friends.
Good friends are good for your health.Friends can help you celebrate good times and provide support during bad times.Friends prevent isolation and loneliness and give you a chance to offer companionship，too.Friends also play an important role in improving your overall health.Adults with strong social connections have a reduced risk of many serious health problems，including depression，high blood pressure and an unhealthy body mass index(BMI)，and they can even live longer.
Despite those benefits，many adults find it hard to keep up existing friendships or develop new friendships.Friendships may give way to other priorities，such as work or caring for children or aging parents.You and your friends may have grown apart due to changes in your lives or interests.Or maybe you’ve moved to a new community and haven’t yet found a way to meet people.Maintaining and developing good friendships takes effort.The enjoyment and comfort friendship can provide，however，makes the investment worthwhile.
So，what are some ways to meet new friends It’s possible to develop friendships with people who are already in your social network.Think through people you know of—even very casually.Who made a positive impression If anyone interests you and you’d like to know better about him or her，reach out.Ask mutual friends to share the person’s contact information，or—even better—to reintroduce the two of you with a text，email or in-person visit.
To meet new people who might become your friends，you have to go to places where others are gathered.The broader your efforts are，the greater your chance of success is.Take an active action rather than waiting for invitations to come your way and keep trying.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了友谊对人的好处，发展和维持友谊可能会遇到的困难，以及结交新朋友的一些方法。
5．What does the underlined word “isolation” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Challenge. B．Relaxation.
C．Separation. D．Determination.
答案 C
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Friends can help you celebrate good times and provide support during bad times.”可知，此处是从陪伴的角度介绍友谊的好处，画线词所在句则指出朋友可以防止……和孤独，由此可推知画线词意思应该是“分隔，孤立”，与separation意思一致。 故选C项。
6．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．Suggestions on how to make friends.
B．Friendship can benefit people’s health.
C．Friendship can help people live longer.
D．Support from friends during tough times.
答案 B
解析 段落大意题。根据第二段“Good friends are good for your health.Friends...also play an important role in improving your overall health...and they can even live longer.”可知，第二段从身心两方面介绍了友谊有益于人的健康。故选B项。
7．How many difficulties in developing and maintaining friendships are mentioned in paragraph 3
A．2. B．3. C．4. D．5.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Friendships may give way to other priorities...You and your friends may have grown apart due to changes in your lives or interests.Or maybe you’ve moved to a new community and haven’t yet found a way to meet people.”可知，第三段提到了发展和维持友谊的三种困难：让位于其他优先事项、生活或兴趣变化导致疏远、搬家。故选B项。
8．Which of the following way of making friends is mentioned in the passage
A．Wait for invitations to come your way.
B．Make one strategy for meeting people.
C．Contact those who ever impressed you a lot.
D．Share your personal contact information online.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Who made a positive impression If anyone interests you and you’d like to know better about him or her，reach out.”可知，文中提到的交友方法是联系那些曾经给你留下深刻印象的人。故选C项。
[词汇积累] 1．company n．公司；陪伴→companion n．伙伴；同伴→companionship n．情谊，友谊→accompany v．陪伴 2．priority n．优先事项，首要事情；重点 3．investment n．投资；投入 4．mutual adj.共有的，共同的 5．introduce v．介绍，引见→reintroduce v．再引入；再介绍 [句式分析] To meet new people who might become your friends，you have to go to places where others are gathered. 分析：To meet new...friends为不定式作目的状语，其中关系代词who引导限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，关系副词where引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。 翻译：为了结识可能成为你朋友的陌生人，你必须去其他人聚集的地方。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Popular people are admired and loved by their peers. 1 Popular people have plenty of friends and usually have a high social status in their peer group.Here are some general tips that will help you become a more likable and popular person.
Avoid offering help in exchange for approval(认可)．Trying to be helpful will have the opposite effect. 2 Popular people help others because they have a useful skill，not because they want to win someone else’s friendship.
Be the glue in your social circle.When you have plans to meet a group of friends for a social outing，make a habit of inviting someone who hasn’t met everyone in the group yet.If you are hanging out with a friend and run into another friend，remember to introduce them to each other. 3
Practice positivity.People who often complain about life and are more pessimistic have fewer friends.Therefore，it’s important to have a positive attitude and avoid constant complaining. 4 It can be a key step in making close friends.But if you talk about your problems over and over again，your friends might not enjoy hanging out with you.
5 Many people make the mistake of avoiding social relationships at their school or workplace.They think these places are for work or studying，not socializing.But most of us spend a lot of time at work or college.If you refuse to socialize with people you see almost every day，you’ll miss out on some valuable relationships.
A．Build relationships at workplace and school.
B．Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C．Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D．You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E．And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F．However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G．Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一些帮助你成为一个更讨人喜欢、更受欢迎的人的一般技巧。
1．答案 E
解析 由上文“Popular people are admired and loved by their peers.”可知，这里主要讲受欢迎的人的优势，而E项(很多人想和受欢迎的人联系在一起)符合语境，与上句构成递进关系，有承上作用。故选E项。
2．答案 D
解析 由上文“Avoid offering help in exchange for approval(认可)．Trying to be helpful will have the opposite effect.”可知，这里讲如果带着目的去提供帮助，可能会有相反的效果。而D项(你会被视为需要友情的人)为上文“the opposite effect”的具体内容，所以有承上作用，且D项中的“need friendship”呼应下文中的“want to win someone else’s friendship”。故选D项。
3．答案 B
解析 由上文“If you are hanging out with a friend and run into another friend，remember to introduce them to each other.”可知，这里主要讲帮自己的朋友相互介绍，B项(否则，你的朋友可能会感到尴尬)符合语境，其中Otherwise表对上文相反的假设，your friends也与上文a friend和another friend对应，有承上作用。故选B项。
4．答案 F
解析 由上文“Therefore，it’s important to have a positive attitude and avoid constant complaining.”可知，要避免过多抱怨，下文指出反复谈你的问题会让朋友厌倦，结合下文的But可推知，F项(然而，有时候与其他人分享你的问题是一件好事)符合语境，与上文为转折关系，sharing your problems为后文It所指代内容。故选F项。
5．答案 A
解析 由下文“Many people make the mistake...some valuable relationships.”可知，本段建议我们在学校或工作场所建立友谊。A项(在工作场所和学校建立人际关系)符合语境，对下文有总括作用，适合作为本段主旨句。故选A项。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Friendship is one of life’s greatest gifts，and it 1. (value) in both Eastern and Western cultures.One of the most famous sayings about friendship in China can be found in the words of Confucius：“Isn’t it 2. joy when friends visit from faraway places？” In the U．K.，there is an 3. (equal) famous poem about friendship.It reminds people 4. (remember) and value old friendships，as they look to the years ahead.That poem is Auld Lang Syne.
“Auld Lang Syne” is Scots and is translated word for word as “old long since”，5. (mean) “days gone by”．The poem was written by the great Scottish poet Robert Burns.It was printed in 1796，just after Burns’s death.And over the years it has become the song that is so familiar 6._______ us today.7. (joy) but at the same time a bit sad，Auld Lang Syne has featured in many films，including Waterloo Bridge，the film 8. made the song widely known to Chinese audience.
Today，Auld Lang Syne 9. (translate) into many different languages，and is one of the world’s best-loved songs.It’s played at parties，celebrations，festivals，and even at some shopping centers at closing time.Whatever language or occasion，it has become a symbol of friendship and 10. (share) experience—whether we can sing it or not.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了《友谊地久天长》这首歌曲，包括其起源以及在东西方的流行。
1．答案 is valued
解析 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。空处作分句的谓语，结合空前“Friendship is...”可知，此处描述通常性的事实，时态应用一般现在时，value“重视”和主语it之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是it，be动词应用is。故填is valued。
2．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。此处为抽象名词具体化，泛指“一件高兴的事情”，应用不定冠词，且joy的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。故填a。
3．答案 equally
解析 考查副词。空处作状语修饰形容词famous，应用副词形式equally“同样地”。故填equally。
4．答案 to remember
解析 考查非谓语动词。动词短语remind sb to do sth意为“提醒某人做某事”，空处应用remember的不定式形式。故填to remember。
5．答案 meaning
解析 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词，mean和“Auld Lang Syne”在逻辑上是主动关系，因此用现在分词形式作状语。故填meaning。
6．答案 to
解析 考查介词。固定短语be familiar to sb意为“为某人所熟悉”，符合句意。故填to。
7．答案 Joyful/Joyous
解析 考查形容词。空处和sad并列，应用joy的形容词形式joyful或joyous，意为“高兴的，令人愉快的”，且句首单词的首字母应大写。故填Joyful/Joyous。
8．答案 that/which
解析 考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词film，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which作引导词。故填that/which。
9．答案 has been translated
解析 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。空处作句子的谓语，根据句意可知，时态应用现在完成时，translate和主语Auld Lang Syne之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是单数，助动词应用has。故填has been translated。
10．答案 shared
解析 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处作定语修饰experience，share与experience为动宾关系，应用share的过去分词形式。故填shared。(共68张PPT)
Period 3
Getting along with others
Unit 3
Grammar and usage—Restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并分析其在句中所作成分
1.A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.2.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.3.A real friend is someone who sees our true self，not just the face that we show to the world.4.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.5.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.
6.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.7.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
1.在句1和3中，关系代词who在定语从句中均作____语；在句3和4中，关系代词that分别在定语从句中作____语和____语；在句6和7中，关系代词which分别在定语从句中作____语和____语；在句5中，关系代词whom在定语从句中作____语；在句2中，关系代词whose在定语从句中作____语。
2.从上面的句子可以看出，关系代词___________常用来指代人；关系代词_______常用来指代事物；关系代词______既可以指人也可以指物；关系代词______只能用来表示人的宾格；关系代词______用来表示人或物的所有格。
主
宾
主
主
宾
宾
定
who/whom
which
that
whom
whose
返 回
语法精讲
一、定语从句的定义
1.在主从复合句中，充当定语，对某一名词、代词或名词短语起修饰作用的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
2.关系词分为关系代词(that，which，who，whom，whose等)和关系副词(when，where，why等)两类。
二、关系代词的基本用法
1.that的用法
that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。
The number of people that/who come to visit the city reaches one million every year.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达到一百万。
The report (that) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race.
特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。
He doesn’t seem to be the man that he was ten years ago.
他看起来已经不是十年前的样子了。
2.which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of over 2,000 years.
桂林是一座有2 000多年历史的城市。
The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.
她赢得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。
3.who的用法
who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。
The person who tricked me was one of my classmates.骗我的那个人是我的一个同学。
In my opinion，my father is the person who I respect most.
在我看来，我的父亲是我最尊敬的人。
4.whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替，也可省略。在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。
Jack is the person (who/whom) you should care about.杰克是你应该关心的人。
The man with whom I chatted just now is my teacher.
刚才和我聊天的那个人是我的老师。
5.whose的用法
whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中修饰名词，作定语。
I have read the book whose characters I like very much.
我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。
This is the poet whose name is known all over the country.
这就是那位闻名全国的诗人。
[温馨提示]
whose指人时，可与“the＋名词＋of whom/of whom＋the＋名词”互换；whose指物时，可与“the＋名词＋of which/of which＋the＋名词”互换。
I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on time.
＝I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn’t been done on time.
＝I will talk to those students of whom the homework hasn’t been done on time.
我将和那些没按时完成作业的学生谈话。
I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.
＝I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with disease.
＝I saw some trees of which the leaves were black with disease.
我看到有几棵树因为病害叶子变黑了。
三、关系词宜用that而不用which的情况
1.当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing等不定代词时。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做了。
2.当先行词被all，every，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。
Music is the only thing that cheers me up.
音乐是唯一能让我高兴起来的东西。
3.当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
The movie released recently is the best one that I have ever seen.最近上映的那部电影是我看过的最好看的一部电影。
4.当先行词中既有人又有物时。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.
她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
5.当先行词前面出现who，which等疑问代词时，为了避免重复，只能用that。
Who is the boy that is playing computer games there
正在那里玩电脑游戏的那个男孩是谁？
[疑难点津] 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won’t be allowed to enter the hall.
不允许超过45岁的人进入这间大厅。
[温馨提示] (1)“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一学过法语的男孩。
(2)为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
这就是我们上周日参观的那家工厂。
返 回
达标检测
1.She has a brother ______ name I can’t remember.
2.Please pass me the book the cover of _______ is green.
3.This is the best film ______ we have ever made about friendship.
4.Can you tell me the people and the events ______ you saw in Britain
5.The book __________ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
6.The old man tried to write down all ______ he had gone through in his life.
7.The exact year __________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
8.The people _________ were injured in the car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词填空
whose
which
that
that
which/that
that
which/that
who/that
1.The city is near the sea.The city is very beautiful.
→The city _______________________ is very beautiful.
2.I live next door to a couple.Their children often make a lot of noise.
→I live next door to a couple ____________________________________.
3.The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→The woman __________________________________ is my mother.
4.I had given Mary a dress.Last week she wore it.
→Last week Mary wore the dress ___________________________.
5.He is our geography teacher.He has offered me some useful advice.
→He is our geography teacher _____________________________________.
Ⅱ.用定语从句合并句子
返 回
which/that is near the sea
whose children often make a lot of noise
(that/who/whom) you are looking after
(that/which) I had given her
who/that has offered me some useful advice
作业3
1.大理是我游览过的最美丽的城市。
Dali is the most beautiful city _______________________.
2.她是通过考试的女孩之一。
She is one of the girls ____________________________.
3.当心！不要太靠近那所正在被维修屋顶的房子。
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ___________________________
_________________.
Ⅰ.完成句子
(that) I have ever visited
who/that have passed the exam
whose roof/of which the roof
is being repaired
4.我们将学习一些写于唐朝的中国诗歌。
We are going to learn some Chinese poems _______________________ in the Tang Dynasty.
5.发生在1976年的唐山地震使全世界人民感到震惊。
The earthquake ______________________________________ shocked the people all over the world.
that/which were written
that/which happened in Tangshan in 1976
Hello，everyone! It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share my English learning experience with the people 1.________ are fond of English.
As the saying goes，“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most important thing 2._____ I do is to get myself interested in English.As a senior high school student，I get to know how to study and try my best to build up my vocabulary 3.__________ is of great importance in understanding all 4.______ I read or listen to.That is the reason why every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition，I often watch some movies 5._______ stories are moving or interesting.
Ⅱ.用适当的关系代词完成下面的短文
who/that
that
which/that
that
whose
In a word，if you want to improve your English in senior high school，you should do lots of practice.
Thanks for your listening.
A
(2025·湖南长沙高一上期中)
David Thomas and I met when we were about 5 years old.We celebrated his 26th birthday last weekend，marking roughly two decades of friendship.David is a doctoral student now，and I’m a science reporter.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。作者通过结合自身的友谊事例，介绍了一项关于青少年时期友谊的研究。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
We’ve both read research on the effect that friendships can have on mental health，and a study published in Child Development seemed particularly relevant to us.The research suggests that friendships from adolescence might have a special role in a person’s mental health for years.
The researchers followed 169 people for 10 years，starting when they were 15 years old.Each year，the participants were asked to bring in their closest friends for one-on-one interviews with the researchers.“They were asked how much trust there is，how good communication is and how disconnected they feel in the relationship，” says Rachel Narr，the lead author on the study.
Narr says that when she watched videos made in the early years of the study of the teens asking their best friends for advice or support or talking through a disagreement，it was easy to tell which relationships were strong.“These teens are more likely to be open with one another about difficult topics，and they interact with one another more frequently，helping the other person when necessary，” she says.
Those strong relationships are paying off in adulthood，the study found.When the researchers evaluated the participants at the conclusion of the study，the ones who had close，emotional links showed improvement in their levels of anxiety，depression and self-worth.
I know that I would not be the same person without David’s 20-year presence in my life.Over the years，David has been one of the first people to listen to my messes without judgment.We talked about Narr’s study last weekend，and we saw ourselves.Yes，the mechanisms(机制) behind how best friendships change one’s mental well-being may be unclear at best.But the study found that simply the presence of a best friend matters，and that makes sense to us.
1.What were the participants required to do
A.Interview their best friends.
B.Watch videos of their interaction.
C.Work on their communication skills.
D.Share information about their friendships.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Each year，the participants...’They were asked how much...in the relationship，’ says Rachel Narr，the lead author on the study.”可知，参与者被要求分享有关他们友谊的情况。故选D。
解析
2.What do the teens tend to do with their best friends in strong relationships
A.Agree on most issues.
B.Open up with strangers.
C.Become a part of each other’s lives.
D.Walk away from challenging topics.
√
推理判断题。根据第三段中“These teens are more likely to be open with one another about difficult topics，and they interact with one another more frequently，helping the other person when necessary”可知，拥有牢固友谊的青少年与其挚友往往相互坦诚、频繁交流、相互支持，可推知他们成为彼此生活的一部分。故选C。
解析
3.What can be concluded about strong friendships from adolescence
A.They prove unbreakable.
B.They cause more anxiety.
C.They contribute to lower self-worth.
D.They produce positive results in adulthood.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Those strong relationships are paying off in adulthood”和“the ones who had close，emotional links showed improvement in their levels of anxiety，depression and self-worth”可知，从青少年时期就形成的牢固的友谊会在成年后产生积极的影响，有益于人们的心理健康。故选D。
解析
4.Which opinion is the author most likely to agree with
A.A best friend holds significance in one’s life.
B.Lasting friendship is built on shared interests.
C.A good friend should always be frank and direct.
D.How we develop best friendships remains unclear.
√
推理判断题。根据第一段中“The research suggests that friendships... mental health for years.”和最后一段中“But the study found that simply the presence of a best friend matters，and that makes sense to us.”可推知，作者认同挚友在一个人的生活中的重要性。故选A。
解析
B(此篇精读)
(2025·江苏宿迁高一上期中)
Friendships can have a major influence on your health and happiness，but it’s not always easy to develop or maintain friendships. It’s necessary to understand the importance of social connection in your life and how to meet new friends.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了友谊对人的好处，发展和维持友谊可能会遇到的困难，以及结交新朋友的一些方法。
Good friends are good for your health.Friends can help you celebrate good times and provide support during bad times.Friends prevent isolation and loneliness and give you a chance to offer companionship，too.Friends also play an important role in improving your overall health.Adults with strong social connections have a reduced risk of many serious health problems，including depression，high blood pressure and an unhealthy body mass index(BMI)，and they can even live longer.
Despite those benefits，many adults find it hard to keep up existing friendships or develop new friendships.Friendships may give way to other priorities，such as work or caring for children or aging parents.You and your friends may have grown apart due to changes in your lives or interests.Or maybe you’ve moved to a new community and haven’t yet found a way to meet people.Maintaining and developing good friendships takes effort.The enjoyment and comfort friendship can provide，however，makes the investment worthwhile.
So，what are some ways to meet new friends It’s possible to develop friendships with people who are already in your social network.Think through people you know of—even very casually.Who made a positive impression If anyone interests you and you’d like to know better about him or her，reach out.Ask mutual friends to share the person’s contact information，or—even better—to reintroduce the two of you with a text，email or in-person visit.
To meet new people who might become your friends，you have to go to places where others are gathered.The broader your efforts are，the greater your chance of success is.Take an active action rather than waiting for invitations to come your way and keep trying.
5.What does the underlined word “isolation” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Challenge. B.Relaxation.
C.Separation. D.Determination.
√
词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Friends can help you celebrate good times and provide support during bad times.”可知，此处是从陪伴的角度介绍友谊的好处，画线词所在句则指出朋友可以防止……和孤独，由此可推知画线词意思应该是“分隔，孤立”，与separation意思一致。 故选C项。
解析
6.What is the second paragraph mainly about
A.Suggestions on how to make friends.
B.Friendship can benefit people’s health.
C.Friendship can help people live longer.
D.Support from friends during tough times.
段落大意题。根据第二段“Good friends are good for your health. Friends...also play an important role in improving your overall health...and they can even live longer.”可知，第二段从身心两方面介绍了友谊有益于人的健康。故选B项。
解析
√
7.How many difficulties in developing and maintaining friendships are mentioned in paragraph 3
A.2. B.3. C.4. D.5.
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Friendships may give way to other priorities...You and your friends may have grown apart due to changes in your lives or interests.Or maybe you’ve moved to a new community and haven’t yet found a way to meet people.”可知，第三段提到了发展和维持友谊的三种困难：让位于其他优先事项、生活或兴趣变化导致疏远、搬家。故选B项。
解析
√
8.Which of the following way of making friends is mentioned in the passage
A.Wait for invitations to come your way.
B.Make one strategy for meeting people.
C.Contact those who ever impressed you a lot.
D.Share your personal contact information online.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Who made a positive impression If anyone interests you and you’d like to know better about him or her，reach out.”可知，文中提到的交友方法是联系那些曾经给你留下深刻印象的人。故选C项。
解析
1.company n.公司；陪伴→companion n.伙伴；同伴→companionship n.情谊，友谊→accompany v.陪伴
2.priority n.优先事项，首要事情；重点
3.investment n.投资；投入
4.mutual adj.共有的，共同的
5.introduce v.介绍，引见→reintroduce v.再引入；再介绍
词汇积累
To meet new people who might become your friends，you have to go to places where others are gathered.
分析：To meet new...friends为不定式作目的状语，其中关系代词who引导限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，关系副词where引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。
翻译：为了结识可能成为你朋友的陌生人，你必须去其他人聚集的地方。
句式分析
Popular people are admired and loved by their peers.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一些帮助你成为一个更讨人喜欢、更受欢迎的人的一般技巧。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
1 Popular people have plenty of friends and usually have a high social status in their peer group.Here are some general tips that will help you become a more likable and popular person.
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由上文“Popular people are admired and loved by their peers.”可知，这里主要讲受欢迎的人的优势，而E项(很多人想和受欢迎的人联系在一起)符合语境，与上句构成递进关系，有承上作用。故选E项。
解析
Avoid offering help in exchange for approval(认可).Trying to be helpful will have the opposite effect. 2 Popular people help others because they have a useful skill，not because they want to win someone else’s friendship.
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由上文“Avoid offering help in exchange for approval(认可).Trying to be helpful will have the opposite effect.”可知，这里讲如果带着目的去提供帮助，可能会有相反的效果。而D项(你会被视为需要友情的人)为上文“the opposite effect”的具体内容，所以有承上作用，且D项中的“need friendship”呼应下文中的“want to win someone else’s friendship”。故选D项。
解析
Be the glue in your social circle.When you have plans to meet a group of friends for a social outing，make a habit of inviting someone who hasn’t met everyone in the group yet.If you are hanging out with a friend and run into another friend，remember to introduce them to each other. 3
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由上文“If you are hanging out with a friend and run into another friend，remember to introduce them to each other.”可知，这里主要讲帮自己的朋友相互介绍，B项(否则，你的朋友可能会感到尴尬)符合语境，其中Otherwise表对上文相反的假设，your friends也与上文a friend和another friend对应，有承上作用。故选B项。
解析
Practice positivity.People who often complain about life and are more pessimistic have fewer friends.Therefore，it’s important to have a positive attitude and avoid constant complaining. 4 It can be a key step in making close friends.But if you talk about your problems over and over again，your friends might not enjoy hanging out with you.
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由上文“Therefore，it’s important to have a positive attitude and avoid constant complaining.”可知，要避免过多抱怨，下文指出反复谈你的问题会让朋友厌倦，结合下文的But可推知，F项(然而，有时候与其他人分享你的问题是一件好事)符合语境，与上文为转折关系，sharing your problems为后文It所指代内容。故选F项。
解析
5 Many people make the mistake of avoiding social relationships at their school or workplace.They think these places are for work or studying，not socializing.But most of us spend a lot of time at work or college.If you refuse to socialize with people you see almost every day，you’ll miss out on some valuable relationships.
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由下文“Many people make the mistake...some valuable relationships.”可知，本段建议我们在学校或工作场所建立友谊。A项(在工作场所和学校建立人际关系)符合语境，对下文有总括作用，适合作为本段主旨句。故选A项。
解析
Friendship is one of life’s greatest gifts，and it 1. (value) in both Eastern and Western cultures.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了《友谊地久天长》这首歌曲，包括其起源以及在东西方的流行。
Ⅴ.语法填空
is valued
考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。空处作分句的谓语，结合空前“Friendship is...”可知，此处描述通常性的事实，时态应用一般现在时，value“重视”和主语it之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是it，be动词应用is。故填is valued。
解析
One of the most famous sayings about friendship in China can be found in the words of Confucius：“Isn’t it 2. joy when friends visit from faraway places？” In the U.K.，there is an 3. (equal) famous poem about friendship.
2.考查冠词。此处为抽象名词具体化，泛指“一件高兴的事情”，应用不定冠词，且joy的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。故填a。
3.考查副词。空处作状语修饰形容词famous，应用副词形式equally“同样地”。故填equally。
解析
a
equally
It reminds people 4. (remember) and value old friendships，as they look to the years ahead.That poem is Auld Lang Syne.
考查非谓语动词。动词短语remind sb to do sth意为“提醒某人做某事”，空处应用remember的不定式形式。故填to remember。
解析
to remember
“Auld Lang Syne” is Scots and is translated word for word as “old long since”，5. __________(mean) “days gone by”.The poem was written by the great Scottish poet Robert Burns.It was printed in 1796，just after Burns’s death.And over the years it has become the song that is so familiar 6.____ us today.
5.考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词，mean和“Auld Lang Syne”在逻辑上是主动关系，因此用现在分词形式作状语。故填meaning。
6.考查介词。固定短语be familiar to sb意为“为某人所熟悉”，符合句意。故填to。
解析
meaning
to
7.______________(joy) but at the same time a bit sad，Auld Lang Syne has featured in many films，including Waterloo Bridge，the film 8.___________ made the song widely known to Chinese audience.
7.考查形容词。空处和sad并列，应用joy的形容词形式joyful或joyous，意为“高兴的，令人愉快的”，且句首单词的首字母应大写。故填Joyful/Joyous。
8.考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词film，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which作引导词。故填that/which。
解析
Joyful/Joyous
that/which
Today，Auld Lang Syne 9. (translate) into many different languages，and is one of the world’s best-loved songs.It’s played at parties，celebrations，festivals，and even at some shopping centers at closing time.
考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。空处作句子的谓语，根据句意可知，时态应用现在完成时，translate和主语Auld Lang Syne之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是单数，助动词应用has。故填has been translated。
解析
has been translated
Whatever language or occasion，it has become a symbol of friendship and 10. (share) experience—whether we can sing it or not.
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处作定语修饰experience，share与experience为动宾关系，应用share的过去分词形式。故填shared。
解析
shared
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