Section Ⅳ Discovering Useful Structures
语法项目——动词不定式作定语和状语
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.I'm glad to introduce this English speech contest①.As we all know，it is very important for us to master a foreign language.Taking part in English speech is a helpful way to learn English②.Everyone wants to make use of the opportunity to show their best③.When we have been preparing for it，we can improve our ability to learn English④.
[语法入门]
①句中to introduce this English speech contest 为动词不定式作原因状语。
②句中to learn English为动词不定式作定语，修饰a helpful way。
③句中to show their best为动词不定式作目的状语。
④句中 to learn English为动词不定式作定语，修饰our ability。
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式，由“不定式符号to＋动词原形”构成。不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化。不定式不能作谓语，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等，还可用在复合结构中，而且有一般式、进行式、完成式和否定形式。
一、动词不定式的构成形式
[先感知]
①I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.
②The patient asked to be operated on at once.
③The boy pretended to be reading when the teacher came in.
④I happened to have seen the film.
⑤The factory is reported to have been burnt down.
⑥His mother told him not to go out alone.
[会发现] (以do为例)
语态时态 主动形式 被动形式
一般式 ①to_do ②to_be_done
进行式 ③to_be_doing —
完成式 ④to_have_done ⑤to_have_been_done
否定形式 动词不定式⑥前加not
[明规则]
1．动词不定式的一般式：动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。
2．动词不定式的进行式：动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，并且正在进行着。
3．动词不定式的完成式：动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
4．动词不定式的被动式：动词不定式的被动式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式(to have been done)，完成式表示动作已完成或者先于谓语动词发生。
5．动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式需要在动词不定式前加“not”。
[对点练] (用所给词的适当形式填空)
①We are delighted ______________ (know) that you'll make a speech for us next week.
②She glanced at the faces around her, hoping to find the tall man.But he was nowhere ______________ (see)．
③When the boss came in, the workers pretended ______________ (work) hard on their machines.
④All the students got very excited at the news that the scientist, who was reported __________ (win) the Nobel Prize, was coming to their school.
⑤The two passengers occupying seats were reported to __________________ (ban) from taking trains for 180 days.
二、动词不定式的句法功能
1．动词不定式作定语
[先感知]
①On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to enter space.
②We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
③However, while such disasters brought much sadness and disappointment, the desire to explore the universe did not die.
④(2024·全国甲卷)The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.
⑤He finally found a good house to live in.
[会发现]
①动词不定式to enter space作定语，修饰__________________。
②动词不定式 to be held 作定语，修饰___________，其用了不定式的__________。
③动词不定式to explore the universe 作定语，修饰______________。
④动词不定式to improve the situation作定语，修饰__________。
⑤动词不定式to live in作定语，修饰____________，其中____________不能省略。
[明规则]
1．动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词后面，通常与该名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，常表示未发生的动作。
2．当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last, the only 等或中心词被这类词修饰时，多用动词不定式作定语。
3．有些名词也常跟动词不定式作定语，常见的有：way, chance, promise, plan, desire, offer, decision, ability, warning等。
4．作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，或动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的地点、工具等时，动词不定式后面需有相应的介词。
[对点练]
(1)单句语法填空
①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I gave him the choice __________ (run) or not, and let him decide.
②What is the best way you can imagine ______________ (reduce) the overuse of water in our school
③In many homes in the UK, the first person ______________ (wake) up has to make tea for the family.
④We had better put off interviewing the athlete, for he is busy preparing for an international contest ______________ (hold) in Shanghai next month.
⑤The airport __________________ (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
(2)完成句子
⑥It is recognized that he is the best man __________________.
人们公认他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
⑦We are looking for an apartment __________.
我们正在找一个可以居住的公寓。
⑧The show ______________ will surely attract many international tourists.
将要举行的展览肯定会吸引许多国际游客。
⑨Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the courage ________________________.
多亏了你的鼓励，我最终有了面对挑战的勇气。
⑩His ability __________________ people is his chief advantage.
他与人和睦相处的能力是他的主要优点。
2．动词不定式作状语
[先感知]
①Today, scientists design vehicles to carry astronauts into space to make important discoveries.
②He ran fast all the way so as to catch the first bus.
③They were very surprised to be informed of the news.
④(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message：“Out of order.Sorry.”
⑤She is so proud as to look down upon others.
⑥We are too young to vote and to be voted.
[会发现]
①动词不定式 to make important discoveries在句中作__________状语。
②动词不定式so as to catch the first bus在句中作__________状语。
③动词不定式 to be informed of the news在句中作__________状语。
④动词不定式only to read the message在句中作__________状语，表示______________。
⑤句中 so ...as to ...意为“如此……以至于……”，在句中作__________状语。
⑥句中too ...to ...意为“ 太……而不能……”，在句中作__________状语。
1．动词不定式可作目的状语、原因状语和结果状语。表示原因、结果时一般不置于句首。
2．动词不定式作目的状语时可位于句首或句末，表示强调时，通常可以在动词不定式符号to之前加上 in order或so as，但 so as to不可位于句首。
3．动词不定式作原因状语时常跟在一些形容词之后说明产生某种情绪的原因。常见的形容词有happy, lucky, surprised, sorry, glad, delighted, anxious, interested, worried等。 [明规则]
4．动词不定式作结果状语时往往含有“令人意想不到”的意思，其中“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。动词不定式之前有时可以加上 only 或 but only，以加强语气。
5．动词不定式作结果状语时，常用于一些特定的结构中：too ...to ...“太……而不能……”， so/such ...as to ...“如此……以至于……”，enough ...to“足够……”。
[名师点津] 现在分词(短语)作结果状语多表示自然而然的结果，即句子谓语和结果状语之间有直接的因果关系。
Jack has made great progress, making his parents very happy.
杰克取得了巨大的进步，让他的父母很高兴。
[对点练]
(1)单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷)For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) ____________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
②My mother did everything she could ______ (help) me feel happy.
③He rushed to the airport, only ____________ (tell) that his friend had left.
④It rained heavily, ______________ (cause) severe flooding in that country.
⑤I'm sorry ____________ (take) up so much of your valuable time.
(2)完成句子
⑥I am honored ________ to give you a lecture here.我很荣幸被邀请在这里给你们做一个演讲。
⑦I'm ______________ you awake — ten minutes ago you were fast asleep.
看到你醒了我很惊讶——十分钟前你还在熟睡。
⑧____________， he worked hard till midnight.
为了通过这次考试，他努力学习到午夜。
⑨When he got the station, he was disappointed ______________ they'd already left.
当他到达车站时，他很失望发现他们已经离开了。
⑩Sometimes, I was ______________________ so my education suffered.有时候，我身体太虚弱了而不能上学，因此我的教育受到影响。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)The best way ________ (ease) pressure on over touristed destinations is to go somewhere else.
2．The ability ______________ (download) apps can enrich a visitor's experience.
3．He is one of the first scientists __________ (study) outer space.
4．My family's flight was delayed, so we were the last group ______________ (arrive)．
5．(2024·浙江1月高考)However, if you're shopping for one, buying extra __________ (benefit) from price reductions doesn't make sense.
6．Before the Spring Festival, many people travel home ____________ (see) their family.
7．As a senior high school student, you must make efforts __________ (improve) your communication and problem solving skills.
8．______________ (publish) their researches in journals, scientists have to work hard, even without financial reward.
9．We hurried there, only ______________ (find) a note pinned on the door, informing us of the delay of the meeting.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．I think digging wells for drinking water is a good way ____________________________________________.
我认为挖井取水是解决缺水问题的好方法。
2．I decide to employ every opportunity ________________________________.
我决定利用一切机会练习我的英语口语。
3．I treasure this as a good chance ____________________________ as well as improve my spoken English.
我珍惜这个好机会来开阔我的视野、提高我的英语口语。
4．Tu Youyou is the first Chinese scientist ________________________ the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
屠呦呦是第一位被授予诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的中国科学家。
5．She has turned down several invitations to star at shows in order __________________________________.
为了专心于她的学习，她已经拒绝了几次参加演出的邀请。
Ⅲ.根据括号内的汉语提示补全短文
Li Hua is a naughty child.Several months ago, his mother sent him to a training school ①____________________________ (改正他的坏习惯)．He was glad ②____________________________ (看见老师)．The teacher was easy ③____________________________ (相处)．The teacher told Li Hua to raise his hand if he had something ④____________________ (要说的)．He was always the first ⑤________________________________________________ (在班上问问题)．To everyone's happiness, he did very well in school.Later his mother took him home, ⑥_________________ (结果发现) that he really changed.
Section Ⅳ
学案中理清
一、[会发现]①to do ②to be done ③to be doing
④to have done ⑤to have been done ⑥前加not
[对点练] ①to know ②to be seen ③to be working
④to have won ⑤have been banned
二、1.[会发现]①the first person ②a party；被动式
③the desire ④attempt ⑤a good house；介词in
[对点练] ①to run ②to reduce ③to wake ④to be held
⑤to be completed ⑥to do the job ⑦to live in ⑧to be held
⑨to face the challenge ⑩to get on well with
2．[会发现]①目的 ②目的 ③原因
④结果；出乎意料的结果 ⑤结果 ⑥结果
[对点练] ①to teach ②to help ③to be told ④causing ⑤to take ⑥to be invited ⑦surprised to see ⑧In order to/To pass the exam ⑨to find ⑩too weak to go to school
应用中融通
Ⅰ.1.to ease 2.to download 3.to study 4.to arrive 5.to benefit 6.to see 7.to improve 8.To publish 9.to find
Ⅱ.1.to solve the problem of water shortage 2.to practise my spoken English 3.to broaden my horizons 4.to be awarded
5．to concentrate on her studies
Ⅲ.①to correct his bad habits ②to see the teacher
③to get along with ④to say ⑤to ask questions in the class
⑥only to find
1 / 7(共73张PPT)
Section Ⅳ
Discovering Useful Structures
目 录
语法项目——动词不定式作定语和状语
课时跟踪检测
语法项目——动词不定式作定语和状语
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.I'm glad to introduce this English speech contest①.As we all know，it is very important for us to master a foreign language.Taking part in English speech is a helpful way to learn English②.Everyone wants to make use of the opportunity to show their best③.When we have been preparing for it，we can improve our ability to learn English④.
[语法入门]
①句中to introduce this English speech contest 为动词不定式作原因状语。
②句中to learn English为动词不定式作定语，修饰a helpful way。
③句中to show their best为动词不定式作目的状语。
④句中 to learn English为动词不定式作定语，修饰our ability。
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式，由“不定式符号to＋动词原形”构成。不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化。不定式不能作谓语，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等，还可用在复合结构中，而且有一般式、进行式、完成式和否定形式。
一、动词不定式的构成形式
[先感知]
①I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.
②The patient asked to be operated on at once.
③The boy pretended to be reading when the teacher came in.
④I happened to have seen the film.
⑤The factory is reported to have been burnt down.
⑥His mother told him not to go out alone.
[会发现] (以do为例)
语态 时态 主动形式 被动形式
一般式 ①_______ ②__________
进行式 ③____________ —
完成式 ④_____________ ⑤________________
否定形式 动词不定式⑥_________ to do
to be done
to be doing
to have done
to have been done
前加not
[明规则]
1．动词不定式的一般式：动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。
2．动词不定式的进行式：动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，并且正在进行着。
3．动词不定式的完成式：动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
4．动词不定式的被动式：动词不定式的被动式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式(to have been done)，完成式表示动作已完成或者先于谓语动词发生。
5．动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式需要在动词不定式前加“not”。
[对点练] (用所给词的适当形式填空)
①We are delighted (know) that you'll make a speech for us next week.
②She glanced at the faces around her, hoping to find the tall man.But he was nowhere (see)．
③When the boss came in, the workers pretended (work) hard on their machines.
to know
to be seen
to be working
④All the students got very excited at the news that the scientist, who was reported (win) the Nobel Prize, was coming to their school.
⑤The two passengers occupying seats were reported to _________________(ban) from taking trains for 180 days.
to have won
have been banned
二、动词不定式的句法功能
1．动词不定式作定语
[先感知]
①On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to enter space.
②We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
③However, while such disasters brought much sadness and disappointment, the desire to explore the universe did not die.
④(2024·全国甲卷)The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.
⑤He finally found a good house to live in.
[会发现]
①动词不定式to enter space作定语，修饰_______________。
②动词不定式 to be held 作定语，修饰________，其用了不定式的_______。
③动词不定式to explore the universe 作定语，修饰_________。
④动词不定式to improve the situation作定语，修饰________。
⑤动词不定式to live in作定语，修饰____________，其中_______不能省略。
the first person
a party
被动式
the desire
attempt
a good house
介词in
[明规则]
1．动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词后面，通常与该名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，常表示未发生的动作。
2．当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last, the only 等或中心词被这类词修饰时，多用动词不定式作定语。
3．有些名词也常跟动词不定式作定语，常见的有：way, chance, promise, plan, desire, offer, decision, ability, warning等。
4．作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，或动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的地点、工具等时，动词不定式后面需有相应的介词。
[对点练]
(1)单句语法填空
①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I gave him the choice (run) or not, and let him decide.
②What is the best way you can imagine (reduce) the overuse of water in our school
to run
to reduce
③In many homes in the UK, the first person (wake) up has to make tea for the family.
④We had better put off interviewing the athlete, for he is busy preparing for an international contest (hold) in Shanghai next month.
⑤The airport (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
to wake
to be held
to be completed
(2)完成句子
⑥It is recognized that he is the best man .
人们公认他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
⑦We are looking for an apartment .
我们正在找一个可以居住的公寓。
to do the job
to live in
⑧The show will surely attract many international tourists.
将要举行的展览肯定会吸引许多国际游客。
⑨Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the courage .
多亏了你的鼓励，我最终有了面对挑战的勇气。
⑩His ability people is his chief advantage.
他与人和睦相处的能力是他的主要优点。
to be held
to face the challenge
to get on well with
2．动词不定式作状语
[先感知]
①Today, scientists design vehicles to carry astronauts into space to make important discoveries.
②He ran fast all the way so as to catch the first bus.
③They were very surprised to be informed of the news.
④(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message：“Out of order.Sorry.”
⑤She is so proud as to look down upon others.
⑥We are too young to vote and to be voted.
[会发现]
①动词不定式 to make important discoveries在句中作_____状语。
②动词不定式so as to catch the first bus在句中作_____状语。
③动词不定式 to be informed of the news在句中作_____状语。
目的
目的
原因
④动词不定式only to read the message在句中作______状语，表示_________________。
⑤句中 so ...as to ...意为“如此……以至于……”，在句中作______状语。
⑥句中too ...to ...意为“ 太……而不能……”，在句中作_____状语。
结果
出乎意料的结果
结果
结果
[明规则]
1．动词不定式可作目的状语、原因状语和结果状语。表示原因、结果时一般不置于句首。
2．动词不定式作目的状语时可位于句首或句末，表示强调时，通常可以在动词不定式符号to之前加上 in order或so as，但 so as to不可位于句首。
3．动词不定式作原因状语时常跟在一些形容词之后说明产生某种情绪的原因。常见的形容词有happy, lucky, surprised, sorry, glad, delighted, anxious, interested, worried等。
4．动词不定式作结果状语时往往含有“令人意想不到”的意思，其中“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。动词不定式之前有时可以加上 only 或 but only，以加强语气。
5．动词不定式作结果状语时，常用于一些特定的结构中：too ...to ...“太……而不能……”， so/such ...as to ...“如此……以至于……”，enough ...to“足够……”。
[名师点津] 现在分词(短语)作结果状语多表示自然而然的结果，即句子谓语和结果状语之间有直接的因果关系。
Jack has made great progress, making his parents very happy.
杰克取得了巨大的进步，让他的父母很高兴。
[对点练]
(1)单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷)For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) _________(teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
②My mother did everything she could (help) me feel happy.
③He rushed to the airport, only (tell) that his friend had left.
④It rained heavily, (cause) severe flooding in that country.
⑤I'm sorry (take) up so much of your valuable time.
to teach
to help
to be told
causing
to take
(2)完成句子
⑥I am honored to give you a lecture here.我很荣幸被邀请在这里给你们做一个演讲。
⑦I'm you awake — ten minutes ago you were fast asleep.
看到你醒了我很惊讶——十分钟前你还在熟睡。
to be invited
surprised to see
⑧ , he worked hard till midnight.
为了通过这次考试，他努力学习到午夜。
⑨When he got the station, he was disappointed they'd already left.
当他到达车站时，他很失望发现他们已经离开了。
⑩Sometimes, I was so my education suffered.
有时候，我身体太虚弱了而不能上学，因此我的教育受到影响。
In order to/To pass the exam
to find
too weak to go to school
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)The best way (ease) pressure on over-touristed destinations is to go somewhere else.
2．The ability (download) apps can enrich a visitor's experience.
3．He is one of the first scientists (study) outer space.
to ease
to download
to study
4．My family's flight was delayed, so we were the last group __________(arrive)．
5．(2024·浙江1月高考)However, if you're shopping for one, buying extra (benefit) from price reductions doesn't make sense.
6．Before the Spring Festival, many people travel home (see) their family.
to arrive
to benefit
to see
7．As a senior high school student, you must make efforts __________(improve) your communication and problem-solving skills.
8． (publish) their researches in journals, scientists have to work hard, even without financial reward.
9．We hurried there, only (find) a note pinned on the door, informing us of the delay of the meeting.
to improve
To publish
to find
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．I think digging wells for drinking water is a good way .
我认为挖井取水是解决缺水问题的好方法。
2．I decide to employ every opportunity .
我决定利用一切机会练习我的英语口语。
to solve the problem of water shortage
to practise my spoken English
3．I treasure this as a good chance as well as improve my spoken English.
我珍惜这个好机会来开阔我的视野、提高我的英语口语。
4．Tu Youyou is the first Chinese scientist the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
屠呦呦是第一位被授予诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的中国科学家。
to broaden my horizons
to be awarded
5．She has turned down several invitations to star at shows in order .
为了专心于她的学习，她已经拒绝了几次参加演出的邀请。
to concentrate on her studies
Ⅲ.根据括号内的汉语提示补全短文
Li Hua is a naughty child.Several months ago, his mother sent him to a training school ① (改正他的坏习惯)．He was glad ② (看见老师)．The teacher was easy ③ (相处)．The teacher told Li Hua to raise his hand if he had something ④ (要说的)．He was always the first ⑤ (在班上问问题)．To everyone's happiness, he did very well in school.Later his mother took him home, ⑥ (结果发现) that he really changed.
to correct his bad habits
to see the teacher
to get along with
to say
to ask questions in the class
only to find
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A new study suggests that dark markings on the planet Mars represent sand — not water.The research suggested that lines on some Martian hills were evidence of water.Yet American scientists now say these lines appear more like dry, flows of sand.If water is present, it is likely to be a small amount.Water in liquid form would be necessary for microbial (微生物的) life.
课时跟踪检测
NASA, the American space agency, said more research is needed.Michael Meyer is the lead scientist for NASA's Mars exploration programme.He noted that the latest study does not reject the presence of water.But he admitted, “It just may not be as exciting as the idea of rivers going down the sides of cliffs (悬崖)．”
The new findings come from a team led by Colin Dundas of the United States Geological Survey.His team measured 151 of these lines in 10 areas.Most of the lines end with slopes between 28 degrees and 35 degrees.These measurements are similar to active sand dunes (沙丘) on both Mars and Earth.A small covering of dust that moves and sometimes becomes lighter might help explain the markings.They usually appear in the Martian summertime, and then disappear until the next year.If these lines are dry, this suggests that recent Mars has not had large volumes of liquid water.Dundas and his research team say that many questions remain.
“I still think that Mars has a great potential for having had life early on in its history, ” Meyer said.“As long as that's true, we also have a reasonable possibility of life still being on Mars.It just happens to be cryptic or well hidden.”
NASA currently has no robotic vehicle — either on Mars or in development — with the ability to climb steep slopes.The lack of such equipment has engineers coming up with ideas like Martian helicopters or planes without pilots.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国科学家的一项新的研究发现：火星上黑色的标记是沙子而不是水。
1．What do American scientists find on Mars now according to their study
A．A lot of little life. B．An amount of water.
C．Some Martian hills. D．Dark markings are sand.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new study suggests that dark markings on the planet Mars represent sand — not water.”可知，科学家发现火星上的黑色标记是沙子不是水。
√
2．When do the markings come out
A．In Martian spring. B．In Martian summer.
C．In Martian autumn. D．In Martian winter.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They usually appear in the Martian summertime, and then disappear until the next year.”可知，这样的标记会出现在火星的夏季。
√
3．What's Meyer's opinion about having life on Mars
A．Doubtful. B．Trustful.
C．Indifferent. D．Objective.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段Meyer说的话可推知，Meyer还是相信火星上有生命。
√
4．What does the underlined word “cryptic” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Undiscovered. B．Strange.
C．Magical. D．Icy.
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，它只是碰巧是cryptic或隐藏得很好。由此可知，cryptic意思是“没被发现的”。
√
Ⅱ.完形填空
For a little girl growing up in Colombia, a science career with NASA may seem impossible.Trujillo, however, is an aerospace 5 who leads a team at the NASA laboratory 6 for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover (火星探测器)．
How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe to 7 exploring it That's a tale of 8 written in the stars.
Born in 1983, even as a young girl Trujillo was 9 of her passion for science.But she doubted how far she'd be able to 10 in a male-dominated field.Then her dad offered to send her to Miami.Only 17 at the time, she 11 the offer.
Trujillo took a series of housekeeping 12 to put herself through Miami Dade College.Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms to help pay her way through her 13 .But she didn't 14 ，“I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity.”
Then came another life-changing moment.She became the first Hispanic (西班牙语国家的) woman to be 15 to the NASA Academy.Later, she became an engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
This February, when the Perseverance rover 16 on the surface of Mars, it was 17 by commentary (现场解说) from Trujillo in NASA's first-ever Spanish-language 18 .
Trujillo's own story is 19 that just beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Trujillo作为一位女性，靠着努力和毅力一步步成为美国宇航局的工程师的故事。
5．A.astronaut B．pilot
C．engineer D．guide
解析：根据下文“Later, she became an engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.”可知，Trujillo成了美国宇航局的工程师。
√
6．A.eager B．responsible
C．concerned D．grateful
解析：根据“Trujillo, however, is an aerospace who leads a team at the NASA laboratory ...Mars rover(火星探测器)”可知，Trujillo领导的团队负责最新的火星探测器的机械臂。
√
7．A.actually B．hardly
C．accurately D．repeatedly
解析：根据“How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe”可知，Trujillo的梦想变成了现实，在现实中真正地探索宇宙。
√
8．A.innovation B．kindness
C．passion D．sympathy
解析：根据文章开头“For a little girl growing up in Colombia, a science career with NASA may seem impossible.”可知，此处表达她的整个经历充满了激情。
√
9．A.certain B．approved
C．afraid D．fond
解析：根据上文“How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe to exploring it？”可知，她一直梦想着探索宇宙，再结合此句中的even，所以此处表示甚至在她还很小时，就确定了对科学的热爱。
√
10．A.respond B．rise
C．invest D．apply
解析：根据“in a male-dominated field”可知，在这样一个男性主导的领域里，Trujillo不知道努力和坚持让自己能走多远，地位能提高多少。
√
11．A.made up B．turned up
C．picked up D．took up
解析：根据上文“Then her dad offered to send her to Miami.”和下文“Trujillo took a series of housekeeping to put herself through Miami Dade College.”可知，此处表示，她接受了爸爸让她去迈阿密的提议。
√
12．A.measures B．activities
C．jobs D．courses
解析：根据“to put herself through Miami Dade College”可知，她给别人做家务活，也就是通过家务工作挣钱让自己完成学业。
√
13．A.studies B．purchases
C．recreations D．trips
解析：根据“Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms”可知，Trujillo有时通过打扫浴室帮助支付学费来完成自己的学业。
√
14．A.clarify B．fear
C．perceive D．complain
解析：根据“I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity”可知，她把遇到的一切都当作机会，所以尽管完成学业不易，但是她不抱怨。
√
15．A.applied B．admitted
C．assigned D．introduced
解析：根据上文“Then came another life-changing moment.”可知，Trujillo被美国宇航局学院录取，这是她人生的转折点。
√
16．A.originated B．generated
C．landed D．waited
解析：根据“on the surface of Mars”可知，此处表示的是“毅力”号在火星表面着陆。
√
17．A.accompanied B．distracted
C．estimated D．occupied
解析：根据“by commentary (现场解说) from Trujillo in NASA's first-ever Spanish-language ”可知，此处表示的是“毅力”号着陆时，同时伴随着广播中Trujillo的西班牙语的解说。
√
18．A.theory B．broadcast
C．comment D．performance
解析：根据“it was by commentary (现场解说) from Trujillo in NASA's first-ever Spanish-language”可知，“毅力”号在火星着陆时，广播播报Trujillo用西班牙语所作的解说。
√
19．A.career B．information
C．competence D．proof
解析：根据“just beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars”可知，她的故事是一种证明，证明了越过障碍，有一个充满机遇的宇宙在等待着任何愿意努力工作去接近星辰的人。
√
Ⅲ.语法填空
Liu Yang is a Chinese pilot and astronaut.She graduated 1 People's Liberation Army Air Force Aviation College of Changchun.After two years of astronaut training, Liu 2 (be) excellent in testing.Liu was selected for the crew (机组) of Shenzhou-9, the first manned mission (任务) to the Chinese space station Tiangong-1.Liu became the first woman Chinese astronaut 3 (enter) space.
The mission was launched on June 16, 2012.During this manned space mission, Liu did some 4 (experiment) in space.Wang Yaping became a crew member of the Shenzhou-10 space mission in 2013.And more 5 (important), she was famous as China's first space teacher after giving 6 40-minute live lesson to students from the place 7 (many) than 300 kilometres above the Earth's surface.
Again Wang Yaping 8 (choose) to take part in the Shenzhou-13 crewed mission, with the spaceship launched on Oct.16, 2021.She became the first woman who entered China's space station core module (核心舱) 9 is called Tianhe.She drew global attention again during her second space mission.Many 10 (challenge) tasks have been completed by her: a spacewalk and the second class.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国女航天员刘洋和王亚平为中国航天事业所做出的贡献。
1．from 考查介词。graduate from意为“从……毕业”，是固定搭配。故填from。
2．was 考查时态和主谓一致。这里在描述过去发生的事情，句子用一般过去时；句子主语Liu是单数。故填was。
3．to enter 考查动词不定式。the＋序数词＋名词＋to do sth.意为“第几个做某事的……”，是动词不定式作后置定语，此处指“第一个进入太空的女航天员”。故填to enter。
4．experiments 考查名词复数。some后跟可数名词复数。故填experiments。
5．importantly 考查副词。此处是副词修饰整个句子。故填importantly。
6．a 考查不定冠词。此处指“一堂40分钟的现场课”，表示泛指，且forty是以辅音音素开头的词，前面加a表示“一”。故填a。
7．more 考查比较级。根据than可知，此处用many的比较级。故填more。
8．was chosen 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。该句在描述过去发生的事情，且句子主语Wang Yaping为单数，和谓语动词choose之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was chosen。
9．which/that 考查定语从句。此处core module是先行词，指物，在后面的定语从句中作主语，定语从句应由关系代词which或that引导。
10．challenging 考查形容词作定语。空后tasks是名词，应由形容词修饰，challenge的形容词是challenging。故填challenging。UNIT 4 课时检测(四) Discovering Useful Structures
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A new study suggests that dark markings on the planet Mars represent sand — not water.The research suggested that lines on some Martian hills were evidence of water.Yet American scientists now say these lines appear more like dry, flows of sand.If water is present, it is likely to be a small amount.Water in liquid form would be necessary for microbial (微生物的) life.
NASA, the American space agency, said more research is needed.Michael Meyer is the lead scientist for NASA's Mars exploration programme.He noted that the latest study does not reject the presence of water.But he admitted, “It just may not be as exciting as the idea of rivers going down the sides of cliffs (悬崖)．”
The new findings come from a team led by Colin Dundas of the United States Geological Survey.His team measured 151 of these lines in 10 areas.Most of the lines end with slopes between 28 degrees and 35 degrees.These measurements are similar to active sand dunes (沙丘) on both Mars and Earth.A small covering of dust that moves and sometimes becomes lighter might help explain the markings.They usually appear in the Martian summertime, and then disappear until the next year.If these lines are dry, this suggests that recent Mars has not had large volumes of liquid water.Dundas and his research team say that many questions remain.
“I still think that Mars has a great potential for having had life early on in its history, ” Meyer said.“As long as that's true, we also have a reasonable possibility of life still being on Mars.It just happens to be cryptic or well hidden.”
NASA currently has no robotic vehicle — either on Mars or in development — with the ability to climb steep slopes.The lack of such equipment has engineers coming up with ideas like Martian helicopters or planes without pilots.
1．What do American scientists find on Mars now according to their study
A．A lot of little life.
B．An amount of water.
C．Some Martian hills.
D．Dark markings are sand.
2．When do the markings come out
A．In Martian spring. B．In Martian summer.
C．In Martian autumn. D．In Martian winter.
3．What's Meyer's opinion about having life on Mars
A．Doubtful. B．Trustful.
C．Indifferent. D．Objective.
4．What does the underlined word “cryptic” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Undiscovered. B．Strange.
C．Magical. D．Icy.
Ⅱ.完形填空
For a little girl growing up in Colombia, a science career with NASA may seem impossible.Trujillo, however, is an aerospace __5__ who leads a team at the NASA laboratory __6__ for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover (火星探测器)．
How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe to __7__ exploring it That's a tale of __8__ written in the stars.
Born in 1983, even as a young girl Trujillo was __9__ of her passion for science.But she doubted how far she'd be able to __10__ in a male dominated field.Then her dad offered to send her to Miami.Only 17 at the time, she __11__ the offer.
Trujillo took a series of housekeeping __12__ to put herself through Miami Dade College.Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms to help pay her way through her __13__.But she didn't __14__，“I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity.”
Then came another life changing moment.She became the first Hispanic (西班牙语国家的) woman to be __15__ to the NASA Academy.Later, she became an engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
This February, when the Perseverance rover __16__ on the surface of Mars, it was __17__ by commentary (现场解说) from Trujillo in NASA's first ever Spanish language __18__.
Trujillo's own story is __19__ that just beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars.
5.A.astronaut B．pilot
C．engineer D．guide
6．A.eager B．responsible
C．concerned D．grateful
7．A.actually B．hardly
C．accurately D．repeatedly
8．A.innovation B．kindness
C．passion D．sympathy
9．A.certain B．approved
C．afraid D．fond
10．A.respond B．rise
C．invest D．apply
11．A.made up B．turned up
C．picked up D．took up
12．A.measures B．activities
C．jobs D．courses
13．A.studies B．purchases
C．recreations D．trips
14．A.clarify B．fear
C．perceive D．complain
15．A.applied B．admitted
C．assigned D．introduced
16．A.originated B．generated
C．landed D．waited
17．A.accompanied B．distracted
C．estimated D．occupied
18．A.theory B．broadcast
C．comment D．performance
19．A.career B．information
C．competence D．proof
Ⅲ.语法填空
Liu Yang is a Chinese pilot and astronaut.She graduated __1__ People's Liberation Army Air Force Aviation College of Changchun.After two years of astronaut training, Liu __2__ (be) excellent in testing.Liu was selected for the crew (机组) of Shenzhou 9, the first manned mission (任务) to the Chinese space station Tiangong 1.Liu became the first woman Chinese astronaut __3__ (enter) space.
The mission was launched on June 16, 2012.During this manned space mission, Liu did some __4__ (experiment) in space.Wang Yaping became a crew member of the Shenzhou 10 space mission in 2013.And more __5__ (important), she was famous as China's first space teacher after giving __6__ 40 minute live lesson to students from the place __7__ (many) than 300 kilometres above the Earth's surface.Again Wang Yaping __8__ (choose) to take part in the Shenzhou 13 crewed mission, with the spaceship launched on Oct.16, 2021.She became the first woman who entered China's space station core module (核心舱) __9__ is called Tianhe.She drew global attention again during her second space mission.Many __10__ (challenge) tasks have been completed by her: a spacewalk and the second class.
UNIT 4 课时检测(四)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国科学家的一项新的研究发现：火星上黑色的标记是沙子而不是水。
1．选D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new study suggests that dark markings on the planet Mars represent sand — not water.”可知，科学家发现火星上的黑色标记是沙子不是水。
2．选B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They usually appear in the Martian summertime, and then disappear until the next year.”可知，这样的标记会出现在火星的夏季。
3．选B 推理判断题。根据第四段Meyer说的话可推知，Meyer还是相信火星上有生命。
4．选A 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，它只是碰巧是cryptic或隐藏得很好。由此可知，cryptic意思是“没被发现的”。
Ⅱ.完形填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Trujillo作为一位女性，靠着努力和毅力一步步成为美国宇航局的工程师的故事。
5．选C 根据下文“Later, she became an engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.”可知，Trujillo成了美国宇航局的工程师。
6．选B 根据“Trujillo, however, is an aerospace ________ who leads a team at the NASA laboratory ...Mars rover(火星探测器)”可知，Trujillo领导的团队负责最新的火星探测器的机械臂。
7．选A 根据“How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe”可知，Trujillo的梦想变成了现实，在现实中真正地探索宇宙。
8．选C 根据文章开头“For a little girl growing up in Colombia, a science career with NASA may seem impossible.”可知，此处表达她的整个经历充满了激情。
9．选A 根据上文“How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe to ________ exploring it？”可知，她一直梦想着探索宇宙，再结合此句中的even，所以此处表示甚至在她还很小时，就确定了对科学的热爱。
10．选B 根据“in a maledominated field”可知，在这样一个男性主导的领域里，Trujillo不知道努力和坚持让自己能走多远，地位能提高多少。
11．选D 根据上文“Then her dad offered to send her to Miami.”和下文“Trujillo took a series of housekeeping ________ to put herself through Miami Dade College.”可知，此处表示，她接受了爸爸让她去迈阿密的提议。
12．选C 根据“to put herself through Miami Dade College”可知，她给别人做家务活，也就是通过家务工作挣钱让自己完成学业。
13．选A 根据“Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms”可知，Trujillo有时通过打扫浴室帮助支付学费来完成自己的学业。
14．选D 根据“I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity”可知，她把遇到的一切都当作机会，所以尽管完成学业不易，但是她不抱怨。
15．选B 根据上文“Then came another lifechanging moment.”可知，Trujillo被美国宇航局学院录取，这是她人生的转折点。
16．选C 根据“on the surface of Mars”可知，此处表示的是“毅力”号在火星表面着陆。
17．选A 根据“by commentary (现场解说) from Trujillo in NASA's firstever Spanishlanguage ________”可知，此处表示的是“毅力”号着陆时，同时伴随着广播中Trujillo的西班牙语的解说。
18．选B 根据“it was ________ by commentary (现场解说) from Trujillo in NASA's firstever Spanishlanguage”可知，“毅力”号在火星着陆时，广播播报Trujillo用西班牙语所作的解说。
19．选D 根据“just beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars”可知，她的故事是一种证明，证明了越过障碍，有一个充满机遇的宇宙在等待着任何愿意努力工作去接近星辰的人。
Ⅲ.语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国女航天员刘洋和王亚平为中国航天事业所做出的贡献。
1．from 考查介词。graduate from意为“从……毕业”，是固定搭配。故填from。
2．was 考查时态和主谓一致。这里在描述过去发生的事情，句子用一般过去时；句子主语Liu是单数。故填was。
3．to enter 考查动词不定式。the＋序数词＋名词＋to do sth.意为“第几个做某事的……”，是动词不定式作后置定语，此处指“第一个进入太空的女航天员”。故填to enter。
4．experiments 考查名词复数。some后跟可数名词复数。故填experiments。
5．importantly 考查副词。此处是副词修饰整个句子。故填importantly。
6．a 考查不定冠词。此处指“一堂40分钟的现场课”，表示泛指，且forty是以辅音音素开头的词，前面加a表示“一”。故填a。
7．more 考查比较级。根据than可知，此处用many的比较级。故填more。
8．was chosen 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。该句在描述过去发生的事情，且句子主语Wang Yaping为单数，和谓语动词choose之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was chosen。
9．which/that 考查定语从句。此处core module是先行词，指物，在后面的定语从句中作主语，定语从句应由关系代词which或that引导。
10．challenging 考查形容词作定语。空后tasks是名词，应由形容词修饰，challenge的形容词是challenging。故填challenging。
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