Unit 1 Lights，camera，action！
Period 3 Grammar and usage—Subject-verb agreement
认真阅读以下短文，思考主语与谓语在数上的关系，并归纳填空。
①Everyone was surprised when Disney said ②its film team members were remaking The Jungle Book.Based on Rudyard Kipling’s book of the same title，it describes the story of a boy named Mowgli.③Mowgli and his animal friends live happily in the jungle until one day Shere Khan the tiger returns and tries to drive him out of the jungle.In 1967，Disney adapted the book into a cartoon film，which is widely regarded as a classic.However，④its old age shows.⑤The new film uses much more advanced technology—⑥not only the animals but also the jungle is digitally created.⑦Building the jungle environment on the computer was no easy job.It took more than 800 artists over a year to work on the project.⑧The Jungle Book lasts for about two hours but ⑨there is enough tension and humour to hold your attention during the whole film.⑩Two hours seems very short when you’re having so much fun!
[自主发现]
1．根据语法一致原则来判断谓语动词的单复数的有句①②③④⑤⑦⑧。
2．根据意义一致原则来判断谓语动词的单复数的有句⑩。
3．根据就近一致原则来判断谓语动词的单复数的有句⑥⑨。
主谓一致
主谓一致是指句子主语和谓语在“人称”和“数”方面保持一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语人称和数的变化而变化。
英语中的主谓一致常见的有下列几种情况：
一、语法一致原则
语法一致原则是指主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1．主语是单数，谓语动词用单数；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数。
The results of the exam are to be announced soon.
考试结果将很快被公布。
Although the film is a comedy，it also has some tragedy，reflecting Chaplin’s own life.
虽然这部电影是一部喜剧，但它也有一些悲惨，反映了卓别林自己的生活。
2．动名词短语、动词不定式短语、单个从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Reading various books is good for us to learn more knowledge.
阅读各类书籍有利于我们学习更多知识。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
When we can go out freely has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候能自由出行还未决定。
3．复合不定代词anyone，somebody，everything，nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
She says everything is going smoothly.
她说一切进展顺利。
4．“many a＋单数名词/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Many a student is familiar with the song.
很多学生熟悉这首歌。
More than one student wants to join the army.
不止一个学生想参军。
二、意义一致原则
意义一致原则是指“形单意复”的名词或“形复意单”的名词要根据其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数。
1．当people，police，cattle等词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。
The people I met there were very friendly.
我在那里遇到的人很友善。
2．表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积等的复数名词作主语时，通常将其视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
Two miles is too far for the child.
两英里路程对这个小孩来说太远了。
Twenty years is a short time in the long course of history.
二十年在历史长河中是个很短的时间。
3．“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The injured were rescued and the dead were buried.
伤者被解救出来，死者被埋葬。
4．表示某国人总称的词，如：the Chinese，the British等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The British are known as a nation of dog lovers.
英国人以爱狗著称。
5．以-s结尾但意义为单数的news，maths，physics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Politics is a difficult subject for many students.
对许多学生来说，政治是一门很难的学科。
The news that he passed the test is exciting.
他通过测试的消息激动人心。
6．单复数同形的词sheep，deer，means等作主语时，谓语动词单复数与实际意义一致。
Three sheep are eating grass there.
三只羊正在那里吃草。
A sheep is lying there.
一只羊正躺在那里。
Not every means is useful.并非每一种方法都有用。
Not all means are useful.并非所有方法都有用。
三、就近一致原则
就近一致原则是指谓语动词的单复数取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。
1．由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接的并列主语，其谓语动词的单复数与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or he is to blame for the failure of the project.
不是你就是他应该为项目的失败负责。
Not you but I am responsible for the delay.
不是你而是我应对这次的延误负责。
2．在there be/here be句型中，谓语动词的数应与最近的一个主语保持一致。
There is an apple and two oranges in the basket.篮子里有一个苹果和两个橘子。
四、主谓一致的几个难点
1．并列主语的主谓一致
(1)两个单数名词或不可数名词用and连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.
水蒸气和冰是水的不同形式。
(2)两个单数名词用and 连接，表示同一人、同一物或同一概念时谓语动词用单数。
The peasant and writer is making a speech in the meeting room.
那位农民作家正在会议室里发表演讲。
A knife and fork is easy for English people.
一副刀叉对于英国人来说是容易的。
(3)两个并列的名词前有each，every，no，many a等修饰限定时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Each student and each teacher was given a ticket.
每个学生和老师都领到了一张票。
Every man and every woman is at work.
所有人都在工作。
2．主语后有with，together with，like，but，as well as，except，including，rather than，besides等引导的单词或短语时，谓语动词要和前面的主语保持“数”的一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
老师带着一些学生正在参观工厂。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.
只有一名教师和三名学生在实验室里。
3．某些名词作主语时的主谓一致
(1)集合名词family，class，crowd，team，government，company，group等作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调个体，谓语动词用复数。
Our class is better than any other class at playing football in our school.
在我们学校，我们班在踢足球方面比其他任何班都好。(强调整体)
His family are waiting for him to come back from abroad.
他的家人正在等他回国。(强调个体)
(2)由两部分构成的表示物体的名词如trousers，pants，jeans，shoes，glasses等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用a pair of/two pairs of来修饰，谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。
The trousers need washing.这条裤子需要洗。
This pair of trousers is hers.这条裤子是她的。
4．数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致
(1)当百分数或分数修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是用复数由名词的类别来决定。
About three fourths of the surface of the Earth is water.地球表面大约四分之三是水。
About 50 percent of the students in our school are girls.
我们学校大约百分之五十的学生是女生。
(2)由“kind(type，sort，species，portion，set) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种各样的困难。
There is a set of rules that you must follow if you join the club.
如果你加入这个俱乐部，你必须遵守一套规则。
(3)a number of(许多)，a variety of(各种各样的)修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。但是the number of(……的数目)和the variety of(……的种类)修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
A number of visitors are visiting the West Lake and the number of visitors is increasing.
许多游客正在游览西湖，而且游客的数量正在增加。
5．“one of＋可数名词复数”之后跟定语从句时，从句谓语动词用复数形式；在肯定句中，“the only one of＋可数名词复数”之后跟定语从句时，从句谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written in French.
这是其中一本用法语写的书。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一学过法语的男孩。
Ⅰ.从括号中选择正确答案
1．Serving the people is(is/are) my great happiness.
2．This is one of the rooms that were(were/was) damaged in the fire.
3．One thousand dollars seems(seems/seem) a large sum of money.
4．The pilot，as well as two of the passengers，has(has/have) died.
5．He is the only one of the boys who is(is/are) going to visit Japan next month.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．No one but Tom and John likes(like) the topic.
2．Whether we’ll go depends(depend) on the weather.
3．Two fifths of the books here are(be) worth reading.
4．A number of students are(be) going for a picnic this weekend.
5．Actually，many a woman has(have) a great influence on the world.
6．There is(be) a professor from Japan and two experts from America.
7．Every possible means has been used(use) to prevent the air pollution so far.
8．Neither my two younger sisters nor my younger brother enjoys(enjoy) going climbing.
9．My cousin as well as his friends looks/is looking(look) forward to visiting China in the coming summer.
10．Half of the land has been used for planting trees，the rest of which is(be) intended for a chicken farm.
作业3 Grammar and usage
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．办公室有两把椅子和一张桌子。
There are two chairs and a desk in the office.
2．每个男生和每个女生都已经适应了高中生活。
Every boy and every girl has adapted to the senior high school life.
3．一个男生和二十个女生来了这里。
Here comes a boy student and twenty girl students.
4．这位老师兼作家多年来一直是她的好朋友。
The teacher and writer has been her good friend for many years.
5．读科幻小说使我在忙碌的一天后感到放松。
Reading science fiction novels makes me relaxed after a busy day.
Ⅱ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Thirty years 1.is(be) not a long period in history，but every man and every woman 2.has changed(change) a lot in the past thirty years.When it comes to the development of China，none of us 3.doubt(s)(doubt) that either the surroundings or the policy 4.has benefited(benefit) us a great deal.With thirty years’ development，China，along with its people,5.is standing(stand) higher on the stage of the world.Although there 6.exists(exist) an environmental problem and other ones，like housing and crimes，the public 7.have(have) a strong belief that tomorrow will be better.Whether we can realize our dream 8.depends(depend) on our own efforts.To construct our country 9.is(be) a great honour，so not only you but also I 10.am(be) the one who should be devoted to making our country a splendid one.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·湖南长沙高一上期末)
Wearing a worn helmet and riding a motorcycle up and down on the country road，she finally drove to the door of a student’s house but saw someone coming to ask for marriage.She yelled at the matchmaker，“If she were your daughter，at such an age，would you be willing to let her get married？” In the yard across the door，the girl who had to give up schooling was feeding the pigs with an expressionless face as she watched her drunken father.
It is the opening scene of Chinese TV series She and Her Girls，which is based on true stories of Zhang Guimei.Everyone in China loves Zhang as an education pioneer who helped young girls to have the chance to get educated and choose their own future.For years，Zhang，the 67-year-old principal of Huaping High School for Girls in Huaping county of Lijiang，Southwest China’s Yunnan Province，has been providing free education to girls from poor mountainous areas，helping them change their fates through the national college entrance examination，known as Gaokao in Chinese.Each year，she accompanies her students to take the exam，which moved countless people.
The 23-episode TV series，which was firstly released on Teachers’ Day，has given us a chance to see the power of faith.Even days after the first episode was broadcast，one of Zhang’s words still rang in my ear.“An educated woman can stop herself from being a vine attached to others and can choose the life she wants to live，” she said.
I believe that everyone who has watched She and Her Girls will admire and respect Zhang as she，like a mountain flower blooming on a cliff(悬崖)，has been spending her lifetime lighting the way forward for children in the mountains.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了以张桂梅的真实故事为原型的中国电视剧《山花烂漫时》以及张桂梅的事迹。
1．What is the function of first paragraph
A．To prove a fact.
B．To introduce a topic.
C．To stress a point.
D．To share an experience.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段内容和第二段的“It is the opening scene of Chinese TV series She and Her Girls，which is based on true stories of Zhang Guimei.”可知，第一段描述的是中国电视剧《山花烂漫时》的开场场景，该剧是根据张桂梅的真实故事改编的，由此可推测出，第一段的功能是引出电视剧《山花烂漫时》以及主人公张桂梅。故选B。
2．What is Zhang’s opinion about girls’ future from paragraph 2
A．Girls should marry well to live well.
B．Girls should quit studies for marriage.
C．Girls should get educated despite poverty.
D．Girls should get married as late as possible.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段的“For years，Zhang...has been providing free education to girls from poor mountainous areas，helping them change their fates through the national college entrance examination，known as Gaokao in Chinese.”可知，张桂梅认为尽管贫穷，女孩也应该接受教育。故选C。
3．Which word best explains the phrase “a vine attached to others” in paragraph 3
A．Dependent. B．Reliable.
C．Ordinary. D．Positive.
答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词组所在句句意并结合选项可知，张桂梅认为受过教育的女性不会依赖他人，能够自主选择自己想要的生活，所以“a vine attached to others”指的是“依赖他人的”，与dependent意思一致。故选A。
4．What would be the best title for the text
A．Education Tops All
B．TV Play Reflects Life
C．A Poor Girl Inspires People
D．New TV Series Features Zhang Guimei
答案 D
解析 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了以张桂梅的真实故事为原型的中国电视剧《山花烂漫时》以及张桂梅的事迹，所以选项D“新电视剧以张桂梅为主角”最能概括文章主旨，是本文的最佳标题。故选D。
B(此篇精读)
(2025·广东肇庆高一上期末)
Do you believe in the power of the underdogs？Super Dreams，a movie based on a real-life story，follows the journey of a group of teenagers who win an international robotics competition.
Born and raised in a low-income community，William Bates and his fellow teammates have big dreams.With a strong interest in advanced technology，especially robotics，they take on the challenge of the International Science and Engineering Competition，in which they are required to design a robot that can follow specific orders and carry out the tasks.
However，the journey is anything but easy.Their school is unable to provide any funds，nor can they afford professional instructors.Instead of giving up，they decide to learn on their own.They do research in the library，watch related videos online，and turn to their science teachers at times.To perfect their design，the team work tirelessly after school，on weekends，and even during holidays.
As recorded in the movie，this team outperforms other favored teams，winning first place in the final match.It proves that with a little bit of courage and a lot of heart，big dreams can come true.Just like what William says in the movie，“With determination and teamwork，kids from poor backgrounds can also achieve their dreams.”
The movie is a breath of fresh air in the world of teen stories.It is not just about winning a competition.It is also about personal growth.It is a reminder that success isn’t about where you start，but about the strength of your will and the dreams rooted in your heart.
If you are ready to see a group of teens who turn “can’ts” into “cans”，then Super Dreams is what you have been looking for.You will never know what will happen when these kids are given a chance to shine.
语篇解读 本文为影视评论类说明文，介绍了一部名为《Super Dreams》的励志影片。影片讲述了来自低收入社区的一群青少年凭借团队合作和毅力积极应对挑战，赢得了国际机器人竞赛第一名。该影片告诉我们，不论出身背景如何，只要努力奋斗，我们就能实现梦想。
5．What can we know about the journey of the teenagers according to the passage
A．They make a real-life movie.
B．They take on many challenges.
C．They win a global competition.
D．They set special orders for robots.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中“a group of teenagers who win an international robotics competition”表明，这群青少年在一个国际机器人竞赛中获胜。故选C。
6．Which of the following best describes William’s team
A．Honest and determined.
B．Brave and hard-working.
C．Responsible and talented.
D．Confident and interesting.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Instead of giving up，they decide to learn on their own.They do research...and even during holidays.”以及第四段第二句和William说的“With determination and teamwork，kids from poor backgrounds can also achieve their dreams.” 可知，他们勇敢且勤奋。故选B。
7．What does the movie Super Dreams focus on
A．Teenagers’ personal life.
B．Importance of education.
C．Success in a competition.
D．Power of sticking to dreams.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“It is a reminder that success isn’t about where you start，but about the strength of your will and the dreams rooted in your heart.”可知，这部影片主要关注坚持梦想的力量。故选D。
8．What is this text
A．A short story. B．A film poster.
C．A news report. D．A movie review.
答案 D
解析 文章体裁题。根据全文内容可知，本文简单介绍了影片《Super Dreams》的内容，并通过影片告诉我们，无论身份背景如何，只要努力奋斗，我们就能实现梦想。因此，本文是一篇影评。故选D。
[词汇积累]
1．anything but根本不；一点也不
2．perfect adj.→v.使完善；使完美
3．outperform v．胜过；超过
4．favored adj.被看好的；有利的
5．a breath of fresh air令人耳目一新的人/事物/地方
6．will modal v．→n.意志；自制力
[句式分析]
1．With a strong interest in advanced technology，especially robotics，they take on the challenge of the International Science and Engineering Competition，in which they are required to design a robot that can follow specific orders and carry out the tasks.
分析：此句为复合句。主句为they take on the challenge of...Competition；in which引导非限制性定语从句，该从句中含有一个that引导的定语从句，a robot为先行词；with的复合结构作状语。
翻译：由于对先进技术，尤其是机器人技术，有着浓厚的兴趣，他们接受了国际科学与工程竞赛的挑战，比赛要求他们设计出一个能够遵循特定命令并执行任务的机器人。
2．It is a reminder that success isn’t about where you start，but about the strength of your will and the dreams rooted in your heart.
分析：此句为复合句。that引导同位语从句，该从句中含有not...but...(不是……，而是……)结构，还有where引导的宾语从句，rooted in your heart为非谓语动词结构作后置定语。
翻译：这提醒着我们，成功不在于你从何处起步，而在于你意志的力量和内心深处的梦想。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
(2025·江苏南通高一上期末)
What makes great storytelling for film There are some tips for filmmakers about the art of it.
One of the most important elements is how the story is told.Great movies can throw curveballs(曲线球) that you don’t see coming. 1 The standard structure for any kind of storytelling is to introduce your characters，setting and genre at the start.Any problems should be encountered somewhere in the middle of the story. 2 If you’ve got a brilliant story，think about what would happen if you began your film with the ending.Try experimenting with the timing of events，and how the order can impact the audience’s view.
With a clear structure，you should consider how to grab the audience’s attention quickly. 3 Your story may be wonderful，but if it takes too long to get into，you might lose your audience before you’ve got going.With so much competition，you need to act fast.Pay particular attention to the first 10 pages of your script.Let somebody read your script and ask them whether they want to continue on after 10 pages. 4
Understanding your audience is an important step.Who will want to watch this movie What do they like doing and what interests them？ 5 That can make it more attractive to the target audience.See if you can gather some statistic from any films that are similar to the same genre.From this，you can judge who usually enjoys the genre，and who you can tailor your screenplay to.
All in all，everything that goes into making a film，from costume choices to special effects，is there to reinforce the story.Next time，let’s talk more about the topic.
A．The end involves the issues being resolved.
B．Don’t forget to focus on character development.
C．In the modern world everything moves at a fast speed.
D．If so，that desire can be ten times stronger in your film.
E．But they have a structure that isn’t too confusing to follow.
F．Doing market research will help you revise your film’s screenplay.
G．Making choices about the timing of events can heighten their impact.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了电影制作中优秀叙事的一些技巧和要点。
1．答案 E
解析 上文“Great movies can throw curveballs(曲线球) that you don’t see coming.”说明伟大的电影会有意想不到的情节，下文“ The standard structure for any kind of storytelling is to...of the story.”说明任何类型的叙事都有一个标准的结构，E选项“但它们有一个结构，不会让人太困惑”中的“they”指代上文中的“Great movies”，与上文形成转折关系，强调这些伟大的电影虽然情节出乎意料，但结构清晰，不会让人困惑，并引出下文对标准结构的说明，符合语境。故选E。
2．答案 A
解析 上文“The standard structure for any kind of storytelling is to introduce your characters，setting and genre at the start.Any problems should be encountered somewhere in the middle of the story.”说明叙事的基本结构，包括开头介绍角色、背景和类型，中间遇到问题，空处承接上文，说明最后要解决问题，A选项“结尾包括问题的解决”符合逻辑顺序。故选A。
3．答案 C
解析 上文“With a clear structure，you should consider how to grab the audience’s attention quickly.”及下文“Your story may be wonderful...you need to act fast.”说明要快速抓住观众的注意力，并指出在竞争激烈的环境中需要迅速行动，C选项“在现代社会，一切都以很快的速度进行”与上下文内容一致。故选C。
4．答案 D
解析 上文“Let somebody read your script and ask them whether they want to continue on after 10 pages.”建议让别人读你的剧本并询问他们在读完10页后是否愿意继续阅读下去，D选项“如果是这样，这种欲望在你的电影中可能会强烈十倍”进一步强调如果剧本能够引起这种继续阅读下去的欲望，那么在电影中这种愿望会更加强烈，呼应上文，符合语境。故选D。
5．答案 F
解析 上文“Understanding your audience is an important step.Who will want to watch this movie What do they like doing and what interests them？”说明要了解观众，F选项“做市场调研将帮助你修改你的电影剧本”说明了解观众的方法，与上文关于了解观众兴趣和偏好的主题紧密相关，符合语境。故选F。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
(2025·湖南长沙高一上期末)
Patrick Sommier，a French theater director，is devoted to passing on the true meaning of Chinese operas to the French public.
On the occasion of the 56th celebrations for the 40th anniversary of the establishment of international 1. (tie) between China and France in 2004，Sommier was invited to cooperate on a joint project 2. (spread) Peking Opera in France.
“Ever since my arrival in China，I’ve been deeply fascinated by Chinese operas，just like many other Europeans，” says Sommier.“The beauty of Peking Opera 3. (seize) my heart over these years，” he continues，reflecting on the impact it has had on him during his entire stay.Recalling his first cooperation with the Chinese team，Sommier says he 4. (impress) by the actors’ make-up，costumes,5. the characters of incredible strength then.He was also touched by the Chinese professors’ effort to pass their 6. (act) skills to their students by participating in acts with them.
One professor explained，“In China，opera is an art 7. requires lifelong devotion.The effect of the performance 8. (large) depends on the actors’ inner strength.”Sommier began exploring into different performance forms and suggested introducing Chinese operas 9. the French audience.The team then gave some original performances，some without make-up or costumes and some with students performing classics in a 10. ________(tradition) way.
语篇解读 本文是一篇人物传记。文章介绍了法国戏剧导演Patrick Sommier对中国戏曲的热爱、在中法文化交流中的贡献，以及他参与推广京剧项目的经历和感受。
1．答案 ties
解析 考查名词复数。名词tie意为“联系”，为可数名词，前面无冠词，此处为泛指，所以用复数形式。故填ties。
2．答案 to spread
解析 考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词担当目的状语，用动词不定式形式。故填to spread。
3．答案 has seized
解析 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空处为本句谓语动词；根据时间状语“over these years”可知，本句时态为现在完成时；主语为“the beauty of Peking Opera”，单数，助动词用has。故填has seized。
4．答案 was impressed
解析 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。空处为从句谓语动词；根据时间状语“then”可知，从句时态为一般过去时；主语为“he”，单数，和动词“impress”之间为被动关系。故填was impressed。
5．答案 and
解析 考查连词。空前“the actors’ make-up，costumes”和空后“the characters of incredible strength”为并列关系，用连词and连接。故填and。
6．答案 acting
解析 考查名词。此处表示“表演技巧”，用acting。故填acting。
7．答案 that/which
解析 考查定语从句。空处为定语从句的关系词；先行词为“an art”，指物，在定语从句中担当主语，用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。
8．答案 largely
解析 考查副词。修饰动词短语“depend on”，用副词形式，意为“很大程度上”。故填largely。
9．答案 to
解析 考查介词。固定短语“introduce...to...”意为“把……介绍给……”，符合句意。故填to。
10．答案 traditional
解析 考查形容词。修饰名词“way”，用形容词形式，意为“传统的”。故填traditional。(共76张PPT)
Period 3
Grammar and usage—Subject-verb agreement
Lights，camera，action!
Unit 1
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
认真阅读以下短文，思考主语与谓语在数上的关系，并归纳填空。
①Everyone was surprised when Disney said ②its film team members were remaking The Jungle Book.Based on Rudyard Kipling’s book of the same title，it describes the story of a boy named Mowgli.③Mowgli and his animal friends live happily in the jungle until one day Shere Khan the tiger returns and tries to drive him out of the jungle.In 1967，Disney adapted the book into a cartoon film，which is widely regarded as a classic.However，④its old age shows.⑤The new film uses much more advanced technology—⑥not only the animals but also the jungle is digitally created.
⑦Building the jungle environment on the computer was no easy job.It took more than 800 artists over a year to work on the project.⑧The Jungle Book lasts for about two hours but ⑨there is enough tension and humour to hold your attention during the whole film.⑩Two hours seems very short when you’re having so much fun!
[自主发现]
1.根据语法一致原则来判断谓语动词的单复数的有句 。
2.根据意义一致原则来判断谓语动词的单复数的有句 。
3.根据就近一致原则来判断谓语动词的单复数的有句 。
①②③④⑤⑦⑧
⑩
返 回
⑥⑨
语法精讲
主谓一致
主谓一致是指句子主语和谓语在“人称”和“数”方面保持一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语人称和数的变化而变化。
英语中的主谓一致常见的有下列几种情况：
一、语法一致原则
语法一致原则是指主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1.主语是单数，谓语动词用单数；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数。
The results of the exam are to be announced soon.
考试结果将很快被公布。
Although the film is a comedy，it also has some tragedy，reflecting Chaplin’s own life.
虽然这部电影是一部喜剧，但它也有一些悲惨，反映了卓别林自己的生活。
2.动名词短语、动词不定式短语、单个从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Reading various books is good for us to learn more knowledge.
阅读各类书籍有利于我们学习更多知识。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
When we can go out freely has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候能自由出行还未决定。
3.复合不定代词anyone，somebody，everything，nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
She says everything is going smoothly.
她说一切进展顺利。
4.“many a＋单数名词/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Many a student is familiar with the song.
很多学生熟悉这首歌。
More than one student wants to join the army.
不止一个学生想参军。
二、意义一致原则
意义一致原则是指“形单意复”的名词或“形复意单”的名词要根据其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数。
1.当people，police，cattle等词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。
The people I met there were very friendly.
我在那里遇到的人很友善。
2.表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积等的复数名词作主语时，通常将其视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
Two miles is too far for the child.
两英里路程对这个小孩来说太远了。
Twenty years is a short time in the long course of history.
二十年在历史长河中是个很短的时间。
3.“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The injured were rescued and the dead were buried.
伤者被解救出来，死者被埋葬。
4.表示某国人总称的词，如：the Chinese，the British等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The British are known as a nation of dog lovers.
英国人以爱狗著称。
5.以-s结尾但意义为单数的news，maths，physics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Politics is a difficult subject for many students.
对许多学生来说，政治是一门很难的学科。
The news that he passed the test is exciting.
他通过测试的消息激动人心。
6.单复数同形的词sheep，deer，means等作主语时，谓语动词单复数与实际意义一致。
Three sheep are eating grass there.
三只羊正在那里吃草。
A sheep is lying there.
一只羊正躺在那里。
Not every means is useful.并非每一种方法都有用。
Not all means are useful.并非所有方法都有用。
三、就近一致原则
就近一致原则是指谓语动词的单复数取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。
1.由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接的并列主语，其谓语动词的单复数与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or he is to blame for the failure of the project.
不是你就是他应该为项目的失败负责。
Not you but I am responsible for the delay.
不是你而是我应对这次的延误负责。
2.在there be/here be句型中，谓语动词的数应与最近的一个主语保持一致。
There is an apple and two oranges in the basket.篮子里有一个苹果和两个橘子。
四、主谓一致的几个难点
1.并列主语的主谓一致
(1)两个单数名词或不可数名词用and连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.
水蒸气和冰是水的不同形式。
(2)两个单数名词用and 连接，表示同一人、同一物或同一概念时谓语动词用单数。
The peasant and writer is making a speech in the meeting room.
那位农民作家正在会议室里发表演讲。
A knife and fork is easy for English people.
一副刀叉对于英国人来说是容易的。
(3)两个并列的名词前有each，every，no，many a等修饰限定时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Each student and each teacher was given a ticket.
每个学生和老师都领到了一张票。
Every man and every woman is at work.
所有人都在工作。
2.主语后有with，together with，like，but，as well as，except，including，rather than，besides等引导的单词或短语时，谓语动词要和前面的主语保持“数”的一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
老师带着一些学生正在参观工厂。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.
只有一名教师和三名学生在实验室里。
3.某些名词作主语时的主谓一致
(1)集合名词family，class，crowd，team，government，company，group等作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调个体，谓语动词用复数。
Our class is better than any other class at playing football in our school.
在我们学校，我们班在踢足球方面比其他任何班都好。(强调整体)
His family are waiting for him to come back from abroad.
他的家人正在等他回国。(强调个体)
(2)由两部分构成的表示物体的名词如trousers，pants，jeans，shoes，glasses等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用a pair of/two pairs of来修饰，谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。
The trousers need washing.这条裤子需要洗。
This pair of trousers is hers.这条裤子是她的。
4.数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致
(1)当百分数或分数修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是用复数由名词的类别来决定。
About three fourths of the surface of the Earth is water.地球表面大约四分之三是水。
About 50 percent of the students in our school are girls.
我们学校大约百分之五十的学生是女生。
(2)由“kind(type，sort，species，portion，set) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种各样的困难。
There is a set of rules that you must follow if you join the club.
如果你加入这个俱乐部，你必须遵守一套规则。
(3)a number of(许多)，a variety of(各种各样的)修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。但是the number of(……的数目)和the variety of(……的种类)修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
A number of visitors are visiting the West Lake and the number of visitors is increasing.
许多游客正在游览西湖，而且游客的数量正在增加。
5.“one of＋可数名词复数”之后跟定语从句时，从句谓语动词用复数形式；在肯定句中，“the only one of＋可数名词复数”之后跟定语从句时，从句谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written in French.
这是其中一本用法语写的书。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一学过法语的男孩。
返 回
达标检测
1.Serving the people (is/are) my great happiness.
2.This is one of the rooms that (were/was) damaged in the fire.
3.One thousand dollars (seems/seem) a large sum of money.
4.The pilot，as well as two of the passengers， (has/have) died.
5.He is the only one of the boys who (is/are) going to visit Japan next month.
is
Ⅰ.从括号中选择正确答案
were
seems
has
is
1.No one but Tom and John (like) the topic.
2.Whether we’ll go (depend) on the weather.
3.Two fifths of the books here (be) worth reading.
4.A number of students (be) going for a picnic this weekend.
5.Actually，many a woman (have) a great influence on the world.
6.There (be) a professor from Japan and two experts from America.
7.Every possible means (use) to prevent the air pollution so far.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
likes
depends
has
are
is
has been used
are
返 回
8.Neither my two younger sisters nor my younger brother (enjoy) going climbing.
9.My cousin as well as his friends (look) forward to visiting China in the coming summer.
10.Half of the land has been used for planting trees，the rest of which ___
(be) intended for a chicken farm.
enjoys
looks/is looking
is
作业3
1.办公室有两把椅子和一张桌子。
and a desk in the office.
2.每个男生和每个女生都已经适应了高中生活。
Every boy and every girl .
3.一个男生和二十个女生来了这里。
Here and twenty girl students.
4.这位老师兼作家多年来一直是她的好朋友。
for many years.
5.读科幻小说使我在忙碌的一天后感到放松。
after a busy day.
There are two chairs
has adapted to the senior high school life
comes a boy student
Ⅰ.完成句子
Reading science fiction novels makes me relaxed
The teacher and writer has been her good friend
Thirty years 1. (be) not a long period in history，but every man and every woman 2. (change) a lot in the past thirty years.
When it comes to the development of China，none of us 3. (doubt) that either the surroundings or the policy 4. (benefit) us a great deal.With thirty years’ development，China，along with its people,
5. (stand) higher on the stage of the world.Although there
6. (exist) an environmental problem and other ones，like housing and crimes，the public 7. (have) a strong belief that tomorrow will be better.
Ⅱ.语法填空
has changed
doubt(s)
has benefited
is
is standing
exists
have
Whether we can realize our dream 8. (depend) on our own efforts.To construct our country 9. (be) a great honour，so not only you but also I 10. (be) the one who should be devoted to making our country a splendid one.
depends
am
is
A
(2025·湖南长沙高一上期末)
Wearing a worn helmet and riding a motorcycle up and down on the country road，she finally drove to the door of a student’s house but saw someone coming to ask for marriage.She yelled at the matchmaker，“If she were your daughter，at such an age，would you be willing to let her get married？”In the yard across the door，the girl who had to give up schooling was feeding the pigs with an expressionless face as she watched her drunken father.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了以张桂梅的真实故事为原型的中国电视剧《山花烂漫时》以及张桂梅的事迹。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
It is the opening scene of Chinese TV series She and Her Girls，which is based on true stories of Zhang Guimei.Everyone in China loves Zhang as an education pioneer who helped young girls to have the chance to get educated and choose their own future.For years，Zhang，the 67-year-old principal of Huaping High School for Girls in Huaping county of Lijiang，Southwest China’s Yunnan Province，has been providing free education to girls from poor mountainous areas，helping them change their fates through the national college entrance examination，known as Gaokao in Chinese.Each year，she accompanies her students to take the exam，which moved countless people.
The 23-episode TV series，which was firstly released on Teachers’ Day，has given us a chance to see the power of faith.Even days after the first episode was broadcast，one of Zhang’s words still rang in my ear.“An educated woman can stop herself from being a vine attached to others and can choose the life she wants to live，” she said.
I believe that everyone who has watched She and Her Girls will admire and respect Zhang as she，like a mountain flower blooming on a cliff(悬崖)，has been spending her lifetime lighting the way forward for children in the mountains.
1.What is the function of first paragraph
A.To prove a fact.
B.To introduce a topic.
C.To stress a point.
D.To share an experience.
推理判断题。根据第一段内容和第二段的“It is the opening scene of Chinese TV series She and Her Girls，which is based on true stories of Zhang Guimei.”可知，第一段描述的是中国电视剧《山花烂漫时》的开场场景，该剧是根据张桂梅的真实故事改编的，由此可推测出，第一段的功能是引出电视剧《山花烂漫时》以及主人公张桂梅。故选B。
解析
√
2.What is Zhang’s opinion about girls’ future from paragraph 2
A.Girls should marry well to live well.
B.Girls should quit studies for marriage.
C.Girls should get educated despite poverty.
D.Girls should get married as late as possible.
推理判断题。根据第二段的“For years，Zhang...has been providing free education to girls from poor mountainous areas，helping them change their fates through the national college entrance examination，known as Gaokao in Chinese.”可知，张桂梅认为尽管贫穷，女孩也应该接受教育。故选C。
解析
√
3.Which word best explains the phrase “a vine attached to others” in paragraph 3
A.Dependent. B.Reliable.
C.Ordinary. D.Positive.
词义猜测题。根据画线词组所在句句意并结合选项可知，张桂梅认为受过教育的女性不会依赖他人，能够自主选择自己想要的生活，所以“a vine attached to others”指的是“依赖他人的”，与dependent意思一致。故选A。
解析
√
4.What would be the best title for the text
A.Education Tops All
B.TV Play Reflects Life
C.A Poor Girl Inspires People
D.New TV Series Features Zhang Guimei
标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了以张桂梅的真实故事为原型的中国电视剧《山花烂漫时》以及张桂梅的事迹，所以选项D“新电视剧以张桂梅为主角”最能概括文章主旨，是本文的最佳标题。故选D。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
(2025·广东肇庆高一上期末)
Do you believe in the power of the underdogs？Super Dreams，a movie based on a real-life story，follows the journey of a group of teenagers who win an international robotics competition.
语篇解读 本文为影视评论类说明文，介绍了一部名为《Super Dreams》的励志影片。影片讲述了来自低收入社区的一群青少年凭借团队合作和毅力积极应对挑战，赢得了国际机器人竞赛第一名。该影片告诉我们，不论出身背景如何，只要努力奋斗，我们就能实现梦想。
Born and raised in a low-income community，William Bates and his fellow teammates have big dreams.With a strong interest in advanced technology，especially robotics，they take on the challenge of the International Science and Engineering Competition，in which they are required to design a robot that can follow specific orders and carry out the tasks.
However，the journey is anything but easy.Their school is unable to provide any funds，nor can they afford professional instructors.Instead of giving up，they decide to learn on their own.They do research in the library，watch related videos online，and turn to their science teachers at times.To perfect their design，the team work tirelessly after school，on weekends，and even during holidays.
As recorded in the movie，this team outperforms other favored teams，winning first place in the final match.It proves that with a little bit of courage and a lot of heart，big dreams can come true.Just like what William says in the movie，“With determination and teamwork，kids from poor backgrounds can also achieve their dreams.”
The movie is a breath of fresh air in the world of teen stories.It is not just about winning a competition.It is also about personal growth.It is a reminder that success isn’t about where you start，but about the strength of your will and the dreams rooted in your heart.
If you are ready to see a group of teens who turn “can’ts” into “cans”，then Super Dreams is what you have been looking for.You will never know what will happen when these kids are given a chance to shine.
5.What can we know about the journey of the teenagers according to the passage
A.They make a real-life movie.
B.They take on many challenges.
C.They win a global competition.
D.They set special orders for robots.
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细节理解题。根据第一段中“a group of teenagers who win an international robotics competition”表明，这群青少年在一个国际机器人竞赛中获胜。故选C。
解析
6.Which of the following best describes William’s team
A.Honest and determined.
B.Brave and hard-working.
C.Responsible and talented.
D.Confident and interesting.
推理判断题。根据第三段中“Instead of giving up，they decide to learn on their own.They do research...and even during holidays.”以及第四段第二句和William说的“With determination and teamwork，kids from poor backgrounds can also achieve their dreams.” 可知，他们勇敢且勤奋。故选B。
解析
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7.What does the movie Super Dreams focus on
A.Teenagers’ personal life.
B.Importance of education.
C.Success in a competition.
D.Power of sticking to dreams.
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“It is a reminder that success isn’t about where you start，but about the strength of your will and the dreams rooted in your heart.”可知，这部影片主要关注坚持梦想的力量。故选D。
解析
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8.What is this text
A.A short story.
B.A film poster.
C.A news report.
D.A movie review.
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文章体裁题。根据全文内容可知，本文简单介绍了影片《Super Dreams》的内容，并通过影片告诉我们，无论身份背景如何，只要努力奋斗，我们就能实现梦想。因此，本文是一篇影评。故选D。
解析
1.anything but根本不；一点也不
2.perfect adj.→v.使完善；使完美
3.outperform v.胜过；超过
4.favored adj.被看好的；有利的
5.a breath of fresh air令人耳目一新的人/事物/地方
6.will modal v.→n.意志；自制力
词汇积累
1.With a strong interest in advanced technology，especially robotics，they take on the challenge of the International Science and Engineering Competition，in which they are required to design a robot that can follow specific orders and carry out the tasks.
分析：此句为复合句。主句为they take on the challenge of...Competition；in which引导非限制性定语从句，该从句中含有一个that引导的定语从句，a robot为先行词；with的复合结构作状语。
翻译：由于对先进技术，尤其是机器人技术，有着浓厚的兴趣，他们接受了国际科学与工程竞赛的挑战，比赛要求他们设计出一个能够遵循特定命令并执行任务的机器人。
句式分析
2.It is a reminder that success isn’t about where you start，but about the strength of your will and the dreams rooted in your heart.
分析：此句为复合句。that引导同位语从句，该从句中含有not...but...(不是……，而是……)结构，还有where引导的宾语从句，rooted in your heart为非谓语动词结构作后置定语。
翻译：这提醒着我们，成功不在于你从何处起步，而在于你意志的力量和内心深处的梦想。
(2025·江苏南通高一上期末)
What makes great storytelling for film There are some tips for filmmakers about the art of it.
One of the most important elements is how the story is told.Great movies can throw curveballs(曲线球) that you don’t see coming.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了电影制作中优秀叙事的一些技巧和要点。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
1 The standard structure for any kind of storytelling is to introduce your characters，setting and genre at the start.Any problems should be encountered somewhere in the middle of the story.
A.The end involves the issues being resolved.
B.Don’t forget to focus on character development.
C.In the modern world everything moves at a fast speed.
D.If so，that desire can be ten times stronger in your film.
E.But they have a structure that isn’t too confusing to follow.
F.Doing market research will help you revise your film’s screenplay.
G.Making choices about the timing of events can heighten their impact.
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上文“Great movies can throw curveballs(曲线球) that you don’t see coming.”说明伟大的电影会有意想不到的情节，下文“ The standard structure for any kind of storytelling is to...of the story.”说明任何类型的叙事都有一个标准的结构，E选项“但它们有一个结构，不会让人太困惑”中的“they”指代上文中的“Great movies”，与上文形成转折关系，强调这些伟大的电影虽然情节出乎意料，但结构清晰，不会让人困惑，并引出下文对标准结构的说明，符合语境。故选E。
解析
2 If you’ve got a brilliant story，think about what would happen if you began your film with the ending.Try experimenting with the timing of events，and how the order can impact the audience’s view.
A.The end involves the issues being resolved.
B.Don’t forget to focus on character development.
C.In the modern world everything moves at a fast speed.
D.If so，that desire can be ten times stronger in your film.
E.But they have a structure that isn’t too confusing to follow.
F.Doing market research will help you revise your film’s screenplay.
G.Making choices about the timing of events can heighten their impact.
√
上文“The standard structure for any kind of storytelling is to introduce your characters，setting and genre at the start.Any problems should be encountered somewhere in the middle of the story.”说明叙事的基本结构，包括开头介绍角色、背景和类型，中间遇到问题，空处承接上文，说明最后要解决问题，A选项“结尾包括问题的解决”符合逻辑顺序。故选A。
解析
With a clear structure，you should consider how to grab the audience’s attention quickly. 3 Your story may be wonderful，but if it takes too long to get into，you might lose your audience before you’ve got going.
A.The end involves the issues being resolved.
B.Don’t forget to focus on character development.
C.In the modern world everything moves at a fast speed.
D.If so，that desire can be ten times stronger in your film.
E.But they have a structure that isn’t too confusing to follow.
F.Doing market research will help you revise your film’s screenplay.
G.Making choices about the timing of events can heighten their impact.
√
上文“With a clear structure，you should consider how to grab the audience’s attention quickly.”及下文“Your story may be wonderful...you need to act fast.”说明要快速抓住观众的注意力，并指出在竞争激烈的环境中需要迅速行动，C选项“在现代社会，一切都以很快的速度进行”与上下文内容一致。故选C。
解析
A.The end involves the issues being resolved.
B.Don’t forget to focus on character development.
C.In the modern world everything moves at a fast speed.
D.If so，that desire can be ten times stronger in your film.
E.But they have a structure that isn’t too confusing to follow.
F.Doing market research will help you revise your film’s screenplay.
G.Making choices about the timing of events can heighten their impact.
With so much competition，you need to act fast.Pay particular attention to the first 10 pages of your script.Let somebody read your script and ask them whether they want to continue on after 10 pages. 4
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上文“Let somebody read your script and ask them whether they want to continue on after 10 pages.”建议让别人读你的剧本并询问他们在读完10页后是否愿意继续阅读下去，D选项“如果是这样，这种欲望在你的电影中可能会强烈十倍”进一步强调如果剧本能够引起这种继续阅读下去的欲望，那么在电影中这种愿望会更加强烈，呼应上文，符合语境。故选D。
解析
A.The end involves the issues being resolved.
B.Don’t forget to focus on character development.
C.In the modern world everything moves at a fast speed.
D.If so，that desire can be ten times stronger in your film.
E.But they have a structure that isn’t too confusing to follow.
F.Doing market research will help you revise your film’s screenplay.
G.Making choices about the timing of events can heighten their impact.
Understanding your audience is an important step.Who will want to watch this movie What do they like doing and what interests them？ 5 That can make it more attractive to the target audience.
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上文“Understanding your audience is an important step.Who will want to watch this movie What do they like doing and what interests them？”说明要了解观众，F选项“做市场调研将帮助你修改你的电影剧本”说明了解观众的方法，与上文关于了解观众兴趣和偏好的主题紧密相关，符合语境。故选F。
解析
See if you can gather some statistic from any films that are similar to the same genre.From this，you can judge who usually enjoys the genre，and who you can tailor your screenplay to.
All in all，everything that goes into making a film，from costume choices to special effects，is there to reinforce the story.Next time，let’s talk more about the topic.
(2025·湖南长沙高一上期末)
Patrick Sommier，a French theater director，is devoted to passing on the true meaning of Chinese operas to the French public.
语篇解读 本文是一篇人物传记。文章介绍了法国戏剧导演Patrick Sommier对中国戏曲的热爱、在中法文化交流中的贡献，以及他参与推广京剧项目的经历和感受。
Ⅴ.语法填空
On the occasion of the 56th celebrations for the 40th anniversary of the establishment of international 1. (tie) between China and France in 2004，Sommier was invited to cooperate on a joint project 2. ________
(spread) Peking Opera in France.
ties
1.考查名词复数。名词tie意为“联系”，为可数名词，前面无冠词，此处为泛指，所以用复数形式。故填ties。
2.考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词担当目的状语，用动词不定式形式。故填to spread。
解析
to spread
“Ever since my arrival in China，I’ve been deeply fascinated by Chinese operas，just like many other Europeans，” says Sommier.“The beauty of Peking Opera 3. (seize) my heart over these years，” he continues，reflecting on the impact it has had on him during his entire stay.
has seized
考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空处为本句谓语动词；根据时间状语“over these years”可知，本句时态为现在完成时；主语为“the beauty of Peking Opera”，单数，助动词用has。故填has seized。
解析
Recalling his first cooperation with the Chinese team，Sommier says he
4. (impress) by the actors’ make-up，costumes,5. the characters of incredible strength then.
4.考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。空处为从句谓语动词；根据时间状语“then”可知，从句时态为一般过去时；主语为“he”，单数，和动词“impress”之间为被动关系。故填was impressed。
5.考查连词。空前“the actors’ make-up，costumes”和空后“the characters
of incredible strength”为并列关系，用连词and连接。故填and。
解析
was impressed
and
He was also touched by the Chinese professors’ effort to pass their 6._______
(act) skills to their students by participating in acts with them.
acting
考查名词。此处表示“表演技巧”，用acting。故填acting。
解析
One professor explained，“In China，opera is an art 7.___________
requires lifelong devotion.The effect of the performance 8. (large) depends on the actors’ inner strength.”
that/which
7.考查定语从句。空处为定语从句的关系词；先行词为“an art”，指物，在定语从句中担当主语，用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。
8.考查副词。修饰动词短语“depend on”，用副词形式，意为“很大程度上”。故填largely。
解析
largely
Sommier began exploring into different performance forms and suggested introducing Chinese operas 9. the French audience.The team then gave some original performances，some without make-up or costumes and some with students performing classics in a 10.___________
(tradition) way.
to
9.考查介词。固定短语“introduce...to...”意为“把……介绍给……”，符合句意。故填to。
10.考查形容词。修饰名词“way”，用形容词形式，意为“传统的”。故填traditional。
解析
traditional
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