UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
大观念之单元话题:本单元主要讲述了医生约翰·斯诺控制霍乱传播的故事,并介绍了我国著名科学家钱学森和英国著名科学家史蒂芬·霍金的事迹及他们身上体现出的科学精神。我们要学习科学家勇于探索、认真钻研的精神,树立敢于开拓创新、坚持不懈、不断进取的观念,思考科学与生活及社会进步的关系。
①allergic / l d k/ adj.过敏的
②radiation / re di e n/ n.辐射
③sample / sɑ mp( )l/ n.样品
④transform /tr ns f m/ vt.& vi.转换
⑤be exposed to暴露于
类文悦读·情境导学
“救命针”到了太空竟变“毒针” 加拿大一群学生实验发现惊人结果。
Student scientists study EpiPens in space
A school science project by a group of students in Canada has led to an important discovery:EpiPens,which help control severe allergic① reactions,might not work in space.
An EpiPen is a shot that puts a medicine called “epinephrine (肾上腺素)” straight into a person’s body with a needle.Epinephrine calms the allergic reaction so the person can breathe.
But students in the Program for Gifted Learners had a question about EpiPens:Would they work in space They knew that on Earth,radiation② from the sun can change the molecules (分子) of the epinephrine in an EpiPen.They wondered if the same thing would happen when epinephrine was exposed to⑤ radiation in space.So they designed an experiment to test their idea.They wanted to send samples③ of the liquid in an EpiPen,as well as pure epinephrine,into space to see if anything changed.
Working with a group called iEDU,which offers a program called Cubes in Space,the students sent two cubes into space—one on a rocket and the other on a balloon.Each cube held a small bottle of pure epinephrine and a small bottle of EpiPen liquid.
After the cubes returned to Earth,the students tested the liquids in the bottles once more.The results suggested that they had discovered something big.The bottles that held the EpiPen liquid now had no epinephrine at all.The results from the bottles of pure epinephrine were even more surprising.Only 87% of the liquid was still epinephrine.The other 13% had transformed④ into poisonous chemicals.
The discovery the students made is a big deal.It suggests that EpiPens might not work in space,and might even become dangerous.That’s important information for astronauts with allergies.It is hoped that the experiment will be repeated a second time to check the results.
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking—Comprehending
Step One:Pre-reading
According to the title and the pictures,predict what this passage is mainly talking about.
John Snow did some research and helped to solve “King Cholera”.
Step Two:While-reading
阅读策略——Ask questions
深度学习语篇的方法多种多样,如做批注、记笔记、画思维导图、写读后反思等。边阅读边提问也是一种有效的方法,它能帮助读者掌握语篇内容,深化对语篇主题的理解。那么,读者该如何进行有效提问呢 我们以JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”为例进行说明。
初读语篇时,读者不妨从大处着手,针对语篇的标题进行提问,如:Who is John Snow What is cholera Why is it called “King Cholera” 其次,读者可以针对插图进行提问,如:Why did Snow draw a cholera map What could be found from the map 再者,读者也要兼顾内容细节,可针对语篇内容进行提问,如:How did Snow defeat “King Cholera” 在寻找这个问题的答案时,语篇的篇章结构便会浮现在眼前。读者还可以由此总结科学实验类文本的结构特征,针对语篇结构进行提问,如:What’s the process of scientific research 这样,读者就能够由表及里,逐步推进所提问题的深度。
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
A.How John Snow found the cause of cholera and defeated it.
B.The cause of cholera was polluted water.
C.The source of all drinking water should be examined.
D.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
答案 A
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1 A.John Snow began his study by marking on a map.
Para.2 B.John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
Para.3 C.John Snow’s contributions.
Para.4 D.John Snow desired to defeat cholera.
Para.5 E.The truth of the infection of cholera.
答案 Para.1 D Para.2 B Para.3 A Para.4 E
Para.5 C
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
Read the passage again and fill in the blanks.
Ⅲ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What did Snow decide to do after knowing millions of people died from cholera
A.Become a medical worker.
B.Find the cause and defeat it.
C.Set up modern epidemiology.
D.Develop a new theory to explain how it spread.
2.What was the first step of Snow’s investigation
A.He removed the handle of the pump.
B.He paid a visit to those who got cholera.
C.He marked the exact places of the deaths on a map.
D.He found a link between cholera and polluted water.
3.Why were there no deaths in some households
A.They boiled water before drinking.
B.They did not drink the water from the pump.
C.They later moved away from the water pump.
D.They preferred free water provided by their workplace.
4.Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology
A.He changed the way scientists study diseases.
B.He pushed water companies to sell clean water.
C.He cracked a key problem in epidemiological research.
D.He destroyed cholera once and for all through his efforts.
答案 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A
Step Three:Post-reading
Ⅰ.难句解构
1.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
学会断句:主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places;where引导定语从句,修饰先行词the exact places;who引导定语从句,修饰先行词those。
尝试翻译:斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
学会断句:本句中so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”,that引导结果状语从句。had it delivered为“have+宾语+过去分词”结构,意为“让某事被做”。
尝试翻译:这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。
Ⅱ.翻转课堂(课文语法填空)
Fill in the following blanks according to the passage.
Cholera was one of the most feared 1.diseases (disease) in the past.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.John Snow,2.a famous doctor,was determined 3.to destroy (destroy) cholera once and for all.
There were two theories about cholera at that time.One was 4.that bad air caused the disease and the other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed 5.to the second theory.He began to investigate,6.marking (mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died 7.had lived (live).As a result,he found multiple deaths in one place while there were no deaths in another place.8.Eventually (eventual),he found the evidence for the second theory.He succeeded in 9.stopping (stop) the disease spreading.
Snow transformed the way of studying diseases,and therefore he 10.is considered (consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
[原文呈现]
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①”
Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome[1].This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④,dehydration⑤,and even death.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe,millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated⑧ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[2].In time⑨,he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth .However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all .
[1]此处是until引导的时间状语从句,其中“how it could be overcome”是how引导的宾语从句。
[2]此处是because引导的原因状语从句,其中“how to prevent or treat cholera”是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作knew的宾语。
In general ,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread[3].One theory was that bad air caused the disease[4].The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof .Consequently ,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854[5],Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.
[3]此处是how引导的宾语从句。
[4]此处是that引导的表语从句,that在从句中不作成分。
[5]此处是when引导的时间状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame [6].What is more,in another part of London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs[7].Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used[8].Through this intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks.
[6]此处是that引导的宾语从句。be to blame意为“负有责任”,动词不定式to blame用主动形式表示被动含义。
[7]此处是that引导的宾语从句。
[8]本句含有“have sth done”结构,意为“让/请某人做某事、使某事被做”;so that引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[9].Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste[10].The people who drank this water[11] were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water[12].
[9]此处是that引导的表语从句。
[10]此处是that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the River Thames。
[11]此处是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词people。
[12]此处是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词those。
Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera[13],thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[14].For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
[13]此处是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构,作know的宾语。
[14]此处是省略了引导词that/in which的定语从句,修饰先行词the way。
[名师圈点]
①cholera / k l r / n.霍乱
②used to do sth过去常常做某事
③severe /sI vI (r)/ adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的
severely adv.严重地;严格地;严厉地
④diarrhoea / daI rI / n.腹泻
⑤dehydration / di haI dreI n/ n.脱水
⑥outbreak n.爆发;突然发生
⑦hit v.攻击;进攻;袭击
⑧frustrated /fr streItId/ adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的
feel frustrated感到沮丧
frustration n.挫折
⑨in time 最后;迟早
⑩rise v.变得更加成功(或重要、强大等)
attend to照料,照顾
give birth (to) 分娩,生育
once and for all最终地;彻底地
in general通常;一般而言
contradictory / k ntr dIkt ri/ adj.相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的
be contradictory to与……相矛盾
contradict v.相抵触,相矛盾;反驳
infection /In fek n/ n.感染;传染
germ /d m/ n.微生物;细菌;病菌
subscribe to同意;赞同
subscribe /s b skraIb/ vi.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费)
proof /pru f/ n.证据;证明;检验
prove v.证明;证明是
consequently adv.因此,所以
investigate v.调查;研究
particular adj.特定的;特别的
be determined to do sth决心做某事
multiple / m ltIpl/ adj.数量多的;多种多样的
multiply v.乘以;迅速增加;繁殖
water pump水泵
pump /p mp/ n.泵;抽水机;打气筒
household / ha sh ld/ n.一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect /s spekt/ vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任
/ s spekt/ n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
suspect sb of (doing) sth怀疑某人(做过)某事
blame /bleIm/ vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
be to blame for对……应负责任
what is more更重要的是;而且
as a result of由于(后跟原因)
as a result结果(后跟结果)
accordingly adv.因此;相应地
handle / h ndl/ n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
intervention / Int ven n/ n.介入;出面;干涉
infect /In fekt/ vt.使感染;传染
infectious adj.传染性的;感染的(尤指通过呼吸)
link /lI k/ n.联系;纽带vt.把……连接起来;相关联
a link between...and... ……与……之间的联系
be linked to... 与……连接;与……有关联,与……有联系
raw /r / adj.未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的
raw material原材料
be likely to do sth有可能做某事
pure /pj (r)/ adj.干净的;纯的;纯粹的
pure water纯净水
tireless adj.不知疲倦的
substantial /s b st n l/ adj.大量的;价值巨大的;重大的
decrease / di kri s/ n.减少;降低;减少量
/dI kri s/ vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
on the decrease正在减少,在降低
thanks to幸亏;由于
statistic /st tIstIk/ n.[pl.-s]统计数字;统计资料;统计学
transform /tr ns f m/ vt.使改观;使改变形态 vi.改变;转变
transform...into...使……转变成……
epidemiology / epI di mi l d i/ n.流行病学
[参考译文] 约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前,霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种疾病可以导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初,当霍乱爆发,肆虐欧洲时,数百万人死于这种疾病。由于无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱,年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到沮丧。后来,他成为一位名医,甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而,他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
关于霍乱的蔓延方式,当时的医生通常有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发的这种疾病,另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的,但他仍需要证据。因此,1854年伦敦爆发霍乱时,斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上爆发得非常严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)。然而有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。酒吧为他们提供免费的啤酒,因此他们没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外,在伦敦的另一个区域,一名妇女和她的女儿搬离宽街后死于霍乱。这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。因为这个证据,
约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是,他让人拆掉了水泵的把手,这样水泵就不能用了。通过这一干预,疾病的蔓延得以遏制。
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外,斯诺之后还证实了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比,饮用这种水的人更有可能感染霍乱。
经过斯诺的不懈努力,供水公司开始销售洁净的水,世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。然而,霍乱仍是一个问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱,并且许多人因此丧生。幸运的是,由于约翰·斯诺的努力,我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外,通过使用地图和数据,斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。出于这个原因,斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共30分)
A
Dr.Joseph Dituri,who is 55 and known as“Dr.Deep Sea”,has just finished an amazing adventure.For 100 days,the University of South Florida scientist lived in a small room underwater.He set a new world record,beating the old record of 73 days.
The farther you go below the ocean’s surface,the greater the pressure.The mission,known as Project Neptune 100,was a scientific attempt to study the effects of living in a high-pressure environment for a sustained period.In his undersea room,Dr.Dituri was living with pressure that was about 66% greater than the pressure on the surface.He believed that high pressure could help people live longer and stay healthier as they get older and that it could also help doctors treat different medical problems,including brain injuries.
Actually,Dr.Dituri went through several big changes.For one thing,he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea.He was also able to sleep much better.His physical conditions greatly improved in a couple of other ways,too.
While he was living underwater,Dr.Dituri stayed busy.He used the project as an educational experience for the youth.“I have communicated with thousands of young people to get them interested in science,technology,engineering and math,”he said.He had online chats with over 5,500 students from 15 different countries.Meanwhile,he kept teaching his college classes and worked with other marine (海洋的) experts to figure out ways to protect and take care of the ocean.
Dr.Dituri said his favorite part of the project was talking with young people.“If we can get people excited about science,that would be a great success to me!”he said.“Maybe one day,one of them will come back and break the record I just set.My greatest hope is that I can inspire a new generation of researchers to push back the boundaries.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了被称为“深海博士”的Dituri博士在水下生活100 天,打破了别人在水下生活73天的世界纪录。
1.Why did Dr.Dituri have the adventure
A.To beat the previous world record.
B.To research the underwater life better.
C.To draw attention to a healthy lifestyle.
D.To learn human bodies’ response to high pressure.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The mission,known as...for a sustained period.”可知,这次任务是一项科学尝试,旨在研究长期生活在高压环境下的影响。再结合下文中的“He believed that high pressure...including brain injuries.”可知,他认为,随着年龄的增长,高压可以帮助人们活得更长久、更健康,还可以帮助医生治疗各种医疗问题,包括脑损伤。由此可推知,Dituri博士进行这次水下冒险是为了研究人体对高压的反应。故选D。]
2.What happened to Dr.Dituri
A.He suffered from sleep problems.
B.His height changed slightly.
C.He was forced to live a busy life.
D.His state of health stabilized.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea”可知,在高压的海底生活期间,他的身高缩短了1.3厘米。故选B。]
3.What does Dr.Dituri want to inspire young people to do through the project
A.Address scientific boundaries.
B.Protect the ocean actively.
C.Develop enthusiasm for science.
D.Challenge themselves bravely.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“He used the project as an educational experience for the youth.‘I have communicated...interested in science,technology,engineering and math,’”及最后一段中的“Dr.Dituri said...‘If we can get people excited about science,that would be a great success to me!’”可知,Dituri博士喜欢与年轻人进行交流,希望激发他们对科学的热情。故选C。]
4.How can we describe Dr.Dituri
A.He is high-powered and caring.
B.He is committed and optimistic.
C.He is open-minded and insightful.
D.He is determined and heartening.
答案 D [推理判断题。Dituri博士在水下生活100天,打破了别人在水下生活73天的世界纪录,由此可以推测出Dituri博士是一个意志坚定的人;最后两段提到了Dituri博士与来自15个不同国家的超过5 500名年轻人进行互动并激励他们对科学的热情,由此可以推测出Dituri博士是一个能鼓舞别人的人。故选D。]
B
They say procrastination (拖延) is the thief of time—actually deadlines are.New research has found that if you want someone to help you out with something,it is best not to set a deadline at all.But if you do set a deadline,make it short.
Professor Stephen Knowles tested the effect of deadline length on task completion for their research.Participants were invited to complete an online survey concerning a charity donation.They were given either one week,one month,or no deadline to respond.Professor Knowles says although the topic of the survey was about charity,the results are true of any situation where someone asks another person for help.
The study found responses to the survey were lowest for the one-month deadline and highest when no deadline was specified (明确规定).No deadline and the one-week deadline led to many early responses,while a long deadline appeared to give people permission to procrastinate.Professor Knowles wasn’t surprised to find that specifying a shorter deadline increased the chances of receiving a response compared to a longer deadline.However,he did find it interesting that they received the most responses when no deadline was specified.
“We interpret this as evidence that specifying a longer deadline,as opposed to a short deadline or no deadline at all,removes the urgency to act,”he says.“People therefore put off undertaking the task,and since they are inattentive or forget,postponing it results in lower response rates.”
He says of the research that it is possible that not specifying a deadline might still have led participants to assume that there is an unspoken deadline.Professor Knowles hopes his research can help reduce the amount of procrastinating people do.“Many people procrastinate.They have the best intentions of helping someone out,but just do not get around to doing it.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要阐述了Stephen Knowles教授及其团队的研究发现,该研究主要关注的是截止期限对拖延的影响。
5.Why did Professor Knowles do the research
A.To study the role a deadline plays in procrastination.
B.To find out whether people are interested in charity.
C.To attract public attention to the effects of procrastination.
D.To test the effects of procrastination on task completion.
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Professor Stephen Knowles...for their research.”可知,Stephen Knowles教授为他们的研究测试了截止期限长短对任务完成的影响,由此可推知,Knowles教授的研究是为了研究截止期限在拖延中所起的作用,故选A项。]
6.What most likely leads to procrastination
A.No deadlines.
B.Short deadlines.
C.Specific deadlines.
D.Long deadlines.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The study found responses...permission to procrastinate.”可知,截止期限越长,拖延越严重。故选D项。]
7.Why do people procrastinate when given a long deadline
A.They oppose the deadline.
B.They are unwilling to act.
C.They lack a sense of urgency.
D.They are too busy to remember.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“We interpret this as evidence...removes the urgency to act”可知,研究发现,与短的截止日期或根本没有截止日期截然相反,指定更长的截止日期会消除采取行动的紧迫性。由此可推断,设定长的截止日期使人们缺乏紧迫感,从而造成拖延,故选C项。]
8.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Procrastination—the Thief of Time
B.Procrastination—an Urgent Problem to Solve
C.Deadline—a Result of Procrastination
D.Deadline—the Key to Reducing Procrastination
答案 D [标题归纳题。通读全文内容,特别是第一段中的“New research has found...make it short.”可知,文章主要介绍了Stephen Knowles教授及其团队的研究发现,该研究主要关注的是设定截止期限的长短对拖延的影响,故选D项。]
C
A recent article published by the science journal Nature Neuroscience says that excessive (过度的) light exposure at night leads to symptoms of depression in mice.
Health experts have long suggested that exposure to light during nighttime may lead to depression in humans,but now Chinese scientists have verified that this happens to mice.
Scientists from the University of Science and Technology of China,based in Hefei,Anhui Province,found that the effect was partly controlled by a neural pathway that carries signals from the eyes to a specific region of brain.Blocking the pathway could prevent the effect,the paper said.
In their experiments,the scientists exposed dozens of mice to blue light from 9 pm to 11 pm.Blue light was chosen because neurons are most sensitive to it,according to An Kai,the lead author of the paper,which was published in the science journal Nature Neuroscience.
“To our surprise,the effect was very obvious in mice,” said An.“The exposure resulted in more than 70 percent of the subject mice exhibiting depressive symptoms,which was shown by two classical tests.”
The mice exhibited decreased mobility in the forced swimming test and decreased preference in the sugar preference test.
An said researchers finally hope to verify the mechanism in humans,but further experiments are required.
Mice are more active at night than in the daytime,which is contrary to humans.
“For the next stage of research,we will move on to other animals whose biological rhythms are closer to humans,” An said.
Exposure to excessive light at nighttime,either from lights or the use of electronic devices such as mobile phones or personal computers before bedtime,has been associated with a greater risk of depression,the paper noted.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个经中国科学家实验证实的现象:老鼠在夜间过度地暴露在光亮中会变得抑郁。科学家们未来准备对其他与人类生物钟类似的动物进行研究,同时也建议人们晚上少使用电子设备。
9.What has the research found
A.Humans are depressed when they’re exposed to light at night.
B.Much exposure to light at night makes mice depressed.
C.Mice are more sensitive to light at night than humans.
D.It’s harmful to be exposed to blue light at night.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知,该研究发现老鼠夜间过度暴露在光亮中会变得抑郁,故选B项。]
10.What does the underlined word “verified” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Proved. B.Hoped.
C.Remembered. D.Guessed.
答案 A [词义猜测题。前文提到一些健康专家提出夜间过度暴露在光亮中可能使人抑郁,又由第一段可知,这种现象在老鼠身上也存在,此处是指中国科学家证实了这一点。由此推断verify意为“证实”,而prove意为“证明”,符合题意,故选A项。]
11.Which of the following was a result caused by the exposure to blue light at night
A.The mobility of the mice in swimming improved.
B.The mice became more sensitive to blue light.
C.The mice showed less interest in sugar.
D.The mice no longer liked swimming.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第六段的内容可知,经过蓝光照射后,老鼠在糖偏好实验中对糖的兴趣有所减弱,故选C项。]
12.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.It’s less harmful to be exposed to light from the sky.
B.We should never use personal computers before bedtime.
C.It’s necessary not to use mobile phones too much at night.
D.Depression can be avoided if we don’t use electronic devices at night.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,不管是灯光还是电子设备的光,夜间过度暴露在光亮中都会增加抑郁的风险,由此推断我们应该减少夜间对电子设备的使用,故选C项。]
Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分)
Life is filled with numerous victories and downfalls. 1 Here’s how you can create a new chapter in your life.
Draw a Line Mentally
Life is going to throw a lot of problems,so you need to be mentally prepared for each and every situation. 2 In order to be better than before,you need to leave that guilt and shame in the past and emerge as someone new.The secret here is to never stop trying.Once you stop trying,you are already defeated.
Learn from Others
It is an effective approach to find people that have gone through the same trials as you have. 3 They can assist you better since they know the hardships.Always seek out people who are truly free of their issues,as they will be able to help you genuinely.
Do What Actually Works
4 Don’t follow the path to anger and destroy what is good for you.Actively engaging in battles and struggles can be challenging,but being stuck in pain and self-resentment will be even harder.
Picture your goals in your mind and take sensible steps towards them with each passing day. 5 Let nothing stand in your way.
A.What truly matters is how you react to them.
B.You can learn from their experiences and successes.
C.Live in reality and make wise choices for yourself.
D.Find those who have successfully overcome similar challenges.
E.In such situations,drawing a mental line can be helpful.
F.Nothing should prevent you from achieving your dreams and goals.
G.It is essential to stay positive and focused on what brings you joy.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。面对生活中的起伏,关键在于你如何反应。从他人经验中学习,找到克服类似挑战的人,以积极的态度朝着目标迈出合理步伐,不被任何事物阻挡。
1.A [上文提到“Life is filled with numerous victories and downfalls.”可知,生活充满了胜利和失败。接下来的内容应该强调如何对待这些情况。选项A“你如何对待它们才是真正重要的”符合逻辑。故选A。]
2.E [本段标题为“Draw a Line Mentally”,强调在面对生活中的问题时,要在心理上有所准备。选项E中的“drawing a mental line”与标题相呼应,且内容“在这种情况下,在脑海中画一条线是有帮助的”也符合前文描述的场景。故选E。]
3.B [从上文 “It is an effective approach to find people that have gone through the same trials as you have.”可知,从他人身上学习是一个有效的方法,因为他人已经经历过类似的考验,了解其中的困难。选项B“你可以从他们的经验和成功中学习”直接体现了这一思想。故选B。]
4.C [本段标题为“Do What Actually Works”,强调要活在现实中,做出明智的选择。选项C中的“Live in reality and make wise choices for yourself”直接对应了标题和后文段落内容。故选C。]
5.F [上文 “Picture your goals in your mind and take sensible steps towards them with each passing day.”强调要在心中描绘目标,并朝着它们迈出明智的步伐,不被任何事物阻挡。选项F“没有什么能阻止你实现你的梦想和目标”与这一意思相符,强调了实现目标的决心和信心。故选F。](共90张PPT)
主题语境:人与社会——科学技术与科学精神
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
大观念之单元话题:本单元主要讲述了医生约翰·斯诺控制霍乱传播的故事,并介绍了我国著名科学家钱学森和英国著名科学家史蒂芬·霍金的事迹及他们身上体现出的科学精神。我们要学习科学家勇于探索、认真钻研的精神,树立敢于开拓创新、坚持不懈、不断进取的观念,思考科学与生活及社会进步的关系。
①allergic / l d k/ adj.过敏的
②radiation / re di e n/ n.辐射
③sample / sɑ mp( )l/ n.样品
④transform /tr ns f m/ vt.& vi.转换
⑤be exposed to暴露于
类文悦读·情境导学
“救命针”到了太空竟变“毒针” 加拿大一群学生实验发现惊人结果。
Student scientists study EpiPens in space
A school science project by a group of students in Canada has led to an important discovery:EpiPens,which help control severe allergic① reactions,might not work in space.
An EpiPen is a shot that puts a medicine called “epinephrine (肾上腺素)” straight into a person’s body with a needle.Epinephrine calms the allergic reaction so the person can breathe.
But students in the Program for Gifted Learners had a question about EpiPens:Would they work in space They knew that on Earth,radiation② from the sun can change the molecules (分子) of the epinephrine in an EpiPen.They wondered if the same thing would happen when epinephrine was exposed to⑤ radiation in space.So they designed an experiment to test their idea.They wanted to send samples③ of the liquid in an EpiPen,as well as pure epinephrine,into space to see if anything changed.
Working with a group called iEDU,which offers a program called Cubes in Space,the students sent two cubes into space—one on a rocket and the other on a balloon.Each cube held a small bottle of pure epinephrine and a small bottle of EpiPen liquid.
After the cubes returned to Earth,the students tested the liquids in the bottles once more.The results suggested that they had discovered something big.The bottles that held the EpiPen liquid now had no epinephrine at all.The results from the bottles of pure epinephrine were even more surprising.Only 87% of the liquid was still epinephrine.The other 13% had transformed④ into poisonous chemicals.
The discovery the students made is a big deal.It suggests that EpiPens might not work in space,and might even become dangerous.That’s important information for astronauts with allergies.It is hoped that the experiment will be repeated a second time to check the results.
文本整体理解
内
容
索
引
语篇助解释疑
课时测评作业
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking—Comprehending
文 本 整 体 理 解
Step One:Pre-reading
According to the title and the pictures,predict what this passage is mainly talking about.
John Snow did some research and helped to solve “King Cholera”.
Step Two:While-reading
阅读策略——Ask questions
深度学习语篇的方法多种多样,如做批注、记笔记、画思维导图、写读后反思等。边阅读边提问也是一种有效的方法,它能帮助读者掌握语篇内容,深化对语篇主题的理解。那么,读者该如何进行有效提问呢 我们以JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”为例进行说明。
初读语篇时,读者不妨从大处着手,针对语篇的标题进行提问,如:Who is John Snow What is cholera Why is it called “King Cholera” 其次,读者可以针对插图进行提问,如:Why did Snow draw a cholera map What could be found from the map 再者,读者也要兼顾内容细节,可针对语篇内容进行提问,如:How did Snow defeat “King Cholera” 在寻找这个问题的答案时,语篇的篇章结构便会浮现在眼前。读者还可以由此总结科学实验类文本的结构特征,针对语篇结构进行提问,如:What’s the process of scientific research 这样,读者就能够由表及里,逐步推进所提问题的深度。
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
A.How John Snow found the cause of cholera and defeated it.
B.The cause of cholera was polluted water.
C.The source of all drinking water should be examined.
D.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
√
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1 A.John Snow began his study by marking on a map.
Para.2 B.John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
Para.3 C.John Snow’s contributions.
Para.4 D.John Snow desired to defeat cholera.
Para.5 E.The truth of the infection of cholera.
答案 Para.1 D Para.2 B Para.3 A Para.4 E Para.5 C
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
Read the passage again and fill in the blanks.
deadly
cause
outbreak
marked
research
clean
defeated
Ⅲ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What did Snow decide to do after knowing millions of people died from cholera
A.Become a medical worker.
B.Find the cause and defeat it.
C.Set up modern epidemiology.
D.Develop a new theory to explain how it spread.
√
2.What was the first step of Snow’s investigation
A.He removed the handle of the pump.
B.He paid a visit to those who got cholera.
C.He marked the exact places of the deaths on a map.
D.He found a link between cholera and polluted water.
√
3.Why were there no deaths in some households
A.They boiled water before drinking.
B.They did not drink the water from the pump.
C.They later moved away from the water pump.
D.They preferred free water provided by their workplace.
√
4.Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology
A.He changed the way scientists study diseases.
B.He pushed water companies to sell clean water.
C.He cracked a key problem in epidemiological research.
D.He destroyed cholera once and for all through his efforts.
√
Step Three:Post-reading
Ⅰ.难句解构
1.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
学会断句:主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places; where引导 从句,修饰先行词 ;who引导 从句,修饰先行词 。
尝试翻译:
定语
the exact places
定语
those
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
学会断句:本句中 意为“如此……以至于……”,that引导 从句。had it delivered为“have+宾语+过去分词”结构,意为“让某事被做”。
尝试翻译:
so...that...
结果状语
这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。
Ⅱ.翻转课堂(课文语法填空)
Fill in the following blanks according to the passage.
Cholera was one of the most feared 1. (disease) in the past.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.John Snow,
2. famous doctor,was determined 3._____________
(destroy) cholera once and for all.
diseases
a
to destroy
There were two theories about cholera at that time.One was
4. bad air caused the disease and the other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed 5. the second theory.He began to investigate, 6. (mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died 7. (live).As a result,he found multiple deaths in one place while there were no deaths in another place.8.___________
(eventual),he found the evidence for the second theory.He succeeded in 9. (stop) the disease spreading.
that
to
marking
had lived
Eventually
stopping
Snow transformed the way of studying diseases,and therefore he 10. (consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
is considered
语 篇 助 解 释 疑
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①”
Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome[1]. This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④,dehydration⑤,and even death. In the early 19th century,when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe, millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated⑧ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[2].In time⑨,he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth .However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all .
[原文呈现]
[1]此处是until引导的时间状语从句,其中“how it could be overcome”是how引导的宾语从句。
[2]此处是because引导的原因状语从句,其中“how to prevent or treat cholera”是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作knew的宾语。
In general ,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread[3].One theory was that bad air caused the disease[4].The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof .Consequently ,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854[5],Snow began to investigate .He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.
[3]此处是how引导的宾语从句。
[4]此处是that引导的表语从句,that在从句中不作成分。
[5]此处是when引导的时间状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame [6].What is more ,in another part of
London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs[7].Accordingly ,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used[8]. Through this intervention ,the disease was stopped in its tracks.
[6]此处是that引导的宾语从句。be to blame意为“负有责任”,动词不定式to blame用主动形式表示被动含义。
[7]此处是that引导的宾语从句。
[8]本句含有“have sth done”结构,意为“让/请某人做某事、使某事被做”;so that引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[9].Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste[10].The people who drank this water[11] were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water[12].
[9]此处是that引导的表语从句。
[10]此处是that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the River Thames。
[11]此处是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词people。
[12]此处是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词those。
Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease .However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera[13],thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics ,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[14]. For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology .
[13]此处是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构,作know的宾语。
[14]此处是省略了引导词that/in which的定语从句,修饰先行词the way。
[名师圈点]
①cholera / k l r / n.霍乱
②used to do sth过去常常做某事
③severe /sI vI (r)/ adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的
severely adv.严重地;严格地;严厉地
④diarrhoea / daI rI / n.腹泻
⑤dehydration / di haI dreI n/ n.脱水
⑥outbreak n.爆发;突然发生
⑦hit v.攻击;进攻;袭击
⑧frustrated /fr streItId/ adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的
feel frustrated感到沮丧
frustration n.挫折
⑨in time 最后;迟早
⑩rise v.变得更加成功(或重要、强大等)
attend to照料,照顾
give birth (to) 分娩,生育
once and for all最终地;彻底地
in general通常;一般而言
contradictory / k ntr dIkt ri/ adj.相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的
be contradictory to与……相矛盾
contradict v.相抵触,相矛盾;反驳
infection /In fek n/ n.感染;传染
germ /d m/ n.微生物;细菌;病菌
subscribe to同意;赞同
subscribe /s b skraIb/ vi.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费)
proof /pru f/ n.证据;证明;检验
prove v.证明;证明是
consequently adv.因此,所以
investigate v.调查;研究
particular adj.特定的;特别的
be determined to do sth决心做某事
multiple / m ltIpl/ adj.数量多的;多种多样的
multiply v.乘以;迅速增加;繁殖
water pump水泵
pump /p mp/ n.泵;抽水机;打气筒
household / ha sh ld/ n.一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect /s spekt/ vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任
/ s spekt/ n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
suspect sb of (doing) sth怀疑某人(做过)某事
blame /bleIm/ vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
be to blame for对……应负责任
what is more更重要的是;而且
as a result of由于(后跟原因)
as a result结果(后跟结果)
accordingly adv.因此;相应地
handle / h ndl/ n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
intervention / Int ven n/ n.介入;出面;干涉
infect /In fekt/ vt.使感染;传染
infectious adj.传染性的;感染的(尤指通过呼吸)
link /lI k/ n.联系;纽带vt.把……连接起来;相关联
a link between...and... ……与……之间的联系
be linked to... 与……连接;与……有关联,与……有联系
raw /r / adj.未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的
raw material原材料
be likely to do sth有可能做某事
pure /pj (r)/ adj.干净的;纯的;纯粹的
pure water纯净水
tireless adj.不知疲倦的
substantial /s b st n l/ adj.大量的;价值巨大的;重大的
decrease / di kri s/ n.减少;降低;减少量
/dI kri s/ vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
on the decrease正在减少,在降低
thanks to幸亏;由于
statistic /st tIstIk/ n.[pl.-s]统计数字;统计资料;统计学
transform /tr ns f m/ vt.使改观;使改变形态 vi.改变;转变
transform...into...使……转变成……
epidemiology / epI di mi l d i/ n.流行病学
[参考译文]
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前,霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种疾病可以导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初,当霍乱爆发,肆虐欧洲时,数百万人死于这种疾病。由于无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱,年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到沮丧。后来,他成为一位名医,甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而,他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
关于霍乱的蔓延方式,当时的医生通常有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发的这种疾病,另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的,但他仍需要证据。因此,1854年伦敦爆发霍乱时,斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上爆发得非常严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)。然而有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。酒吧为他们提供免费的啤酒,因此他们没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外,在伦敦的另一个区域,一名妇女和她的女儿搬离宽街后死于霍乱。这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。因为这个证据,约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是,他让人拆掉了水泵的把手,这样水泵就不能用了。通过这一干预,疾病的蔓延得以遏制。
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外,斯诺之后还证实了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比,饮用这种水的人更有可能感染霍乱。
经过斯诺的不懈努力,供水公司开始销售洁净的水,世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。然而,霍乱仍是一个问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱,并且许多人因此丧生。幸运的是,由于约翰·斯诺的努力,我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外,通过使用地图和数据,斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。出于这个原因,斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
课 时 测 评 作 业
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共30分)
A
Dr.Joseph Dituri,who is 55 and known as“Dr.Deep Sea”,has just finished an amazing adventure.For 100 days,the University of South Florida scientist lived in a small room underwater.He set a new world record,beating the old record of 73 days.
The farther you go below the ocean’s surface,the greater the pressure.The mission,known as Project Neptune 100,was a scientific attempt to study the effects of living in a high-pressure environment for a sustained period.In his undersea room,Dr.Dituri was living with pressure that was about 66% greater than the pressure on the surface.He believed that high pressure could help people live longer and stay healthier as they get older and that it could also help doctors treat different medical problems,including brain injuries.
Actually,Dr.Dituri went through several big changes.For one thing,he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea.He was also able to sleep much better.His physical conditions greatly improved in a couple of other ways,too.
While he was living underwater,Dr.Dituri stayed busy.He used the project as an educational experience for the youth.“I have communicated with thousands of young people to get them interested in science,technology,engineering and math,”he said.He had online chats with over 5,500 students from 15 different countries.Meanwhile, he kept teaching his college classes and worked with other marine (海洋的) experts to figure out ways to protect and take care of the ocean.
Dr.Dituri said his favorite part of the project was talking with young people.“If we can get people excited about science,that would be a great success to me!”he said.“Maybe one day,one of them will come back and break the record I just set.My greatest hope is that I can inspire a new generation of researchers to push back the boundaries.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了被称为“深海博士”的Dituri博士在水下生活100 天,打破了别人在水下生活73天的世界纪录。
1.Why did Dr.Dituri have the adventure
A.To beat the previous world record.
B.To research the underwater life better.
C.To draw attention to a healthy lifestyle.
D.To learn human bodies’ response to high pressure.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The mission,known as...for a sustained period.”可知,这次任务是一项科学尝试,旨在研究长期生活在高压环境下的影响。再结合下文中的“He believed that high pressure...including brain injuries.”可知,他认为,随着年龄的增长,高压可以帮助人们活得更长久、更健康,还可以帮助医生治疗各种医疗问题,包括脑损伤。由此可推知,Dituri博士进行这次水下冒险是为了研究人体对高压的反应。故选D。
2.What happened to Dr.Dituri
A.He suffered from sleep problems.
B.His height changed slightly.
C.He was forced to live a busy life.
D.His state of health stabilized.
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea”可知,在高压的海底生活期间,他的身高缩短了1.3厘米。故选B。
√
3.What does Dr.Dituri want to inspire young people to do through the project
A.Address scientific boundaries.
B.Protect the ocean actively.
C.Develop enthusiasm for science.
D.Challenge themselves bravely.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“He used the project as an educational experience for the youth.‘I have communicated... interested in science,technology,engineering and math,’”及最后一段中的“Dr.Dituri said...‘If we can get people excited about science,that would be a great success to me!’”可知,Dituri博士喜欢与年轻人进行交流,希望激发他们对科学的热情。故选C。
4.How can we describe Dr.Dituri
A.He is high-powered and caring.
B.He is committed and optimistic.
C.He is open-minded and insightful.
D.He is determined and heartening.
解析 推理判断题。Dituri博士在水下生活100天,打破了别人在水下生活73天的世界纪录,由此可以推测出Dituri博士是一个意志坚定的人;最后两段提到了Dituri博士与来自15个不同国家的超过5 500名年轻人进行互动并激励他们对科学的热情,由此可以推测出Dituri博士是一个能鼓舞别人的人。故选D。
√
B
They say procrastination (拖延) is the thief of time—actually deadlines are.New research has found that if you want someone to help you out with something,it is best not to set a deadline at all.But if you do set a deadline,make it short.
Professor Stephen Knowles tested the effect of deadline length on task completion for their research.Participants were invited to complete an online survey concerning a charity donation.They were given either one week,one month,or no deadline to respond.Professor Knowles says although the topic of the survey was about charity,the results are true of any situation where someone asks another person for help.
The study found responses to the survey were lowest for the one-month deadline and highest when no deadline was specified (明确规定).No deadline and the one-week deadline led to many early responses,while a long deadline appeared to give people permission to procrastinate.Professor Knowles wasn’t surprised to find that specifying a shorter deadline increased the chances of receiving a response compared to a longer deadline.However,he did find it interesting that they received the most responses when no deadline was specified.
“We interpret this as evidence that specifying a longer deadline, as opposed to a short deadline or no deadline at all,removes the urgency to act,”he says.“People therefore put off undertaking the task,and since they are inattentive or forget,postponing it results in lower response rates.”
He says of the research that it is possible that not specifying a deadline might still have led participants to assume that there is an unspoken deadline.Professor Knowles hopes his research can help reduce the amount of procrastinating people do.“Many people procrastinate.They have the best intentions of helping someone out, but just do not get around to doing it.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要阐述了Stephen Knowles教授及其团队的研究发现,该研究主要关注的是截止期限对拖延的影响。
5.Why did Professor Knowles do the research
A.To study the role a deadline plays in procrastination.
B.To find out whether people are interested in charity.
C.To attract public attention to the effects of procrastination.
D.To test the effects of procrastination on task completion.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Professor Stephen Knowles... for their research.”可知,Stephen Knowles教授为他们的研究测试了截止期限长短对任务完成的影响,由此可推知,Knowles教授的研究是为了研究截止期限在拖延中所起的作用,故选A项。
6.What most likely leads to procrastination
A.No deadlines. B.Short deadlines.
C.Specific deadlines. D.Long deadlines.
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The study found responses... permission to procrastinate.”可知,截止期限越长,拖延越严重。故选D项。
√
7.Why do people procrastinate when given a long deadline
A.They oppose the deadline.
B.They are unwilling to act.
C.They lack a sense of urgency.
D.They are too busy to remember.
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“We interpret this as evidence...removes the urgency to act”可知,研究发现,与短的截止日期或根本没有截止日期截然相反,指定更长的截止日期会消除采取行动的紧迫性。由此可推断,设定长的截止日期使人们缺乏紧迫感,从而造成拖延,故选C项。
√
8.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Procrastination—the Thief of Time
B.Procrastination—an Urgent Problem to Solve
C.Deadline—a Result of Procrastination
D.Deadline—the Key to Reducing Procrastination
解析 标题归纳题。通读全文内容,特别是第一段中的“New research has found...make it short.”可知,文章主要介绍了Stephen Knowles教授及其团队的研究发现,该研究主要关注的是设定截止期限的长短对拖延的影响,故选D项。
√
C
A recent article published by the science journal Nature Neuroscience says that excessive (过度的) light exposure at night leads to symptoms of depression in mice.
Health experts have long suggested that exposure to light during nighttime may lead to depression in humans,but now Chinese scientists have verified that this happens to mice.
Scientists from the University of Science and Technology of China,based in Hefei,Anhui Province,found that the effect was partly controlled by a neural pathway that carries signals from the eyes to a specific region of brain.Blocking the pathway could prevent the effect,the paper said.
In their experiments,the scientists exposed dozens of mice to blue light from 9 pm to 11 pm.Blue light was chosen because neurons are most sensitive to it,according to An Kai,the lead author of the paper, which was published in the science journal Nature Neuroscience.
“To our surprise,the effect was very obvious in mice,” said An.“The exposure resulted in more than 70 percent of the subject mice exhibiting depressive symptoms,which was shown by two classical tests.”
The mice exhibited decreased mobility in the forced swimming test and decreased preference in the sugar preference test.
An said researchers finally hope to verify the mechanism in humans,but further experiments are required.
Mice are more active at night than in the daytime,which is contrary to humans.
“For the next stage of research,we will move on to other animals whose biological rhythms are closer to humans,” An said.
Exposure to excessive light at nighttime,either from lights or the use of electronic devices such as mobile phones or personal computers before bedtime,has been associated with a greater risk of depression,the paper noted.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个经中国科学家实验证实的现象:老鼠在夜间过度地暴露在光亮中会变得抑郁。科学家们未来准备对其他与人类生物钟类似的动物进行研究,同时也建议人们晚上少使用电子设备。
9.What has the research found
A.Humans are depressed when they’re exposed to light at night.
B.Much exposure to light at night makes mice depressed.
C.Mice are more sensitive to light at night than humans.
D.It’s harmful to be exposed to blue light at night.
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知,该研究发现老鼠夜间过度暴露在光亮中会变得抑郁,故选B项。
√
10.What does the underlined word “verified” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Proved. B.Hoped.
C.Remembered. D.Guessed.
解析 词义猜测题。前文提到一些健康专家提出夜间过度暴露在光亮中可能使人抑郁,又由第一段可知,这种现象在老鼠身上也存在,此处是指中国科学家证实了这一点。由此推断verify意为“证实”,而prove意为“证明”,符合题意,故选A项。
√
11.Which of the following was a result caused by the exposure to blue light at night
A.The mobility of the mice in swimming improved.
B.The mice became more sensitive to blue light.
C.The mice showed less interest in sugar.
D.The mice no longer liked swimming.
解析 细节理解题。根据第六段的内容可知,经过蓝光照射后,老鼠在糖偏好实验中对糖的兴趣有所减弱,故选C项。
√
12.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.It’s less harmful to be exposed to light from the sky.
B.We should never use personal computers before bedtime.
C.It’s necessary not to use mobile phones too much at night.
D.Depression can be avoided if we don’t use electronic devices at night.
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,不管是灯光还是电子设备的光,夜间过度暴露在光亮中都会增加抑郁的风险,由此推断我们应该减少夜间对电子设备的使用,故选C项。
√
Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分)
Life is filled with numerous victories and downfalls. 1 Here’s how you can create a new chapter in your life.
Draw a Line Mentally
Life is going to throw a lot of problems,so you need to be mentally prepared for each and every situation. 2 In order to be better than before,you need to leave that guilt and shame in the past and emerge as someone new.The secret here is to never stop trying. Once you stop trying,you are already defeated.
Learn from Others
It is an effective approach to find people that have gone through the same trials as you have. 3 They can assist you better since they know the hardships.Always seek out people who are truly free of their issues,as they will be able to help you genuinely.
Do What Actually Works
4 Don’t follow the path to anger and destroy what is good for you.Actively engaging in battles and struggles can be challenging,but being stuck in pain and self-resentment will be even harder.
Picture your goals in your mind and take sensible steps towards them with each passing day. 5 Let nothing stand in your way.
A.What truly matters is how you react to them.
B.You can learn from their experiences and successes.
C.Live in reality and make wise choices for yourself.
D.Find those who have successfully overcome similar challenges.
E.In such situations,drawing a mental line can be helpful.
F.Nothing should prevent you from achieving your dreams and goals.
G.It is essential to stay positive and focused on what brings you joy.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。面对生活中的起伏,关键在于你如何反应。从他人经验中学习,找到克服类似挑战的人,以积极的态度朝着目标迈出合理步伐,不被任何事物阻挡。
1.A [上文提到“Life is filled with numerous victories and downfalls.”可知,生活充满了胜利和失败。接下来的内容应该强调如何对待这些情况。选项A“你如何对待它们才是真正重要的”符合逻辑。故选A。]
2.E [本段标题为“Draw a Line Mentally”,强调在面对生活中的问题时,要在心理上有所准备。选项E中的“drawing a mental line”与标题相呼应,且内容“在这种情况下,在脑海中画一条线是有帮助的”也符合前文描述的场景。故选E。]
3.B [从上文 “It is an effective approach to find people that have gone through the same trials as you have.”可知,从他人身上学习是一个有效的方法,因为他人已经经历过类似的考验,了解其中的困难。选项B“你可以从他们的经验和成功中学习”直接体现了这一思想。故选B。]
4.C [本段标题为“Do What Actually Works”,强调要活在现实中,做出明智的选择。选项C中的“Live in reality and make wise choices for yourself”直接对应了标题和后文段落内容。故选C。]
5.F [上文 “Picture your goals in your mind and take sensible steps towards them with each passing day.”强调要在心中描绘目标,并朝着它们迈出明智的步伐,不被任何事物阻挡。选项F“没有什么能阻止你实现你的梦想和目标”与这一意思相符,强调了实现目标的决心和信心。故选F。]
