Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
维度一：品句填词
单句语法填空。
1.We often talk about the people and things we remember.
2.She is the only one of the children is good at music here.
3.The first place she visited in China was the History Museum.
4.This is the hotel I stayed at when I was travelling here.
5.The boys are playing football are from Class One.
6.The man is talking with my father is a policeman.
7.The new car colour is black belongs to John.
8.She said she would do anything could help her mother recover from the disease.
9.He is a famous scientist theories would change the world.
10.The writer and his work you told me are really famous.
维度二：语法与写作
用限制性定语从句完成下列句子。
1.The boy last night was Li Ming.
我们昨天晚上见的那个男孩是李明。
2.This is the best book all this year.
这是这一年来我找到的最好的一本书。
3.In the end， she decided to sell the house were almost all broken.
最终，她决定卖掉那个门几乎都破掉的房子。
4.The girl handed everything in the street to the police.
这个女孩把她在街上捡到的一切都交给了警察。
5.The man yesterday lives in the room next to me.
昨天做演讲的那个人住在我旁边的房间。
6.I’ll treasure those unforgettable days .
我将永远珍惜我们在一起度过的那些难忘的日子。
7.She is one of the girls .
她是通过考试的女孩之一。
维度三：语法与语篇
用适当的关系代词完成下面的短文。
Hello， everyone！ It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share my English learning experience with the people 1. are fond of English.
As the saying goes，“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most important thing 2. I do is to get myself interested in English.As a senior high school student， I get to know how to study and try my best to build up my vocabulary 3. is of great importance in understanding all 4. I read or listen to.That is the reason why every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition， I often watch movies 5. stories are moving or interesting.
In a word， if you want to improve your English in senior high school， you should do lots of practice.
Thanks for your listening.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
It is often said that you can’t have too many friends.But it seems that there is a natural limit to the number of people we stay in touch with.A study found that when we make new friends， by starting a new job or going to university， we downgrade or even drop old ones.And while the friends may change， the number stays almost the same.
Oxford University researcher Felix Reed-Tsochas asked 24 students in the final months of school to list all their friends and relatives and say how close to them these friends and relatives were in a questionnaire （问卷）.The pupils filled in the questionnaire twice more after starting work or going to university.They were also given free mobile phones and agreed that researchers could use their call history to work out who they called， when and for how long.
Putting the two pieces of information together showed， unsurprisingly， that most people have a small circle of close friends， who they spend most of their time talking to.This inner circle is surrounded by group after group of ever more distant friends.As the volunteers’ lives changed， this overall pattern， including the number of best friends， remained almost the same， meaning that some close friends from childhood were dropped or downgraded as new friendships were built.
Dr Reed-Tsochas said， “Maybe my best friend is no longer the same person but the amount of time I allocate （分配） to my best friend is still the same.” He added that this finding suggests that even with the coming of modern technology we are only capable of forming a limited number of true friendships.
Chester University researcher Dr Sam Roberts said， “Our results are likely to reflect limitations on the ability of humans to keep emotionally close relationships， which are both because of limited time and the limited emotional capital （情绪资本） that individuals can allocate between family members and friends.”
1.What is a popular belief about making friends according to the text？
A.A friend in need is a friend indeed.
B.We should treat friends as our family.
C.The more friends we make， the better.
D.A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
2.Which is a method Dr Reed-Tsochas used in his study？
A.Checking the volunteers’ call records.
B.Learning about the volunteers’ hobbies.
C.Tracking the volunteers’ job performance.
D.Interviewing the volunteers’ schoolmates.
3.What did the researchers find from the study？
A.One’s attitude to friendship remains the same.
B.People attach great importance to friendships.
C.People rarely drop their old friends to make new ones.
D.The number of one’s best friends doesn’t change much.
4.What is the function of the last paragraph？
A.To add background information.
B.To give a possible explanation.
C.To offer some suggestions.
D.To introduce a new topic.
B
“I’ll be there in a few minutes.I’m playing a game with a friend， a guy named Snoopy，” my 15-year-old son shouted from his room.“Oh， what is Snoopy’s real name？” I asked.“I have no idea，” he said.“Where is he from？” I continued.He responded， “I think somewhere in Canada.Oh， wait， it doesn’t even matter because Snoopy just left the game and he has been replaced with a bot.”
“Your friend is replaced by a bot？”“It doesn’t matter， Dad.It happens all the time！ The game continues.”My son doesn’t mind playing with a person or a bot， which is typical of gamers these days.I wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our children.Aristotle， the great Greek thinker and educator， pointed out that shallow friendship is easily formed but also easily quit because such bonds are weak and uncertain.Deep friendship， by contrast， is when you care for your friend for his sake， not for any benefit you can get.This is selfless friendship.You can have only a couple of these friends because they require lots of time and effort.You must make sacrifices （牺牲） for each other.
Presence in friendship requires “being with” and “doing for”.Perhaps the most typical feature of deep friendship is “doing for”， as my friend has my back in trouble or brings me soup when I’m sick.Only strong bonds have the power to motivate real sacrifices.But it is unclear why online “friends” would bother to do the hard work of friendship.When I asked my students whether they had people in their lives who would bring them soup when they were sick， they laughed at my Stone Age question and said they’d just order soup online.
There are three possibilities regarding friendship and digital life.First， there’s nothing to worry about online friendships.But I sincerely doubt that.Second， digital life fills and absorbs waking time so digital life contributes to certain kinds of social isolation （孤立）.Last， digital life produces false friendships.
5.How does the author lead in the topic of the text？
A.By presenting a conversation.
B.By discussing a robot friend.
C.By quoting a famous thinker.
D.By introducing an online game.
6.What can we know about the author？
A.He could not get along well with his son.
B.He tried to stop his son from playing with a bot.
C.He was troubled by his son’s addiction to online games.
D.He was concerned about his son’s attitude towards friends.
7.What can be inferred from the text？
A.The new generation values friendship a lot more.
B Strong bonds can be easily formed in digital life.
C.Companionship and devotion promote real friendship.
D.Collective activities contribute little to keeping friendship.
8.What is the author’s attitude towards friendship in digital life？
A.Doubtful. B.Critical.
C.Favourable. D.Objective.
C
I remember that it was a fall morning when the orchestra （管弦乐队） teachers came into Miss Newell’s third-grade classroom.“You have hands for the viola （中提琴），” Miss Ciano told me.I was excited because my hands were finally good for something.I told my parents I wanted to play， and naturally， they agreed.
Since I first touched the viola， I haven’t been able to put it down.Ignoring the difficulty， I am pulled closer to it each day.
Classical music is truly my best friend.It is the trusted friend of every man， woman and child.Various feelings are expressed in classical music.I discovered that when I was eleven and played a cello concerto （大提琴协奏曲） of Bach in a competition， the first movement was joyful， but the second movement was mysterious and full of pain.From the piece， I learned that music expresses not only feelings， but also sudden mood changes.By listening to classical music， I know that someone else shares these feelings.Since I am lucky enough to be able to play classical music， I am comforted by it when I am upset.It gives me a way to escape from my problems for a short period.Classical music can express my joy， sadness and anger.
Now look back at that fall day in the third grade and think how gullible I was for believing that anyone， even music teachers， could tell whether hands were perfect for a certain instrument.I’m certain they told me I had “viola hands” not because they were fortune-tellers （算命师）， but because there was a lack of violists in our district.Classical music is one of the best things that ever happened to mankind.If you get introduced to it in the right way， it will become your friend for life.
9.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the first and second paragraphs？
A.To introduce an interesting musical class.
B.To offer the evidence of her gift for music.
C.To show the importance of proper guide.
D.To tell the power of support from parents.
10.According to the passage， in what way does classical music help the author？
A.By developing social skills.
B.By improving mental health.
C.By broadening life experience.
D.By building close relationship.
11.What does the underlined word “gullible” in the last paragraph mean？
A.Easily tricked. B.Firmly loved.
C.Greatly challenged. D.Secretly hidden.
12.Which could be the best title for the passage？
A.Special Event， Sweet Memory
B.Classical Music， Endless Friendship
C.Lifetime Dream， Great Effort
D.Happy Childhood， Unforgotten Experience
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Travelling with friends can be an absolutely amazing experience where you could make lifelong memories or it could end up ruining your friendship. 13 Here are some rules you should follow to make sure your next trip with friends goes as smoothly as possible.
14 Sure， you and your friends probably have some similar interests， but that’s not always the case.In an effort to keep everyone happy， go over travel plans and expectations ahead of time.Have each person categorize activities or sights into “must-see” “want to see” and “would go if we have time”.Plan accordingly and make sure everyone can see some of their top attractions.
Communicate with and respect each other.Everyone has personal preferences when travelling — from getting the bed closest to the bathroom or sitting in the airplane’s window seat.But sometimes things don’t go as you like.In this case， share your requirements directly with your travel companions. 15 Have a conversation when problems arise， for communication is the key.
Don’t disappear.When travelling with a group — or even just one other person — you may want some alone time.That’s completely fine， but make sure your friends know where you are and have a way of contacting you. 16
Get off your phone.Of course， your friends will understand if you need to take a call from a family member，or in the event of a work emergency， but other than that， try to stay off your phone. 17 After all，the appeal of this type of trip is to spend time with friends.Just enjoy it！
A.Give each other some space.
B.Include at least one activity for everyone.
C.And remember that consideration and respect go a long way.
D.At the same time，listen to their concerns and be respectful to them.
E.Don’t respond to non-urgent work contact or send messages frequently.
F.It’s especially true of travelling in foreign countries or unfamiliar places.
G.So it’s important to make sure you and your friend（s） are on the same page.
13. 14. 15.
16. 17.
Ⅲ.完形填空
Steven Gonzales’ job title is “pest control technician （害虫防治技术员）”，but he is always willing to go above and beyond his job description.
That’s exactly what he 18 during a recent pest control service in Arizona.As Steven and his 19 were making their way through the customer’s backyard， they 20 that a hawk （鹰） was splashing around （扑腾） in the pool.
With not much time to 21 ， he dropped what he was doing to 22 the large bird.Rather than being afraid or angry that a 23 was coming so close to it， the hawk actually 24 Steven’s help with open wings.
“It lets me hold it by the legs，” he explained.“I end up lifting it on my shoulder， and it just 25 there.”
At that time， his workmate 26 near them and caught this wonderful rescue on camera.
Soon after Steven 27 the hawk， it remained 28 as it sat on the ground， allowing its wings to dry.But first， it simply wanted some 29 after going through such a terrible event.
“It just stayed right next to me，” Steven said.
Steven then called Cave Creek.This local organization rescues birds and was more than happy to 30 it until it was ready to be released.
After working more closely with Cave Creek， Steven’s now signed up as a 31 to help with future rescues.
He said， “I like to volunteer and 32 not only people and pest control， but animals as well.”
18.A.wanted B.said
C.got D.did
19.A.friend B.workmate
C.guide D.neighbour
20.A.doubted B.hoped
C.imagined D.noticed
21.A.think B.walk
C.check D.talk
22.A.watch B.catch
C.save D.find
23.A.bird B.human
C.surprise D.change
24.A.refused B.welcomed
C.needed D.asked
25.A.rests B.hangs
C.lies D.lives
26.A.slept B.passed
C.stood D.landed
27.A.studied B.fed
C.stopped D.freed
28.A.crazy B.clean
C.calm D.curious
29.A.company B.attention
C.control D.advice
30.A.cheer for B.come across
C.stick with D.look after
31.A.student B.volunteer
C.player D.user
32.A.choose B.trust
C.help D.meet
Ⅳ.语法填空
One day， out on the beach， there were a number of crabs （螃蟹） 33 （live） in a bucket （桶）.They were happy in the bucket： they had fun while they climbed over each other.But one crab who had a big dream was an exception.He was 34 （strong） attracted by the yellow sun he saw， the salty sea he smelt， and the waves he heard.No matter how much he tried to ignore that feeling， the desire 35 （go） out there just grew inside of him.
But the other crabs in the bucket didn’t like 36 way that he was thinking.They saw how it was making him change — he was not like them anymore.“If you climb out， the seagulls （海鸥） will eat you！” they 37 （tell） him.
Even if it was scary， deep inside， he still wanted to leave this bucket to go out.To his joy， he made 38 .He managed to climb out of the bucket， and experienced the sea and all it had to offer.It was 39 （amaze） and more than he had ever expected.He made new and like-minded 40 （friend） and his life was so much 41 （rich） than it had ever been in the bucket.He was glad that he took a chance 42 climbed out of the bucket.And he knew he would never return.
33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38.
39. 40. 41.
42.
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
基础知识自测
维度一
1.（that） 2.who 3.（that） 4.which/that 5.that/who
6.who/that 7.whose 8.that 9.whose 10.that
维度二
1.（that/who/whom） we saw
2.that I have found
3.whose doors/of which the doors/the doors of which
4.that she had picked up
5.who/that made a speech
6.（that/which） we spent together forever
7.who/that have passed the exam
维度三
1.who/that 2.that 3.which/that 4.that 5.whose
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究发现当我们结交新朋友时，我们会跟一些老朋友失去联系。尽管朋友会变，但是我们结识的朋友数目几乎保持不变。
1.C 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，人们常常认为朋友越多越好。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，他在研究中所使用的一个方法是核查志愿者的通话记录。
3.D 细节理解题。根据第三段和第四段最后一句可知，即使随着现代科技的到来，一个人结识的好朋友的数目仍然是有限的，即一个人的最好的朋友的数量变化不大。
4.B 推理判断题。通读全文可知，前文介绍了研究过程及研究结论，最后一段说明了人类保持情感亲密关系的能力有限，这是因为每个人的时间以及能够在家庭成员和朋友之间分配的情绪资本是有限的。由此可推知，最后一段的作用是为研究结果作出了一种可能的解释。
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了现在的友谊变得数字化，失去了原来的面对面友谊的意义。
5.A 推理判断题。根据第一段对话及第二段中的“Your friend is replaced by a bot？”“It doesn’t matter， Dad.It happens all the time！The game continues.”可知，作者通过呈现他和儿子的对话来引出文章的话题。
6.D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的I wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our children.可知，作者担心儿子对待朋友的态度。
7.C 推理判断题。根据第二段最后四句可知，陪伴和奉献能促进真正的友谊。
8.A 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可知，作者对数字化生活中的友谊提出了三种可能性，所以作者对此持怀疑态度。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个偶然的机会作者开始拉中提琴，感受到古典音乐对人的情感带来的好处，并把它看作一生最诚挚的朋友的故事。
9.C 目的意图题。根据第一段中老师说的话和最后一句以及第二段最后一句可知，作者写第一、二段的目的是说明老师和父母的正确引导对作者后来喜欢上古典音乐的重要性。
10.B 细节理解题。根据第三段最后三句可知，古典音乐可以帮助作者改善精神状况。
11.A 词义猜测题。根据画线词下文可知，作者认识到当时相信了老师说自己“有一双拉中提琴的手”，而这其实并不是真话。由此可以猜测，作者觉得自己轻信了老师的话，gullible意为“轻信的，易受骗的”。
12.B 标题归纳题。根据第三段第一句和文章最后一句可知，本文主要讲述了一个偶然的机会作者开始拉中提琴，从此古典音乐成了作者最好的朋友。因此B项为本文最佳标题。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了和朋友出游时避免毁掉友谊的几条建议。
13.G 根据空前一句可知，和朋友一起旅游可以让这段经历留下一生的回忆，也可能会毁掉你和朋友的友情，G项承上启下，符合语境，表明一定要和朋友达成共识。
14.B 根据下文中的In an effort to keep everyone happy， go over travel plans and expectations ahead of time.和Plan accordingly and make sure everyone can see some of their top attractions.可知，这一段讲到为了让大家开心，提前研究一下旅行计划和期望，确保让每个人都能看到他们中意的景点。B项总结下文，符合语境，建议一定要至少包括一个大家都喜欢的活动。
15.D 本段建议要和出游同伴彼此沟通、互相尊重。根据空前一句可知，分享你的需求，同时也要倾听并尊重对方的心声。D项承上启下，符合语境。
16.F 根据空前的内容可知，偶尔自己独自出门转转是可以的，但是为了安全，一定要确保朋友知道你在哪里以及能够联系到你。F项（尤其是在国外或不熟悉的地方）符合语境。
17.E 根据空前的try to stay off your phone可知，下面是具体做法，E项（不要回复不紧急的工作和频繁发送信息）符合语境。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一名害虫防治技术员解救了一只落水的鹰的故事。
18.D 上文指出Steven的工作头衔是“害虫防治技术员”，但他总是愿意做超出自己工作职责的事，下文中他援救落水鹰的事就是其中一例，故did符合语境，表明他最近在亚利桑那州的一次害虫防治服务中做了这样的事。
19.B 根据下文中的his workmate可知，本空选择workmate，属于原词复现。上文中的pest control service和下文中的through the customer’s backyard也是提示。
20.D 根据下文中Steven对这只落水鹰实施救援可知，Steven和他的同事发现一只鹰在水池里扑腾。
21.A 根据上文中的a hawk （鹰） was splashing around in the pool和空后的he dropped what he was doing可知，没有太多的时间去思考，Steven放下手头的工作去援救那只大鸟。
22.C 参见上题解析。
23.B 根据语境可知，下文中的it指代the hawk；根据上文内容可知，Steven上前去救援，因此靠近这只鹰的是一个人。
24.B 根据上文中的Rather than being afraid or angry，以及下文中的with open wings和Steven所说的It lets me hold it by the legs可知，这只鹰对Steven的帮助表示欢迎。
25.A 根据上文中的I end up lifting it on my shoulder可知，最后Steven把它（那只鹰）扛在肩上，它就停在了那里。
26.C 根据空后的caught this wonderful rescue on camera可知，Steven的同事当时正站在他们旁边。
27.D 根据空后的as it sat on the ground， allowing its wings to dry可知，在Steven把那只鹰放开后，它仍然很平静。
28.C 参见上题解析。
29.A 根据下文中Steven所说的It just stayed right next to me可知，在经历了如此可怕的事后，那只鹰只是想要有人陪伴。
30.D 根据上文中的This local organization rescues birds可知，Cave Creek非常乐意照顾它（这只鹰），直到它可以回归自然。
31.B 根据下文中的volunteer可知，本空选择volunteer，属于原词复现。空后的to help with future rescues也是提示。
32.C 根据空前的volunteer可知，Steven表示他不仅愿意帮助人们控制害虫，也愿意帮助动物。
Ⅳ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。沙滩上有一群螃蟹一直开心地生活在桶里，然而其中一只螃蟹却向往大海，他不顾朋友们的反对，坚持要爬出去看看外面的世界。
33.living 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰crabs，且crabs与live之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故填living。
34.strongly 考查词形转换。设空处作状语，修饰attracted，应用副词，表示“深深地”，故填strongly。
35.to go 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰desire，故填to go。desire to do sth做某事的愿望。
36.the 考查冠词。设空处特指他（那只想爬出桶的螃蟹）的思维方式，故填定冠词the。
37.told 考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，设空处应该与全文时态一致，描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，故填told。
38.it 考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处指他成功地爬出了桶。make it获得成功。
39.amazing 考查词形转换。设空处作表语，表示“令人大为惊奇的”，应用形容词，故填amazing。
40.friends 考查名词复数。friend意为“朋友”，是可数名词，与make连用，表示“交朋友”，应用其复数形式，故填friends。like-minded志同道合的。
41.richer 考查形容词的比较级。根据空后的than可知，设空处表示比较意义，故填rich的比较级richer。
42.and 考查连词。根据语境可知，took a chance和climbed out of the bucket之间是并列关系，表示相继发生的两件事情，故填连词and。
7 / 7Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
阅读下列句子并分析加黑部分的用法。
1.Yet these days， the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.
2.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.
3.“Liking”our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.
4.A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
5.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.
6.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
【我的发现】
（1）上面例句中加黑部分都为关系 ，都引导一个限制性定语从句。
（2）句1中that引导定语从句，修饰先行词 ，并在从句中作主语。
（3）句2中的which引导定语从句，并在从句中作 ；句3中的which引导定语从句，并在从句中作 。
（4）句4中who引导一个定语从句，并在从句中作 ， 修饰先行词someone。
（5）句5中whom引导一个定语从句，并在从句中作 ， 修饰先行词the friends。
（6）句6中whose引导一个定语从句，并在从句中作 ， 修饰先行词someone。
一、定语从句的概述
在主从复合句中，修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句有两种，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句对先行词进行限定或修饰，由关系代词或关系副词引导，主句和从句不用逗号隔开，被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语称为先行项或先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
1.先行词
先行词是定语从句修饰和限定的成分。从构成上而言，它可以是名词、代词、名词性短语和整个主句；从句子成分上而言，它可以是主句的主语、宾语、表语、补足语和整个主句。下面，我们从两个实例来看一下定语从句及其相关成分的分布：
2.关系词
关系词分为关系代词（that、 which、 who、 whom、 whose等）和关系副词（when、 where、 why）两类。其中关系代词可以在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语。关系词通常有下列三个作用： ①引导定语从句；②代替先行词；③在定语从句中充当一个成分。
The woman who/that is standing by the classroom is our English teacher.
站在教室旁边的那位女士是我们的英语老师。
【即时演练1】 写出下列句中的定语从句的先行词和关系代词
①Is this the book which your father bought for you？
②Who is the man that is speaking to your mother？
③I frequently visit the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
④The party which was organized by Tom was held outdoors at dusk.
⑤The student who is answering the question is John.
二、定语从句中关系代词的基本用法
关系代词 所指代（即先行词） 在定语从句中所作的句子成分
that 人/物 主语、宾语、表语
which 物 主语、宾语
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人/物 定语
1.that的用法
that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而且作宾语时可以省略。
The number of people that come to visit the city reaches one million every year.
每年来参观这个城市的人数达一百万。（that指代people，在定语从句中作主语）
Is there anything （that） I can do for you？
有什么我能帮助你们的吗？（that指代anything，在定语从句中作宾语，此处可省略）
【即时演练2】 用定语从句合并句子，并指出that在从句中作什么成分
①The boy is Tom.The boy is studying in the classroom.
→The boy is Tom.（that在定语从句中作 ）
②This is the house.Lu Xun once lived in the house.
→This is the house .（that在定语从句中作 ）
③Jack is no longer a lazy boy.He used to be a lazy boy.
→Jack is no longer a lazy boy .（that在定语从句中作 ）
2.which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略。
The plane is a machine which can fly.
飞机是一台能飞的机器。（which指代machine，在定语从句中作主语）
The gold medal （which） she won has been given to her old school.
她赢得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。（which指代The gold medal，在定语从句中作宾语，此处可省略）
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①Mary is fond of music .
玛丽喜欢安静轻柔的音乐。
②A taxi is a car .
出租车是你可以租用的小汽车。
3.who的用法
who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时，常常省略。
Any man who has a sense of duty will be concerned about this item.
任何有责任感的人都会关注这个项目。（who指代Any man，在定语从句中作主语）
He is the man （who） I respect very much.
他就是我非常尊重的那个人。（who指代the man，在定语从句中作宾语， 此处可省略）
【即时演练4】 写出who在下列句子的从句中所作的成分
①The man who I nodded to is Mr Li.
②Those who break the law shall be punished.
③Dickson is an able worker who we all value highly.
④Mr Smith is no longer the man who he used to be.
4.whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。
Rose is the person （whom） you should care about.
罗丝是你应该关心的人。（whom指代the person，在定语从句中作宾语）
The boy （whom） the teacher often praises is their monitor.
老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。（whom指代The boy，在定语从句中作宾语）
【即时演练5】 完成句子
①The man is kind.
大家都喜欢的这位男士很善良。
②The boy is my brother.
刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。
5.whose的用法
（1）关系代词whose引导的定语从句的先行词既可以是人，也可以是物。whose在定语从句中作定语。指人时，相当于of whom；指物时，相当于of which。
I have read the book.I like its characters very much.
→I have read the book whose characters （＝of which the characters） I like very much.
我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。（whose指代先行词the book，在定语从句中作定语）
（2）whose作前置定语，介词短语of which/whom作前置定语、后置定语均可；“whose＋名词”可以转化为“the＋名词＋of which/whom”。
I want to help the children whose parents died in the earthquake.
＝I want to help the children the parents of whom died in the earthquake.
＝I want to help the children of whom the parents died in the earthquake.
我想帮助那些父母在地震中丧生的孩子。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.
＝He lives in a room the window of which faces north.
＝He lives in a room of which the window faces north.
他住在一个窗户朝北的房间里。
【即时演练6】 用定语从句合并句子
①I’d like to take care of the child.Her mother died recently.
→I’d like to take care of the child recently.
②She has a brother.I don’t know his name.
→She has a brother the name .
③I’d like a room.Its windows look out over the sea.
→I’d like a room look out over the sea.
三、关系代词只能用that而不用which的情况
1.当先行词为all、 little、 few、 some、 none、 something、 everything、 nothing、 anything、 much等不定代词或由它们修饰时。
All （that） I want is your advice.
我需要的是你的建议。
Have you taken down everything （that） Mr Li said？
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
2.当先行词前有序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first thing （that） we need to do is to work out a plan.
我们需要做的第一件事是制订一个计划。
That was the best film （that） I have ever seen.
那是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
3.当先行词前有the only、 the very、 the last等修饰时。
The only thing （that） we can do is to give in to our parents’ ideas.
我们唯一能做的事情就是听从我们父母的意见。
4.当先行词既指人，又指物时。
We often talk about the persons and things （that） we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
5.当主句是以who、 which、 what开头的特殊疑问句时，引导定语从句的关系词一般用that。
Who is the man that came to rescue you in this disaster？
在这次灾难中救你的人是谁？
6.当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
名师点津
“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。
【即时演练7】 完成句子
①All/Everything has been eaten up.
能吃的都吃光了。
②The first place was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
③The only thing was to go to the police for help.
她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。
④She took photographs of the people and things .
她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。
⑤She is the only one of the employees in the company .
她是公司里唯一一个受教育不多的员工。
count on依赖，依靠，指望
【教材原句】 A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.真正的朋友是我们可以依靠的人。
【用法】
count v. （按顺序）数数；把……算入；重要；看作，认为
n. （按顺序的）数量；量的计数；总数
count on/upon （＝depend/rely on/upon） 依赖，依靠，指望
count on sb for sth 指望某人某事
count on sb to do sth 指望某人做某事
count on sb doing sth 指望某人做某事
count on it that ... 指望……（其中it为形式宾语，that从句为真正的宾语）
【佳句】 You can always count on him for good advice.
你总是可以从他那儿得到好的建议。
【练透】 语境辨义/单句语法填空
①She was counting her money with joy.
②Hurry up！Every minute now counts.
③On the whole， she counted herself as a fortunate wife.
④You may count on that the work will be finished ahead of time.
【写美】 一句多译
⑤你可以依靠我的帮助实现你的目标。
→You can achieve your goals.
→You can to achieve your goals.
put down放下；写下；镇压
【教材原句】 To make friends a real part of our lives， we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
为了使朋友成为我们生活中真正的一部分，我们应该放下手机，亲自与他们见面。
【用法】
put aside 忽视；储存……备用
put away 收起；储蓄
put out 扑灭；出版
put off 推迟；延期
put up 张贴；举起
put up with 忍受
put on 假装；穿上；表演（节目）
put forward 提出（建议等）；将……提前
【佳句】 He spoke so fast that I couldn’t put down what he said.
他说得那么快，我根本记不下来他说的话。
【练透】 用put的相关短语填空
①After two rings I the phone immediately.
②It took the villagers about two hours to the big fire.
③In view of the bad weather， our journey to Lijiang had to be .
【写美】 完成句子
④I can’t another day — she never stops complaining.
她整天抱怨，我一天也不能忍受了。
in person 亲自，亲身
【用法】
（1）in surprise 吃惊地
in advance 提前
in secret 秘密地
in trouble 处于困难中
in danger 处于危险中
（2）the first/second/third person 第一/第二/第三人称
（3）personal adj. 个人的；私人的
a personal view/opinion 个人的观点
【佳句】 You have to collect your tickets in person.你必须亲自去取票。
【练透】 用in的相关短语填空
①To save money， you’d better book the ticket .
②Her eyes widened as she heard the good news.
③I’m writing to express my sincere thanks for your generous help when I am .
【写美】 完成句子
④The novel is written from .
这部小说是根据个人亲身经历写成的。
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）代词 （2）the modern tools （3）主语 宾语 （4）主语
（5）宾语 （6）定语
即时演练1
①the book；which ②the man；that ③the scientist；whose ④The party；which ⑤The student；who
即时演练2
①that is studying in the classroom 主语 ②（that） Lu Xun once lived in 宾语 ③that he used to be 表语
即时演练3
①that/which is quiet and gentle ②that/which you can hire
即时演练4
①宾语 ②主语 ③宾语 ④表语
即时演练5
①whom everyone likes ②（whom/that/who） I talked to just now
即时演练6
①whose mother died ②of whom I don’t know
③whose windows/of which the windows/the windows of which
即时演练7
①that can be eaten ②（that） they visited in London
③（that） she could do ④（that） she was interested in
⑤that has received little education
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①v.数数 ②v.重要 ③v.认为 ④it ⑤count on me to help you； count on me for help
2.①put down ②put out ③put off ④put up with her
3.①in advance ②in surprise ③in trouble
④personal experience
7 / 7(共101张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Grammar and usage
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
3
课时检测·提能力
2
核心知识·巧突破
1
重难语法·要攻克
掌握核心语法
由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
阅读下列句子并分析加黑部分的用法。
1. Yet these days， the modern tools that keep us connected are eating
away at the meaning of friendship.
2. “Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express
the values which matter most to us.
3. “Liking”our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection
which we share.
4. A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks
out.
5. Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we
love.
6. A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
【我的发现】
（1）上面例句中加黑部分都为关系 ，都引导一个限制性定
语从句。
（2）句1中that引导定语从句，修饰先行词 ，并在
从句中作主语。
（3）句2中的which引导定语从句，并在从句中作 ；句3中的
which引导定语从句，并在从句中作 。
（4）句4中who引导一个定语从句，并在从句中作 ， 修饰先
行词someone。
代词
the modern tools
主语
宾语
主语
（5）句5中whom引导一个定语从句，并在从句中作 ， 修饰
先行词the friends。
（6）句6中whose引导一个定语从句，并在从句中作 ， 修饰
先行词someone。
宾语
定语
一、定语从句的概述
在主从复合句中，修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句叫作定语从句。
定语从句有两种，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定
语从句对先行词进行限定或修饰，由关系代词或关系副词引导，主句
和从句不用逗号隔开，被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语称为先行项或
先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
1. 先行词
先行词是定语从句修饰和限定的成分。从构成上而言，它可以是名
词、代词、名词性短语和整个主句；从句子成分上而言，它可以是
主句的主语、宾语、表语、补足语和整个主句。下面，我们从两个
实例来看一下定语从句及其相关成分的分布：
2. 关系词
关系词分为关系代词（that、 which、 who、 whom、 whose等）和
关系副词（when、 where、 why）两类。其中关系代词可以在从句
中作主语、宾语、定语或表语。关系词通常有下列三个作用： ①
引导定语从句；②代替先行词；③在定语从句中充当一个成分。
The woman who/that is standing by the classroom is our English
teacher.
站在教室旁边的那位女士是我们的英语老师。
【即时演练1】 写出下列句中的定语从句的先行词和关系代词
①Is this the book which your father bought for you？
②Who is the man that is speaking to your mother？
③I frequently visit the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
④The party which was organized by Tom was held outdoors at dusk.
⑤The student who is answering the question is John.
the book；which
the man；that
the scientist；whose
The party；which
The student；who
二、定语从句中关系代词的基本用法
关系代词 所指代（即先行词） 在定语从句中所作的句
子成分
that 人/物 主语、宾语、表语
which 物 主语、宾语
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人/物 定语
1. that的用法
that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而
且作宾语时可以省略。
The number of people that come to visit the city reaches one million
every year.
每年来参观这个城市的人数达一百万。（that指代people，在定语
从句中作主语）
Is there anything （that） I can do for you？
有什么我能帮助你们的吗？（that指代anything，在定语从句中作宾
语，此处可省略）
【即时演练2】 用定语从句合并句子，并指出that在从句中作什
么成分
①The boy is Tom.The boy is studying in the classroom.
→The boy is Tom.（that在定语从
句中作 ）
②This is the house.Lu Xun once lived in the house.
→This is the house .（that在定语从句
中作 ）
that is studying in the classroom
主语
（that） Lu Xun once lived in
宾语
③Jack is no longer a lazy boy.He used to be a lazy boy.
→Jack is no longer a lazy boy .（that在定语从句
中作 ）
that he used to be
表语
2. which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略。
The plane is a machine which can fly.
飞机是一台能飞的机器。（which指代machine，在定语从句中
作主语）
The gold medal （which） she won has been given to her old school.
她赢得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。（which指代The gold
medal，在定语从句中作宾语，此处可省略）
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①Mary is fond of music .
玛丽喜欢安静轻柔的音乐。
②A taxi is a car .
出租车是你可以租用的小汽车。
that/which is quiet and gentle
that/which you can hire
3. who的用法
who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时，常常省略。
Any man who has a sense of duty will be concerned about this item.
任何有责任感的人都会关注这个项目。（who指代Any man，在定
语从句中作主语）
He is the man （who） I respect very much.
他就是我非常尊重的那个人。（who指代the man，在定语从句中作
宾语， 此处可省略）
【即时演练4】写出who在下列句子的从句中所作的成分
①The man who I nodded to is Mr Li.
②Those who break the law shall be punished.
③Dickson is an able worker who we all value highly.
④Mr Smith is no longer the man who he used to be.
宾语
主语
宾语
表语
4. whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。
Rose is the person （whom） you should care about.
罗丝是你应该关心的人。（whom指代the person，在定语从句中作
宾语）
The boy （whom） the teacher often praises is their monitor.
老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。（whom指代The boy，在
定语从句中作宾语）
【即时演练5】 完成句子
①The man is kind.
大家都喜欢的这位男士很善良。
②The boy is my brother.
刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。
whom everyone likes
（whom/that/who） I talked to just now
5. whose的用法
（1）关系代词whose引导的定语从句的先行词既可以是人，也可以
是物。whose在定语从句中作定语。指人时，相当于of
whom；指物时，相当于of which。
I have read the book.I like its characters very much.
→I have read the book whose characters （＝of which the
characters） I like very much.
我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。（whose指代先
行词the book，在定语从句中作定语）
（2）whose作前置定语，介词短语of which/whom作前置定语、后
置定语均可；“whose＋名词”可以转化为“the＋名词＋of
which/whom”。
I want to help the children whose parents died in the earthquake.
＝I want to help the children the parents of whom died in the
earthquake.
＝I want to help the children of whom the parents died in the
earthquake.
我想帮助那些父母在地震中丧生的孩子。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.
＝He lives in a room the window of which faces north.
＝He lives in a room of which the window faces north.
他住在一个窗户朝北的房间里。
【即时演练6】 用定语从句合并句子
①I’d like to take care of the child.Her mother died recently.
→I’d like to take care of the child recently.
②She has a brother.I don’t know his name.
→She has a brother the name .
③I’d like a room.Its windows look out over the sea.
→I’d like a room
look out over the sea.
whose mother died
of whom I don’t know
whose windows/of which the windows/the windows
of which
三、关系代词只能用that而不用which的情况
1. 当先行词为all、 little、 few、 some、 none、 something、
everything、 nothing、 anything、 much等不定代词或由它们
修饰时。
All （that） I want is your advice.
我需要的是你的建议。
Have you taken down everything （that） Mr Li said？
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
2. 当先行词前有序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最
高级修饰时。
The first thing （that） we need to do is to work out a plan.
我们需要做的第一件事是制订一个计划。
That was the best film （that） I have ever seen.
那是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
3. 当先行词前有the only、 the very、 the last等修饰时。
The only thing （that） we can do is to give in to our parents’ ideas.
我们唯一能做的事情就是听从我们父母的意见。
4. 当先行词既指人，又指物时。
We often talk about the persons and things （that） we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
5. 当主句是以who、 which、 what开头的特殊疑问句时，引导定语从
句的关系词一般用that。
Who is the man that came to rescue you in this disaster？
在这次灾难中救你的人是谁？
6. 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
名师点津
“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only
one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。
【即时演练7】 完成句子
①All/Everything has been eaten up.
能吃的都吃光了。
②The first place was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
③The only thing was to go to the police for
help.
她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。
that can be eaten
（that） they visited in London
（that） she could do
④She took photographs of the people and things
.
她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。
⑤She is the only one of the employees in the company
.
她是公司里唯一一个受教育不多的员工。
（that） she was
interested in
that has received
little education
核心知识·巧突破
探究课堂重点
2
count on依赖，依靠，指望
【教材原句】 A real friend is someone whose support we can count
on.真正的朋友是我们可以依靠的人。
【用法】
count v. （按顺序）数数；把……算入；重要；看作，认为
n. （按顺序的）数量；量的计数；总数
count on/upon （＝depend/rely on/upon） 依赖，依靠，指望
count on sb for sth 指望某人某事
count on sb to do sth 指望某人做某事
count on sb doing sth 指望某人做某事
count on it that ... 指望……（其中it为形式宾语，that从句为真
正的宾语）
【佳句】 You can always count on him for good advice.
你总是可以从他那儿得到好的建议。
【练透】 语境辨义/单句语法填空
①She was counting her money with joy.
②Hurry up！Every minute now counts.
③On the whole， she counted herself as a fortunate wife.
④You may count on that the work will be finished ahead of time.
v.数数
v.重要
v.认为
it
【写美】 一句多译
⑤你可以依靠我的帮助实现你的目标。
→You can achieve your goals.
→You can to achieve your goals.
count on me to help you
count on me for help
put down放下；写下；镇压
【教材原句】 To make friends a real part of our lives， we should put
down our smartphones and meet them in person.为了使朋友成为我们生
活中真正的一部分，我们应该放下手机，亲自与他们见面。
put aside 忽视；储存……备用
put away 收起；储蓄
put out 扑灭；出版
put off 推迟；延期
put up 张贴；举起
put up with 忍受
put on 假装；穿上；表演（节目）
put forward 提出（建议等）；将……提前
【用法】
【佳句】 He spoke so fast that I couldn’t put down what he said.
他说得那么快，我根本记不下来他说的话。
【练透】 用put的相关短语填空
①After two rings I the phone immediately.
②It took the villagers about two hours to the big fire.
③In view of the bad weather， our journey to Lijiang had to be
.
put down
put out
put
off
【写美】 完成句子
④I can’t another day — she never stops
complaining.
她整天抱怨，我一天也不能忍受了。
put up with her
in person 亲自，亲身
【用法】
（1）in surprise 吃惊地
in advance 提前
in secret 秘密地
in trouble 处于困难中
in danger 处于危险中
（2）the first/second/third person 第一/第二/第三人称
（3）personal adj. 个人的；私人的
a personal view/opinion 个人的观点
【佳句】 You have to collect your tickets in person.
你必须亲自去取票。
【练透】 用in的相关短语填空
①To save money， you’d better book the ticket .
②Her eyes widened as she heard the good news.
③I’m writing to express my sincere thanks for your generous help when
I am .
【写美】 完成句子
④The novel is written from .
这部小说是根据个人亲身经历写成的。
in advance
in surprise
in trouble
personal experience
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：品句填词
单句语法填空。
1. We often talk about the people and things we remember.
2. She is the only one of the children is good at music here.
3. The first place she visited in China was the History
Museum.
4. This is the hotel I stayed at when I was travelling here.
（that）
who
（that）
which/that
5. The boys are playing football are from Class One.
6. The man is talking with my father is a policeman.
7. The new car colour is black belongs to John.
8. She said she would do anything could help her mother recover
from the disease.
9. He is a famous scientist theories would change the world.
10. The writer and his work you told me are really famous.
that/who
who/that
whose
that
whose
that
维度二：语法与写作
用限制性定语从句完成下列句子。
1. The boy last night was Li Ming.
我们昨天晚上见的那个男孩是李明。
2. This is the best book all this year.
这是这一年来我找到的最好的一本书。
3. In the end， she decided to sell the house
were almost all broken.
最终，她决定卖掉那个门几乎都破掉的房子。
（that/who/whom） we saw
that I have found
whose doors/of which the
doors/the doors of which
4. The girl handed everything in the street to
the police.
这个女孩把她在街上捡到的一切都交给了警察。
5. The man yesterday lives in the room next
to me.
昨天做演讲的那个人住在我旁边的房间。
6. I’ll treasure those unforgettable days
.
我将永远珍惜我们在一起度过的那些难忘的日子。
7. She is one of the girls .
她是通过考试的女孩之一。
that she had picked up
who/that made a speech
（that/which） we spent
together forever
who/that have passed the exam
维度三：语法与语篇
用适当的关系代词完成下面的短文。
Hello， everyone！ It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share
my English learning experience with the people 1. are fond
of English.
who/that
As the saying goes，“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most
important thing 2. I do is to get myself interested in English.As a
senior high school student， I get to know how to study and try my best to
build up my vocabulary 3. is of great importance in
understanding all 4. I read or listen to.That is the reason why
every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition， I often
watch movies 5. stories are moving or interesting.
In a word， if you want to improve your English in senior high
school， you should do lots of practice.
Thanks for your listening.
that
which/that
that
whose
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
It is often said that you can’t have too many friends.But it seems
that there is a natural limit to the number of people we stay in touch
with.A study found that when we make new friends， by starting a new
job or going to university， we downgrade or even drop old ones.And
while the friends may change， the number stays almost the same.
Oxford University researcher Felix Reed-Tsochas asked 24 students in
the final months of school to list all their friends and relatives and say how
close to them these friends and relatives were in a questionnaire （问
卷）.The pupils filled in the questionnaire twice more after starting work
or going to university.They were also given free mobile phones and agreed
that researchers could use their call history to work out who they called，
when and for how long.
Putting the two pieces of information together showed，
unsurprisingly， that most people have a small circle of close friends，
who they spend most of their time talking to.This inner circle is
surrounded by group after group of ever more distant friends.As the
volunteers’ lives changed， this overall pattern， including the number
of best friends， remained almost the same， meaning that some close
friends from childhood were dropped or downgraded as new friendships
were built.
Dr Reed-Tsochas said， “Maybe my best friend is no longer the
same person but the amount of time I allocate （分配） to my best friend
is still the same.” He added that this finding suggests that even with the
coming of modern technology we are only capable of forming a limited
number of true friendships.
Chester University researcher Dr Sam Roberts said， “Our results
are likely to reflect limitations on the ability of humans to keep
emotionally close relationships， which are both because of limited time
and the limited emotional capital （情绪资本） that individuals can
allocate between family members and friends.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究发现当我们结交新朋友时，我
们会跟一些老朋友失去联系。尽管朋友会变，但是我们结识的朋友
数目几乎保持不变。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究发现当我们结交新朋友时，我
们会跟一些老朋友失去联系。尽管朋友会变，但是我们结识的朋友
数目几乎保持不变。
1. What is a popular belief about making friends according to the text？
A. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
B. We should treat friends as our family.
C. The more friends we make， the better.
D. A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，人们常常认为朋
友越多越好。
2. Which is a method Dr Reed-Tsochas used in his study？
A. Checking the volunteers’ call records.
B. Learning about the volunteers’ hobbies.
C. Tracking the volunteers’ job performance.
D. Interviewing the volunteers’ schoolmates.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，他在研究中所
使用的一个方法是核查志愿者的通话记录。
3. What did the researchers find from the study？
A. One’s attitude to friendship remains the same.
B. People attach great importance to friendships.
C. People rarely drop their old friends to make new ones.
D. The number of one’s best friends doesn’t change much.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段和第四段最后一句可知，即使
随着现代科技的到来，一个人结识的好朋友的数目仍然是有限的，
即一个人的最好的朋友的数量变化不大。
4. What is the function of the last paragraph？
A. To add background information.
B. To give a possible explanation.
C. To offer some suggestions.
D. To introduce a new topic.
解析： 推理判断题。通读全文可知，前文介绍了研究过程及研
究结论，最后一段说明了人类保持情感亲密关系的能力有限，这是
因为每个人的时间以及能够在家庭成员和朋友之间分配的情绪资本
是有限的。由此可推知，最后一段的作用是为研究结果作出了一种
可能的解释。
B
“I’ll be there in a few minutes.I’m playing a game with a
friend， a guy named Snoopy，” my 15-year-old son shouted from his
room.“Oh， what is Snoopy’s real name？” I asked.“I have no
idea，” he said.“Where is he from？” I continued.He responded，
“I think somewhere in Canada.Oh， wait， it doesn’t even matter
because Snoopy just left the game and he has been replaced with a bot.”
“Your friend is replaced by a bot？”“It doesn’t matter， Dad.It
happens all the time！ The game continues.”My son doesn’t mind
playing with a person or a bot， which is typical of gamers these days.I
wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up
with will be lost by our children.Aristotle， the great Greek thinker and
educator， pointed out that shallow friendship is easily formed but also
easily quit because such bonds are weak and uncertain.Deep friendship，
by contrast， is when you care for your friend for his sake， not for any
benefit you can get.This is selfless friendship.
You can have only a couple of these friends because they require lots of
time and effort.You must make sacrifices （牺牲） for each other.
Presence in friendship requires “being with” and “doing
for”.Perhaps the most typical feature of deep friendship is “doing
for”， as my friend has my back in trouble or brings me soup when I’m
sick.Only strong bonds have the power to motivate real sacrifices.But it is
unclear why online “friends” would bother to do the hard work of
friendship.When I asked my students whether they had people in their
lives who would bring them soup when they were sick， they laughed at
my Stone Age question and said they’d just order soup online.
There are three possibilities regarding friendship and digital
life.First， there’s nothing to worry about online friendships.But I
sincerely doubt that.Second， digital life fills and absorbs waking time so
digital life contributes to certain kinds of social isolation （孤立）.Last，
digital life produces false friendships.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了现在的友谊变得数
字化，失去了原来的面对面友谊的意义。
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了现在的友谊变得数
字化，失去了原来的面对面友谊的意义。
5. How does the author lead in the topic of the text？
A. By presenting a conversation.
B. By discussing a robot friend.
C. By quoting a famous thinker.
D. By introducing an online game.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段对话及第二段中的“Your
friend is replaced by a bot？”“It doesn’t matter， Dad.It happens
all the time！The game continues.”可知，作者通过呈现他和儿子
的对话来引出文章的话题。
6. What can we know about the author？
A. He could not get along well with his son.
B. He tried to stop his son from playing with a bot.
C. He was troubled by his son’s addiction to online games.
D. He was concerned about his son’s attitude towards friends.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的I wonder whether the face-
to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our
children.可知，作者担心儿子对待朋友的态度。
7. What can be inferred from the text？
A. The new generation values friendship a lot more.
B Strong bonds can be easily formed in digital life.
C. Companionship and devotion promote real friendship.
D. Collective activities contribute little to keeping friendship.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段最后四句可知，陪伴和奉献能
促进真正的友谊。
8. What is the author’s attitude towards friendship in digital life？
A. Doubtful. B. Critical.
C. Favourable. D. Objective.
解析： 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可知，作者对数字化生
活中的友谊提出了三种可能性，所以作者对此持怀疑态度。
C
I remember that it was a fall morning when the orchestra （管弦乐
队） teachers came into Miss Newell’s third-grade classroom.“You
have hands for the viola （中提琴），” Miss Ciano told me.I was
excited because my hands were finally good for something.I told my
parents I wanted to play， and naturally， they agreed.
Since I first touched the viola， I haven’t been able to put it
down.Ignoring the difficulty， I am pulled closer to it each day.
Classical music is truly my best friend.It is the trusted friend of every
man， woman and child.Various feelings are expressed in classical
music.I discovered that when I was eleven and played a cello concerto
（大提琴协奏曲） of Bach in a competition， the first movement was
joyful， but the second movement was mysterious and full of pain.From
the piece， I learned that music expresses not only feelings， but also
sudden mood changes.By listening to classical music， I know that
someone else shares these feelings.Since I am lucky enough to be able to
play classical music， I am comforted by it when I am upset.It gives me a
way to escape from my problems for a short period.Classical music can
express my joy， sadness and anger.
Now look back at that fall day in the third grade and think how
gullible I was for believing that anyone， even music teachers， could tell
whether hands were perfect for a certain instrument.I’m certain they told
me I had “viola hands” not because they were fortune-tellers （算命
师）， but because there was a lack of violists in our district.Classical
music is one of the best things that ever happened to mankind.If you get
introduced to it in the right way， it will become your friend for life.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个偶然的机会作者开
始拉中提琴，感受到古典音乐对人的情感带来的好处，并把它看作
一生最诚挚的朋友的故事。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个偶然的机会作者开
始拉中提琴，感受到古典音乐对人的情感带来的好处，并把它看作
一生最诚挚的朋友的故事。
9. What’s the author’s purpose in writing the first and second
paragraphs？
A. To introduce an interesting musical class.
B. To offer the evidence of her gift for music.
C. To show the importance of proper guide.
D. To tell the power of support from parents.
解析： 目的意图题。根据第一段中老师说的话和最后一句以及
第二段最后一句可知，作者写第一、二段的目的是说明老师和父母
的正确引导对作者后来喜欢上古典音乐的重要性。
10. According to the passage， in what way does classical music help the
author？
A. By developing social skills.
B. By improving mental health.
C. By broadening life experience.
D. By building close relationship.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段最后三句可知，古典音乐可
以帮助作者改善精神状况。
11. What does the underlined word “gullible” in the last paragraph
mean？
A. Easily tricked. B. Firmly loved.
C. Greatly challenged. D. Secretly hidden.
解析： 词义猜测题。根据画线词下文可知，作者认识到当时
相信了老师说自己“有一双拉中提琴的手”，而这其实并不是真
话。由此可以猜测，作者觉得自己轻信了老师的话，gullible意为
“轻信的，易受骗的”。
12. Which could be the best title for the passage？
A. Special Event， Sweet Memory
B. Classical Music， Endless Friendship
C. Lifetime Dream， Great Effort
D. Happy Childhood， Unforgotten Experience
解析： 标题归纳题。根据第三段第一句和文章最后一句可
知，本文主要讲述了一个偶然的机会作者开始拉中提琴，从此古
典音乐成了作者最好的朋友。因此B项为本文最佳标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Travelling with friends can be an absolutely amazing experience
where you could make lifelong memories or it could end up ruining your
friendship. 13 Here are some rules you should follow to make sure
your next trip with friends goes as smoothly as possible.
14 Sure， you and your friends probably have some similar
interests， but that’s not always the case.In an effort to keep everyone
happy， go over travel plans and expectations ahead of time.Have each
person categorize activities or sights into “must-see” “want to see”
and “would go if we have time”.Plan accordingly and make sure
everyone can see some of their top attractions.
Communicate with and respect each other.Everyone has personal
preferences when travelling — from getting the bed closest to the
bathroom or sitting in the airplane’s window seat.But sometimes things
don’t go as you like.In this case， share your requirements directly with
your travel companions. 15 Have a conversation when problems
arise， for communication is the key.
Don’t disappear.When travelling with a group — or even just one
other person — you may want some alone time.That’s completely fine，
but make sure your friends know where you are and have a way of
contacting you. 16
Get off your phone.Of course， your friends will understand if you
need to take a call from a family member，or in the event of a work
emergency， but other than that， try to stay off your phone. 17 After
all，the appeal of this type of trip is to spend time with friends.Just enjoy
it！
A. Give each other some space.
B. Include at least one activity for everyone.
C. And remember that consideration and respect go a long way.
D. At the same time，listen to their concerns and be respectful to them.
E. Don’t respond to non-urgent work contact or send messages
frequently.
F. It’s especially true of travelling in foreign countries or unfamiliar
places.
G. So it’s important to make sure you and your friend（s） are on the
same page.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了和朋友出游时避免毁掉
友谊的几条建议。
13. G 根据空前一句可知，和朋友一起旅游可以让这段经历留下一
生的回忆，也可能会毁掉你和朋友的友情，G项承上启下，符合语
境，表明一定要和朋友达成共识。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了和朋友出游时避免毁掉
友谊的几条建议。
14. B 根据下文中的In an effort to keep everyone happy， go over
travel plans and expectations ahead of time.和Plan accordingly and make
sure everyone can see some of their top attractions.可知，这一段讲到为
了让大家开心，提前研究一下旅行计划和期望，确保让每个人都能看
到他们中意的景点。B项总结下文，符合语境，建议一定要至少包括
一个大家都喜欢的活动。
15. D 本段建议要和出游同伴彼此沟通、互相尊重。根据空前一句
可知，分享你的需求，同时也要倾听并尊重对方的心声。D项承上启
下，符合语境。
16. F 根据空前的内容可知，偶尔自己独自出门转转是可以的，但是
为了安全，一定要确保朋友知道你在哪里以及能够联系到你。F项
（尤其是在国外或不熟悉的地方）符合语境。
17. E 根据空前的try to stay off your phone可知，下面是具体做法，E
项（不要回复不紧急的工作和频繁发送信息）符合语境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
Steven Gonzales’ job title is “pest control technician （害虫防治
技术员）”，but he is always willing to go above and beyond his job
description.
That’s exactly what he 18 during a recent pest control service
in Arizona.As Steven and his 19 were making their way through the
customer’s backyard， they 20 that a hawk （鹰） was splashing
around （扑腾） in the pool.
With not much time to 21 ， he dropped what he was doing
to 22 the large bird.Rather than being afraid or angry that a 23
was coming so close to it， the hawk actually 24 Steven’s help with
open wings.
“It lets me hold it by the legs，” he explained.“I end up lifting it
on my shoulder， and it just 25 there.”
At that time， his workmate 26 near them and caught this
wonderful rescue on camera.
Soon after Steven 27 the hawk， it remained 28 as it sat on
the ground， allowing its wings to dry.But first， it simply wanted
some 29 after going through such a terrible event.
“It just stayed right next to me，” Steven said.
Steven then called Cave Creek.This local organization rescues birds
and was more than happy to 30 it until it was ready to be released.
After working more closely with Cave Creek， Steven’s now signed
up as a 31 to help with future rescues.
He said， “I like to volunteer and 32 not only people and pest
control， but animals as well.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一名害虫防治技术员解
救了一只落水的鹰的故事。
18. A. wanted B. said C. got D. did
解析： 上文指出Steven的工作头衔是“害虫防治技术员”，但
他总是愿意做超出自己工作职责的事，下文中他援救落水鹰的事
就是其中一例，故did符合语境，表明他最近在亚利桑那州的一次
害虫防治服务中做了这样的事。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一名害虫防治技术员解
救了一只落水的鹰的故事。
19. A. friend B. workmate
C. guide D. neighbour
解析： 根据下文中的his workmate可知，本空选择workmate，
属于原词复现。上文中的pest control service和下文中的through the
customer’s backyard也是提示。
20. A. doubted B. hoped
C. imagined D. noticed
解析： 根据下文中Steven对这只落水鹰实施救援可知，Steven
和他的同事发现一只鹰在水池里扑腾。
21. A. think B. walk C. check D. talk
解析： 根据上文中的a hawk （鹰） was splashing around in the
pool和空后的he dropped what he was doing可知，没有太多的时间
去思考，Steven放下手头的工作去援救那只大鸟。
22. A. watch B. catch C. save D. find
解析： 参见上题解析。
23. A. bird B. human
C. surprise D. change
解析： 根据语境可知，下文中的it指代the hawk；根据上文内
容可知，Steven上前去救援，因此靠近这只鹰的是一个人。
24. A. refused B. welcomed
C. needed D. asked
解析： 根据上文中的Rather than being afraid or angry，以及下
文中的with open wings和Steven所说的It lets me hold it by the legs可
知，这只鹰对Steven的帮助表示欢迎。
25. A. rests B. hangs C. lies D. lives
解析： 根据上文中的I end up lifting it on my shoulder可知，最
后Steven把它（那只鹰）扛在肩上，它就停在了那里。
26. A. slept B. passed
C. stood D. landed
解析： 根据空后的caught this wonderful rescue on camera可
知，Steven的同事当时正站在他们旁边。
27. A. studied B. fed
C. stopped D. freed
解析： 根据空后的as it sat on the ground， allowing its wings to
dry可知，在Steven把那只鹰放开后，它仍然很平静。
28. A. crazy B. clean
C. calm D. curious
解析： 参见上题解析。
29. A. company B. attention
C. control D. advice
解析： 根据下文中Steven所说的It just stayed right next to me可
知，在经历了如此可怕的事后，那只鹰只是想要有人陪伴。
30. A. cheer for B. come across
C. stick with D. look after
解析： 根据上文中的This local organization rescues birds可知，
Cave Creek非常乐意照顾它（这只鹰），直到它可以回归自然。
31. A. student B. volunteer
C. player D. user
解析： 根据下文中的volunteer可知，本空选择volunteer，属于
原词复现。空后的to help with future rescues也是提示。
32. A. choose B. trust C. help D. meet
解析： 根据空前的volunteer可知，Steven表示他不仅愿意帮助
人们控制害虫，也愿意帮助动物。
Ⅳ.语法填空
One day， out on the beach， there were a number of crabs （螃
蟹） 33 （live） in a bucket （桶）.They were happy in the
bucket： they had fun while they climbed over each other.But one crab
who had a big dream was an exception.He was 34 （strong）
attracted by the yellow sun he saw， the salty sea he smelt， and the
waves he heard.No matter how much he tried to ignore that feeling， the
desire 35 （go） out there just grew inside of him.
But the other crabs in the bucket didn’t like 36 way that he was
thinking.They saw how it was making him change — he was not like them
anymore.“If you climb out， the seagulls （海鸥） will eat you！”
they 37 （tell） him.
Even if it was scary， deep inside， he still wanted to leave this
bucket to go out.To his joy， he made 38 .He managed to climb out
of the bucket， and experienced the sea and all it had to offer.It
was 39 （amaze） and more than he had ever expected.He made new
and like-minded 40 （friend） and his life was so much 41
（rich） than it had ever been in the bucket.He was glad that he took a
chance 42 climbed out of the bucket.And he knew he would never
return.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。沙滩上有一群螃蟹一直开心地生活
在桶里，然而其中一只螃蟹却向往大海，他不顾朋友们的反对，坚
持要爬出去看看外面的世界。
33. living 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰crabs，且
crabs与live之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故填living。
34. strongly 考查词形转换。设空处作状语，修饰attracted，应用副
词，表示“深深地”，故填strongly。
35. to go 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰desire，故填to
go。desire to do sth做某事的愿望。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。沙滩上有一群螃蟹一直开心地生活
在桶里，然而其中一只螃蟹却向往大海，他不顾朋友们的反对，坚
持要爬出去看看外面的世界。
36. the 考查冠词。设空处特指他（那只想爬出桶的螃蟹）的思维方
式，故填定冠词the。
37. told 考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，设空处应该与全文时态
一致，描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，故填told。
38. it 考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处指他成功地爬出了桶。
make it获得成功。
39. amazing 考查词形转换。设空处作表语，表示“令人大为惊奇
的”，应用形容词，故填amazing。
40. friends 考查名词复数。friend意为“朋友”，是可数名词，与
make连用，表示“交朋友”，应用其复数形式，故填friends。like-
minded志同道合的。
41. richer 考查形容词的比较级。根据空后的than可知，设空处表示
比较意义，故填rich的比较级richer。
42. and 考查连词。根据语境可知，took a chance和climbed out of the
bucket之间是并列关系，表示相继发生的两件事情，故填连词and。
谢谢观看！
