第8单元 灾害防范与宇宙探索 限时训练3【突破验收卷】高三英语一轮话题复习（答案解析案）

第8单元　灾害防范与宇宙探索
限时训练3
限时50分钟
Ⅰ　阅读理解
A
　　Record sea ice loss caused a mass die-off of emperor penguin chicks in part of Antarctica last year, strengthening predictions that the world's largest penguin will soon be in danger of extinction.
Unlike other penguins, emperor penguins breed(繁殖) on sea ice rather than land. Male emperor penguins hatch the eggs during the Antarctic winter. The furry grey chicks need stable sea ice until December to grow their black waterproof feathers and gain enough muscle to swim. If they go into the water before they develop feathers, chicks can drown or freeze to death.
In February, the area of sea ice around Antarctica reached the lowest extent ever observed. After much of the ice began breaking up late last year, four out of five habitats in the hard-bit central and eastern Bellingshausen Sea suffered a total breeding failure, with no chicks surviving to the feather growing period. In mid-November, the sea ice there broke up, forcing the penguins to abandon the habitat and most if not all of their chicks.
A research team from Oxford Brookes University monitored populations by spotting penguin faeces(排泄物) in satellite photos. Emperor penguins tend to stay close, walking in a tight group to stay warm in temperatures as low as -60℃. The buildup of the habitat's faeces stains the ice so brown that it can be seen from space. Once a habitat has been identified, researchers can count the individual penguins in very high-resolution satellite images.
The observations add weight to modelling predictions that 90 percent of emperor penguin habitats could be extinct or pass the point of no return by 2100 if current rates of warming continue. While habitats can lose chicks in heavy storms or when severe winds break up the sea ice, this is the first time widespread breeding failure has been linked to disappearing ice.
“Failure is the norm, but complete failure across a whole region is not normal,” says Tim at Oxford Brookes University. “Will this impact the population It really depends on how often it happens.”
1.What was the result of the ice breaking last year
A.The area of the sea reached the lowest point ever.
B.Emperor penguins left the habitats with their chicks.
C.Emperor penguins had to search for food themselves.
D.Most emperor penguin chicks studied failed to survive.
2.How did the team identify a habitat in satellite images
A.By counting the penguins.　　　　B.By making the images clearer.
C.By spotting brown-stained ice.　　　　D.By collecting penguins' faeces.
3.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A.The area suffered breeding failure for the first time.
B.Severe storms caused the extensive breeding failure.
C.The total failure has made emperor penguins extinct.
D.The frequency of ice breaking needs to be controlled.
4.What is the passage mainly about
A.The main causes of global warming.　　　　B.The extinct emperor penguin habitats.
C.Emperor penguins' severe breeding failure.　　　　D.Health problems of emperor penguin chicks.
B
　　Astronomers long thought that an odd star system observed by the European Space Agency's Gaia satellite was a simple case of a star orbiting a black hole. But two astronomers are challenging that claim, finding that the evidence suggests something far stranger: a never-before-seen type of star made of invisible dark matter. The system consists of a sun-like star, and its mysterious dark companion, which is much more massive.
What could that dark companion be Maybe, as suggested, it's a clump(团) of dark matter. Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that makes up the vast majority of the mass of every single galaxy(星系). We still don't have a solid understanding of its identity. Most theoretical models assume that dark matter is smoothly distributed in each galaxy, but there are models that allow it to come together by itself.
One of these models supposes that dark matter in this case is a new kind of boson(玻色子). These bosons would have the ability to form clumps. Some of them could be the size of entire star systems, but some could be much smaller. The smallest ones could be as small as stars, and they get a new name: boson stars. Boson stars would be entirely invisible. Because dark matter doesn't interact with other substances or light, we could detect them only through the gravitational influence on their surroundings. The researchers pointed out that a simple model of boson dark matter could produce enough boson stars to make the two astronomers' finding reasonable.
While it's unlikely that this is actually the discovery of a boson star, follow-up observations are still urged. Most importantly, this unique system gives us a rare opportunity to study the behaviour of strong gravity, allowing us to examine Einstein's theory of general relativity to see if it holds. Secondly, if it is a boson star, this system is the perfect experimental set-up. We can keep studying our models of boson stars, see how well they can explain the orbital dynamics of this system and use that information to glimpse the dark corners of the universe.
5.What does the evidence show about the odd star system
A.Its mass is less than the sun.
B.It is a simple case for astronomers.
C.It is made of a star and a black hole.
D.Its star is made of invisible dark matter.
6.What can we infer about dark matter from Paragraph 2
A.It can be gathered.　　　　B.It is solid and inactive.
C.It can be a clump of visible matter.　　　　D.It makes up a minority of the galaxy's mass.
7.What are boson stars
A.The smallest dark matter.
B.The smallest boson clumps.
C.The smallest boson models.
D.The smallest star systems.
8.What does the author convey in the last paragraph
A.Einstein's theory holds true.
B.Boson stars have been confirmed.
C.More relevant studies will be needed.
D.A perfect model contains a boson star.
Ⅱ　七选五
　　With a number of rivers globally in crisis due to pollution, damming, and reduced rainfall, there's never been a better opportunity to appreciate everything that rivers give to the world.
Rivers provide drinking water
Two thirds of the UK's tap water is either from a river or from a river-fed body of water. 1.　　　. For example, the Colorado River alone supports nearly 40 million Americans. That's why it is vital to keep rivers clean and free of pollutants.
2.　　
Ancient farming depended on these life-giving waters, and so does modern agriculture. During the rainy season, many rivers overflow their banks, nourishing the soil with minerals and nutrients. Besides, rivers act as water sources for irrigation.
A good source of food comes from rivers
A fifth of the fish that are fished globally come from rivers and other freshwater resources. Another two thirds of fish that people eat rely on rivers for breeding, nutrients, or other reasons. 3.　　　.
Human culture is tied to rivers
4.　　　. The names of the rivers in England, including Thames, Leith, and Taff, disclose the island's history. Other examples are the religious connections to the Ganges in India or the Jordan River in Israel.
Rivers provide leisure activities
5.　　　. River sports, boating, fishing, swimming, braving rapids, and visiting waterfalls are all ways that rivers add value and entertainment. It's essential to work to conserve rivers for generations to come.
A.Rivers are important for agriculture
B.Rivers are more than just water under the bridge
C.Rivers are closely connected to ancient civilizations
D.A large part of our modern life is involved with rivers
E.The organization American Rivers gives a similar figure for the US
F.Consequently, rivers can provide homes for a diversity of plants and animals
G.Protecting rivers and their biodiversity is a good way to protect this valuable source of food
Ⅲ　读后续写
　　阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
　　Nature, while beautiful, could also be unpredictable and merciless. But most importantly, we bear in mind that in the darkest times, there's always a light at the end of the tunnel, just like Mrs. Evans' cabin light.
One bright summer day, my friend Peter and I decided to venture into the unexplored trails of the Great Smoky Mountains. Blessed with rich biodiversity and fascinating landscapes, the national park seemed a perfect getaway. Little did we know that our casual hike would soon turn into an unexpected personal incident, forever engraved in our memories.
We set off early in the morning, equipped with our backpacks and a map that was supposed to guide us through the winding trails. The sun was up, casting long shadows on the forest floor as we set off on our journey. We trekked(徒步旅行), laughed, and marveled at the beauty of nature around us.
As we trekked through the dense forests, taking in the natural wonders around us, we couldn't help but feel a sense of adventure coursing through our veins. The trail was rugged and uneven, but we persevered through the challenging landscape.
Midway through our expedition, we stumbled upon a breathtaking waterfall, its glistening water cascading down the rocks in a quiet and peaceful melody. We sat down by the water's edge, taking a moment to get lost in the beauty of nature. The cool mist from the waterfall enveloped us, and we felt refreshed and energetic.
As the day wore on, we ventured deeper into the wilderness, eager to explore every corner of this natural paradise. We were so absorbed in the beauty of nature that we just didn't notice our way and it seemed that we could not find the way back to the familiar part of the forest.
Panicking, we scrambled to find our way back but the dense vegetation and winding trails only served to confuse us further. We tried to remember any possible sign that might lead us back. No sooner had we celebrated our return to the clear trails than something worse happened.
注意:续写词数应为150个左右。
　　Suddenly, the weather took an abrupt turn.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　Just when we were about to give up, a faint light flickered in the distance.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
答案全解全析
限时训练3
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是由于海冰融化,帝企鹅遭遇严重的繁殖失败。
1.D　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“After much of the ice began breaking up late last year, four out of five habitats...suffered a total breeding failure, with no chicks surviving to the feather growing period. (在去年年底大部分冰开始破裂后,五分之四的栖息地……遭遇了完全的繁殖失败,没有一只幼崽存活到羽毛的生长期)”可知,去年的破冰结果是大多数被研究的帝企鹅幼崽都没能存活。故选D。
2.C　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“A research team from Oxford Brookes University monitored populations by spotting penguin faeces(排泄物) in satellite photos.”可知,研究小组是通过卫星照片中企鹅的粪便来监测种群的数量的,结合下文中的“The buildup of the habitat's faeces stains the ice so brown that it can be seen from space.(栖息地的粪便堆积将冰染成棕色,以至于从太空中都能看到)”可知,栖息地的粪便把冰染成棕色。由此可知,该团队是通过发现被染成棕色的冰在卫星图像中确定栖息地的。故选C。
3.D　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The observations add weight to modelling predictions that 90 percent of emperor penguin habitats could be extinct or pass the point of no return by 2100 if current rates of warming continue.(这些观察结果为模型预测增加了权重,即如果目前的变暖速度继续下去,到2100年,90%的帝企鹅栖息地可能会灭绝或超过无法恢复的临界点)”可知,如果按照目前气候变暖的速度继续,到2100年,90%的帝企鹅栖息地将可能灭绝或超过无法恢复的临界点,结合尾段中的“Will this impact the population It really depends on how often it happens.(这会影响帝企鹅的数量吗 这真的取决于它发生的频率)”可知,帝企鹅的数量是否会受影响取决于破冰发生的频率。由此推知,要想帝企鹅的数量不受影响,破冰的频率需要控制。故选D。
4.C　主旨大意题。根据首段可知,去年,创纪录的海冰减少导致南极洲部分地区的帝企鹅幼崽大量死亡,这进一步证实了世界上最大的企鹅即将面临灭绝的预测。由下文内容可知,研究者发现,气候变暖造成海冰减少,导致帝企鹅的栖息地减少,进而造成帝企鹅繁殖失败。由此可知,本文主要讲述的是帝企鹅繁殖的严重失败。故选C。
难句分析
原句　While habitats can lose chicks in heavy storms or when severe winds break up the sea ice, this is the first time widespread breeding failure has been linked to disappearing ice.
分析　句子的主干为this is the first time(that)...句型,意为“这是第一次……”。While引导让步状语从句,其中or连接in heavy storms和when severe winds break up the sea ice两个状语。
译文　虽然栖息地可能会在强风暴或强风吹碎海冰时失去幼崽,但这是首次出现与冰层消失有关的大范围繁殖失败。
篇章结构图
B
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了两位天文学家发现,证据表明了一些更奇怪的东西:一种从未见过的恒星,由看不见的暗物质组成。这个系统由一颗类似太阳的恒星和它神秘的暗伴星组成,后者的质量要大得多。
5.D　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But two astronomers are challenging that claim, finding that the evidence suggests something far stranger: a never-before-seen type of star made of invisible dark matter.”可知,两位天文学家发现,证据表明了一些更奇怪的东西:一种从未见过的恒星,由看不见的暗物质组成。故选D。
6.A　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Most theoretical models...but there are models that allow it to come together by itself.”可知,仍然没有对暗物质的身份有一个坚实的了解,大多数理论模型假设暗物质在每个星系中均匀分布,但也有一些模型允许暗物质自行聚集。由此推断暗物质是可以聚集的。故选A。
7.B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These bosons would have the ability to form clumps...The smallest ones could be as small as stars, and they get a new name: boson stars.”可知这些玻色子有形成团块的能力,其中一些可能是整个恒星系统的大小,但有些可能要小得多,最小的可能和恒星一样小,它们有一个新名字:玻色子星。由此可知,玻色子星是最小的玻色子团,故选B。
8.C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“We can keep studying our models of boson stars, see how well they can explain the orbital dynamics of this system and use that information to glimpse the dark corners of the universe.(我们可以继续研究我们的玻色子星模型,看看它们能在多大程度上解释这个系统的轨道动力学,并利用那个信息瞥见宇宙的黑暗角落。)”可推知,作者在最后一段传达了需要更多相关研究的信息。故选C。
熟词生义
1.matter 熟义:n.问题;事情　生义:n.物质　2.solid 熟义:adj.固体的;坚固的　生义:adj.可靠的;可信赖的
3.smoothly 熟义:adv.顺利地;平稳地　生义:adv.均匀地
难句分析
原句　Most theoretical models assume that dark matter is smoothly distributed in each galaxy, but there are models that allow it to come together by itself.
分析　本句是but连接的并列复合句。在前一分句中,that引导宾语从句;后一分句为there be句型,其中that引导定语从句,修饰先行词models。
译文　大多数理论模型都假设暗物质在每个星系中都是均匀分布的,但也有一些模型允许它自行聚集在一起。
Ⅱ.七选五
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是尽管全球多条河流面临危机,但是我们要铭记河流给我们带来的很多好处。
1.E　根据前文的“Two thirds of the UK's tap water is either from a river or from a river-fed body of water.”可知,此处从数据上强调了英国的三分之二的自来水要么来自河流,要么来自河流补给的水体。E项“The organization American Rivers gives a similar figure for the US (美国河流协会也给出了类似的美国数据)”中指出美国跟英国的情况类似,此处a similar figure与前文的数字呼应,符合语境。故选E。
2.A　本空是该段的小标题。根据后文的“Ancient farming depended on these life-giving waters, and so does modern agriculture.”可知,本段强调的是河流对农业的重要性。A项“Rivers are important for agriculture”概括本段主旨,符合语境。故选A。
3.G　根据本段小标题“A good source of food comes from rivers (河流是很好的食物来源)”和空前的“Another two thirds of fish that people eat rely on rivers for breeding, nutrients, or other reasons. (人们食用的另外三分之二的鱼依靠河流繁殖、获取营养或其他原因。)”可知,河流是很好的食物来源,以人类所食用的鱼为例进行了说明。由此可知G项“Protecting rivers and their biodiversity is a good way to protect this valuable source of food(保护河流及其生物多样性是保护这一宝贵食物来源的好方法)”承接前文,符合语境。故选G。
4.C　根据本段小标题“Human culture is tied to rivers(人类文化与河流紧密相连)”可知,本段主要讲述的是人类文明与河流之间的紧密关系。C项“Rivers are closely connected to ancient civilizations(河流与古代文明紧密相连)”与本段主题呼应,指出河流与古代文明密不可分,符合语境。故选C。
5.D　根据后文“River sports, boating, fishing, swimming, braving rapids, and visiting waterfalls are all ways that rivers add value and entertainment.”可知,此处强调河流与人们的日常生活和娱乐方式密切相关。D项“A large part of our modern life is involved with rivers (我们现代生活的很大一部分与河流有关)”引起下文,符合语境。故选D。
熟词生义
rapid 熟义:adj.迅速的;快速的　生义:n.急流
Ⅲ.读后续写
写作指导
1.分析冲突点,预设故事结尾。
故事人物 Mrs. Evans,Peter,the author
情节分析 Peter和“我”探索大自然,欣赏美景,但是在野外森林里迷了路。并且天气突变,“我们”遇到了麻烦。
预设结尾 “我们”看到了Evans夫人的小屋的亮光,成功获救。
2.分析段首句,确定写作思路。
由第一段和第二段首句确定第一段的发展方向: 由第一段首句可知,天气突变,“我们”在森林里迷了路。由第二段首句可知,就在“我们”要放弃时,发现远处有一束微弱的光在闪烁。由此可知第一段介绍“我们”在森林里自救的过程。 梳理情节 情节示例
恶劣天气中的森林会有什么景象 乌云笼罩天空,下起倾盆大雨,风雨交加。
地图和背包有什么作用 “我们”利用背包里的工具和地图试图找到正确的方向。
在屡次尝试失败时,“我们”感觉如何 害怕、沮丧、疲劳等。
由第二段首句和预设结尾确定第二段发展方向: 由第二段首句可知,“我们”发现远处有一束微弱的光在闪烁。由预设结尾可知,“我们”成功获救。由此可知第二段介绍“我们”因为这束光而获救的过程。 这束光来自哪里 前文中有铺垫,微光来自Mrs. Evans' cabin(Evans夫人的林间小屋)
在困顿绝望的时候看到一缕微光,“我们”会是什么心情 会做出什么动作 在绝望时看到希望,“我们”很欣喜和宽慰。“我们”追随光来到林间小屋。
林中小屋的人会给“我们”提供什么帮助 会使“我们”产生什么感悟 Evans夫人让“我们”留宿并最终带“我们”找到回家的路。这件事加强了“我们”的友谊,让“我们”懂得了希望的价值。
One possible version:
　　Suddenly, the weather took an abrupt turn. Dark clouds shrouded the sky, and a heavy downpour ensued. The comforting forest sounds quickly turned into a terrifying symphony of thunder and wind. The trail that was once so clear became a muddy mess, making it impossible to continue. We tried to consult our map, but it was too late; we were lost in the wilderness. Hours passed, and our attempts to find the trail proved to be in vain. With the cold creeping in, despair started to set in.
Just when we were about to give up, a faint light flickered in the distance. Curiosity overpowered our fear, and we decided to follow it. As we drew closer, we saw a small log cabin, lights shining from its windows. Knocking on the door, an elderly woman, Mrs. Evans, welcomed us with a warm smile. She was a retired ranger who had chosen to live her twilight years in the heart of the mountains. She offered us shelter for the night and, the next morning, guided us back to the main trail. This incident strengthened our friendship and taught us the value of resilience and hope. The experience was unexpected, terrifying, but enlightening all the same.
佳作亮点
1.重点词汇
①consult v.查阅;咨询
②in vain徒劳无益
③overpower v.胜过,比……更有力量
④enlightening adj.具有启发性的
2.精彩句式
①With the cold creeping in,despair started to set in.(with的复合结构)随着寒冷袭来,绝望开始出现。
②As we drew closer, we saw a small log cabin, lights shining from its windows.(独立主格结构)当我们走近时,我们看到一间小木屋,窗户里透出灯光。
写作积累
描写恶劣天气:
1.The dark clouds hung low in the sky, casting an ominous shadow over the land, as if nature itself was preparing for a battle.乌云低垂在空中,给大地投下不祥的阴影,仿佛大自然本身正在为一场战斗做准备。
2.The relentless rain poured down in torrents, creating a cacophony of sound as it drummed against the windows and rooftops, drowning out any other noise.无情的雨水倾泻而下,拍打着窗户和屋顶,发出刺耳的声音,淹没了其他任何噪声。
3.The wind howled and whistled through the trees, and their branches thrashed and swayed violently, as if they engaged in a fierce dance with nature.风在树丛中呼啸而过,树枝猛烈地摆动着,仿佛在与大自然进行激烈的舞蹈。
4.Lightning streaked across the sky, illuminating the darkness with its light, followed by the deafening crack of thunder that echoed through the air, making hearts race.闪电划过天空,用它的光照亮了黑暗,随之而来的是震耳欲聋的雷声,在空中回荡,让人心跳加速。
5.The air was heavy and oppressive, filled with the scent of damp earth, sending a chill down the spine of anyone who dared venture out into the tempest.空气沉重而压抑,充满了潮湿泥土的气味,让任何敢于冒险进入这场大风暴的人都感到不寒而栗。