(共88张PPT)
Section Ⅳ
Discovering Useful Structures
目 录
(语法项目——限制性定语从句(3))
课时跟踪检测
(语法项目——限制性定语从句(3))
Mary whose drawings were shown at the exhibition last month
① is a model student who is often praised for her good work at school②.As soon as we got into the exhibition hall, our eyes were caught by a very large picture.The horse which was drawn in the picture③ was exactly like a real horse.The man who was riding on it④ looked like a living man. It was the best picture that I had ever seen⑤， and I should say Mary is the best young painter that I have ever heard of⑥.
[语法入门]
①句为whose (作定语，修饰名词drawings)引导的限制性定语从句；
②句为who (先行词是a model student)引导的限制性定语从句；
③句为which (先行词是The horse)引导的限制性定语从句；
④句为who (先行词是The man)引导的限制性定语从句；
⑤句为that (先行词是the best picture)引导的限制性定语从句；
⑥句为that (先行词是the best young painter)引导的限制性定语从句。
根据定语从句与先行词的关系紧密程度不同，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省略，所修饰的先行词往往不明确，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号。
一、关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
[先感知]
①He is the man who often helps me.
②If there was anyone whom she could turn to, it would be Mr Roberts.
③In front of her was a snowman whose head shattered into pieces on the snow.
④Miss Baugh fixed me with a stare that struck terror in my heart.
⑤I walked past a milking house which had apparently not been used in many years.
[会发现]
以上①②③句都是修饰人的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是who，whom和whose，它们分别在定语从句中作_____、_____和______。④⑤句都是修饰物的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是that和which，它们在定语从句中都作______。
主语
宾语
定语
主语
[明规则]
关系代词引导的限制性定语从句是指由连接代词who, whom, whose, that和which作关系词的限制性定语从句。它们的具体使用规则如下表：
关系代词 指代功能 句子成分
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
[对点练] (用适当的关系代词填空)
①I'm talking to my brother from Chicago ____________I haven't seen in ages.
②Lao She is a powerful writer _________works have influenced quite a few generations.
whom/who
whose
③(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as ... retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route __________brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
④(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ____________welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life ...
that/which
that/which
⑤There was also a small door on the side of the hen house __________led to the nesting boxes.
that/which
二、关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
[先感知]
①One morning when Jenny came in late again, Mr Black, her class teacher, got very angry.
②They had driven their son several hours out of town to the university where he would soon be living and studying.
③The reason why I had looked up was for something far more serious and annoying.
[会发现]
以上①②③句分别是修饰_______、_______和_______的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是when, where和why，它们在定语从句中充当的都是_______。先行词分别是表示时间的名词、表示地点名词和the reason。
时间
地点
原因
状语
[明规则]
关系副词引导的限制性定语从句是指由连接副词when, where和why作关系词的限制性定语从句。它们的具体使用规则如下表：
关系副词 指代功能 句子成分
when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
[对点练] (用适当的关系副词填空)
①I couldn't tell her the real reason _______I didn't ask for help.
②Saturday is my favorite day of the week for that is the day ________I get to see my parents.
③This is an amazing program _________you can share your ideas with students.
why
when
where
三、关系词的特殊用法
1．宜用that不用which的限制性定语从句
用法 例句
先行词为不定代词时，如all, everything, something, much, nothing, anything, little, none, no one等 I have said all (that) I want to say.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you？
先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰，或本身就是最高级、序数词时 This is the best film that has been shown in the city.
We'll never forget the first lesson (that) our English teacher gave us.
先行词被the only, the last, very, just, all, every, no, little, few, any等修饰时 This is the very book (that) I want to buy.
The only thing (that) I can do is to have a rest.
There is little work (that) you can do.
先行词既指人又指 物时 They talked about the man and the things that they saw.
当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句时 Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night？
Who is the man that is reading over there？
续表
[对点练] (根据汉语提示完成句子)
①(2024·全国甲卷)This is a very old habit ________has been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物)．
②It is the most expensive hotel ____________________________
(他曾住过的)．
that
that he has ever stayed/lived in
③The writer and his novel _____________________________(你刚才谈到的) are really well known.
④“Did you go skating a lot last year？” I asked, blurting out the first thing ____________________(涌入我脑海的)．
⑤I can give this child all the advantages that you have mentioned here, plus money and everything ___________________ (金钱能买到的)．
that you have just talked about
that came to my mind
that money can buy
2．宜用which，who不宜用that的限制性定语从句
用法 例句
当关系代词前有介词时 This is the house in which he once lived.
一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which He bought an American magazine that could give him so much English knowledge and which could help him to kill time.
当先行词本身为that(指代)时 What about that which had appeared in recent activities？
先行词是指人的不定代词、人称代词、特殊词those或者there be句型中的先行词指人 Anyone who does that must be crazy.
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
续表
[对点练] (根据汉语提示完成句子)
①He __________________(玩火者) is bound to get burned.
②Those ________________________ (想参加派对的) must be at the school gate by 5 pm.
who plays with fire
who want to go to the party
③Anyone ______________________________(帮助救那位老人的) is worth praising.
④The dog reappeared and kept barking in the direction ________
____________________ (从它回来的方向)．
who has helped to save the old man
from
which it came back
3．关系词的省略
定语从句的关系词可以省略的原则是：先行词在定语从句中作表语、宾语(介词后的关系词除外)，先行词是time/place/reason/the way等且在定语从句中作状语。
①China is not the country (that) it was.
②He is the nicest teacher (that) the students consider him in their school.
③I don't know the exact time (when) the sports meeting will take place.
[对点练] (找出能省略关系词的限制性定语从句)
①He is no longer the boy that he used to be.
②That is the real reason why they left their hometown.
③The boy who/whom/that we saw yesterday was John's brother.
④The woman to whom my father spoke is my English teacher.
⑤I never forget the day when we met for the first time.
⑥He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
答案：①②③⑤句中的关系词可以省略。
4．关系代词作动词的间接宾语的情况
接双宾语的及物动词所在的定语从句中，如果关系代词作此类动词的间接宾语时，用to 或for。接 to 的动词有 bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write等。接 for 的动词有make, buy, call, choose, cook, do, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, save等。
①Who is the woman that he bought the flower for
②This is the book that she brought to the boy.
[对点练] (用定语从句合并句子)
①She wears a sweater.Her mother gave this sweater to her.
→__________________________________________
②This is the story.He told the story to me.
→________________________________
She wears a sweater that her mother gave to her.
This is the story that he told to me.
5．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句的注意事项
有时定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词前面，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。
(1)先行词指人时，关系代词用whom，不可以用 who 或 that；先行词指物时，关系代词用 which，不能用that。但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，限制性定语从句中的关系代词还可以省去，尤其在口语中。
①Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking
＝ Do you know the girl (that/who/whom) our teacher is talking to
②The school in which my friend once studied is very famous.
＝The school (that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous.
(2)有些固定的短语动词在定语从句中作谓语时，该短语动词中的介词一般不提至关系代词前，常见的此类短语动词有 look for，listen to, look after, take care of 等。如：
这就是我正在寻找的手表。
[误]This is the watch for which I am looking.
[正]This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
[对点练] (用关系词或介词填空)
①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, ______which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.
by
②(2022·浙江6月高考写作)Those rooms are equipped with modern electronic facilities, all ______which are linked to the Internet.
③In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to _______she could turn for help.
④There are many reasons ______which people like traveling.
⑤The woman _______whom you shook hands just now is head of our company.
of
whom
for
with
Ⅰ.用限制性定语从句合并句子
1．The scientist discovers a cure for cancer. The scientist is very great.
→_________________________________________________
2．We visited a factory. The factory makes toys for children.
→__________________________________________________
The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer is very great.
We visited a factory that/which makes toys for children.
3．I still remember the night. I came to the strange city at the night.
→__________________________________________________
4．Mr Liu wants to talk to the students. The students' homework hasn't been handed in.
→______________________________________________________
_______________
I still remember the night when I came to the strange city.
Mr Liu wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn't
been handed in.
5．Yesterday Li Ming went to the village. His family lived in the village ten years ago.
→_____________________________________________________
__________
6．Please tell me the reason. You were late for the train.
→___________________________________________________
Yesterday Li Ming went to the village where his family lived ten
years ago.
Please tell me the reason (why) you were late for the train.
7．The man is a doctor from Beijing. You saw the man yesterday.
→_____________________________________________________
________
The man (whom/who/that) you saw yesterday is a doctor from
Beijing.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．As far as I know, he is a man____________________________.
据我所知，他是一个很难相处的人。
2．This is the baby___________________________________.
这就是我奶奶照顾的那个婴儿。
who is hard to get along with
whom/that my grandma takes care of
3．I want to buy a pen____________________________.
我想买一支钢笔，用来写信。
4．The reason ____________________________________is not clear.
他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。
with which I will write a letter
for which/why he refused the invitation
5．There are 50 students in our class, _______________________
_______________.
我们班有50名学生，其中一半来自农村。
half of whom come from
the countryside
Ⅲ.用限制性定语从句完成下面语段
Mrs Wang is our English teacher, a young lady ①_____________
_________________ (她总是鼓励我们) to study hard. Besides, she often spares her money to help the students ②____________________
(他们的家庭是贫穷的). I believe that is the reason ③______________
___________ (她为何深受大家喜爱)．
who is always
encouraging us
whose families are poor
why she is deeply
loved by all
We will ④________________ (做我们能做的一切) and we will never forget ⑤____________________________ (我们在一起的日子). As far as we know, after graduating, she works in our school ⑥____________
____ (我们将在那里生活) for three years. In 2022, she had a lovely baby, which made her very happy.
do all that we can
the days when we are together
where we will
live
课时跟踪检测
Ⅰ.阅读理解
In January, 2017, we participated in an archaeological (考古学的) dig near the Okbo Elementary School in Kiyotake, Japan, along with housewives and elderly farmers.It was really cold, and a strong wind was blowing all the time.
The work we did was to dig down in the soil 5 cm at a time and look for something ancient such as earthen vessels, stone tools, and arrowheads.Sometimes we dug down 30cm at once.
We dug down to some layers which could be seen on the soil wall.The different colors of these layers showed what had happened at different ages.
Also, in a few places where ancient people cooked, there were the remains of ashes and charcoal.The material that we longed to find was “Kokuyoseki”， or obsidian (黑曜石), a clear black stone for cutting meat and making arrowheads, because it is really hard to find and is beautiful.
From 8：30 to 5：00, we continued to dig in the soil.Then we had to get rid of the soil which we dug.The cold climate, the cold wind, and the dust made it hard for us.We couldn't open our eyes.
Sometimes we measured the size of each stone and our boss drew the shape.It was really detailed work and made us exhausted, but we still carried out the excavation (挖掘)．
Now, however, we feel it was a really good opportunity because we were able to feel the ancient mystery and the reality of the work.Besides, we were able to become friends with the housewives and farmers who were also participating in the dig.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者是一名学生，有幸参加了一次考古挖掘活动。在这次活动中，作者经历了考古挖掘的辛苦，学到了很多考古知识，也收获了友谊。
1．What does the author of the text mainly tell us
A．His experience in joining in an archaeological dig.
B．How he found some ancient objects in the soil.
C．Where people can find earthen vessels and arrowheads.
D．The relationship between the author and some farmers.
√
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章的第一句“In January,2017，we participated in an archaeological (考古学的) dig ...”以及全文的内容可以看出，文章主要讲述了作者参加的一次考古挖掘经历。
√
2．From the text we can infer that .
A．he had to dig as deep as possible
B．digging for ancient things is boring
C．he seldom found anything ancient
D．excavation is really hard work
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段的第三句“The cold climate, the cold wind, and the dust made it hard ...”可知，当时天冷、风大、尘土多，考古挖掘是件“不容易的”工作。
3．What can people know from the colors of the layers of soil
A．What the weather was like a long time ago.
B．What people lived on in ancient times.
C．The exact time obsidian formed.
D．The things that happened at different ages.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的第二句“The different colors of these layers showed what had happened at different ages.”可知，土层的不同颜色展示出不同时代发生的事情。
√
4．The most exciting thing for them is .
A．to find a place where people cooked
B．to see the remains of charcoal and ashes
C．to find a kind of stone used for cutting meat
D．to dig out some arrowheads
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的第二句可知，他们渴望发现的东西是黑曜石，这种东西黑得透明，可用来切肉或做箭头，并且它很难找到，又很美丽，因此找到黑曜石是他们最兴奋的事。
Ⅱ.完形填空
On May 4, Fan Jinshi donated 10 million yuan to set up the Fan Jinshi Education Fund. Fan is 5 as a famous archaeologist in China, and her 6 will support further research into Dunhuang.
All people present were 7 by her love for Dunhuang. Fan Jinshi, also 8 as “the Daughter of Dunhuang”， 9 from Peking University and then 10 for the Northwest Desert. Since then, she has 11 herself to protecting the caves in history.
Fan used 12 technologies to protect the caves, and now Dunhuang 13 tourists from around the world.
Today, Fan is still trying to promote talks and 14 between Peking University and the Dunhuang School.
Fan said, “Though now I work, I am a student of Peking University, and I was able to 15 to the caves in Dunhuang. I hope that the fund can help 16 the Dunhuang studies of Peking University.”
The fund 17 Fan's prize money and her savings. She believes in taking money from the right place and spending it in a 18 way to ensure that it is used for the benefit of society.
Fan Jinshi's speech 19 so many people, and the research on Chinese archaeology will continue developing.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，文章主要介绍了被称为“敦煌的女儿”的樊锦诗，她致力于敦煌石窟保护和敦煌文化研究。
5．A.organized B．considered
C．frightened D．encouraged
√
解析：根据空后的“as a famous archaeologist in China”可知，此处指“樊锦诗被认为是中国一位著名的考古学家”。be considered as“被认为是”，固定短语，故选B。
√
6．A.wish B．respect
C．opinion D．donation
解析：根据上文“Fan Jinshi donated 10 million yuan”可知，此处指樊锦诗的捐款，故选D。
√
7．A.moved B．thanked
C．connected D．explained
解析：根据空后的“by her love for Dunhuang”可知，此处指所有在场的人都被她对敦煌的爱所感动，故选A。
√
8．A.known B．informed
C．allowed D．sent
解析：根据“as‘the Daughter of Dunhuang’”可知，此处指她被称为“敦煌的女儿”。be known as“被认为是”，故选A。
√
9．A.admired B．expected
C．explained D．graduated
解析：根据下文“I am a student of Peking University”可知，樊锦诗毕业于北京大学，故选D。
√
10．A.set up B．break out
C．set off D．break down
解析：下文“Since then, she has herself to protecting the caves in history.”提到她从那以后就一直做着保护石窟工作，故此处指“前往西北大漠”。set off“动身前往”，故选C。
√
11．A.applied B．replied
C．supplied D．relied
解析：结合上文“the Daughter of Dunhuang”提到她被称为“敦煌的女儿”可知，她应是一直致力于保护敦煌石窟。apply oneself to doing sth.“专心/致力于做某事”，故选A。
√
12．A.delicious B．unique
C．false D．dizzy
解析：根据“to protect the caves”可知，此处指“用独特的技术保护洞穴”，故选B。
√
13．A.affects B．welcomes
C．offers D．shares
解析：根据语境及空后的“tourists from around the world”可知，敦煌是旅游景点，应是欢迎来自全世界的游客，故选B。
√
14．A.description B．definition
C．responsibility D．exchanges
解析：空处和“talks”并列，结合空后的“between Peking University and the Dunhuang School”可知，此处指推动双方之间的对话和交流。故选D。
√
15．A.lead B．owe
C．contribute D．sick
解析：根据下文“I hope that the fund can help the Dunhuang studies of Peking University.”可知，樊锦诗捐款成立基金会是为敦煌的石窟做贡献，故选C。
√
16．A.improve B．rise
C．dream D．devote
解析：结合语境以及“the fund”可知，基金会应是为了帮助提高对敦煌的研究，故选A。
√
17．A.shows up B．consists of
C．takes off D．stands out
解析：根据主语“The fund”以及空后的“Fan's prize money and her savings”可知，此处指基金是由她的奖金和积蓄构成。show up“出现”；consist of“包括；由……组成”；take off“脱掉，成功”；stand out“突出”。故选B。
√
18．A.final B．lucky
C．wise D．simple
解析：根据空后的“it is used for the benefit of society”可知，此处指明智地使用金钱，故选C。
√
19．A.included B．reminded
C．cared D．inspired
解析：结合上文樊锦诗的发言以及空后的“and the research on Chinese archaeology will continue developing”可知，她的演讲激励了很多人，故选D。
Ⅲ.语法填空
In her childhood, Li Zhenxia always dreamed 1 buying a beautiful oil-paper umbrella in a store in her village. But it was too expensive for her family to afford one at the time.
Today, as a businesswoman, Li devotes herself 2 (entire) to protecting this cultural heritage by talking to her customers and passing on her techniques to young people. “The oil-paper umbrella has been with me my entire life and always makes me feel much 3 (good) when I'm upset，” Li said.
The traditional Chinese handicraft, which is made of bamboo and paper 4 (coat) in a special oil for not letting water through, has been around for at least 1,000 years and is even adopted in other parts of Asia. 5 (it) production involves over a hundred steps and the whole process can take several months. This complexity (复杂) means it's still made by hand.
Li's store in Datong Ancient Town — a town 6 there is lots of rain — welcomes tourists who buy her umbrellas 7 (model) in photos, decorate their homes, or add to collections. “It's definitely more a piece of art 8 a means of protection from the rain, ” she said.
One of her regulars, a lady surnamed Cai, 9 (buy) eight oil-paper umbrellas since 2016. Rain or shine, Cai uses the umbrellas, 10 (match) them with her clothes. “It is a classic item with great cultural meaning. I don't use ordinary umbrellas anymore, ” Cai said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了李振霞在大同古镇拥有一家卖油纸伞的商店。她从小就喜欢油纸伞，而且希望把制造油纸伞的技艺传承下去。
1．of/about 考查介词。dream of/about为固定搭配， 意为“梦想”。
2．entirely 考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰动词，需用副词。故填entirely。
3．better 考查形容词比较级。根据空前的much和句意可知，当“我”难过的时候，油纸伞总是让“我”感觉好多了，所以要用形容词的比较级。故填better。
4．coated 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，定语从句中已有谓语动词，所以空处为非谓语作定语，与修饰的名词之间为被动关系，应用过去分词。故填coated。
5．Its 考查代词。根据句子结构可知，空处应用形容词性物主代词，修饰名词。位于句首需大写。故填Its。
6．where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a town，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语。故填where。
7．to model 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，定语从句中已有谓语动词，所以空处需用非谓语动词作目的状语，用动词不定式。故填to model。
8．than 考查固定搭配。more ...than ...为固定短语，意为“与其说……倒不如说……”。故填than。
9．has bought 考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为句子的谓语动词。根据时间状语since 2016可知，句子为现在完成时态。“one of＋名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。故填has bought。
10．matching 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，空处需用非谓语作状语，与句子的主语之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填matching。Section Ⅳ Discovering Useful Structures
语法项目——限制性定语从句(3)
Mary whose drawings were shown at the exhibition last month① is a model student who is often praised for her good work at school②.As soon as we got into the exhibition hall, our eyes were caught by a very large picture.The horse which was drawn in the picture③ was exactly like a real horse.The man who was riding on it④ looked like a living man.It was the best picture that I had ever seen⑤， and I should say Mary is the best young painter that I have ever heard of⑥.
[语法入门]
①句为whose (作定语，修饰名词drawings)引导的限制性定语从句；
②句为who (先行词是a model student)引导的限制性定语从句；
③句为which (先行词是The horse)引导的限制性定语从句；
④句为who (先行词是The man)引导的限制性定语从句；
⑤句为that (先行词是the best picture)引导的限制性定语从句；
⑥句为that (先行词是the best young painter)引导的限制性定语从句。
根据定语从句与先行词的关系紧密程度不同，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省略，所修饰的先行词往往不明确，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号。
一、关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
[先感知]
①He is the man who often helps me.
②If there was anyone whom she could turn to, it would be Mr Roberts.
③In front of her was a snowman whose head shattered into pieces on the snow.
④Miss Baugh fixed me with a stare that struck terror in my heart.
⑤I walked past a milking house which had apparently not been used in many years.
[会发现]
以上①②③句都是修饰人的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是who，whom和whose，它们分别在定语从句中作__________、__________和________。④⑤句都是修饰物的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是that和which，它们在定语从句中都作________。
[明规则]
关系代词引导的限制性定语从句是指由连接代词who, whom, whose, that和which作关系词的限制性定语从句。它们的具体使用规则如下表：
关系代词 指代功能 句子成分
Who 人 主语、宾语
Whom 人 宾语
whose 人或物 定语
That 人或物 主语、宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
[对点练] (用适当的关系代词填空)
①I'm talking to my brother from Chicago ______________ I haven't seen in ages.
②Lao She is a powerful writer __________ works have influenced quite a few generations.
③(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as ... retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route __________ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
④(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place __________ welcomes the fast paced development of modern life ...
⑤There was also a small door on the side of the hen house ________ led to the nesting boxes.
二、关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
[先感知]
①One morning when Jenny came in late again, Mr Black, her class teacher, got very angry.
②They had driven their son several hours out of town to the university where he would soon be living and studying.
③The reason why I had looked up was for something far more serious and annoying.
[会发现]
以上①②③句分别是修饰______________、__________和__________的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是when, where和why，它们在定语从句中充当的都是__________。先行词分别是表示时间的名词、表示地点名词和the reason。
[明规则]
关系副词引导的限制性定语从句是指由连接副词when, where和why作关系词的限制性定语从句。它们的具体使用规则如下表：
关系副词 指代功能 句子成分
when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
[对点练] (用适当的关系副词填空)
①I couldn't tell her the real reason __________ I didn't ask for help.
②Saturday is my favorite day of the week for that is the day ________ I get to see my parents.
③This is an amazing program __________ you can share your ideas with students.
三、关系词的特殊用法
1．宜用that不用which的限制性定语从句
用法 例句
先行词为不定代词时，如all, everything, something, much, nothing, anything, little, none, no one等 I have said all (that) I want to say. Is there anything (that) I can do for you？
先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰，或本身就是最高级、序数词时 This is the best film that has been shown in the city. We'll never forget the first lesson (that) our English teacher gave us.
先行词被the only, the last, very, just, all, every, no, little, few, any等修饰时 This is the very book (that) I want to buy. The only thing (that) I can do is to have a rest. There is little work (that) you can do.
先行词既指人又指物时 They talked about the man and the things that they saw.
当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句时 Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night？ Who is the man that is reading over there？
[对点练] (根据汉语提示完成句子)
①(2024·全国甲卷)This is a very old habit ____________ has been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物)．
②It is the most expensive hotel ________________________ (他曾住过的)．
③The writer and his novel ______________________________ (你刚才谈到的) are really well known.
④“Did you go skating a lot last year？” I asked, blurting out the first thing ________________________ (涌入我脑海的)．
⑤I can give this child all the advantages that you have mentioned here, plus money and everything ______________ (金钱能买到的)．
2．宜用which，who不宜用that的限制性定语从句
用法 例句
当关系代词前有介词时 This is the house in which he once lived.
一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which He bought an American magazine that could give him so much English knowledge and which could help him to kill time.
当先行词本身为that(指代)时 What about that which had appeared in recent activities？
先行词是指人的不定代词、人称代词、特殊词those或者there be句型中的先行词指人 Anyone who does that must be crazy. Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
[对点练] (根据汉语提示完成句子)
①He __________________ (玩火者) is bound to get burned.
②Those ________________________ (想参加派对的) must be at the school gate by 5 pm.
③Anyone ______________________________ (帮助救那位老人的) is worth praising.
④The dog reappeared and kept barking in the direction ______________ (从它回来的方向)．
3．关系词的省略
定语从句的关系词可以省略的原则是：先行词在定语从句中作表语、宾语(介词后的关系词除外)，先行词是time/place/reason/the way等且在定语从句中作状语。
①China is not the country (that) it was.
②He is the nicest teacher (that) the students consider him in their school.
③I don't know the exact time (when) the sports meeting will take place.
[对点练] (找出能省略关系词的限制性定语从句)
①He is no longer the boy that he used to be.
②That is the real reason why they left their hometown.
③The boy who/whom/that we saw yesterday was John's brother.
④The woman to whom my father spoke is my English teacher.
⑤I never forget the day when we met for the first time.
⑥He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
__________________中的关系词可以省略。
4．关系代词作动词的间接宾语的情况
接双宾语的及物动词所在的定语从句中，如果关系代词作此类动词的间接宾语时，用to 或for。接 to 的动词有 bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write等。接 for 的动词有make, buy, call, choose, cook, do, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, save等。
①Who is the woman that he bought the flower for
②This is the book that she brought to the boy.
[对点练] (用定语从句合并句子)
①She wears a sweater.Her mother gave this sweater to her.
→ _________________________________________________________________
②This is the story.He told the story to me.
→ ____________________________________________________________________
5．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句的注意事项
有时定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词前面，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。
(1)先行词指人时，关系代词用whom，不可以用 who 或 that；先行词指物时，关系代词用 which，不能用that。但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，限制性定语从句中的关系代词还可以省去，尤其在口语中。
①Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking
＝ Do you know the girl (that/who/whom) our teacher is talking to
②The school in which my friend once studied is very famous.
＝The school (that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous.
(2)有些固定的短语动词在定语从句中作谓语时，该短语动词中的介词一般不提至关系代词前，常见的此类短语动词有 look for，listen to, look after, take care of 等。如：
这就是我正在寻找的手表。
[误]This is the watch for which I am looking.
[正]This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
[对点练] (用关系词或介词填空)
①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, ________ which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.
②(2022·浙江6月高考写作)Those rooms are equipped with modern electronic facilities, all __________ which are linked to the Internet.
③In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to __________ she could turn for help.
④There are many reasons __________ which people like traveling.
⑤The woman __________ whom you shook hands just now is head of our company.
Ⅰ.用限制性定语从句合并句子
1．The scientist discovers a cure for cancer. The scientist is very great.
→ _____________________________________________________
2．We visited a factory. The factory makes toys for children.
→ ___________________________________________________
3．I still remember the night. I came to the strange city at the night.
→ __________________________________________________
4．Mr Liu wants to talk to the students. The students' homework hasn't been handed in.
→ _______________________________________________________________
5．Yesterday Li Ming went to the village. His family lived in the village ten years ago.
→ ________________________________________________________________
6．Please tell me the reason. You were late for the train.
→ _________________________________________________________________
7．The man is a doctor from Beijing. You saw the man yesterday.
→ _________________________________________________________________
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．As far as I know, he is a man __________________________________.
据我所知，他是一个很难相处的人。
2．This is the baby ________________________________________________________________________.
这就是我奶奶照顾的那个婴儿。
3．I want to buy a pen ________________________________________________________________________.
我想买一支钢笔，用来写信。
4．The reason ____________________________ is not clear.他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。
5．There are 50 students in our class, __________________________________.
我们班有50名学生，其中一半来自农村。
Ⅲ.用限制性定语从句完成下面语段
Mrs Wang is our English teacher, a young lady ①__________________________________ (她总是鼓励我们) to study hard. Besides, she often spares her money to help the students ②________________________ (他们的家庭是贫穷的). I believe that is the reason ③____________________________ (她为何深受大家喜爱)．We will ④____________________ (做我们能做的一切) and we will never forget ⑤________________________ (我们在一起的日子). As far as we know, after graduating, she works in our school ⑥________________________ (我们将在那里生活) for three years. In 2022, she had a lovely baby, which made her very happy.
Section Ⅳ
学案中理清
一、[会发现] 主语 宾语 定语 主语
[对点练] ①whom/who ②whose ③that/which
④that/which ⑤that/which
二、[会发现] 时间 地点 原因 状语
[对点练] ①why ②when ③where
三、[对点练] 1.①that ②that he has ever stayed/lived in
③that you have just talked about ④that came to my mind ⑤that money can buy
2．①who plays with fire ②who want to go to the party
③who has helped to save the old man
④from which it came back
3．①②③⑤句
4．①She wears a sweater that her mother gave to her.
②This is the story that he told to me.
5．①by ②of ③whom ④for ⑤with
应用中融通
Ⅰ.1.The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer is very great.
2．We visited a factory that/which makes toys for children.
3．I still remember the night when I came to the strange city. 4.Mr Liu wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn't been handed in.
5．Yesterday Li Ming went to the village where his family lived ten years ago.
6．Please tell me the reason (why) you were late for the train.
7．The man (whom/who/that) you saw yesterday is a doctor from Beijing.
Ⅱ.1.who is hard to get along with
2．whom/that my grandma takes care of
3．with which I will write a letter
4．for which/why he refused the invitation
5．half of whom come from the countryside
Ⅲ.①who is always encouraging us ②whose families are poor ③why she is deeply loved by all ④do all that we can
⑤the days when we are together ⑥where we will live
1UNIT 1 课时检测(四) Discovering Useful Structures
Ⅰ.阅读理解
In January, 2017, we participated in an archaeological (考古学的) dig near the Okbo Elementary School in Kiyotake, Japan, along with housewives and elderly farmers.It was really cold, and a strong wind was blowing all the time.
The work we did was to dig down in the soil 5 cm at a time and look for something ancient such as earthen vessels, stone tools, and arrowheads.Sometimes we dug down 30cm at once.
We dug down to some layers which could be seen on the soil wall.The different colors of these layers showed what had happened at different ages.
Also, in a few places where ancient people cooked, there were the remains of ashes and charcoal.The material that we longed to find was “Kokuyoseki”， or obsidian (黑曜石), a clear black stone for cutting meat and making arrowheads, because it is really hard to find and is beautiful.
From 8：30 to 5：00, we continued to dig in the soil.Then we had to get rid of the soil which we dug.The cold climate, the cold wind, and the dust made it hard for us.We couldn't open our eyes.
Sometimes we measured the size of each stone and our boss drew the shape.It was really detailed work and made us exhausted, but we still carried out the excavation (挖掘)．
Now, however, we feel it was a really good opportunity because we were able to feel the ancient mystery and the reality of the work.Besides, we were able to become friends with the housewives and farmers who were also participating in the dig.
1．What does the author of the text mainly tell us
A．His experience in joining in an archaeological dig.
B．How he found some ancient objects in the soil.
C．Where people can find earthen vessels and arrowheads.
D．The relationship between the author and some farmers.
2．From the text we can infer that ________.
A．he had to dig as deep as possible
B．digging for ancient things is boring
C．he seldom found anything ancient
D．excavation is really hard work
3．What can people know from the colors of the layers of soil
A．What the weather was like a long time ago.
B．What people lived on in ancient times.
C．The exact time obsidian formed.
D．The things that happened at different ages.
4．The most exciting thing for them is ________.
A．to find a place where people cooked
B．to see the remains of charcoal and ashes
C．to find a kind of stone used for cutting meat
D．to dig out some arrowheads
Ⅱ.完形填空
On May 4, Fan Jinshi donated 10 million yuan to set up the Fan Jinshi Education Fund. Fan is __5__ as a famous archaeologist in China, and her __6__ will support further research into Dunhuang.
All people present were __7__ by her love for Dunhuang. Fan Jinshi, also __8__ as “the Daughter of Dunhuang”， __9__ from Peking University and then __10__ for the Northwest Desert. Since then, she has __11__ herself to protecting the caves in history.
Fan used __12__ technologies to protect the caves, and now Dunhuang __13__ tourists from around the world.
Today, Fan is still trying to promote talks and __14__ between Peking University and the Dunhuang School.
Fan said, “Though now I work, I am a student of Peking University, and I was able to __15__ to the caves in Dunhuang. I hope that the fund can help __16__ the Dunhuang studies of Peking University.”
The fund __17__ Fan's prize money and her savings. She believes in taking money from the right place and spending it in a __18__ way to ensure that it is used for the benefit of society.
Fan Jinshi's speech __19__ so many people, and the research on Chinese archaeology will continue developing.,
5．A.organized B．considered
C．frightened D．encouraged
6．A.wish B．respect
C．opinion D．donation
7．A.moved B．thanked
C．connected D．explained
8．A.known B．informed
C．allowed D．sent
9．A.admired B．expected
C．explained D．graduated
10．A.set up B．break out
C．set off D．break down
11．A.applied B．replied
C．supplied D．relied
12．A.delicious B．unique
C．false D．dizzy
13．A.affects B．welcomes
C．offers D．shares
14．A.description B．definition
C．responsibility D．exchanges
15．A.lead B．owe
C．contribute D．sick
16．A.improve B．rise
C．dream D．devote
17．A.shows up B．consists of
C．takes off D．stands out
18．A.final B．lucky
C．wise D．simple
19．A.included B．reminded
C．cared D．inspired
Ⅲ.语法填空
In her childhood, Li Zhenxia always dreamed __1__ buying a beautiful oil paper umbrella in a store in her village. But it was too expensive for her family to afford one at the time.
Today, as a businesswoman, Li devotes herself __2__ (entire) to protecting this cultural heritage by talking to her customers and passing on her techniques to young people. “The oil paper umbrella has been with me my entire life and always makes me feel much __3__ (good) when I'm upset，” Li said.
The traditional Chinese handicraft, which is made of bamboo and paper __4__ (coat) in a special oil for not letting water through, has been around for at least 1,000 years and is even adopted in other parts of Asia. __5__ (it) production involves over a hundred steps and the whole process can take several months. This complexity (复杂) means it's still made by hand.
Li's store in Datong Ancient Town — a town __6__ there is lots of rain — welcomes tourists who buy her umbrellas __7__ (model) in photos, decorate their homes, or add to collections. “It's definitely more a piece of art __8__ a means of protection from the rain, ” she said.
One of her regulars, a lady surnamed Cai, __9__ (buy) eight oil paper umbrellas since 2016. Rain or shine, Cai uses the umbrellas, __10__ (match) them with her clothes. “It is a classic item with great cultural meaning. I don't use ordinary umbrellas anymore, ” Cai said.
UNIT 1 课时检测(四)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者是一名学生，有幸参加了一次考古挖掘活动。在这次活动中，作者经历了考古挖掘的辛苦，学到了很多考古知识，也收获了友谊。
1．选A 主旨大意题。根据文章的第一句“In January,2017，we participated in an archaeological (考古学的) dig ...”以及全文的内容可以看出，文章主要讲述了作者参加的一次考古挖掘经历。
2．选D 推理判断题。根据第五段的第三句“The cold climate, the cold wind, and the dust made it hard ...”可知，当时天冷、风大、尘土多，考古挖掘是件“不容易的”工作。
3．选D 细节理解题。根据第三段的第二句“The different colors of these layers showed what had happened at different ages.”可知，土层的不同颜色展示出不同时代发生的事情。
4．选C 细节理解题。根据第四段的第二句可知，他们渴望发现的东西是黑曜石，这种东西黑得透明，可用来切肉或做箭头，并且它很难找到，又很美丽，因此找到黑曜石是他们最兴奋的事。
Ⅱ.完形填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，文章主要介绍了被称为“敦煌的女儿”的樊锦诗，她致力于敦煌石窟保护和敦煌文化研究。
5．选B 根据空后的“as a famous archaeologist in China”可知，此处指“樊锦诗被认为是中国一位著名的考古学家”。be considered as“被认为是”，固定短语，故选B。
6．选D 根据上文“Fan Jinshi donated 10 million yuan”可知，此处指樊锦诗的捐款，故选D。
7．选A 根据空后的“by her love for Dunhuang”可知，此处指所有在场的人都被她对敦煌的爱所感动，故选A。
8．选A 根据“as‘the Daughter of Dunhuang’”可知，此处指她被称为“敦煌的女儿”。be known as“被认为是”，故选A。
9．选D 根据下文“I am a student of Peking University”可知，樊锦诗毕业于北京大学，故选D。
10．选C 下文“Since then, she has ________ herself to protecting the caves in history.”提到她从那以后就一直做着保护石窟工作，故此处指“前往西北大漠”。set off“动身前往”，故选C。
11．选A 结合上文“the Daughter of Dunhuang”提到她被称为“敦煌的女儿”可知，她应是一直致力于保护敦煌石窟。apply oneself to doing sth.“专心/致力于做某事”，故选A。
12．选B 根据“to protect the caves”可知，此处指“用独特的技术保护洞穴”，故选B。
13．选B 根据语境及空后的“tourists from around the world”可知，敦煌是旅游景点，应是欢迎来自全世界的游客，故选B。
14．选D 空处和“talks”并列，结合空后的“between Peking University and the Dunhuang School”可知，此处指推动双方之间的对话和交流。故选D。
15．选C 根据下文“I hope that the fund can help __________ the Dunhuang studies of Peking University.”可知，樊锦诗捐款成立基金会是为敦煌的石窟做贡献，故选C。
16．选A 结合语境以及“the fund”可知，基金会应是为了帮助提高对敦煌的研究，故选A。
17．选B 根据主语“The fund”以及空后的“Fan's prize money and her savings”可知，此处指基金是由她的奖金和积蓄构成。show up“出现”；consist of“包括；由……组成”；take off“脱掉，成功”；stand out“突出”。故选B。
18．选C 根据空后的“it is used for the benefit of society”可知，此处指明智地使用金钱，故选C。
19．选D 结合上文樊锦诗的发言以及空后的“and the research on Chinese archaeology will continue developing”可知，她的演讲激励了很多人，故选D。
Ⅲ.语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了李振霞在大同古镇拥有一家卖油纸伞的商店。她从小就喜欢油纸伞，而且希望把制造油纸伞的技艺传承下去。
1．of/about 考查介词。dream of/about为固定搭配， 意为“梦想”。
2．entirely 考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰动词，需用副词。故填entirely。
3．better 考查形容词比较级。根据空前的much和句意可知，当“我”难过的时候，油纸伞总是让“我”感觉好多了，所以要用形容词的比较级。故填better。
4．coated 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，定语从句中已有谓语动词，所以空处为非谓语作定语，与修饰的名词之间为被动关系，应用过去分词。故填coated。
5．Its 考查代词。根据句子结构可知，空处应用形容词性物主代词，修饰名词。位于句首需大写。故填Its。
6．where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a town，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语。故填where。
7．to model 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，定语从句中已有谓语动词，所以空处需用非谓语动词作目的状语，用动词不定式。故填to model。
8．than 考查固定搭配。more ...than ...为固定短语，意为“与其说……倒不如说……”。故填than。
9．has bought 考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为句子的谓语动词。根据时间状语since 2016可知，句子为现在完成时态。“one of＋名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。故填has bought。
10．matching 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，空处需用非谓语作状语，与句子的主语之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填matching。
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