常见的介词辨析考点梳理
一、知识点梳理
(一)across vs through(“穿过” 的空间差异)
介词 核心规则 典型例句
across 表 “表面穿过”(动作在物体表面进行,如马路、河面) He ran across the road.(他跑过马路。)Swim across the river.(游过河流。)
through 表 “内部穿过”(动作在物体内部 / 空间中进行,如森林、窗户) Walk through the forest.(步行穿过森林。)Go through the door.(穿过门。)
(二)until vs by(时间逻辑)
介词 核心规则 典型例句
until - 否定句:not...until(非延续动词,如 go, leave),表 “直到… 才…”;- 肯定句:延续动词(如 wait, stay),表 “直到… 为止” I didn’t sleep until my mom came back.(直到妈妈回来我才睡。)I waited until he arrived.(我等到他来为止。)
by 表 “不迟于;截止到”(接时间点,动作可完成 / 未完成,侧重 “期限”) Finish the work by Friday.(周五前完成工作。)We’ll leave by 6 o’clock.(六点前出发。)
(三)except vs besides vs except for(“排除” 的逻辑差异)
介词 核心规则 典型例句
except 表 “从整体排除(同类)”(前常接 all, every, no 等,整体 - 部分同属一类) All are here except Helen.(除海伦外,大家都在。)
besides 表 “除了… 还有(同类)”(前常接 other, another 等,强调 “附加”) Two others came besides Helen.(除海伦外,还有两人来。)
except for 表 “从整体排除(不同类)”(补充说明,整体与排除部分不同类) The room is clean except for a few dusts.(房间很干净,除了一点灰尘。)
(四)with vs without(“伴随 / 缺失”)
介词 核心规则 典型例句
with 表 “伴随、工具、原因”(复合结构:with + 名词 + 补足语) With a pen, she wrote a letter.(她用钢笔写信。)With the window open, he slept.(开着窗,他睡着了。)
without 表 “没有;缺乏”(否定伴随,可接名词、动名词) He left without saying goodbye.(他没说再见就走了。)We can’t live without air.(没有空气我们无法生存。)
(五)at vs to(行为对象的态度)
介词 核心规则 典型例句
at 表 “动作有攻击性 / 针对性”(常与 laugh, stare, aim 等动词搭配) Don’t laugh at others.(别嘲笑别人。)She stared at the picture.(她盯着画看。)
to 表 “动作无攻击性,仅表方向”(常与 come, talk, shake hands 等搭配) She came to me and smiled.(她向我走来,笑了笑。)Shake hands to your friend.(和朋友握手。)
(六)in vs to vs on(方位的范围逻辑)
介词 核心规则 典型例句
in 表 “范围内”(某地属于另一地的内部区域) Shanghai is in the east of China.(上海在中国东部,属中国范围。)
to 表 “范围外”(某地与另一地不接壤,无所属关系) Japan is to the east of China.(日本在中国东边,不接壤。)
on 表 “接壤”(两地边界相连) Russia is on the north of China.(俄罗斯与中国北部接壤。)
二、易错点深度解析
(一)across vs through 的空间混淆
错例:Walk across the forest.(×,森林是内部,应为 through);Swim through the river.(×,河流是表面,应为 across)。
(二)until 的 “延续 / 非延续” 动词陷阱
错例:I didn’t wait until he came.(×,wait 是延续动词,否定句逻辑错→ 应为 I waited until he came. 或 I didn’t leave until he came.)。
(三)except 系列的 “同类 / 不同类” 判断
错例:Everyone is here except for Tom.(×,Tom 和 everyone 同类,应为 except Tom);The dress is nice except the color.(×,裙子和颜色不同类,应为 except for the color)。
(四)with 复合结构的语法错误
错写:With the light turn on(×,补足语用形容词 / 分词→ With the light on 或 With the light turning on);With he helping me(×,代词用宾格→ With him helping me)。
(五)方位介词的范围误判
错例:Mongolia is in the north of China.(×,蒙古与中国接壤,应为 on);Taiwan is to the southeast of China.(×,台湾属中国范围,应为 in)。
三、中考真题精练(2023–2025 年风格)
(一)选择题
(1)(2025 江苏南京)We walked ______ the park and found a beautiful lake.
A. across B. through C. over D. under
解析:“穿过公园” 是 内部穿过→ through,选 B(A 表表面;C 表上方;D 表下方,均错)。
(2)(2024 山东济南)I won’t leave ______ you come back.
A. by B. until C. after D. since
解析:否定句 “直到… 才”→ not...until,选 B(A 表 “截止到”;C 表 “在… 之后”;D 表 “自从”,均错)。
(3)(2023 浙江杭州)______ Tom, everyone passed the exam.
A. Except B. Besides C. Except for D. Without
解析:“除汤姆外(同类,整体 - 部分)”→ except,选 A(B 表 “还有”;C 表不同类;D 表 “没有”,均错)。
(4)(2025 湖北武汉)The cat ran ______ the window and disappeared.
A. across B. through C. over D. under
解析:“穿过窗户” 是 内部穿过→ through,选 B(A 表表面;C 表上方;D 表下方,均错)。
(5)(2024 四川成都)We need to finish the task ______ 5 p.m. today.
A. until B. by C. after D. since
解析:“下午 5 点前完成” 表 “截止到”→ by,选 B(A 表 “直到”;C 表 “在… 之后”;D 表 “自从”,均错)。
(二)语法填空题
(6)(2023 辽宁沈阳)He finished the project ______ (with) his team’s help.
答案:with(表 “在… 帮助下”,固定搭配 with the help of)
(7)(2025 福建福州)We must arrive ______ (by) 8 o’clock tomorrow.
答案:by(表 “不迟于八点”,接时间点)
(8)(2024 湖南长沙)Japan is ______ (to) the east of China.
答案:to(日本与中国不接壤,属范围外)
(9)(2025 安徽合肥)She left ______ (without) saying a word.
答案:without(表 “没有说一句话”,接动名词)
(10)(2024 陕西西安)All the books are interesting ______ (except) this one.
答案:except(表 “从整体排除同类”,这本书与其他书同类)
(三)完形填空题(节选)
...We went hiking. First, we walked ______(11)a dense forest (through 内部穿过). Then, we crossed a river ______(12)a bridge (across 表面穿过). We didn’t stop ______(13)we reached the top. Along the way, ______(14)Peter, all of us felt excited. When we got home, mom was waiting ______(15)us with a big meal.
(11)A. across B. through C. over D. under
(12)A. across B. through C. on D. in
(13)A. until B. by C. after D. since
(14)A. except B. besides C. except for D. with
(15)A. at B. to C. for D. with
解析:
(11)B:“穿过森林” 是内部→ through(A 表表面;C 表上方;D 表下方,均错);
(12)A:“过桥” 是表面穿过→ across(B 表内部;C 表 “在… 上”,非 “穿过”;D 表内部,均错);
(13)A:“直到到达山顶才停止”→ not...until 逻辑(文中 didn’t stop 对应 until);
(14)A:“除彼得外(同类,大家 - 彼得)”→ except(B 表 “还有”;C 表不同类;D 表 “伴随”,均错);
(15)C:“等待我们” 固定搭配 wait for(A 表 “针对”;B 表 “方向”;D 表 “伴随”,均错)。
答案总结
(一)选择题:(1)B;(2)B;(3)A;(4)B;(5)B
(二)语法填空:(6)with;(7)by;(8)to;(9)without;(10)except
(三)完形填空:(11)B;(12)A;(13)A;(14)A;(15)C