Section Ⅲ Learning About Language
Grammar——非限制性定语从句
一、非限制性定语从句的特点
[先感知]
①This soon caught the attention of local youths,who started learning kung fu from their Chinese neighbours.(北师必一U2)
这很快引起了当地年轻人的注意,他们开始向中国邻居学习功夫。
②I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.(外研选一U1)
我穿过一道道门进入候诊区,这里充斥着常见的厌烦和紧张情绪。
③He became famous in the 1910s,when films were silent and in black and white.(外研选一U1)
他在20世纪10年代成名,当时的电影还是无声的黑白电影。
④He was still usually on the bench,being just a replacement,which was really tough on him.(北师必一U2)
他仍旧通常“坐板凳”作为替补队员,这对他来说是真够难熬的。
[会发现] (1)句①②③④为非限制性定语从句,从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。
(2)句①②③先行词是单个的名词。
(3)句④先行词指代整个主句的内容。
[明规则]
1.非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开,是对先行词的附加说明,即使去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。
2.非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词,也可为整个句子或其中的一部分,且常译成与主句并列的句子。
小题集训 用适当的关系词填空
①Last summer, I learned the new skill of traditional Chinese painting, which turned out to be a fulfilling journey.
②I recommend my friend Wang Ming,who is one of the most suitable friends to take my place next week.
③A movie is being shown these days,whose theme is to save the Earth and protect our common home.
④Many young people, most of whom were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
⑤We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,when the weather may be better.
二、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
[先感知]
①These industries,in turn,give jobs to the local population,whose welfare depends on tourism.(译林选三 U1)
这些产业反过来又为当地居民提供了就业机会,而当地居民的福利依赖于旅游业。
②These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people,to whom Guangxi is home.(外研必一U6)
龙脊梯田是由广西当地的壮族和瑶族居民开垦的。
③More nature-centred tourist attractions,where man and nature live in harmony,can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.(译林选三U1)
更多的以自然为中心、人与自然和谐共处的旅游景点可能会受到大量游客的冲击甚至破坏。
④He became famous in the 1910s,when films were silent and in black and white.(外研选一U1)
他在20世纪10年代成名,当时的电影还是无声的黑白电影。
[会发现] (1)由句①可知,whose作定语,先行词是人时,“whose+名词”相当于“the+名词+of whom”;先行词是物时,“whose+名词”相当于“the+名词+of which”;
(2)由句②可知,whom作宾语;介词后用whom,不用who;
(3)由句③④可知,关系副词when、where可用“介词+which”代替。
[明规则]
1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有who、whom、whose、which、when、where等。
2.that、why不能引导非限制性定语从句,why可用for which代替引导非限制性定语从句。
3.关系副词when、where可用“介词+which”代替。
4.介词后用whom,不用who。
5.非限制性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时常用关系代词which。
小题集训 补全句子
①On the 1,100-kilometer journey,the man Cao Shengkang,who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全国甲卷)
在1 100公里的旅程中,8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹晟康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。
②Last weekend,I took part in an event held by the Students’ Union,which is aimed at educating us more about daily biology.(2023·浙江1月卷)
上周末,我参加了学生会举办的一个活动,旨在教育我们更多关于日常生物学的知识。
③It is a beautiful place,whose economy has been developing rapidly during the past ten years.
这是一个美丽的地方,其经济在过去的十年中发展迅速。
④200 participants participated in the running race with high spirits,most of whom were students and teachers.
200名参赛者兴致勃勃地参加了跑步比赛,其中大部分是学生和老师。
⑤We will put off the outing until next Sunday,when/on which we won’t be so busy.
我们将会把郊游推迟到下个星期天,那时我们就不会那么忙了。
三、as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
[先感知]
①As we all know, the earth moves around the sun.
众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。
②The singer,as was expected, achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的,这位歌手取得了巨大的成功。
③I want to buy the house,which has a garden.
我想买这座房子,它带有一个花园。
④He was late for the meeting,which made the chairman very angry.
他开会迟到了,主席为此非常生气。
[会发现] (1)由句①②可知,as引导非限制性定语从句时,指代整个主句的内容。
(2)句③中which指代the house,句④中的which指代整个主句的内容。
[明规则]
as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
as which
指代 引导从句只能指代整个主句的内容 引导从句既可指代整个主句的内容,也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引导从句只能位于主句之后
意义 正如,正像 这一点,这件事
功能 连接上下文,表述说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处等 引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句
[温馨提示] as引导非限制性定语从句时常用于以下结构:
as we all know/as is known to all众所周知;as is often the case 情况常常如此;as is hoped正如所希望的那样;as was expected/as we had expected正如所预料的那样;as has been stated above如上所述;as is mentioned正如所提及的。
小题集训 选词填空(as/which)
①As is mentioned in your report, traditional Chinese medicine has shown great power in the epidemic prevention.
②There is no simple answer,as is often the case in science.
③Dorothy was always showing off her clothes,which,of course,made us a little annoyed.
④As is known to all, Hangzhou is one of the best tourist cities in China.
⑤To introduce Chinese traditional culture,our school will hold a theme class meeting,which will be exhibited on the English website.
四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
[先感知]
①I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.(外研选一U1)
我穿过一道道门进入候诊区,这里充斥着常见的厌烦和紧张情绪。
②Local festivals and customs,which may have deep meaning in a particular culture,can simply become entertainment for tourists.(译林选三U1)
当地的节日和习俗,在一个特定的文化中可能具有深刻的意义,可能只是游客的娱乐活动。
③Even though many people are trying to recycle,there is unfortunately still so much plastic waste that ends up being thrown away.(北师必一U3)
尽管许多人都在努力回收利用,但遗憾的是,仍有许多塑料垃圾最终被扔掉。
④If this works,there may come a time when the number of monarch butterflies increases once again.(外研必一U5)
如果这起作用,那么可能某个时候黑脉金斑蝶的数量会再次增加。
[会发现] 句①②是非限制性定语从句;句③④是限制性定语从句。
[明规则]
1.外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句不用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句常用逗号将其与主句隔开。
2.在句中作用不同
(1)限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体、更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
(2)非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切,只是对其做一些附加说明, 不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。在翻译该从句时,通常译为并列的分句。
3.关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中, 通常不用于非限制性定语从句中;在限制性定语从句中, 关系词作宾语时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略。
4.关系代词指代不同
限制性定语从句的关系代词一般指代一个名词或代词; 非限制性定语从句的关系代词既可指代一个名词或代词,也可以指代整个主句。
小题集训 单句语法填空
①I am writing to share with you an art class that/which I had in a park last Friday.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
②There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.(2023·全国甲卷)
③This evening,I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst,whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published.(外研必三U3)
④Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago,where thousands were attending a water conference.(2023·北京卷)
⑤These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish,some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.(外研必一U6)
[基础语境练]
维度一 用非限制性定语从句升级下列句子(每小题2分,共10分)
1.We should pay attention to small details.This can guarantee to succeed in the end.
→We should pay attention to small details,which can guarantee to succeed in the end.
2.Following the girl,we went into a hall.On its walls hung pictures of some famous scientists.
→Following the girl,we went into a hall,on whose walls hung pictures of some famous scientists.
3.A huge amount of oil was spilled.The effects of it are still being felt.
→A huge amount of oil was spilled,the effects of which are still being felt.
4.After that,you can go to Shanghai and you can stay there for a week.
→After that,you can go to Shanghai,where you can stay for a week.
5.The foreign guests were warmly welcomed at the airport.Most of them were successful businessmen.
→The foreign guests,most of whom were successful businessmen,were warmly welcomed at the airport.
维度二 单句语法填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1.The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
2.Tom was late for school again and again,which made his teacher very angry.
3.The young man had a new girl friend,whom he wanted to make impressions on.
4.Last Sunday they reached Nanjing,where a conference was to be held.
5.Mr Zhang,who came to see me yesterday,is an old friend of mine.
6.The People’s Republic of China,which was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.
7.She has been absent again,as is expected.
8.The famous footballer,in whose honour a party will be held,is to arrive this afternoon.
9.The owner paid the worker for cleaning the whole building,most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least one month.
10.The old lady has two daughters,one of whom is working abroad.
维度三 语法与写作(每小题2分,共10分)
1.The match is due to be held this Saturday afternoon in the city’s stadium,whose aim is to help us communicate with your school and improve our friendship.(whose)
比赛定于本周六下午在市体育场举办,比赛旨在帮助我们与你的学校交流和增进友谊。
2.Let’s fix the date for our appointment,when we will discuss the matter.(when)
让我们为我们的约会定个日期,届时我们将谈论这件事。
3.He turned out to be very successful,which was beyond our expectation.(which)
结果他很成功,这超出了我们的期望。
4.He entered a café one day 10 years ago,in which he first met his wife.(in which)
十年前的一天他走进了一家咖啡馆,在那里他第一次遇到他的妻子。
5.The tourist was standing on the top of the building,where he could enjoy the beautiful view.(where)
游客站在楼顶上,在那里他能够欣赏到美丽的风景。
维度四 语法与语篇(每小题1.5分,共10.5分)
用适当的关系词完成语段
When Li Hua was young,he worked on an old farm,1.where there were few young people.He felt very lonely.He often walked near the village in his free time,hoping to talk to some villagers.One day,he came across an old man,2.who used to be a brave soldier when he was young.Li Hua found the old man so interesting that he made friends with him.Once,the old man told him his experiences in the battles,most of 3.which were very interesting.Li Hua was moved by the old man’s story and he decided to write a novel.As a result,the novel attracted so many people,among 4.whom was a young woman.The woman,5.whose husband was a famous director,was touched by that novel and recommended it to her husband.6.As we all know,a clever director won’t give up an interesting story.One year later,the film,7.which was adapted from that novel,became a big hit.
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
In 1949,a long-lost-letter from Albert Einstein to engineer Glyn Davys revealed the famed physicist’s thinking about the possibility of animals having super senses.Over 70 years later,his assumptions proved astonishingly accurate.
While Davys’s original inquiry has been lost,Einstein’s response suggested the engineer’s curiosity about animal perception (感知) and its implications for understanding the physical world.Einstein wrote,“It is thinkable that the investigation of the behavior of migratory birds and carrier pigeons (信鸽) may some day lead to the understanding of some physical process which is not yet known.”
Today,we know that birds can sense Earth’s magnet c field (磁场) using special light-sensitive cells in their eyes,allowing them to navigate vast distances without getting lost.Other animals,such as turtles,dogs and bees,also exhibit remarkable abilities to detect our planet’s magnetic field.
At the time of the correspondence,biological and physical sciences were beginning to intersect in new ways.Bat echolocation (回声定位) had been discovered,and radar technology was emerging.Davys,as a researcher in these fields,was attracted by unusual animal senses,such as those exhibited by bees.Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.In his letter,Einstein acknowledged his familiarity with Karl von Frisch,who had discovered that bees navigate using the polarization patterns of light.He had even attended one of Karl von Frisch’s lectures at Princeton University and met the researcher personally.
While Davys seemed primarily interested in how new biological insights could inform future technology,Einstein advocated more biological study.He believed that such research could just affect the foundation of physics if it revealed a new type of sensory perception or stimuli through animal behavior.
Since then,our understanding of bee behavior and animal perception has advanced significantly,and this knowledge has already helped improve technology,for example,smartphone cameras.However,mysteries remain regarding the precise mechanisms by which animals perceive light or sense Earth’s magnetic field,as it may vary across species.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了爱因斯坦写的一封信,信中探讨了动物超感知能力,并讨论了科学家在这一领域探索的进展及其对物理学和技术的影响。
1.What does Einstein’s letter indicate
A.Animal perception is irrelevant to physics.
B.Carrier pigeons are lacking in super senses.
C.Engineers should overlook animal behavior.
D.Birds may help discover the new physical process.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第二段可知,爱因斯坦的信表明了鸟类可能有助于发现新的物理过程,故选D项。]
2.What can we learn from paragraph 4
A.Davys found bees’ navigation mode.
B.Einstein valued the research across subjects.
C.Echolocation was discovered later than radar technology.
D.Karl von Frisch’s work was challenged at Princeton University.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据第四段“Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.”可知,爱因斯坦对跨学科研究的重视,故选B项。]
3.What was Einstein more focused on according to paragraph 5
A.The reason for animals’ super senses.
B.The difference between biology and physics.
C.The impact of biological research on physics.
D.The application of biology in future technology.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第五段可知,爱因斯坦更关注生物学研究对物理学的影响,故选C项。]
4.What does the last paragraph convey
A.Bee behavior remains a mystery.
B.More research is needed on animal perception.
C.Our knowledge about animals is comprehensive.
D.The magnetic field helps animals to locate precisely.
答案 B [段落大意题。根据最后一段可知,最后一段表达了需要对动物的感知进行更多的研究,故选B项。]
Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
It’s almost a common 1. (believe) that the best food you can find in a place is not in the fancy restaurants,2. in the backstreets.These spots are usually away from popular tourist attractions,3. means that to find them you’ll need the spirit of an explorer.
That’s how I came across roujiamo when I was exploring Beijing.I found 4. restaurant that sold dishes from Xi’an when I explored the area around my office one day.I decided to try it out.
My roujiamo 5. (make) fresh,so the bread was still warm.It was soft when I bit into it,and the meat inside was delicious.In fact,I enjoyed it so much 6. I ordered more to take home with me.Though it’s just a snack,it’s still quite filling and can 7. (easy) satisfy your appetite.
There are 8. (vary) of things you can put inside the mo,as the bread is called.For example,in certain areas in Xi’an,the meat 9. (use) is usually beef,but in Gansu Province,lamb is more common.However it’s made,it’s still a tasty snack.And for an American like me who grew up 10. (eat) hamburgers,it’s a perfect combination of East and West.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在北京探索时找到肉夹馍这一美食的经历。
1.belief [考查词性转换。不定冠词a修饰单数名词作表语,空处需填名词,故填belief。]
2.but [考查连词。not...but...为固定句型,意为“不是……而是……”。故填but。]
3.which [考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是前面的一个句子,在定语从句中作主语,需用关系代词引导。故填which。]
4.a [考查冠词。restaurant为可数名词,此处表示泛指,且restaurant发音以辅音音素开头,需用不定冠词修饰。故填a。]
5.was made [考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据was可知,此处使用一般过去时,My roujiamo和make为被动关系,需用一般过去时的被动语态。主语为My roujiamo,谓语动词应用单数形式。故填was made。]
6.that [考查状语从句。so...that...为固定句型,表示“如此……以至于……”引导结果状语从句。故填that。]
7.easily [考查词性转换。空处修饰动词satisfy,需用副词作状语修饰。故填easily。]
8.varieties [考查词性转换。varieties of为固定短语,意为“各种各样的”。故填varieties。]
9.used [考查非谓语动词。空处需用非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰名词the meat,二者为逻辑上的动宾关系,需用过去分词形式。故填used。]
10.eating [考查非谓语动词。空处需填非谓语动词作伴随状语,eat和who (指先行词me)为逻辑主谓关系,需用动词-ing形式。故填eating。](共59张PPT)
Section Ⅲ Learning About Language
语法知识过关
内
容
索
引
课时测评作业
语 法 知 识 过 关
Grammar——非限制性定语从句
一、非限制性定语从句的特点
[先感知]
①This soon caught the attention of local youths,who started learning kung fu from their Chinese neighbours.(北师必一U2)
这很快引起了当地年轻人的注意,他们开始向中国邻居学习功夫。
②I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.(外研选一U1)
我穿过一道道门进入候诊区,这里充斥着常见的厌烦和紧张情绪。
③He became famous in the 1910s,when films were silent and in black and white.(外研选一U1)
他在20世纪10年代成名,当时的电影还是无声的黑白电影。
④He was still usually on the bench,being just a replacement,which was really tough on him.(北师必一U2)
他仍旧通常“坐板凳”作为替补队员,这对他来说是真够难熬的。
[会发现] (1)句①②③④为 定语从句,从句与主句之间用 隔开。
(2)句①②③先行词是单个的 。
(3)句④先行词指代 的内容。
非限制性
逗号
名词
整个主句
[明规则]
1.非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开,是对先行词的附加说明,即使去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。
2.非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词,也可为整个句子或其中的一部分,且常译成与主句并列的句子。
小题集训 用适当的关系词填空
①Last summer, I learned the new skill of traditional Chinese painting, _________________ turned out to be a fulfilling journey.
②I recommend my friend Wang Ming, is one of the most suitable friends to take my place next week.
③A movie is being shown these days, theme is to save the Earth and protect our common home.
which
who
whose
④Many young people, most of were well－educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
⑤We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,_____________ the weather may be better.
whom
when
二、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
[先感知]
①These industries,in turn,give jobs to the local population,whose welfare depends on tourism.(译林选三 U1)
这些产业反过来又为当地居民提供了就业机会,而当地居民的福利依赖于旅游业。
②These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people,to whom Guangxi is home.(外研必一U6)
龙脊梯田是由广西当地的壮族和瑶族居民开垦的。
③More nature－centred tourist attractions,where man and nature live in harmony,can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.(译林选三U1)
更多的以自然为中心、人与自然和谐共处的旅游景点可能会受到大量游客的冲击甚至破坏。
④He became famous in the 1910s,when films were silent and in black and white.(外研选一U1)
他在20世纪10年代成名,当时的电影还是无声的黑白电影。
[会发现] (1)由句①可知,whose作定语,先行词是人时,“whose＋名词”相当于“ ”;先行词是物时,“whose＋名词”相当于“the＋名词＋of which”;
(2)由句②可知,whom作宾语;介词后用 ,不用who;
(3)由句③④可知,关系副词when、where可用“ ”代替。
the＋名词＋of whom
whom
介词＋which
[明规则]
1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有who、whom、whose、which、when、where等。
2.that、why不能引导非限制性定语从句,why可用for which代替引导非限制性定语从句。
3.关系副词when、where可用“介词＋which”代替。
4.介词后用whom,不用who。
5.非限制性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时常用关系代词which。
小题集训 补全句子
①On the 1,100－kilometer journey,the man Cao Shengkang,
,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全国甲卷)
在1 100公里的旅程中,8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹晟康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。
who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident
②Last weekend,I took part in an event held by the Students’ Union,
.
(2023·浙江1月卷)
上周末,我参加了学生会举办的一个活动,旨在教育我们更多关于日常生物学的知识。
which is aimed at educating us more about daily biology
③It is a beautiful place,
during the past ten years.
这是一个美丽的地方,其经济在过去的十年中发展迅速。
④200 participants participated in the running race with high spirits,
.
200名参赛者兴致勃勃地参加了跑步比赛,其中大部分是学生和老师。
whose economy has been developing rapidly
most of whom were students and teachers
⑤We will put off the outing until next Sunday,____________________
.
我们将会把郊游推迟到下个星期天,那时我们就不会那么忙了。
when/on which we
won’t be so busy
三、as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
[先感知]
①As we all know, the earth moves around the sun.
众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。
②The singer,as was expected, achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的,这位歌手取得了巨大的成功。
③I want to buy the house,which has a garden.
我想买这座房子,它带有一个花园。
④He was late for the meeting,which made the chairman very angry.
他开会迟到了,主席为此非常生气。
[会发现] (1)由句①②可知,as引导非限制性定语从句时,指代________ 的内容。
(2)句③中which指代 ,句④中的which指代整个主句的内容。
整个主句
the house
[明规则]
as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
as which
指代 引导从句只能指代整个主句的内容 引导从句既可指代整个主句的内容,也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引导从句只能位于主句之后
意义 正如,正像 这一点,这件事
功能 连接上下文,表述说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处等 引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句
[温馨提示] as引导非限制性定语从句时常用于以下结构:
as we all know/as is known to all众所周知;as is often the case 情况常常如此;as is hoped正如所希望的那样;as was expected/as we had expected正如所预料的那样;as has been stated above如上所述;as is mentioned正如所提及的。
小题集训 选词填空(as/which)
① is mentioned in your report, traditional Chinese medicine has shown great power in the epidemic prevention.
②There is no simple answer, is often the case in science.
③Dorothy was always showing off her clothes, ,of course,made us a little annoyed.
As
as
which
④ is known to all, Hangzhou is one of the best tourist cities in China.
⑤To introduce Chinese traditional culture,our school will hold a theme class meeting, will be exhibited on the English website.
As
which
四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
[先感知]
①I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.(外研选一U1)
我穿过一道道门进入候诊区,这里充斥着常见的厌烦和紧张情绪。
②Local festivals and customs,which may have deep meaning in a particular culture,can simply become entertainment for tourists.(译林选三U1)
当地的节日和习俗,在一个特定的文化中可能具有深刻的意义,可能只是游客的娱乐活动。
③Even though many people are trying to recycle,there is unfortunately still so much plastic waste that ends up being thrown away.(北师必一U3)
尽管许多人都在努力回收利用,但遗憾的是,仍有许多塑料垃圾最终被扔掉。
④If this works,there may come a time when the number of monarch butterflies increases once again.(外研必一U5)
如果这起作用,那么可能某个时候黑脉金斑蝶的数量会再次增加。
[会发现] 句 是非限制性定语从句;句 是限制性定语从句。
①②
③④
[明规则]
1.外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句不用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句常用逗号将其与主句隔开。
2.在句中作用不同
(1)限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体、更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
(2)非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切,只是对其做一些附加说明, 不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。在翻译该从句时,通常译为并列的分句。
3.关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中, 通常不用于非限制性定语从句中;在限制性定语从句中, 关系词作宾语时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略。
4.关系代词指代不同
限制性定语从句的关系代词一般指代一个名词或代词; 非限制性定语从句的关系代词既可指代一个名词或代词,也可以指代整个主句。
小题集训 单句语法填空
①I am writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
②There was once a town in the heart of America all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co－existence with its surroundings.
(2023·全国甲卷)
③This evening,I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst,_____________ new book The New Age of Invention has just been published.
(外研必三U3)
that/which
where
whose
④Nina recently finished her year－long series of runs in Chicago, ______________ thousands were attending a water conference.
(2023·北京卷)
⑤These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish,some of feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.(外研必一U6)
where
which
课 时 测 评 作 业
基础语境练
素能提升练
[基础语境练]
维度一 用非限制性定语从句升级下列句子(每小题2分,共10分)
1.We should pay attention to small details.This can guarantee to succeed in the end.
→_______________________________________________________________________________
2.Following the girl,we went into a hall.On its walls hung pictures of some famous scientists.
→________________________________________________________________________________________
We should pay attention to small details,which can guarantee to succeed in the end.
Following the girl,we went into a hall,on whose walls hung pictures of some famous scientists.
3.A huge amount of oil was spilled.The effects of it are still being felt.
→__________________________________________________________________
4.After that,you can go to Shanghai and you can stay there for a week.
→________________________________________________________
5.The foreign guests were warmly welcomed at the airport.Most of them were successful businessmen.
→___________________________________________________________________________________________
A huge amount of oil was spilled,the effects of which are still being felt.
After that,you can go to Shanghai,where you can stay for a week.
The foreign guests,most of whom were successful businessmen, were warmly welcomed at the airport.
维度二 单句语法填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1.The film brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
2.Tom was late for school again and again,___________ made his teacher very angry.
3.The young man had a new girl friend,__________________ he wanted to make impressions on.
when
which
whom
4.Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, a conference was to be held.
5.Mr Zhang, came to see me yesterday,is an old friend of mine.
6.The People’s Republic of China, was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.
7.She has been absent again, is expected.
where
who
which
as
8.The famous footballer,in honour a party will be held,is to arrive this afternoon.
9.The owner paid the worker for cleaning the whole building,most of _________________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least one month.
10.The old lady has two daughters,one of ________________ is working abroad.
whose
which
whom
维度三 语法与写作(每小题2分,共10分)
1.The match is due to be held this Saturday afternoon in the city’s stadium,
.(whose)
比赛定于本周六下午在市体育场举办,比赛旨在帮助我们与你的学校交流和增进友谊。
2.Let’s fix the date for our appointment, .
(when) 让我们为我们的约会定个日期,届时我们将谈论这件事。
whose aim is to help us communicate with your school
and improve our friendship
when we will discuss the matter
3.He turned out to be very successful, .
(which) 结果他很成功,这超出了我们的期望。
4.He entered a café one day 10 years ago, .
(in which)
十年前的一天他走进了一家咖啡馆,在那里他第一次遇到他的妻子。
5.The tourist was standing on the top of the building,______________
_______________________.(where)
游客站在楼顶上,在那里他能够欣赏到美丽的风景。
which was beyond our expectation
in which he first met his wife
where he could
enjoy the beautiful view
维度四 语法与语篇(每小题1.5分,共10.5分)
用适当的关系词完成语段
When Li Hua was young,he worked on an old farm,1.__________ there were few young people.He felt very lonely.He often walked near the village in his free time,hoping to talk to some villagers.One day,he came across an old man,2. used to be a brave soldier when he was young.Li Hua found the old man so interesting that he made friends with him.Once,the old man told him his experiences in
where
who
the battles,most of 3. were very interesting.Li Hua was moved by the old man’s story and he decided to write a novel.As a result,the novel attracted so many people,among 4. as a young woman. The woman,5. husband was a famous director,was touched by that novel and recommended it to her husband. 6. we all know,a clever director won’t give up an interesting story.One year later,the film,7. was adapted from that novel,became a big hit.
which
whom
whose
As
which
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
In 1949,a long-lost-letter from Albert Einstein to engineer Glyn Davys revealed the famed physicist’s thinking about the possibility of animals having super senses.Over 70 years later,his assumptions proved astonishingly accurate.
While Davys’s original inquiry has been lost,Einstein’s response suggested the engineer’s curiosity about animal perception (感知) and its implications for understanding the physical world.Einstein wrote,“It is thinkable that the investigation of the behavior of migratory birds and carrier pigeons (信鸽) may some day lead to the understanding of some physical process which is not yet known.”
Today,we know that birds can sense Earth’s magnet c field (磁场) using special light-sensitive cells in their eyes,allowing them to navigate vast distances without getting lost.Other animals,such as turtles,dogs and bees,also exhibit remarkable abilities to detect our planet’s magnetic field.
At the time of the correspondence,biological and physical sciences were beginning to intersect in new ways.Bat echolocation (回声定位) had been discovered,and radar technology was emerging. Davys,as a researcher in these fields,was attracted by unusual animal senses,such as those exhibited by bees.Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.In his letter,Einstein acknowledged his familiarity with Karl von Frisch, who had discovered that bees navigate using the polarization patterns of light.He had even attended one of Karl von Frisch’s lectures at Princeton University and met the researcher personally.
While Davys seemed primarily interested in how new biological insights could inform future technology,Einstein advocated more biological study.He believed that such research could just affect the foundation of physics if it revealed a new type of sensory perception or stimuli through animal behavior.
Since then,our understanding of bee behavior and animal perception has advanced significantly,and this knowledge has already helped improve technology,for example,smartphone cameras. However, mysteries remain regarding the precise mechanisms by which animals perceive light or sense Earth’s magnetic field,as it may vary across species.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了爱因斯坦写的一封信,信中探讨了动物超感知能力,并讨论了科学家在这一领域探索的进展及其对物理学和技术的影响。
1.What does Einstein’s letter indicate
A.Animal perception is irrelevant to physics.
B.Carrier pigeons are lacking in super senses.
C.Engineers should overlook animal behavior.
D.Birds may help discover the new physical process.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段可知,爱因斯坦的信表明了鸟类可能有助于发现新的物理过程,故选D项。
2.What can we learn from paragraph 4
A.Davys found bees’ navigation mode.
B.Einstein valued the research across subjects.
C.Echolocation was discovered later than radar technology.
D.Karl von Frisch’s work was challenged at Princeton University.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段“Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.”可知,爱因斯坦对跨学科研究的重视,故选B项。
3.What was Einstein more focused on according to paragraph 5
A.The reason for animals’ super senses.
B.The difference between biology and physics.
C.The impact of biological research on physics.
D.The application of biology in future technology.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段可知,爱因斯坦更关注生物学研究对物理学的影响,故选C项。
4.What does the last paragraph convey
A.Bee behavior remains a mystery.
B.More research is needed on animal perception.
C.Our knowledge about animals is comprehensive.
D.The magnetic field helps animals to locate precisely.
√
解析 段落大意题。根据最后一段可知,最后一段表达了需要对动物的感知进行更多的研究,故选B项。
Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
It’s almost a common 1. (believe) that the best food you can find in a place is not in the fancy restaurants,2.____________ in the backstreets.These spots are usually away from popular tourist attractions,3. means that to find them you’ll need the spirit of an explorer.
That’s how I came across roujiamo when I was exploring Beijing.I found 4. restaurant that sold dishes from Xi’an when I explored the area around my office one day.I decided to try it out.
My roujiamo 5. (make) fresh,so the bread was still warm.It was soft when I bit into it,and the meat inside was delicious. In fact,I enjoyed it so much 6. I ordered more to take home with me.Though it’s just a snack,it’s still quite filling and can 7.________________ (easy) satisfy your appetite.
There are 8. (vary) of things you can put inside the mo,as the bread is called.For example,in certain areas in Xi’an,the meat 9. (use) is usually beef,but in Gansu Province,lamb is more common.However it’s made,it’s still a tasty snack.And for an American like me who grew up 10. (eat) hamburgers,it’s a perfect combination of East and West.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在北京探索时找到肉夹馍这一美食的经历。
1.belief [考查词性转换。不定冠词a修饰单数名词作表语,空处需填名词,故填belief。]
2.but [考查连词。not...but...为固定句型,意为“不是……而是……”。故填but。]
3.which [考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是前面的一个句子,在定语从句中作主语,需用关系代词引导。故填which。]
4.a [考查冠词。restaurant为可数名词,此处表示泛指,且restaurant发音以辅音音素开头,需用不定冠词修饰。故填a。]
5.was made [考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据was可知,此处使用一般过去时,My roujiamo和make为被动关系,需用一般过去时的被动语态。主语为My roujiamo,谓语动词应用单数形式。故填was made。]
6.that [考查状语从句。so...that...为固定句型,表示“如此……以至于……”引导结果状语从句。故填that。]
7.easily [考查词性转换。空处修饰动词satisfy,需用副词作状语修饰。故填easily。]
8.varieties [考查词性转换。varieties of为固定短语,意为“各种各样的”。故填varieties。]
9.used [考查非谓语动词。空处需用非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰名词the meat,二者为逻辑上的动宾关系,需用过去分词形式。故填used。]
10.eating [考查非谓语动词。空处需填非谓语动词作伴随状语,eat和who (指先行词me)为逻辑主谓关系,需用动词-ing形式。故填eating。]
Thanks！
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