Section Ⅲ Learning About Language
(语法项目——直接引语和间接引语)
初识语法——在美文运用中体悟
Upon reaching downtown, I met a bum on the street corner. He saw me walking, stopped me and questioned me as I passed by. ①He asked me if I was running away from home, I suppose because I looked so young. ②I told him, “Not exactly, sir.” since my father had given me a ride to the freeway and given me his blessings while saying, ③“It is important to follow your dream and what is in your heart, Son.”④The bum then asked me if he could buy me a cup of coffee. I told him, “No, sir, but a soda would be great.” We walked to a corner shop and sat down while we enjoyed our drinks.After talking for a few minutes, ⑤the friendly bum told me to follow him. ⑥He told me that he had something grand to show me and share with me. We walked a couple of blocks until we came upon the Public Library.
①句为间接引语； ②句为直接引语； ③句为直接引语； ④句为间接引语； ⑤句为间接引语；⑥句为间接引语。
慧学语法——在归纳演绎中学通
在转述别人说的话时，一般有两种方式：一是直接引述别人的原话，行文中需要将转述内容放在引号中，这叫直接引语；二是用自己的话把别人的话转述出来，这叫间接引语。
间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句；直接引语变间接引语时，人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、标点符号、大小写、语序等都要作相应变化。
一、直接引语变间接引语时的变化
(一)人称的变化
1．“第一人称随主”原则
如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称而变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”(直接引语中为第一人称)
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说她想拥有一台她自己的电脑。(间接引语中的主语随主句主语改为第三人称)
2．“第二人称随宾”原则
如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
Her colleague said to her, “Who did you ask for a leave？”她的同事对她说：“你向谁请了假？”(直接引语中为第二人称)
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.她的同事问她向谁请了假。(间接引语中的主语随主句宾语改为第三人称)
3．“第三人称不更新”原则
直接引语变间接引语时，如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
Mr Li said，“Jack is a good worker.”
李先生说：“杰克是一位好工人。”(直接引语中的主语为第三人称)
→Mr Li said Jack was a good worker.
李先生说杰克是一位好工人。(间接引语中的人称不变)
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①He said, “I am proud of my motherland.”
→
②“You are wasting your time day dreaming！” he said to Mary.
→
③(2022·全国甲卷)“Many people say that we lack culture in this country，” he told me.
→
(二)时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时，如果主句为过去时态，间接引语的时态则相应向前推一个时态。如下表(以do为例)：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时(do/does) 一般过去时(did)
现在进行时(am/is/are doing) 过去进行时(was/were doing)
现在完成时(has/have done) 过去完成时(had done)
一般过去时(did) 过去完成时(had done)
过去完成时(had done) 过去完成时(had done)
一般将来时(will do) 过去将来时(would do)
His friend said to him, “We are planning to have a picnic.”他的朋友对他说：“我们正计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.他的朋友告诉他他们正计划去野餐。(间接引语为过去进行时)
直接引语变间接引语，时态无变化的情况：
1．直接引语是客观真理、谚语或格言；
2．直接引语中有具体的表示过去的时间状语，如某年、某月、某日。
Our teacher said to us yesterday，“Early birds catch worms.”
昨天老师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”(直接引语是谚语)
→Our teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。(间接引语时态不变)
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①(2022·全国甲卷)“I'll miss these old boats，” he said as we parted.
→As we parted, he said that he __________ those old boats.
②“You have already done your duty，” he said to her.
→He told her that she ________________ her duty.
③He said, “I am living with my elder brother.”
→He said that he ______________ with his elder brother.
④“Light travels much faster than sound，” he said.
→He said that light __________ much faster than sound.
⑤My friend Linda said to me, “I saw the film three days ago.”
→My friend Linda told me that she ______________ the film three days before.
(三)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this这个 that那个
these这些 those那些
时间状语 now现在 then那时
today今天 that day那天
this morning今天上午 that morning那天上午
tonight今天晚上 that night那天晚上
tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天
yesterday昨天 the day before前一天
last night昨天晚上 the night before前一天晚上
the day before yesterday前天 two days before两天前
three days ago三天前 three days before三天前
next week下一周 the next/following week第二周
ago(至今)以前 before(那时)以前
地点状语 here这儿 there那儿
方向性动词 bring带来 take带走
come来 go去
She asked, “Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”(直接引语中用this)
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。(间接引语中改为that)
“I'll be very busy today，” said the man.
那个人说：“我今天会很忙。”(直接引语中用today)
→The man said he would be very busy that day.
那个人说那天他会很忙。(间接引语中改为that day)
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①They said, “We arrived this morning.”
→They said that they had arrived _______________________________________.
②John said, “I wrote back telling him about it yesterday.”
→John said that he had written back telling him about it ______________.
③He said, “It's ten o'clock now.”
→He said that it was ten o'clock ___________________________________________.
④She said, “I'll do it tonight.”
→She said that she would do it ___________________________________________.
⑤He said, “I brought it home with me.”
→He said that he had __________ it home with him.
(四)连接词的选择
1．直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中，that可以省略。
①He said, “I was cooking when the earthquake happened.”
→He said (that) he was cooking when the earthquake happened.
名师点津：直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb.”常改为“told sb.”。
②She said to me, “I came back an hour ago.”
→She told me (that) she had come back an hour before.
2．直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether (... or ...或．.. or not)或if引导。
He said, “Are you interested in English？”
→He asked (me) if/whether I was interested in English.
3．直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
“What's your name？” he asked me.
→He asked me what my name was.
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①“I don't want to set down a series of facts in a diary，” said Anne.
→Anne ____________________ want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
②I walked over and asked him, “Why aren't you with the other children？”
→I walked over and asked him ________________ with the other children.
③I just kept nodding when he asked me, “ Is it OK to do this way？”
→I just kept nodding when he asked me ________________________________.
④“What should we do to cheer Poppy up？” asked Dad.
→Dad asked ____________________ to cheer Poppy up.
二、特殊句式直接引语变间接引语时的变化
(一)祈使句变间接引语
如果直接引语是表示命令、建议或提议、请求、警告或提醒的祈使句，变为间接引语时通常要将祈使句的动词原形变成带to的不定式，并在不定式前根据句意以及说话者当时的语气或态度加上ask, tell, order, advise, beg, warn, remind, invite, request, command, encourage等动词。
1．表示命令的祈使句
引述表示命令的祈使句，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb. to do sth.的形式。
①“Finish the task in ten minutes.” the manager said to the clerk.
→The manager told the clerk to finish the task in ten minutes.
②“Keep silent！” said the chairman.
→The chairman ordered to keep silent.
2．表示建议等的祈使句
当直接引语为表示建议、提议、请求、劝告的祈使句时，多用suggest＋doing/that从句(suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should可以省略)，及ask/advise/want/beg＋sb.＋to do等结构。
①Mary said，“Let's go to the art exhibition this afternoon.”
→Mary suggested our going to the art exhibition that afternoon.
→Mary suggested that we (should) go to the art exhibition that afternoon.
②“Please have a rest.” she said to us.
→She asked us to have a rest.
3．表示警告或提醒的祈使句
引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句用remind, warn等词转述。
①“Take an umbrella in case of rain.” his mother said to him.
→His mother reminded him to take an umbrella in case of rain.
②The leader said to the workers，“Don't speak while you are working.”
→The leader warned the workers not to speak while they were working.
[名师点津]
(1)无论是否定祈使句，还是表示委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为间接引语时，要用不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth.
(2)直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作主句谓语动词的宾语用。
She said, “Don't make so much noise, children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)“Buy me a beer next time you are in Vienna，” he said.
→He ____________________________ next time I was in Vienna.
②The officer said, “Go away.”
→The officer ________ us ________ away.
③“Do some shopping for me, please，” he said to her.
→He __________ her __________ some shopping for him.
④Jack said, “Let's go to the cinema tonight.”
→Jack __________ that we __________ to the cinema that night.
→Jack __________ our __________ to the cinema that night.
⑤“Don't forget to take your book with you.” said she.
→She reminded me ________________________________ my book with me.
⑥“Don't break the rules.” said the headmaster.
→The headmaster warned ____________________________________.
(二)表示请求的一般疑问句变间接引语
若直接引语是“Could/Can/Will/Would ... please？”类型的一般疑问句时，变间接引语时常用“ask sb. to do sth.”结构，且please要去掉。
①“Would you buy some bread for me？” he said to her.
→He asked her to buy some bread for him.
②“Would you sleep and get up early, children？” Father said.
→Father asked the children to sleep and get up early.
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①“Can you lend me two yuan？” he asked me.
→He __________ me __________ him two yuan.
②Mike asked, “Can you tell me the way to the post office, Bob？”
→Mike __________ Bob __________ him the way to the post office.
③Jack said to me, “Will you please do it for me？”
→Jack __________ me __________ it for him.
(三)感叹句变间接引语
直接引语为感叹句时，间接引语可用what或how引导，也可以用that引导。
“What a beautiful dress it is！” the girl said to her friend.
→The girl told her friend what a beautiful dress it was.
→The girl told her friend that it was a beautiful dress.
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①He said, “What beautiful view it is！”
→He said __________________________________________________.
→He said that ____________________________________________________.
②“How interesting a story it is！” she said.
→She said _________________________________________________________.
→She said that ______________________________________________________.
活用语法——在针对训练中提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Her manager asked her why she __________ (refuse) to go there.
2．Mother asked her daughter ______________ she was satisfied with her new room.
3．The teacher asked the students not ________________ (look) out of the windows in class.
4．The geography teacher told us that the sun __________ (rise) in the east and sets in the west.
5．Mr Wang told the children that he ______________ (leave) for Shanghai on business the next month.
Ⅱ.将下列直接引语变为间接引语
1．He asked her, “Where are you going？”
→
2．“A friend in need is a friend indeed，” Mother said to me.
→
3．“You must finish it today，” the boss said to his secretary.
→
4．“How long have you worked in the company？” he asked me.
→
5．“Will Mr Chen come to give us a lecture next week？” I asked Sara.
→
Section Ⅲ
慧学语法
一、(一)[对点练] ①He said that he was proud of his motherland.
②He told Mary that she was wasting her time day dreaming.
③He told me that many people said that they lacked culture in that country.
(二)[对点练] ①would miss ②had already done ③was living
④travels ⑤had seen
(三)[对点练] ①that morning ②the day before ③then
④that night ⑤taken
(四)[对点练] ①said that she didn't ②why he wasn't
③whether/if it was OK to do that way ④what they should do
二、(一)[对点练] ①asked me to buy him a beer
②ordered; to go ③asked; to do
④suggested; (should) go suggested; going
⑤not to forget to take ⑥not to break the rules
(二)[对点练] ①asked; to lend ②asked; to tell ③asked; to do
(三)[对点练] ①what beautiful view it was; it was beautiful view
②how interesting a story it was; it was an interesting story
活用语法
Ⅰ.1.had refused 2.whether/if 3.to look 4.rises
5．would leave
Ⅱ.1.He asked her where she was going.
2．Mother told me that a friend in need is a friend indeed.
3．The boss told his secretary that she/he had to finish it that day.
4．He asked me how long I had worked in the company.
5．I asked Sara whether/if Mr Chen would come to give us a lecture the next/following week.
6 / 8(共80张PPT)
Section Ⅲ
Learning About Language
课时跟踪检测
目 录
(语法项目——直接引语和间接引语)
Upon reaching downtown, I met a bum on the street corner. He saw me walking, stopped me and questioned me as I passed by. ①He asked me if I was running away from home, I suppose because I looked so young. ②I told him, “Not exactly, sir.” since my father had given me a ride to the freeway and given me his blessings while saying, ③“It is important to follow your dream and what is in your heart, Son.”
(语法项目——直接引语和间接引语)
初识语法——在美文运用中体悟
④The bum then asked me if he could buy me a cup of coffee. I told him, “No, sir, but a soda would be great.” We walked to a corner shop and sat down while we enjoyed our drinks.
After talking for a few minutes, ⑤the friendly bum told me to follow him. ⑥He told me that he had something grand to show me and share with me. We walked a couple of blocks until we came upon the Public Library.
①句为间接引语； ②句为直接引语； ③句为直接引语；
④句为间接引语； ⑤句为间接引语；⑥句为间接引语。
慧学语法——在归纳演绎中学通
在转述别人说的话时，一般有两种方式：一是直接引述别人的原话，行文中需要将转述内容放在引号中，这叫直接引语；二是用自己的话把别人的话转述出来，这叫间接引语。
间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句；直接引语变间接引语时，人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、标点符号、大小写、语序等都要作相应变化。
一、直接引语变间接引语时的变化
(一)人称的变化
1．“第一人称随主”原则
如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称而变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”(直接引语中为第一人称)
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说她想拥有一台她自己的电脑。(间接引语中的主语随主句主语改为第三人称)
2．“第二人称随宾”原则
如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
Her colleague said to her, “Who did you ask for a leave？”
她的同事对她说：“你向谁请了假？”(直接引语中为第二人称)
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.
她的同事问她向谁请了假。(间接引语中的主语随主句宾语改为第三人称)
3．“第三人称不更新”原则
直接引语变间接引语时，如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
Mr Li said，“Jack is a good worker.”
李先生说：“杰克是一位好工人。”(直接引语中的主语为第三人称)
→Mr Li said Jack was a good worker.
李先生说杰克是一位好工人。(间接引语中的人称不变)
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①He said, “I am proud of my motherland.”
→ .
②“You are wasting your time day-dreaming！” he said to Mary.
→ .
He said that he was proud of his motherland
He told Mary that she was wasting her time day-dreaming
③(2022·全国甲卷)“Many people say that we lack culture in this country，” he told me.
→______________________________________________________ ___________.
He told me that many people said that they lacked culture in
that country
(二)时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时，如果主句为过去时态，间接引语的时态则相应向前推一个时态。如下表(以do为例)：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时(do/does) 一般过去时(did)
现在进行时(am/is/are doing) 过去进行时(was/were doing)
续表
现在完成时(has/have done) 过去完成时(had done)
一般过去时(did) 过去完成时(had done)
过去完成时(had done) 过去完成时(had done)
一般将来时(will do) 过去将来时(would do)
His friend said to him, “We are planning to have a picnic.”
他的朋友对他说：“我们正计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
他的朋友告诉他他们正计划去野餐。(间接引语为过去进行时)
[名师点津]
直接引语变间接引语，时态无变化的情况：
1．直接引语是客观真理、谚语或格言；
2．直接引语中有具体的表示过去的时间状语，如某年、某月、某日。
Our teacher said to us yesterday，“Early birds catch worms.”
昨天老师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”(直接引语是谚语)
→Our teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。(间接引语时态不变)
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①(2022·全国甲卷)“I'll miss these old boats，” he said as we parted.
→As we parted, he said that he those old boats.
②“You have already done your duty，” he said to her.
→He told her that she her duty.
would miss
had already done
③He said, “I am living with my elder brother.”
→He said that he with his elder brother.
④“Light travels much faster than sound，” he said.
→He said that light much faster than sound.
⑤My friend Linda said to me, “I saw the film three days ago.”
→My friend Linda told me that she the film three days before.
was living
travels
had seen
(三)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示 代词 this这个 that那个
these这些 those那些
续表
时间 状语 now现在 then那时
today今天 that day那天
this morning今天上午 that morning那天上午
tonight今天晚上 that night那天晚上
tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天
yesterday昨天 the day before前一天
续表
时间 状语 last night昨天晚上 the night before前一天晚上
the day before yesterday前天 two days before两天前
three days ago三天前 three days before三天前
next week下一周 the next/following week第二周
ago(至今)以前 before(那时)以前
续表
地点状语 here这儿 there那儿
方向性动词 bring带来 take带走
come来 go去
She asked, “Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”(直接引语中用this)
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。(间接引语中改为that)
“I'll be very busy today，” said the man.
那个人说：“我今天会很忙。”(直接引语中用today)
→The man said he would be very busy that day.
那个人说那天他会很忙。(间接引语中改为that day)
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①They said, “We arrived this morning.”
→They said that they had arrived .
②John said, “I wrote back telling him about it yesterday.”
→John said that he had written back telling him about it .
that morning
the day before
③He said, “It's ten o'clock now.”
→He said that it was ten o'clock .
④She said, “I'll do it tonight.”
→She said that she would do it .
⑤He said, “I brought it home with me.”
→He said that he had it home with him.
then
that night
taken
(四)连接词的选择
1．直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中，that可以省略。
①He said, “I was cooking when the earthquake happened.”
→He said (that) he was cooking when the earthquake happened.
名师点津：直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb.”常改为“told sb.”。
②She said to me, “I came back an hour ago.”
→She told me (that) she had come back an hour before.
2．直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether (... or ...或．.. or not)或if引导。
He said, “Are you interested in English？”
→He asked (me) if/whether I was interested in English.
3．直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
“What's your name？” he asked me.
→He asked me what my name was.
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①“I don't want to set down a series of facts in a diary，” said Anne.
→Anne want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
②I walked over and asked him, “Why aren't you with the other children？”
→I walked over and asked him with the other children.
said that she didn't
why he wasn't
③I just kept nodding when he asked me, “ Is it OK to do this way？”
→I just kept nodding when he asked me ____________________ _____________.
④“What should we do to cheer Poppy up？” asked Dad.
→Dad asked to cheer Poppy up.
whether/if it was OK
what they should do
to do that way
二、特殊句式直接引语变间接引语时的变化
(一)祈使句变间接引语
如果直接引语是表示命令、建议或提议、请求、警告或提醒的祈使句，变为间接引语时通常要将祈使句的动词原形变成带to的不定式，并在不定式前根据句意以及说话者当时的语气或态度加上ask, tell, order, advise, beg, warn, remind, invite, request, command, encourage等动词。
1．表示命令的祈使句
引述表示命令的祈使句，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb. to do sth.的形式。
①“Finish the task in ten minutes.” the manager said to the clerk.
→The manager told the clerk to finish the task in ten minutes.
②“Keep silent！” said the chairman.
→The chairman ordered to keep silent.
2．表示建议等的祈使句
当直接引语为表示建议、提议、请求、劝告的祈使句时，多用suggest＋doing/that从句(suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should可以省略)，及ask/advise/want/beg＋sb.＋to do等结构。
①Mary said，“Let's go to the art exhibition this afternoon.”
→Mary suggested our going to the art exhibition that afternoon.
→Mary suggested that we (should) go to the art exhibition that afternoon.
②“Please have a rest.” she said to us.
→She asked us to have a rest.
3．表示警告或提醒的祈使句
引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句用remind, warn等词转述。
①“Take an umbrella in case of rain.” his mother said to him.
→His mother reminded him to take an umbrella in case of rain.
②The leader said to the workers，“Don't speak while you are working.”
→The leader warned the workers not to speak while they were working.
[名师点津]
(1)无论是否定祈使句，还是表示委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为间接引语时，要用不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth.
(2)直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作主句谓语动词的宾语用。
She said, “Don't make so much noise, children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)“Buy me a beer next time you are in Vienna，” he said.
→He next time I was in Vienna.
②The officer said, “Go away.”
→The officer us away.
asked me to buy him a beer
ordered
to go
③“Do some shopping for me, please，” he said to her.
→He her some shopping for him.
④Jack said, “Let's go to the cinema tonight.”
→Jack that we to the cinema that night.
→Jack our to the cinema that night.
asked
to do
suggested
(should) go
suggested
going
⑤“Don't forget to take your book with you.” said she.
→She reminded me my book with me.
⑥“Don't break the rules.” said the headmaster.
→The headmaster warned .
not to forget to take
not to break the rules
(二)表示请求的一般疑问句变间接引语
若直接引语是“Could/Can/Will/Would ... please？”类型的一般疑问句时，变间接引语时常用“ask sb. to do sth.”结构，且please要去掉。
①“Would you buy some bread for me？” he said to her.
→He asked her to buy some bread for him.
②“Would you sleep and get up early, children？” Father said.
→Father asked the children to sleep and get up early.
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①“Can you lend me two yuan？” he asked me.
→He me him two yuan.
②Mike asked, “Can you tell me the way to the post office, Bob？”
→Mike Bob him the way to the post office.
③Jack said to me, “Will you please do it for me？”
→Jack me it for him.
asked
to lend
asked
to tell
asked
to do
(三)感叹句变间接引语
直接引语为感叹句时，间接引语可用what或how引导，也可以用that引导。
“What a beautiful dress it is！” the girl said to her friend.
→The girl told her friend what a beautiful dress it was.
→The girl told her friend that it was a beautiful dress.
[对点练] (将下列句子改为间接引语)
①He said, “What beautiful view it is！”
→He said .
→He said that .
②“How interesting a story it is！” she said.
→She said .
→She said that .
what beautiful view it was
it was beautiful view
how interesting a story it was
it was an interesting story
活用语法——在针对训练中提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Her manager asked her why she (refuse) to go there.
2．Mother asked her daughter she was satisfied with her new room.
3．The teacher asked the students not (look) out of the windows in class.
had refused
whether/if
to look
4．The geography teacher told us that the sun (rise) in the east and sets in the west.
5．Mr Wang told the children that he (leave) for Shanghai on business the next month.
rises
would leave
Ⅱ.将下列直接引语变为间接引语
1．He asked her, “Where are you going？”
→ .
2．“A friend in need is a friend indeed，” Mother said to me.
→ .
3．“You must finish it today，” the boss said to his secretary.
→ .
He asked her where she was going
Mother told me that a friend in need is a friend indeed
The boss told his secretary that she/he had to finish it that day
4．“How long have you worked in the company？” he asked me.
→ .
5．“Will Mr Chen come to give us a lecture next week？” I asked Sara.
→_______________________________________________________ _____________________.
He asked me how long I had worked in the company
I asked Sara whether/if Mr Chen would come to give us a lecture
the next/following week
课时跟踪检测
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Work starts early on White Gate Farm in East Lyme, Connecticut. By 7 am, farm manager Dan Wood was at the East Lyme Post Office dropping off a box of fresh produce that later in the day would be delivered by mail to Chelsea Gubbins, who lives across town.
White Gate Farm is a member of Farmers Post, a pilot programme that enables smallholder farms across eastern Connecticut to ship fresh produce and other farm products to local households through the United States Postal Service (USPS). Farmers Post takes advantage of a USPS programme called Connect Local that allows small businesses to offer same-day and next-day delivery at a fixed low cost.
Food remains in the fields because either market prices are too low or the cost of the workforce is too high, or because the size and shape of the produce make it unattractive to stores. Each year, around 10 million tons of crops never get harvested, causing about 16% of total US food loss and waste.
“Food that is wasted has a much larger influence than just the loss of the food itself，” says Julia Kurnik, senior director of Innovation Start-ups at WWF. “Everything that went into growing it goes out the window as well — the water, the land, and the energy. And as the food breaks down, it produces greenhouse gases. The bad effects amplify greatly.”
Besides reducing food waste, selling farm products directly to local customers cuts down on the cross-country shipping of food grown in California or elsewhere. This reduces the so-called food miles that researchers believe cause about 6% of the world's greenhouse gases. Fruits and vegetables, which are often transported out of season and require refrigeration, produce lots of greenhouse gases between farms and people's plates.
Wood understands that Farmers Post can help to end that waste. “Farming is kind of like cooking for a big group.” he says. “This is helping us get right on the money, using almost 100% of what we grow and harvest.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了美国康涅狄格州的一个小型农场 White Gate Farm 通过邮政局的 Connect Local 项目将农产品送到当地居民家里的故事。这不仅帮助农场直接销售农产品，减少了食品浪费，还减少了其他地方运输水果和蔬菜带来的温室气体排放。
1.Why was Farmers Post started
A．To provide professional modern farming methods.
B．To create more delivery jobs for local people.
C．To pick up and carry customers to different farms.
D．To make the delivery of produce easier and cheaper.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“White Gate Farm is ... a fixed low cost.”可知，该项目使康涅狄格州东部的小农场能够通过美国邮政服务将新鲜农产品和其他农产品运送到当地家庭，允许小企业以固定的低成本提供当日和次日送达服务。由此可知，该项目使农产品的运输更容易、更便宜。故选D项。
2．What may cause some US crops to remain unharvested according to the text
A．The limited need for farm products.
B．The shortage of workers and harvesting tool.
C．Their low value and poor quality.
D．Bad weather and road conditions.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Food remains in the fields ... unattractive to stores.”可知，因为农产品的市场价格低或大小和形状对商店没有吸引力，作物被留在地里未能收获；由此可知，是农产品的价格低、质量差导致美国的很多作物依旧没有收获，留在地里。故选C项。
3．What does the underlined word “amplify” mean in paragraph 4
A．Increase. B．Slow.
C．Switch. D．Weaken.
√
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前面的内容“Everything that went into growing it goes out the window as well — the water, the land, and the energy. And as the food breaks down, it produces greenhouse gases.”可知，浪费食物意味着种植食物时消耗的水、土地和能源也被浪费，同时分解食物又产生了温室气体，因此糟糕的影响是在不断扩大的，所以画线词与“增加”意义相近。故选A项。
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．The Food Safety Movement Has Met Some Challenges
B．A Farm-to-Table Programme Helps Reduce Food Waste
C．Farmers Post Explores Ways to Make High-Quality Products
D．Small Farms Play a Leading Role in Serving Communities
√
解析：标题归纳题。根据第二段以及全文可知，文章讲述了美国康涅狄格州的一个小型农场White Gate Farm通过利用邮政局的Connect Local项目将农产品送到当地居民家里的故事，这个项目不仅帮助农场直接销售农产品，减少了食品浪费，还减少了其他地方运输水果和蔬菜带来的温室气体排放，所以B项“一个从农场到餐桌的项目有助于减少食物浪费”概括了文章内容，符合标题。故选B项
Ⅱ.选词填空
Last Monday I visited Dr James' clinic. He asked me ①_________ (arrive/to arrive) at 8：30 ② (tonight/that night). He ③_____ (said/told) me to bring ④ (my/your) nightshirt and toothbrush. I arrived on time. His assistant, Charles, invited me ⑤ (watch/to watch) TV in the waiting room. He told me to relax ⑥ (here/there) while they got my room ready. An hour later, Charles came back and got me ready for bed.
to arrive
that night
told
my
to watch
there
He linked me to a machine. “Could you please ⑦ (explain/to explain)？” I asked. He explained that the machine recorded brain activity. Charles ordered me ⑧ (don't/not to) leave the bed until the next morning. To my surprise, I fell asleep right away. In the morning, Dr James told me that except for some leg movements during the night, I had healthy sleep patterns. He advised me ⑨ (get/to get) some more exercise. At last, he suggested ⑩ (my going/ to go) on a diet.
explain
not to
to get
my going
Ⅲ.语法填空
Shennongjia is said to be the place 1 Yan Di once lived. Some visitors hope that they may even encounter the legendary wild men in the remote mountains and virgin (原始状态的) forests. They do not 2 (actual) see any wild man, but they are attracted by Shennongjia's vibrant (充满生机的) ecology, rich biodiversity and karst landforms.
Shennongjia's beauty 3 (vary) over the year as nature takes its course. 4 (tourist) can enjoy flower blossoms in spring, be shaded from the summer heat, appreciate red leaves in autumn 5 go skiing in winter. In 2010s, China announced its plan of 6 (build) 10 pilot national parks for ecosystem preservation, including in Shennongjia Forestry District, Hubei Province.
Official data showed that visitors to Shennongjia Forestry District 7 (reach) about 15.5 million in 2020. By 2025, the forest area aims 8 (increase) that annual figure to over 30 million, with tourism revenue of more than 10 billion yuan.
Visitors can employ a bus service if they do not drive 9 (they) own cars. The journey to Shennongjia will take up to five hours from nearby Yichang or Shiyan. In May, 2021, Shennongjia was connected to 10 newly built freeway, making the mountainous region more accessible.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国最受欢迎的景区之一——神农架。
1．where 考查定语从句。分析可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为place，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。
2．actually 考查副词。修饰动词see，应用副词作状语，故填actually。
3．varies 考查时态和主谓一致。根据下文“over the year as nature takes its course”可知，此处的时态要用一般现在时，再结合主语Shennongjia's beauty是不可数名词，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，所以此处用varies。
4．Tourists 考查名词复数。作主语用名词tourist，为可数名词，此处表示不止一个游客，用复数，故填Tourists。
5．and 考查连词。根据句意，enjoy flower blossoms in spring，be shaded from the summer heat, appreciate red leaves in autumn和go skiing in winter之间是并列关系，应用并列连词and连接。
6．building 考查非谓语动词。介词后接动词-ing作宾语，故填building。
7．reached 考查时态。分析句子可知，reach是that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词，根据时间状语in 2020可知，描述过去发生的事情用一般过去时，故填reached。
8．to increase 考查非谓语动词。aim to do“力求达到”，故用动词不定式作宾语。故填to increase。
9．their 考查代词。修饰名词用形容词性物主代词，故填their。
10．a 考查冠词。此处泛指“一条新建的高速公路”，应用不定冠词；newly是辅音音素开头的单词，故填a。
Ⅳ.应用文写作
假定你是李华，请你写一份关于“白色污染(尤其是塑料袋/塑料盒污染)”环保问题的报告，内容包括：
1．塑料(袋、盒)垃圾回收处理的现状；
2．现有的应对措施/解决方案；
3．提出可行的建议去减少白色污染。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
根据汉语提示完成写作
Reduce White Pollution in Daily Life
White pollution is still a very serious environmental issue, ① (这给我们的环境带来很大的损害) and our health.
which has done great harm to our environment
To our delight, our government ② (已经采取了一系列的措施) to address white pollution. For example, a ban on offering plastic bags to customers has been implemented by our government to ③ (限制塑料袋的使用). Besides, restaurants are not allowed to use non-degradable lunch boxes. These measures have helped ④ (处理白色污染).
has taken a series of measures
restrict the use of plastic bags
tackle white pollution
Therefore, we should do our part to help cope with white pollution. As for the local authorities, they should use more social media to ⑤ (传播环境意识) and encourage greater use of recyclable bags and boxes to replace plastic ones.
spread the environmental awarenessUNIT 3 课时检测(三) Learning About Language
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Work starts early on White Gate Farm in East Lyme, Connecticut. By 7 am, farm manager Dan Wood was at the East Lyme Post Office dropping off a box of fresh produce that later in the day would be delivered by mail to Chelsea Gubbins, who lives across town.
White Gate Farm is a member of Farmers Post, a pilot programme that enables smallholder farms across eastern Connecticut to ship fresh produce and other farm products to local households through the United States Postal Service (USPS). Farmers Post takes advantage of a USPS programme called Connect Local that allows small businesses to offer same day and next day delivery at a fixed low cost.
Food remains in the fields because either market prices are too low or the cost of the workforce is too high, or because the size and shape of the produce make it unattractive to stores. Each year, around 10 million tons of crops never get harvested, causing about 16% of total US food loss and waste.
“Food that is wasted has a much larger influence than just the loss of the food itself，” says Julia Kurnik, senior director of Innovation Start ups at WWF. “Everything that went into growing it goes out the window as well — the water, the land, and the energy. And as the food breaks down, it produces greenhouse gases. The bad effects amplify greatly.”
Besides reducing food waste, selling farm products directly to local customers cuts down on the cross country shipping of food grown in California or elsewhere. This reduces the so called food miles that researchers believe cause about 6% of the world's greenhouse gases. Fruits and vegetables, which are often transported out of season and require refrigeration, produce lots of greenhouse gases between farms and people's plates.
Wood understands that Farmers Post can help to end that waste. “Farming is kind of like cooking for a big group.” he says. “This is helping us get right on the money, using almost 100% of what we grow and harvest.”
1．Why was Farmers Post started
A．To provide professional modern farming methods.
B．To create more delivery jobs for local people.
C．To pick up and carry customers to different farms.
D．To make the delivery of produce easier and cheaper.
2．What may cause some US crops to remain unharvested according to the text
A．The limited need for farm products.
B．The shortage of workers and harvesting tool.
C．Their low value and poor quality.
D．Bad weather and road conditions.
3．What does the underlined word “amplify” mean in paragraph 4
A．Increase. B．Slow.
C．Switch. D．Weaken.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．The Food Safety Movement Has Met Some Challenges
B．A Farm to Table Programme Helps Reduce Food Waste
C．Farmers Post Explores Ways to Make High Quality Products
D．Small Farms Play a Leading Role in Serving Communities
Ⅱ.选词填空
Last Monday I visited Dr James' clinic. He asked me ①______________ (arrive/to arrive) at 8：30 ②______________ (tonight/that night). He ③________ (said/told) me to bring ④________ (my/your) nightshirt and toothbrush. I arrived on time. His assistant, Charles, invited me ⑤________ (watch/to watch) TV in the waiting room. He told me to relax ⑥__________ (here/there) while they got my room ready. An hour later, Charles came back and got me ready for bed. He linked me to a machine. “Could you please ⑦__________ (explain/to explain)？” I asked. He explained that the machine recorded brain activity. Charles ordered me ⑧______________ (don't/not to) leave the bed until the next morning. To my surprise, I fell asleep right away. In the morning, Dr James told me that except for some leg movements during the night, I had healthy sleep patterns. He advised me ⑨______________ (get/to get) some more exercise. At last, he suggested ⑩______________ (my going/to go) on a diet.
Ⅲ.语法填空
Shennongjia is said to be the place __1__ Yan Di once lived. Some visitors hope that they may even encounter the legendary wild men in the remote mountains and virgin (原始状态的) forests. They do not __2__ (actual) see any wild man, but they are attracted by Shennongjia's vibrant (充满生机的) ecology, rich biodiversity and karst landforms.
Shennongjia's beauty __3__ (vary) over the year as nature takes its course. __4__ (tourist) can enjoy flower blossoms in spring, be shaded from the summer heat, appreciate red leaves in autumn __5__ go skiing in winter. In 2010s, China announced its plan of __6__ (build) 10 pilot national parks for ecosystem preservation, including in Shennongjia Forestry District, Hubei Province.
Official data showed that visitors to Shennongjia Forestry District __7__ (reach) about 15.5 million in 2020. By 2025, the forest area aims __8__ (increase) that annual figure to over 30 million, with tourism revenue of more than 10 billion yuan.
Visitors can employ a bus service if they do not drive __9__ (they) own cars. The journey to Shennongjia will take up to five hours from nearby Yichang or Shiyan. In May, 2021, Shennongjia was connected to __10__ newly built freeway, making the mountainous region more accessible.
Ⅳ.应用文写作
假定你是李华，请你写一份关于“白色污染(尤其是塑料袋/塑料盒污染)”环保问题的报告，内容包括：
1．塑料(袋、盒)垃圾回收处理的现状；
2．现有的应对措施/解决方案；
3．提出可行的建议去减少白色污染。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
根据汉语提示完成写作
Reduce White Pollution in Daily Life
White pollution is still a very serious environmental issue, ①____________________________________ (这给我们的环境带来很大的损害) and our health.
To our delight, our government ②____________________________ (已经采取了一系列的措施) to address white pollution. For example, a ban on offering plastic bags to customers has been implemented by our government to ③__________________________________ (限制塑料袋的使用). Besides, restaurants are not allowed to use non degradable lunch boxes. These measures have helped ④____________________ (处理白色污染).
Therefore, we should do our part to help cope with white pollution. As for the local authorities, they should use more social media to ⑤____________________________ (传播环境意识) and encourage greater use of recyclable bags and boxes to replace plastic ones.
UNIT 3 课时检测(三)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了美国康涅狄格州的一个小型农场 White Gate Farm 通过邮政局的 Connect Local 项目将农产品送到当地居民家里的故事。这不仅帮助农场直接销售农产品，减少了食品浪费，还减少了其他地方运输水果和蔬菜带来的温室气体排放。
1．选D 细节理解题。根据第二段“White Gate Farm is ... a fixed low cost.”可知，该项目使康涅狄格州东部的小农场能够通过美国邮政服务将新鲜农产品和其他农产品运送到当地家庭，允许小企业以固定的低成本提供当日和次日送达服务。由此可知，该项目使农产品的运输更容易、更便宜。故选D项。
2．选C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Food remains in the fields ... unattractive to stores.”可知，因为农产品的市场价格低或大小和形状对商店没有吸引力，作物被留在地里未能收获；由此可知，是农产品的价格低、质量差导致美国的很多作物依旧没有收获，留在地里。故选C项。
3．选A 词义猜测题。根据画线词前面的内容“Everything that went into growing it goes out the window as well — the water, the land, and the energy. And as the food breaks down, it produces greenhouse gases.”可知，浪费食物意味着种植食物时消耗的水、土地和能源也被浪费，同时分解食物又产生了温室气体，因此糟糕的影响是在不断扩大的，所以画线词与“增加”意义相近。故选A项。
4．选B 标题归纳题。根据第二段以及全文可知，文章讲述了美国康涅狄格州的一个小型农场White Gate Farm通过利用邮政局的Connect Local项目将农产品送到当地居民家里的故事，这个项目不仅帮助农场直接销售农产品，减少了食品浪费，还减少了其他地方运输水果和蔬菜带来的温室气体排放，所以B项“一个从农场到餐桌的项目有助于减少食物浪费”概括了文章内容，符合标题。故选B项。
Ⅱ.①to arrive ②that night ③told ④my ⑤to watch
⑥there ⑦explain ⑧not to ⑨to get ⑩my going
Ⅲ.语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国最受欢迎的景区之一——神农架。
1．where 考查定语从句。分析可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为place，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。
2．actually 考查副词。修饰动词see，应用副词作状语，故填actually。
3．varies 考查时态和主谓一致。根据下文“over the year as nature takes its course”可知，此处的时态要用一般现在时，再结合主语Shennongjia's beauty是不可数名词，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，所以此处用varies。
4．Tourists 考查名词复数。作主语用名词tourist，为可数名词，此处表示不止一个游客，用复数，故填Tourists。
5．and 考查连词。根据句意，enjoy flower blossoms in spring，be shaded from the summer heat, appreciate red leaves in autumn和go skiing in winter之间是并列关系，应用并列连词and连接。
6．building 考查非谓语动词。介词后接动词 ing作宾语，故填building。
7．reached 考查时态。分析句子可知，reach是that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词，根据时间状语in 2020可知，描述过去发生的事情用一般过去时，故填reached。
8．to increase 考查非谓语动词。aim to do“力求达到”，故用动词不定式作宾语。故填to increase。
9．their 考查代词。修饰名词用形容词性物主代词，故填their。
10．a 考查冠词。此处泛指“一条新建的高速公路”，应用不定冠词；newly是辅音音素开头的单词，故填a。
Ⅳ.①which has done great harm to our environment
②has taken a series of measures
③restrict the use of plastic bags ④tackle white pollution
⑤spread the environmental awareness
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