Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
维度一：基础题型练
单句语法填空。
1.Some people are （scare） of using the buses late at night.
2.Everyone in the street was （shock） when they heard the news.
3.Do you know who is the first astronaut （walk） on the moon？
4.The local government supplied the victims enough relief.
5.He hurried to the station， only （tell） that the tickets had been sold out.
6.Mary is a （power） woman in a large company.
7.The old scientist died all of a sudden， （leave） the project unfinished.
8.The child is old enough （take） care of himself.
9.Our money is running .We’d better not buy anything.
10.I was watching the clock all through the meeting， as I had a train （catch）.
维度二：语法与写作
完成句子。
1.Be careful！ The tea .
小心！ 茶太烫了，不能喝。
2.He was .
他太好了，主动给我让座。
3.He is a nice .
他是一个很好相处的人。
4.I hurried to school .
我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。
5. will be very successful.
下周要举行的运动会将会很成功。
维度三：语法与语篇
根据汉语提示用动词不定式的适当形式完成下面短文。
This summer holiday， I was 1. （足够大可以找到） a part-time job in a company.But I had 2. （要参加一个面试）.With a lot of things to prepare， I was very nervous.The next day， I arrived there early， 3. （却被告知） that I was 4. （第一个来的人）.I was nervous again， then I found 5. （一个解决问题的方法）.
Finally I got the opportunity 6. （在公司里工作）.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
As cities balloon with growth， access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you’re lucky， there might be a pocket park near where you live， but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans， but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-goers， asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions， coding （编码） experiences into different categories.For example， one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions， a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.After the coding of all submissions， half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.These include encountering wildlife， walking along the edge of water， and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language， which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example， the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday， they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen， we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it，” said Peter Kahn， a senior author of the study.
1.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text？（ ）
A.Pocket parks are now popular. B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C.Many cities are overpopulated. D.People enjoy living close to nature.
2.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories？（ ）
A.To compare different types of park-goers.
B.To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C.To analyze the main features of the park.
D.To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
3.What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 5？（ ）
A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C.The same nature experience takes different forms.
D.The nature language enhances work performance.
4.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn？（ ）
A.Language study. B.Environmental conservation.
C.Public education. D.Intercultural communication.
B
Official figures show that 101 people were killed in road accidents on the streets of London last year.The city wants to reduce the number of deaths and serious injuries on the capital’s roads to zero.It seems impossible.But it focuses minds on an important question： What can help reduce accidents in a big city？ Transport for London （TfL）， the capital’s road and rail authority， has some answers： safe speeds， safe vehicles， and so on.
A safety standard for Heavy Goods Vehicles （HGVs）， which harnesses blind-spot cameras and close-proximity sensors （近距离传感器）， is pioneering.These cameras and sensors are widely placed where they are needed.The European Commission has followed it.TfL has also helpfully identified London’s most dangerous places.Half of Britain’s most dangerous roads run through the capital.Around three-quarters of accidents that cause deaths or serious injuries happen at crossings； the Holborn gyratory， near the British Museum， has been the site of the most deaths since 2012.Westminster is the most dangerous area for walkers and cyclists， so it introduced 20 mph speed limits on all its roads in 2021.
“Vision Zero” was launched in 2018.Deaths and serious injuries on London’s roads have fallen — by 53% and 40% respectively in 2022.But movement is not one-way.Deaths were record-breakingly low in 2020 and 2021.But in 2022 the deaths rose again.“We are moving in the right direction，” says Will Norman， London’s walking and cycling commissioner.
A funding crisis for TfL has put off improving the riskiest spots.Only a few parts of the 1010 Avenue have bike lanes with guardrails.Safety is the biggest barrier to people taking up cycling or letting their children walk or cycle.But greener vehicles may be unsafe themselves.E-scooters （电动踏板车） are the latest thing to confuse planners.“One of those doing 50 mph down the road is not good for anybody，” said Mr Norman.
5.What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 1？（ ）
A.To make the article interesting.
B.To stress the importance of TfL.
C.To call on scientists to study the question.
D.To give some background information.
6.What does the underlined word “harnesses” in Paragraph 2 mean？（ ）
A.Compares. B.Removes.
C.Uses. D.Replaces.
7.What is Will Norman’s attitude to the “Vision Zero”？（ ）
A.Doubtful. B.Supportive.
C.Puzzled. D.Unclear.
8.What does the author intend to tell us in the last paragraph？（ ）
A.Bike lanes are not safe anymore for riders on roads.
B.Children should think twice when taking up cycling.
C.Safety has been a problem for some eco-friendly vehicles.
D.E-scooters have become the biggest confusion for planners.
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Unlike hurricanes or floods， earthquakes happen without warning and are usually followed by similar aftershocks， although the aftershocks are usually less powerful than the quake.If you find yourself in the middle of an earthquake， there’s often only a short time to decide what to do.9.（ ）
Drop to the ground.The drop， cover， and hold on technique is the cousin of the famous “stop，drop and roll” for fires.While it’s not the only method of protecting yourself indoors during an earthquake， it is the preferred method of the Red Cross.Big earthquakes occur without much， if any， warning.10.（ ） A small earthquake could turn into a big earthquake in a split second； it’s better to be safe than sorry.
Take cover.Get under a firm table or other piece of furniture.11.（ ） If there isn’t a table or desk near you， cover your face and head with your arms and crouch （蜷缩） in an inside corner of the building.
Hold on.12.（ ） Hold on to whatever surface or platform you’ve gotten under and wait for the shaking to stop.If you were unable to find a surface to hide under， continue to keep your head protected by your arms and tucked （躲藏，隐藏） down low.
13.（ ） Researchers have shown that most injuries happen when people try to change the place of hiding or when the place is crowded and everyone has a goal to get outside safe.
A.Stay inside until it’s safe to get out.
B.In that case， move to the nearest safe place.
C.Stairs are dangerous places to walk during an earthquake.
D.So it’s recommended that you drop to the floor as soon as it hits.
E.If possible， stay away from windows and anything that could fall.
F.The ground maybe shaking and pieces of wood or brick could be falling.
G.Studying the following advice could be the difference between life and death.
Ⅲ.完形填空
A single tremble shook beneath my feet.The trees above me began to sway （摇摆） hard.Then came the deadly 14 that could only mean one thing， destruction.Everything I saw was 15 .My vision blurred （模糊） seeing the remains of my house.The house that used to 16 all the happiness in the world was now 17 a pile of ruined pieces.I 18 all the times I played with my little brother and sister.Images of them were 19 in my mind.I regained a bit of my 20 after lying on the ground for some time.My eyes viewed different things， but I walked on mindlessly， with no 21 to anything around me at all.
Years have passed since the disaster that 22 me years ago.I never thought I would be okay again after this 23 event.
Today I’m going to California to help 24 of a recent earthquake.Then， I see a young girl weeping into her arm.Losing family was 25 ，but because of my life-changing experience， I am strong， and I can 26 the lives of those who are suffering as I was.I gently stuck out my hand for her to hold to.One day， she may 27 others the way I did for her.She holds my hand tightly， and together， we look for a brighter future where we can help those around us and 28 the world starting with one disaster at a time.
14.（ ）A.silence B.power
C.emergency D.extinction
15.（ ）A.under pressure B.in ruins
C.on hand D.in shock
16.（ ）A.promote B.supply
C.contain D.measure
17.（ ）A.extremely B.obviously
C.actually D.simply
18.（ ）A.adapted to B.thought of
C.concentrated on D.worked out
19.（ ）A.designed B.buried
C.carved D.observed
20.（ ）A.balance B.memory
C.strength D.impression
21.（ ）A.request B.comparison
C.path D.reaction
22.（ ）A.struck B.identified
C.threatened D.reminded
23.（ ）A.amazing B.frightening
C.exciting D.challenging
24.（ ）A.professionals B.volunteers
C.survivors D.experts
25.（ ）A.painful B.unusual
C.awkward D.unique
26.（ ）A.appreciate B.possess
C.exchange D.improve
27.（ ）A.affect B.recognize
C.recommend D.contact
28.（ ）A.establish B.change
C.remove D.revise
Ⅳ.语法填空
When Beverly Goodman was in primary school， she gave a series of speeches on her favourite topic： disasters.She told her classmates about the eruption 29. buried Pompeii， the Black Death， and famous shipwrecks like the Titanic and the Lusitania.Today， at 45， she’s a marine geoarchaeologist （海洋地质考古学家）who digs coastlines for clues to erosion （侵蚀）， past tsunamis， and other disasters.“It’s 30. （interest） now that I’m a disaster scientist， basically，” she says.“It all came together.”
Human settlements have long been built around access 31. water.Goodman studies how the coastal change affected our ancestors （祖先）： Were people forced to leave？ Did they find ways 32. （adapt） to the changes？ This knowledge， she says， can help 33. （we） “prepare responsibly for what this landscape is going to look like in the future”. That was the case when Goodman and her team of 34. （scientist） proved tsunamis had struck the coast of what is now Israel over the course of thousands of years.Partly as 35. result of their research， the country in 2014 36. （develop） its first tsunami preparedness plan.
“Humans are controlling coastlines more dramatically than ever，” says Goodman.“To learn the effect 37. （cause） by this， we need to be working faster， and we need more people working on it.” She believes ancient clues buried underwater can save lives， 38. （particular） in places without written records.
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
基础知识自测
维度一
1.scared 2.shocked 3.to walk 4.with 5.to be told
6.powerful 7.leaving 8.to take 9.out 10.to catch
维度二
1.is too hot to drink 2.so kind as to offer his seat to me
3.person to get along with 4.only to find it was Sunday
5.The sports meeting to be held next week
维度三
1.old enough to find 2.an interview to attend
3.only to be told 4.the first one to come
5.a way to solve the problem 6.to work in the company
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于城市公园的研究，说明了与大自然交流对人类健康的重要性，同时也指出要保护大自然。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find以及it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild可知，在城市里很难找到野生自然。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句及第四段可知，研究人员之所以进行编码分类是为了从公园游客提交的总结材料中找到他们与自然交流行为的类别模式。
3.C 推理判断题。根据第五段所举的例子可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，工作日可以在午餐休息时间，沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的自然体验会呈现不同的形式。
4.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段Kahn的话可知，我们在与大自然交流之前应该保护自然。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伦敦为了减少交通事故采取了一系列措施以及“Vision Zero”计划。
5.D 目的意图题。根据第一段内容可知，去年伦敦街头有101人死于交通事故。为了避免更多类似事故发生，伦敦交通局给出了一些方法：保持安全的速度、保持车辆安全等。因此，第一段的目的是给出背景信息。
6.C 词义猜测题。根据画线词后的These cameras and sensors are widely placed where they are needed.可知，盲点摄像头和近距离传感器被广泛安装在需要的地方。结合画线词所在句可知，一项针对重型货车的安全标准使用了盲点摄像头和近距离传感器。由此猜测，画线词意为“使用，利用”，与use意思相近。
7.B 观点态度题。根据第三段中威尔·诺曼所说“We are moving in the right direction”可知，威尔·诺曼对这项计划是支持的。
8.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Safety is the biggest barrier to people taking up cycling or letting their children walk or cycle.But greener vehicles may be unsafe themselves.可知，作者想告诉我们，一些环保的交通工具本身就存在安全隐患。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要给出了四条发生地震时该如何反应的建议。
9.G 上句说明身处地震中，决定该做什么的时间很短。G项（考虑以下建议可能是生与死的区别）承接上文，并引出下文提出的建议。
10.D 本段主旨句Drop to the ground.说明本段给出的建议是卧倒在地。根据空格上下文可知，大地震发生时不会有太多预警，而小地震在一刹那也可能会变成大地震。D项（所以建议地震一发生你就卧倒在地）符合本段主旨，且与上下文语义一致。
11.E 本段主旨句Take cover.说明本段给出的建议是躲起来。上句说明躲起来时应注意的事项。E项（如果可能的话，远离窗户和任何可能坠落的物体）继续介绍躲起来时的注意事项。
12.F 下句说明要待在相对安全的平面或平台下面，等待震动停止。F项（地面可能会晃动，木块或砖块可能会掉落）解释下文动作的原因。
13.A 空格位于段首，为本段主旨句。下文说明大多数伤害发生在人们试图改变躲藏的地点或者地方太拥挤并且每个人都想出去时。A项（待在里面，直到出去是安全的）能够概括下文内容。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者经历了一次灾难性的地震后，人生发生了改变，以志愿者的身份去帮助像他一样的人。
14.A 根据文章前两句可知，作者描述的是地震来临时的感受，再根据空后的destruction并结合常识可知，该句是讲大地震过后死一般的沉寂，与上文的强烈震动形成对比。
15.B 根据下句My vision blurred （模糊） seeing the remains of my house.可知，作者看到的一切都成了废墟。
16.C 根据下句I 18 all the times I played with my little brother and sister.可知，此处指这所房子承载了以往所有的欢乐时光。
17.D 根据语境可知，这里的副词起到强调作用，强调曾经充满欢乐的房子地震过后就只是一片废墟。
18.B 根据all the times可推知，作者想起以往和弟弟妹妹一起玩耍的时光。
19.C 根据上句可知，作者面对废墟时想起以往的欢乐时光，弟弟妹妹的形象深深地刻在他的脑海里。
20.C 根据after lying on the ground for some time可知，作者在地上躺了一会儿，恢复了一点力气。
21.D 根据空前的I walked on mindlessly可知，经历过大地震，失去了一切之后，作者此时漫无目的地走着，什么东西都不能引起他的反应。
22.A 根据上文作者对地震经历的描述并结合此处语境可知，这里指灾难发生在作者身上，strike符合语境。
23.B 此处与上文对地震经历的描述相呼应，这里指令人恐惧的事件。
24.C 根据下文I gently stuck out my hand for her to hold to.可知，这个女孩是地震幸存者。由此可推知，作者作为“过来人”去帮助这里的地震幸存者。
25.A 根据空前的Losing family可知，失去家人是痛苦的。
26.D 此处与下文where we can help those around us中help相呼应，指作者希望用自己的力量帮助改善和他拥有相同经历的人的生活。
27.A 根据空后的the way I did for her可推知，作者认为这个女孩或许以后也会像作者一样，去帮助和影响其他人。
28.B 根据文章可知，作者作为一个“过来人”，用志愿者的身份去帮助其他人，这是他在经历灾难后作出的改变世界的行为，作者希望这个女孩在将来能够同样在灾难发生后，去帮助受难者，改变灾难后的世界。
Ⅳ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。海洋地质考古学家研究古代灾害，帮助人们为未来可能发生的灾害做好准备。
29.that/which 考查关系代词。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词eruption，且在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
30.interesting 考查词形转换。设空处作表语，意为“有趣的”。故填interesting。
31.to 考查介词。access to意为“（接近或进入某地的）方法，通路”。
32.to adapt 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰ways，故填to adapt。way to do sth意为“做某事的方法”。
33.us 考查代词。设空处作动词help的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
34.scientists 考查名词复数。scientist为可数名词，根据其前的her team of可知，应用其复数形式。故填scientists。
35.a 考查冠词。as a result of意为“由于，因为”，为固定短语。
36.developed 考查动词的时态。根据in 2014可知，develop的动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时，且the country与develop之间是主动关系。故填developed。
37.caused 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰effect，且effect与cause之间为被动关系。故填caused。
38.particularly 考查词形转换。设空处作状语，应用副词，意为“特别，尤其”。故填particularly。
6 / 6Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
动词不定式作定语和结果状语
阅读下列句子并思考加黑部分的用法。
1.I was staying in Atlanta， and that was one of the cities to be hit.
2.That morning， I turned on the TV for some local news， only to hear that a hurricane was on its way.
3.The roads were blocked， so there was nothing for me to do but stay inside.
4.I had enough food and water to last a whole week！
5.When the wind and rain stopped， I looked out of the window， only to see huge trees lying across the street and water everywhere！
【我的发现】
（1）动词不定式作定语时，动词不定式通常位于其所修饰的名词或代词的后面，作后置定语（如句 ）；
（2）动词不定式作结果状语时，通常指出乎意料的结果（如句 ），其前常用only。
一、动词不定式的时态和语态
时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing —
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing —
二、动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词后面，与名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。
1.主谓关系
被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑主语。序数词、形容词最高级或the last/the only/the next等后常用动词不定式作定语，与被修饰的名词或代词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
Who was the first man to climb Mount Qomolangma？
谁是第一个登上珠穆朗玛峰的人？
He is the only person to know the truth.
他是唯一了解真相的人。
2.动宾关系
被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语。若动词不定式是不及物动词，需加介词才能与名词或代词之间构成动宾关系。
Tommy left us a lot of problems to solve.
汤米给我们留下了很多问题要解决。
He wanted to find a new house to live in.
他想找一所新房子住。
There is nothing to worry about.
没有什么可担心的。
名师点津
当动词不定式修饰的名词是time、 place或way时，动词不定式中的介词一般可以省去。
He had no money and no place to live.
他没有钱，也没有地方住。
3.同位关系
名词与动词不定式之间是同位关系。动词不定式是所修饰的名词的具体内容，抽象名词wish、 ability、 chance、 ambition、 anxiety、 reply、 attempt、 plan等后常用动词不定式作定语，与被修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的同位关系。
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他违背了定期给父母写信的诺言。
He has a wish to travel round the whole country.
他有一个周游全国的愿望。
4.修饰关系
动词不定式是所修饰的词的具体内容。
I need some space to place my luggage.
我需要一些空间放行李。
Now it is time to take a rest.
现在是休息时间。
The house to be built next year will be for the homeless.
明年要建造的这所房子是给那些无家可归的人的。
5.动词不定式作定语，有被动形式。
当动词不定式所修饰的名词是动词不定式动作的承受者时，动词不定式既可以用主动形式，也可以用被动形式，但其含义有所不同。比如：Do you have anything to send？意为“你有需要寄的东西吗？”，“寄东西”的执行者是“你”；而Do you have anything to be sent？意为“你有什么需要我（或别人）去寄的东西吗？”，动作的执行者是问话者或其他人。
【即时演练1】 完成句子
①She is hard-working and always .
她很勤奋，每天总是第一个来到。
②The Browns have a comfortable .
布朗一家人有一所舒适的房子住。
③Attention， please.I have .
请注意，我有重要的事情要说。
④As she was a child， she had a wish .
当她还是个孩子时，她就有一个上大学的愿望。
⑤I’m sure of his ability .
我确信他有能力处理这件事。
三、动词不定式作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语往往表示其动作发生在谓语动作之后，并且总是在句末，而不能置于句首。
1.动词不定式作结果状语，常用于以下结构：
（1）too＋形容词/副词＋to ...“太……而不能……”
The old woman was too weak to carry the heavy box.
这个老妇人太虚弱而搬不动这个沉重的箱子。
（2）...enough to ...“……足够……”
The room is large enough to take a third bed.
这个房间很大，足够放下第三张床。
He walked fast enough to keep up with his coach.
他走得很快，赶上了他的教练。
（3）so＋形容词/副词＋as to ...“如此……以至于……”
He studied so hard as to pass the last exam.
他学习如此努力以至于通过了上次的考试。
（4）such（＋形容词）＋名词＋as to ...“如此……以至于……”
He is not such a fool as to do that.
他还没有蠢到做那种事。
（5）在never to ...结构中
His son left home on a cold morning， never to return.
他的儿子在一个寒冷的早上离开了家，再也没有回来。
2.在特殊结构only to ...中，动词不定式常表示没有预料到的结果， 其前经常有only或just修饰。
He hurried to the station， only to find the train had left.
他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。
He picked up a stone， just to have it dropped on his own feet.
他搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。
名师点津
动词-ing形式短语作结果状语常表示“自然而然的或意料、情理之中的结果”。
His parents died early， leaving him an orphan.
他的父母早逝，使他成了孤儿。
The news shocked the public， leading to great concern about students’ safety at school.
这条新闻使广大民众感到震惊，引起了人们对在校学生安全的担忧。
【即时演练2】 完成句子/句型转换
①The old scientist died all of a sudden， .
那位老科学家突然去世了，使这个项目没有完成。
②You’re on the train by yourself.
你已经长大了，可以自己坐火车旅行了。
③He is so young that he can’t tell right from wrong.
→He is .
shock n.震惊，惊愕；剧烈震动 vt.使震惊
【教材原句】 As you can imagine， it was a bit of a shock.正如你所想象的那样，这有点令人震惊。
【用法】
（1）in shock 震惊，吃惊 give sb a shock 使某人震惊 come as a shock （to sb） 让（某人）震惊 culture shock 文化冲击 （2）It shocks sb that ...＝It shocks sb to do ...……（做某事）使某人震惊 shock sb to do sth 做某事使某人震惊 （3）shocked adj. 感到震惊的 be shocked at/by ... 对……感到震惊 （4）shocking adj. 令人震惊的
【佳句】 It was shocking that Li Ming lost the football match yesterday， and all his fans were also in shock.But what made them more shocked was that he didn’t care about it at all.令人吃惊的是李明输掉了昨天的足球比赛，他所有的球迷们也都很吃惊。但让他们更震惊的是，李明对此根本不在乎。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①It gave us all quite shock to learn that he had failed again.
②It is （shock） that he didn’t inform you of the procedures to do this experiment.
③I （shock）to hear his reaction on the disaster.
④ （shock） at the news， the man couldn’t say a word.
【写美】 句式升级
⑤The bear tore a hole in the fence and put his head in. Elli and I were shocked.
→The bear tore a hole in the fence and put his head in， .（定语从句）
→ the bear tore a hole in the fence and put his head in.（主语从句）
scare vt.& vi.惊吓，害怕 n.恐慌；惊吓
【教材原句】 The strong wind and heavy rain didn’t scare me， but I was quite frightened during the power failure.狂风暴雨并没有吓到我，但在停电时我很害怕。
【用法】
（1）scare ...away/off 把……吓跑 scare sb to death 把某人吓得要死 It scares sb to do sth 做某事使某人害怕 scare sb into/out of doing sth 恐吓某人做/不做某事 （2）scared adj.害怕的，对……感到惊慌或恐惧的 be scared to do sth＝be scared of doing sth 害怕做某事 be scared to death 吓得要死 be scared that ... 害怕…… （3）scary adj. 恐怖的，吓人的
【佳句】 Sometimes loud noises like these will scare bears off.
有时，这样大的噪声会把熊吓走。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The moment the assistant saw the scene， he froze there， （scare）.
②When watching the horror movie last night， I was scared death.
③She was scared （go） into the yard because a big dog was in it.
④It was the high price that scared potential buyers.
【写美】 句式升级
⑤He was scared of a snake， and he fainted at the first sight of one.
→ ， he fainted at the first sight of one.（动词-ed形式短语作状语）
power n.电，电力；权力；政权；控制力；能力；能量；力量vt.驱动，提供动力
【用法】
（1）be in power 当权，执政（强调状态） come to power 开始掌权/执政（强调动作） do all/everything in one’s power to do sth 某人竭尽全力做某事 within one’s power 在某人能力范围之内 beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力 a power plant 一个发电厂 wind/solar/nuclear power 风能/太阳能/核能 （2）powerful adj. 强有力的；有影响力的；有权势的
【佳句】 The motor is powered by a solar battery.
这台发动机是由太阳能电池驱动的。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The new government will come power next month.
②Sometimes a smile is so （power） that it gives people suffering from disasters great courage.
③Though he has been power for two years， he hasn’t found an effective solution to the country’s economic problems.
【写美】 完成句子
④ well for the coming final exam.我将竭尽全力为即将到来的期末考试作好准备。
run out of 用完，耗尽
【教材原句】 Were you afraid of running out of supplies？你害怕用光储备的东西吗？
【用法】
（1）run out of 意为“用完了”，及物动词短语，表示主动，主语是人 （2）run out 意为“……用完了”，不及物动词短语，主语常为时间、食物、金钱等名词 （3）give out 意为“用尽；精疲力竭”，不及物动词短语 （4）use up 意为“用完；耗尽”，及物动词短语，主语是人
【佳句】 She has run out of （＝used up） her money and mine is running out （＝is being used up/is giving out）.她已用光了她的钱，我的也快用光了。
【练透】 完成句子
①In the future， care for the environment will become very important as the Earth’s natural resources .
在未来，爱护环境将会很重要，因为地球的自然资源将濒临枯竭。
② after he ran that long distance.
他跑了那么长的距离后，体力不支了。
【写美】 翻译句子
③我需要你的帮助，因为我把汽油用完了。
supply n.补给，补给品；供应；供应量，储备 vt.供应，供给，提供
【用法】
（1）supply sth to sb ＝ provide sth for sb将某物供应给某人 （2）a supply of/supplies of ... ……的供应 in short supply 供应不足，供应短缺 water supply 供水
【佳句】 The government decided to supply houses to the disaster victims.
政府决定为灾民提供住房。
【辨析】 supply & offer & provide
supply 通常指定期“供应”所需或所要求之物，含有连续不断地供给之意 supply sb with sth＝supply sth to sb
offer 强调主动提供帮助、服务或令人向往之物等 offer sth to sb＝offer sb sth
provide 强调供应所需之物（尤指生活必需品） provide sth for sb＝provide sb with sth
【练透】 单句语法填空
①There’s usually a good supply resources around the town center.
②New factories are situated in areas where （supply） of power are available.
③The natural resources， such as coal and oil， are short supply in this country.
④They have agreed on a plan to supply books and materials schools.
【写美】 一句多译
⑤这位热心人给了我们一些食物并主动帮助我们联系了警察。
→The warm-hearted man and offered to help us contact the police.（supply）
→The warm-hearted man and offered to help us contact the police.（provide）
donate vt.捐赠，赠送；献（血）
【教材原句】 Luckily， many people came to help， donating food and clothes to charities.
幸运的是，很多人来帮忙，给慈善机构捐赠食品和衣服。
【用法】
（1）donate sth to ... 向……捐赠某物 （2）donation n. 捐赠，捐献 make a donation （of sth） to ... 向……捐赠（某物） （3）donor n. 捐赠者；献血者
【佳句】 After that， we will do some other meaningful activities， including donating some pocket money or books to the old there.
在那之后，我们将做一些其他有意义的活动，包括捐赠一些零花钱或书籍给那里的老人。
【点津】 donate 是及物动词，但不能接双宾语，而要与介词to搭配。有类似用法的词还有introduce、explain等。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①To help more people in India， the IMA Blood Bank has also developed a team to educate the public about blood （donate）.
②Doctors are searching a blood （donate） to the patient whose blood type is rare.
【写美】 一句多译
③政府呼吁公众给贫穷的孩子捐款。
→The government appeals to the public the poor children.（donate）
→The government appeals to the public the poor children.（donation）
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1、3、4 （2）2、5
即时演练1
①the first one to come every day ②house to live in
③something important to say ④to go to college
⑤to cope with this matter
即时演练2
①leaving the project unfinished ②old enough to travel ③too young to tell right from wrong
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①a ②shocking ③was shocked ④Shocked
⑤which shocked Elli and me/which made Elli and me shocked； What shocked Elli and me was that
2.①scared ②to ③to go ④off/away
⑤Scared of a snake
3.①to ②powerful ③in ④I’ll do everything in my power to prepare
4.①run out ②His strength gave out ③I need your help， for I have run out of/used up petrol.
5.①of ②supplies ③in ④to ⑤supplied us with some food/supplied some food to us； provided us with some food/provided some food for us
6.①donation ②donor ③to donate money to； to make a donation of money to
7 / 7(共91张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Grammar and usage
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
核心知识·巧突破
3
课时检测·提能力
重难语法 · 要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
动词不定式作定语和结果状语
阅读下列句子并思考加蓝部分的用法。
1. I was staying in Atlanta， and that was one of the cities to be hit.
2. That morning， I turned on the TV for some local news， only to hear
that a hurricane was on its way.
3. The roads were blocked， so there was nothing for me to do but stay
inside.
4. I had enough food and water to last a whole week！
5. When the wind and rain stopped， I looked out of the window， only
to see huge trees lying across the street and water everywhere！
【我的发现】
（1）动词不定式作定语时，动词不定式通常位于其所修饰的名词或
代词的后面，作后置定语（如句 ）；
（2）动词不定式作结果状语时，通常指出乎意料的结果（如句
），其前常用only。
1、3、4
2、
5
一、动词不定式的时态和语态
时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing —
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing —
二、动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词后面，与名词或代
词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。
1. 主谓关系
被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑主语。序数词、形容词最
高级或the last/the only/the next等后常用动词不定式作定语，与被修
饰的名词或代词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
Who was the first man to climb Mount Qomolangma？
谁是第一个登上珠穆朗玛峰的人？
He is the only person to know the truth.
他是唯一了解真相的人。
2. 动宾关系
被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语。若动词不定式是不
及物动词，需加介词才能与名词或代词之间构成动宾关系。
Tommy left us a lot of problems to solve.
汤米给我们留下了很多问题要解决。
He wanted to find a new house to live in.
他想找一所新房子住。
There is nothing to worry about.
没有什么可担心的。
名师点津
当动词不定式修饰的名词是time、 place或way时，动词不定式中的介
词一般可以省去。
He had no money and no place to live.
他没有钱，也没有地方住。
3. 同位关系
名词与动词不定式之间是同位关系。动词不定式是所修饰的名词的
具体内容，抽象名词wish、 ability、 chance、 ambition、 anxiety、
reply、 attempt、 plan等后常用动词不定式作定语，与被修饰的名
词之间为逻辑上的同位关系。
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他违背了定期给父母写信的诺言。
He has a wish to travel round the whole country.
他有一个周游全国的愿望。
4. 修饰关系
动词不定式是所修饰的词的具体内容。
I need some space to place my luggage.
我需要一些空间放行李。
Now it is time to take a rest.
现在是休息时间。
The house to be built next year will be for the homeless.
明年要建造的这所房子是给那些无家可归的人的。
5. 动词不定式作定语，有被动形式。
当动词不定式所修饰的名词是动词不定式动作的承受者时，动词不
定式既可以用主动形式，也可以用被动形式，但其含义有所不同。
比如：Do you have anything to send？意为“你有需要寄的东西
吗？”，“寄东西”的执行者是“你”；而Do you have anything to
be sent？意为“你有什么需要我（或别人）去寄的东西吗？”，动
作的执行者是问话者或其他人。
【即时演练1】 完成句子
①She is hard-working and always .
她很勤奋，每天总是第一个来到。
②The Browns have a comfortable .
布朗一家人有一所舒适的房子住。
③Attention， please.I have .
请注意，我有重要的事情要说。
④As she was a child， she had a wish .
当她还是个孩子时，她就有一个上大学的愿望。
⑤I’m sure of his ability .
我确信他有能力处理这件事。
the first one to come every day
house to live in
something important to say
to go to college
to cope with this matter
三、动词不定式作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语往往表示其动作发生在谓语动作之后，并且总
是在句末，而不能置于句首。
1. 动词不定式作结果状语，常用于以下结构：
（1）too＋形容词/副词＋to ...“太……而不能……”
The old woman was too weak to carry the heavy box.
这个老妇人太虚弱而搬不动这个沉重的箱子。
（2）...enough to ...“……足够……”
The room is large enough to take a third bed.
这个房间很大，足够放下第三张床。
He walked fast enough to keep up with his coach.
他走得很快，赶上了他的教练。
（3）so＋形容词/副词＋as to ...“如此……以至于……”
He studied so hard as to pass the last exam.
他学习如此努力以至于通过了上次的考试。
（4）such（＋形容词）＋名词＋as to ...“如此……以至于……”
He is not such a fool as to do that.
他还没有蠢到做那种事。
（5）在never to ...结构中
His son left home on a cold morning， never to return.
他的儿子在一个寒冷的早上离开了家，再也没有回来。
2. 在特殊结构only to ...中，动词不定式常表示没有预料到的结果，
其前经常有only或just修饰。
He hurried to the station， only to find the train had left.
他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。
He picked up a stone， just to have it dropped on his own feet.
他搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。
名师点津
动词-ing形式短语作结果状语常表示“自然而然的或意料、情理之中
的结果”。
His parents died early， leaving him an orphan.
他的父母早逝，使他成了孤儿。
The news shocked the public， leading to great concern about
students’ safety at school.
这条新闻使广大民众感到震惊，引起了人们对在校学生安全的担忧。
【即时演练2】 完成句子/句型转换
①The old scientist died all of a sudden，
.
那位老科学家突然去世了，使这个项目没有完成。
②You’re on the train by yourself.
你已经长大了，可以自己坐火车旅行了。
③He is so young that he can’t tell right from wrong.
→He is .
leaving the project
unfinished
old enough to travel
too young to tell right from wrong
核心知识·巧突破
探究课堂重点
2
shock n.震惊，惊愕；剧烈震动 vt.使震惊
【教材原句】 As you can imagine， it was a bit of a shock.
正如你所想象的那样，这有点令人震惊。
【用法】
（1）in shock 震惊，吃惊
give sb a shock 使某人震惊
come as a shock （to sb） 让（某人）震惊
culture shock 文化冲击
（2）It shocks sb that ...＝It shocks sb to do ...
……（做某事）使某人震惊
shock sb to do sth 做某事使某人震惊
（3）shocked adj. 感到震惊的
be shocked at/by ... 对……感到震惊
（4）shocking adj. 令人震惊的
【佳句】 It was shocking that Li Ming lost the football match
yesterday， and all his fans were also in shock.But what made them more
shocked was that he didn’t care about it at all.令人吃惊的是李明输掉
了昨天的足球比赛，他所有的球迷们也都很吃惊。但让他们更震惊的
是，李明对此根本不在乎。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①It gave us all quite shock to learn that he had failed again.
②It is （shock） that he didn’t inform you of the
procedures to do this experiment.
③I （shock）to hear his reaction on the disaster.
④ （shock） at the news， the man couldn’t say a word.
a
shocking
was shocked
Shocked
【写美】 句式升级
⑤The bear tore a hole in the fence and put his head in. Elli and I were
shocked.
→The bear tore a hole in the fence and put his head in，
.（定语从句）
→ the bear tore a hole in the fence
and put his head in.（主语从句）
which shocked
Elli and me/which made Elli and me shocked
What shocked Elli and me was that
scare vt.& vi.惊吓，害怕 n.恐慌；惊吓
【教材原句】 The strong wind and heavy rain didn’t scare me， but I
was quite frightened during the power failure.狂风暴雨并没有吓到我，
但在停电时我很害怕。
【用法】
（1）scare ...away/off 把……吓跑
scare sb to death 把某人吓得要死
It scares sb to do sth 做某事使某人害怕
scare sb into/out of doing sth 恐吓某人做/不做某事
（2）scared adj.害怕的，对……感到惊慌或恐惧的
be scared to do sth＝be scared of doing sth 害怕做某事
be scared to death 吓得要死
be scared that ... 害怕……
（3）scary adj. 恐怖的，吓人的
【佳句】 Sometimes loud noises like these will scare bears off.
有时，这样大的噪声会把熊吓走。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The moment the assistant saw the scene， he froze there，
（scare）.
②When watching the horror movie last night， I was scared
death.
③She was scared （go） into the yard because a big dog was in it.
④It was the high price that scared potential buyers.
scared
to
to go
off/away
【写美】 句式升级
⑤He was scared of a snake， and he fainted at the first sight of one.
→ ， he fainted at the first sight of one.（动词-ed
形式短语作状语）
Scared of a snake
power n.电，电力；权力；政权；控制力；能力；能量；力量vt.驱
动，提供动力
【用法】
（1）be in power 当权，执政（强调状态）
come to power 开始掌权/执政（强调动作）
do all/everything in one’s power to do sth 某人竭尽全力做某事
within one’s power 在某人能力范围之内
beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力
a power plant 一个发电厂
wind/solar/nuclear power 风能/太阳能/核能
（2）powerful adj. 强有力的；有影响力的；有权势的
【佳句】 The motor is powered by a solar battery.
这台发动机是由太阳能电池驱动的。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The new government will come power next month.
②Sometimes a smile is so （power） that it gives people
suffering from disasters great courage.
③Though he has been power for two years， he hasn’t found an
effective solution to the country’s economic problems.
to
powerful
in
【写美】 完成句子
④ well for the coming
final exam.
我将竭尽全力为即将到来的期末考试作好准备。
I’ll do everything in my power to prepare
run out of 用完，耗尽
【教材原句】 Were you afraid of running out of supplies？
你害怕用光储备的东西吗？
【用法】
（1）run out of 意为“用完了”，及物动词短语，表示主动，主语
是人
（2）run out 意为“……用完了”，不及物动词短语，主语常为时
间、食物、金钱等名词
（3）give out 意为“用尽；精疲力竭”，不及物动词短语
（4）use up 意为“用完；耗尽”，及物动词短语，主语是人
【佳句】 She has run out of （＝used up） her money and mine is
running out （＝is being used up/is giving out）.
她已用光了她的钱，我的也快用光了。
【练透】 完成句子
①In the future， care for the environment will become very important as
the Earth’s natural resources .
在未来，爱护环境将会很重要，因为地球的自然资源将濒临枯竭。
② after he ran that long distance.
他跑了那么长的距离后，体力不支了。
run out
His strength gave out
【写美】 翻译句子
③我需要你的帮助，因为我把汽油用完了。
I need your help， for I have run out of/used up petrol.
supply n.补给，补给品；供应；供应量，储备 vt.供应，供给，提供
【用法】
（1）supply sth to sb ＝ provide sth for sb将某物供应给某人
（2）a supply of/supplies of ... ……的供应
in short supply 供应不足，供应短缺
water supply 供水
【佳句】 The government decided to supply houses to the disaster
victims.
政府决定为灾民提供住房。
【辨析】 supply & offer & provide
supply 通常指定期“供应”所需或所要求之物，含有连续不断地供给之意 supply sb with sth＝supply sth to sb
offer 强调主动提供帮助、服务或令人向往之物等 offer sth to sb＝offer sb sth
provide 强调供应所需之物（尤指生活必需品） provide sth for sb＝provide sb with sth
【练透】 单句语法填空
①There’s usually a good supply resources around the town
center.
②New factories are situated in areas where （supply） of
power are available.
③The natural resources， such as coal and oil， are short supply
in this country.
④They have agreed on a plan to supply books and materials
schools.
of
supplies
in
to
【写美】 一句多译
⑤这位热心人给了我们一些食物并主动帮助我们联系了警察。
→The warm-hearted man
and offered to help us contact the police.（supply）
→The warm-hearted man
and offered to help us contact the police.（provide）
supplied us with some food/supplied some
food to us
provided us with some food/provided some
food for us
donate vt.捐赠，赠送；献（血）
【教材原句】 Luckily， many people came to help， donating food
and clothes to charities.
幸运的是，很多人来帮忙，给慈善机构捐赠食品和衣服。
【用法】
（1）donate sth to ... 向……捐赠某物
（2）donation n. 捐赠，捐献
make a donation （of sth） to ... 向……捐赠（某物）
（3）donor n. 捐赠者；献血者
【佳句】 After that， we will do some other meaningful activities，
including donating some pocket money or books to the old there.
在那之后，我们将做一些其他有意义的活动，包括捐赠一些零花钱或
书籍给那里的老人。
【点津】 donate 是及物动词，但不能接双宾语，而要与介词to搭
配。有类似用法的词还有introduce、explain等。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①To help more people in India， the IMA Blood Bank has also developed
a team to educate the public about blood （donate）.
②Doctors are searching a blood （donate） to the patient
whose blood type is rare.
donation
donor
【写美】 一句多译
③政府呼吁公众给贫穷的孩子捐款。
→The government appeals to the public the poor
children.（donate）
→The government appeals to the public
the poor children.（donation）
to donate money to
to make a donation of money
to
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
单句语法填空。
1. Some people are （scare） of using the buses late at night.
2. Everyone in the street was （shock） when they heard the
news.
3. Do you know who is the first astronaut （walk） on the
moon？
scared
shocked
to walk
4. The local government supplied the victims enough relief.
5. He hurried to the station， only （tell） that the tickets
had been sold out.
6. Mary is a （power） woman in a large company.
7. The old scientist died all of a sudden， （leave） the
project unfinished.
8. The child is old enough （take） care of himself.
9. Our money is running .We’d better not buy anything.
10. I was watching the clock all through the meeting， as I had a
train （catch）.
with
to be told
powerful
leaving
to take
out
to catch
维度二：语法与写作
完成句子。
1. Be careful！ The tea .
小心！ 茶太烫了，不能喝。
2. He was .
他太好了，主动给我让座。
3. He is a nice .
他是一个很好相处的人。
4. I hurried to school .
我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。
5. will be very successful.
下周要举行的运动会将会很成功。
is too hot to drink
so kind as to offer his seat to me
person to get along with
only to find it was Sunday
The sports meeting to be held next week
维度三：语法与语篇
根据汉语提示用动词不定式的适当形式完成下面短文。
This summer holiday， I was 1. （足够大可
以找到） a part-time job in a company.But I had 2.
（要参加一个面试）.With a lot of things to prepare， I was
very nervous.The next day， I arrived there early， 3.
（却被告知） that I was 4. （第一个来的
人）.I was nervous again， then I found 5.
（一个解决问题的方法）.
Finally I got the opportunity 6. （在公
司里工作）.
old enough to find
an interview to
attend
only to be told
the first one to come
a way to solve the
problem
to work in the company
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
As cities balloon with growth， access to nature for people living in
urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you’re lucky， there might be
a pocket park near where you live， but it’s unusual to find places in a
city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for
humans， but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely
important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed
several hundred park-goers， asking them to submit a written summary
online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The
researchers then examined these submissions， coding （编码）
experiences into different categories.For example， one participant’s
experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a
while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions， a pattern of categories the researchers
call a “nature language” began to emerge.After the coding of all
submissions， half a dozen categories were noted most often as important
to visitors.These include encountering wildlife， walking along the edge
of water， and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language， which
helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most
satisfying and meaningful to them.For example， the experience of
walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-
nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen， we
also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it，” said Peter
Kahn， a senior author of the study.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于城市公园的研
究，说明了与大自然交流对人类健康的重要性，同时也指出要保护
大自然。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于城市公园的研
究，说明了与大自然交流对人类健康的重要性，同时也指出要保护
大自然。
1. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the
text？（ ）
A. Pocket parks are now popular.
B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated.
D. People enjoy living close to nature.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中access to nature for people
living in urban areas is becoming harder to find以及it’s unusual to
find places in a city that are relatively wild可知，在城市里很难找到
野生自然。
2. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories？
（ ）
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句及第四段可知，研究人
员之所以进行编码分类是为了从公园游客提交的总结材料中找到他
们与自然交流行为的类别模式。
3. What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 5？（ ）
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段所举的例子可知，年轻的职业
人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，工作日可以在午餐休息时间，沿着
喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的自然体验会呈现不
同的形式。
4. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to
Kahn？（ ）
A. Language study.
B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education.
D. Intercultural communication.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段Kahn的话可知，我们在与大
自然交流之前应该保护自然。
B
Official figures show that 101 people were killed in road accidents on
the streets of London last year.The city wants to reduce the number of
deaths and serious injuries on the capital’s roads to zero.It seems
impossible.But it focuses minds on an important question： What can help reduce accidents in a big city？ Transport for London （TfL）， the
capital’s road and rail authority， has some answers： safe speeds， safe vehicles， and so on.
A safety standard for Heavy Goods Vehicles （HGVs）， which
harnesses blind-spot cameras and close-proximity sensors （近距离传感
器）， is pioneering.These cameras and sensors are widely placed where
they are needed.The European Commission has followed it.TfL has also
helpfully identified London’s most dangerous places.Half of Britain’s
most dangerous roads run through the capital.Around three-quarters of
accidents that cause deaths or serious injuries happen at crossings；the Holborn gyratory， near the British Museum， has been the site of the most deaths since 2012.Westminster is the most dangerous area for walkers and cyclists， so it introduced 20 mph speed limits on all its roads in 2021.
“Vision Zero” was launched in 2018.Deaths and serious injuries on London’s roads have fallen — by 53% and 40% respectively in 2022.But movement is not one-way.Deaths were record-breakingly low in 2020 and 2021.But in 2022 the deaths rose again.“We are moving in the right direction，” says Will Norman， London’s walking and cycling commissioner.
A funding crisis for TfL has put off improving the riskiest spots.Only
a few parts of the 1010 Avenue have bike lanes with guardrails.Safety is
the biggest barrier to people taking up cycling or letting their children walk
or cycle.But greener vehicles may be unsafe themselves.E-scooters （电
动踏板车） are the latest thing to confuse planners.“One of those doing
50 mph down the road is not good for anybody，” said Mr Norman.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伦敦为了减少交通事故
采取了一系列措施以及“Vision Zero”计划。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伦敦为了减少交通事故
采取了一系列措施以及“Vision Zero”计划。
5. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 1？（ ）
A. To make the article interesting.
B. To stress the importance of TfL.
C. To call on scientists to study the question.
D. To give some background information.
解析： 目的意图题。根据第一段内容可知，去年伦敦街头有
101人死于交通事故。为了避免更多类似事故发生，伦敦交通局给
出了一些方法：保持安全的速度、保持车辆安全等。因此，第一段
的目的是给出背景信息。
6. What does the underlined word “harnesses” in Paragraph 2 mean？
（ ）
A. Compares. B. Removes.
C. Uses. D. Replaces.
解析： 词义猜测题。根据画线词后的These cameras and sensors
are widely placed where they are needed.可知，盲点摄像头和近距离
传感器被广泛安装在需要的地方。结合画线词所在句可知，一项针
对重型货车的安全标准使用了盲点摄像头和近距离传感器。由此猜
测，画线词意为“使用，利用”，与use意思相近。
7. What is Will Norman’s attitude to the “Vision Zero”？（ ）
A. Doubtful. B. Supportive.
C. Puzzled. D. Unclear.
解析： 观点态度题。根据第三段中威尔·诺曼所说“We are
moving in the right direction”可知，威尔·诺曼对这项计划是
支持的。
8. What does the author intend to tell us in the last paragraph？（ ）
A. Bike lanes are not safe anymore for riders on roads.
B. Children should think twice when taking up cycling.
C. Safety has been a problem for some eco-friendly vehicles.
D. E-scooters have become the biggest confusion for planners.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Safety is the biggest barrier
to people taking up cycling or letting their children walk or cycle.But
greener vehicles may be unsafe themselves.可知，作者想告诉我们，
一些环保的交通工具本身就存在安全隐患。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Unlike hurricanes or floods， earthquakes happen without warning
and are usually followed by similar aftershocks， although the aftershocks
are usually less powerful than the quake.If you find yourself in the middle
of an earthquake， there’s often only a short time to decide what to
do.9.（ ）
Drop to the ground.The drop， cover， and hold on technique is the
cousin of the famous “stop，drop and roll” for fires.While it’s not the
only method of protecting yourself indoors during an earthquake， it is the
preferred method of the Red Cross.Big earthquakes occur without much，
if any， warning.10.（ ） A small earthquake could turn into a big
earthquake in a split second； it’s better to be safe than sorry.
Take cover.Get under a firm table or other piece of furniture.11.
（ ） If there isn’t a table or desk near you， cover your face and
head with your arms and crouch （蜷缩） in an inside corner of the building.
Hold on.12.（ ） Hold on to whatever surface or platform
you’ve gotten under and wait for the shaking to stop.If you were unable
to find a surface to hide under， continue to keep your head protected by
your arms and tucked （躲藏，隐藏） down low.
13.（ ） Researchers have shown that most injuries happen
when people try to change the place of hiding or when the place is crowded
and everyone has a goal to get outside safe.
A. Stay inside until it’s safe to get out.
B. In that case， move to the nearest safe place.
C. Stairs are dangerous places to walk during an earthquake.
D. So it’s recommended that you drop to the floor as soon as it hits.
E. If possible， stay away from windows and anything that could fall.
F. The ground maybe shaking and pieces of wood or brick could be
falling.
G. Studying the following advice could be the difference between life and
death.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要给出了四条发生地震时该
如何反应的建议。
9. G 上句说明身处地震中，决定该做什么的时间很短。G项（考虑
以下建议可能是生与死的区别）承接上文，并引出下文提出的建议。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要给出了四条发生地震时该
如何反应的建议。
10. D 本段主旨句Drop to the ground.说明本段给出的建议是卧倒在
地。根据空格上下文可知，大地震发生时不会有太多预警，而小地震
在一刹那也可能会变成大地震。D项（所以建议地震一发生你就卧倒
在地）符合本段主旨，且与上下文语义一致。
11. E 本段主旨句Take cover.说明本段给出的建议是躲起来。上句说
明躲起来时应注意的事项。E项（如果可能的话，远离窗户和任何可
能坠落的物体）继续介绍躲起来时的注意事项。
12. F 下句说明要待在相对安全的平面或平台下面，等待震动停
止。F项（地面可能会晃动，木块或砖块可能会掉落）解释下文动
作的原因。
13. A 空格位于段首，为本段主旨句。下文说明大多数伤害发生在
人们试图改变躲藏的地点或者地方太拥挤并且每个人都想出去时。A
项（待在里面，直到出去是安全的）能够概括下文内容。
Ⅲ.完形填空
A single tremble shook beneath my feet.The trees above me began to
sway （摇摆） hard.Then came the deadly 14 that could only mean
one thing， destruction.Everything I saw was 15 .My vision blurred
（模糊） seeing the remains of my house.The house that used to 16
all the happiness in the world was now 17 a pile of ruined
pieces.I 18 all the times I played with my little brother and
sister.Images of them were 19 in my mind.I regained a bit of
my 20 after lying on the ground for some time.My eyes viewed
different things， but I walked on mindlessly， with no 21 to
anything around me at all.
Years have passed since the disaster that 22 me years ago.I
never thought I would be okay again after this 23 event.
Today I’m going to California to help 24 of a recent
earthquake.Then， I see a young girl weeping into her arm.Losing family
was 25 ，but because of my life-changing experience， I am strong，
and I can 26 the lives of those who are suffering as I was.I gently
stuck out my hand for her to hold to.One day， she may 27 others the
way I did for her.She holds my hand tightly， and together， we look for
a brighter future where we can help those around us and 28 the world
starting with one disaster at a time.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者经历了一次灾难性的地震后，
人生发生了改变，以志愿者的身份去帮助像他一样的人。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者经历了一次灾难性的地震后，
人生发生了改变，以志愿者的身份去帮助像他一样的人。
14. A. silence B. power
C. emergency D. extinction
解析： 根据文章前两句可知，作者描述的是地震来临时的感
受，再根据空后的destruction并结合常识可知，该句是讲大地震过
后死一般的沉寂，与上文的强烈震动形成对比。
15. A. under pressure B. in ruins
C. on hand D. in shock
解析： 根据下句My vision blurred （模糊） seeing the remains
of my house.可知，作者看到的一切都成了废墟。
16. A. promote B. supply
C. contain D. measure
解析： 根据下句I 18 all the times I played with my
little brother and sister.可知，此处指这所房子承载了以往所
有的欢乐时光。
17. A. extremely B. obviously
C. actually D. simply
解析： 根据语境可知，这里的副词起到强调作用，强调曾经
充满欢乐的房子地震过后就只是一片废墟。
18. A. adapted to B. thought of
C. concentrated on D. worked out
解析： 根据all the times可推知，作者想起以往和弟弟妹妹一
起玩耍的时光。
19. A. designed B. buried
C. carved D. observed
解析： 根据上句可知，作者面对废墟时想起以往的欢乐时
光，弟弟妹妹的形象深深地刻在他的脑海里。
20. A. balance B. memory
C. strength D. impression
解析： 根据after lying on the ground for some time可知，作者在
地上躺了一会儿，恢复了一点力气。
21. A. request B. comparison
C. path D. reaction
解析： 根据空前的I walked on mindlessly可知，经历过大地
震，失去了一切之后，作者此时漫无目的地走着，什么东西都不
能引起他的反应。
22. A. struck B. identified
C. threatened D. reminded
解析： 根据上文作者对地震经历的描述并结合此处语境可
知，这里指灾难发生在作者身上，strike符合语境。
23. A. amazing B. frightening
C. exciting D. challenging
解析： 此处与上文对地震经历的描述相呼应，这里指令人恐
惧的事件。
24. A. professionals B. volunteers
C. survivors D. experts
解析： 根据下文I gently stuck out my hand for her to hold to.可
知，这个女孩是地震幸存者。由此可推知，作者作为“过来人”
去帮助这里的地震幸存者。
25. A. painful B. unusual
C. awkward D. unique
解析： 根据空前的Losing family可知，失去家人是痛苦的。
26. A. appreciate B. possess
C. exchange D. improve
解析： 此处与下文where we can help those around us中help相呼
应，指作者希望用自己的力量帮助改善和他拥有相同经历的人的
生活。
27. A. affect B. recognize
C. recommend D. contact
解析： 根据空后的the way I did for her可推知，作者认为这个
女孩或许以后也会像作者一样，去帮助和影响其他人。
28. A. establish B. change
C. remove D. revise
解析： 根据文章可知，作者作为一个“过来人”，用志愿者
的身份去帮助其他人，这是他在经历灾难后作出的改变世界的行
为，作者希望这个女孩在将来能够同样在灾难发生后，去帮助受
难者，改变灾难后的世界。
Ⅳ.语法填空
When Beverly Goodman was in primary school， she gave a series of
speeches on her favourite topic： disasters.She told her classmates about
the eruption 29. buried Pompeii， the Black Death， and
famous shipwrecks like the Titanic and the Lusitania.Today， at 45，
she’s a marine geoarchaeologist （海洋地质考古学家）who digs
coastlines for clues to erosion （侵蚀）， past tsunamis， and other
disasters.“It’s 30. （interest） now that I’m a disaster
scientist， basically，” she says.“It all came together.”
Human settlements have long been built around access
31. water.Goodman studies how the coastal change
affected our ancestors （祖先）： Were people forced to leave？ Did they
find ways 32. （adapt） to the changes？ This
knowledge， she says， can help 33. （we） “prepare
responsibly for what this landscape is going to look like in the future”.
That was the case when Goodman and her team of 34. （scientist） proved tsunamis had struck the coast of what is now Israel over the course of thousands of years.Partly as 35. result of their research， the country in 2014 36. （develop） its first tsunami preparedness plan.
“Humans are controlling coastlines more dramatically than ever，”
says Goodman.“To learn the effect 37. （cause） by
this， we need to be working faster， and we need more people working
on it.” She believes ancient clues buried underwater can save lives，
38. （particular） in places without written records.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。海洋地质考古学家研究古代灾害，
帮助人们为未来可能发生的灾害做好准备。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。海洋地质考古学家研究古代灾害，
帮助人们为未来可能发生的灾害做好准备。
29. that/which 考查关系代词。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先
行词eruption，且在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
30. interesting 考查词形转换。设空处作表语，意为“有趣的”。故
填interesting。
31. to 考查介词。access to意为“（接近或进入某地的）方法，通
路”。
32. to adapt 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰ways，故填
to adapt。way to do sth意为“做某事的方法”。
33. us 考查代词。设空处作动词help的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填
us。
34. scientists 考查名词复数。scientist为可数名词，根据其前的her
team of可知，应用其复数形式。故填scientists。
35. a 考查冠词。as a result of意为“由于，因为”，为固定短语。
36. developed 考查动词的时态。根据in 2014可知，develop的动作发
生在过去，应用一般过去时，且the country与develop之间是主动关
系。故填developed。
37. caused 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰effect，且
effect与cause之间为被动关系。故填caused。
38. particularly 考查词形转换。设空处作状语，应用副词，意为
“特别，尤其”。故填particularly。
谢谢观看！
