Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
维度一：基础题型练
用非谓语动词改写下列句子。
1. （absorb） in painting， John didn’t notice evening approaching.
2.Much time （spend） sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
3. （catch） the early flight， we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
4. （ignore） the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
5.The manager was satisfied to see many new products （develop） after great efforts.
6. （understand） your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
7.Annie Salmon， disabled， is attended throughout her school days by a nurse （appoint） to guard her.
8.When I was little，my mother used to sit by my bed， （tell） me stories till I was asleep.
维度二：语法与写作
用非谓语动词完成下列句子。
1. ， all the students got thrilled.
听到这个消息，所有的学生都非常兴奋。
2. ， the medicine will be quite effective.
及时吃，这药是很有效的。
3.I really appreciate an opportunity to go abroad for further study two years ago.
我非常感激两年前获得了一次出国学习的机会。
4.We hurried to the destination， the lecture had been over.
我们匆忙赶到目的地，却被告知讲座已经结束了。
5. a reply， he determined to write another.
没有收到回信，他决定再写一封。
6. can broaden our horizons and cultivate our taste.
阅读并欣赏诗歌能开阔我们的视野，陶冶我们的情操。
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面短文，用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
Freud was one of the first scientists 1. （make） serious research of the mind.The mind is the collection of activities 2. （base） in the brain that involve how we act， think， feel and reason.He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams 3. （search） for the causes of mental and emotional problems.He also tried hypnosis.He wanted to see if 4. （put） patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease 5. （trouble） minds.In most cases he found the effects only temporary.Freud worked hard， although what he did might sound easy.His method involved 6. （sit） with his patients and 7. （listen） to them talk.He had them 8. （talk） about whatever they were thinking.All ideas， thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to 9. （express）.There could be no 10. （hold） back because of fear or guilt.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Because my work involves so much mandatory reading （强制性阅读）， I don’t get to do lots of pleasure reading.There is just too little time for short stories or poetry.I typically only get to the things friends have already read and recommended to me.They are my book reviewers.They keep me from wasting time.
My favourite popular author is John Grisham.He has written twenty-two novels， one work of non-fiction， a collection of stories， and a novel for young readers.I respect good storytellers， and he knows how to tell a good story.
Although his books have sold some 300 million copies， people sometimes pan him.“He’s no Hemingway or Faulkner！” says one reviewer.“He is not a particularly good writer，” says another， “and it is unlikely that anyone will be reading his ‘potboilers’ in another generation.”
However，I like the fact that Grisham doesn’t take himself too seriously. In one interview with the Associated Press， Grisham denied any visions of great literary fiction. “It’s pure entertainment，” he said. Sounds quite humble， doesn’t it？ And that quality is most refreshing and rare these days.
In the course of that same interview， he mentioned a fact from his earliest days of attempting to write that grabbed my most attention.“The alarm clock would go off at 5， and I’d jump in the shower，” he said. “My office was five minutes away.And I had to be at my desk，at my office， with the first cup of coffee and a legal pad， and write the first word at 5：30， five days a week.” His goal was to write one page every day. If it took ten minutes， so be it. Sometimes he would write for two hours before starting his job as a lawyer.
1.What does the underlined word “pan” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A.Praise. B.Criticize.
C.Respect. D.Cheat.
2.What does the author think of John Grisham？
A.He is a modest person.
B.He likes entertaining himself.
C.He tends to look down upon other writers.
D.He compares himself to Hemingway.
3.In the interview， what impressed the author most？
A.Grisham was always friendly to others.
B.Grisham was often staying up late for work.
C.Grisham was a productive writer with all kinds of works.
D.Grisham had a good habit of getting up early to write.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text？
A.Short Stories： Source of My Pleasure
B.John Grisham： My Great Admiration
C.My Impressive Interview with John Grisham
D.The Effect of Mandatory Reading on My Life
B
Poetry is one of mankind’s oldest art forms. Since first analysed by Aristotle， poetry has been part of every major art movement， and some say it captures emotion better than any other form. Reading poetry is necessary to gain a full understanding of the world and has many additional benefits.
The immediate benefits of reading poetry are improvements to vocabulary. Poetry makes the reader familiar with new terms and encourages verbal analysis. This presents reading as a creative act in its own right. The common practice of memorizing poems also improves long-term brain health. Studies have shown that people who memorize and recall poems are less susceptible （易受影响的） to Alzheimer’s.
Poetry also improves critical thinking by forcing readers to think. In great poetry， meaning is not obvious or one-dimensional.Understanding poetry is an active practice， rather than the passive engagement encouraged with prose （散文）.Readers of poetry are more likely than non-readers to analyse information for viewpoints. This skill benefits not only students， but also anyone who wants to form their own opinions of news items or gain a better perspective on documents like contracts. The critical thinking skills developed through reading poetry give greater control over language itself.
The most remarkable power of literature is its ability to unite the reader and the writer across time and cultural boundaries. As condensed （精简的） literature， poetry offers these benefits in a powerful way.Poetry triggers memories and emotions in its readers. This connection between universal emotions and personal experience encourages the development of empathy. A reader might have no practical conception of what life was like during the Elizabethan era in England. However， Shakespeare’s sonnets， with their universal themes of love and longing， can bridge the gap between centuries and help us gain an insight into people’s feelings in the 17th century.
5.Which of the following shows the benefit memorizing poetry brings to the brain？
A.It improves one’s long-term memory.
B.It improves one’s ability to analyse issues.
C.It makes one less likely to catch Alzheimer’s.
D.It makes one act more creatively.
6.In what way does poetry improve critical thinking？
A.Readers have to analyse information to form viewpoints.
B.Readers must understand the obvious meaning of poetry.
C.Readers have to gain a better perspective on documents.
D.Readers have to have good control over language.
7.Why does the author mention Shakespeare’s sonnets？
A.To show poetry motivates us to learn different cultures.
B.To show poetry helps develop our empathy.
C.To show the universal themes of poetry.
D.To show Shakespeare’s understanding of life.
8.What is the purpose of the text？
A.To ask us to read poems.
B.To show how to appreciate poems.
C.To tell the importance of poetry in history.
D.To explain the benefits of reading poetry.
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Benefits of Reading to Children
Reading aloud has many positive benefits for children of all ages. There is never a better time to get into the habit than when children are in their babyhood.
Develop good listening habits.
Listening is a skill that requires practice and attention. Reading aloud helps develop good listening habits by teaching children to sit still， listen carefully， and take in what they hear. 9 They get benefits such as improved concept development and comprehension （理解） strategies.
Increase the vocabulary.
Play the reading readiness activities with your child every day. When you read aloud to your child， he comes across new words. Explain the meaning while reading. 10 He can later use the new words while writing.
Build thinking and comprehension skills.
Reading aloud to your child can help him build thinking skills and comprehension. 11 Whether you read books with a moral or a task to solve， your child can do some critical thinking independently.
Learn values and life skills.
Reading aloud with your child also helps teach him important life lessons and values. For example， reading a story about acceptance could help your child understand the importance of respecting people who are different from him. 12
Build a deeper connection with your child.
Reading aloud can be a relaxing activity for both you and your child. It’s a great way to relax at the end of the day.When you read together， you give him your full attention. There is a great joy in being present with your child. You are present with your child as you hug， explore the characters’ feelings， and care about their development. 13
A.Make it a routine to read out to your child.
B.This way he will improve his knowledge on new words.
C.This can help child pay attention to the text in front of him.
D. Children who actively listen get greater benefits from reading aloud.
E.You build an emotional and physical connection that can last a lifetime.
F.The more you read with your child， the better he will understand as he develops.
G.Books can also teach children to handle different emotions， such as anger， sadness， or fear.
9. 10. 11.
12. 13.
Ⅲ.完形填空
“Business in India goes beyond transaction （交易）.It’s as much about the 14 as it is about the product，” said Harshvardhan Tanwar， co-founder of a travel company in Mumbai.“Here， 15 invest in people as much as they invest in goods or services.”
Tanwar goes to a fishing village to 16 fish from a local woman， and when she doesn’t have a 17 product， she tells him to ask someone else. Her 18 comes at the cost of business， but she 19 she’ll keep him as a loyal customer.When he doesn’t have enough money， she says， “ 20 me later.”
I received a similar 21 during my first weekend in Mumbai.At a local market， I filled a basket with vegetables and spices （香料）.I 22 some eggs but didn’t have exact change for the vendor （小贩）. 23 ， he told me to take them for free — I could pay him back next week.His 24 trust surprised me， a total stranger from America， and made me a regular customer.
25 the great trust and close personal relationships among locals， many people 26 to buy from local businesses and street vendors.Nandini Shenoy， a brand strategist， has been going to the same corner store for decades.“I completely 27 the store owner， who has known me since I was five，” she said.
Tanwar was right 28 .Yesterday afternoon， the first time I bought some vegetables from a greengrocer’s， I came home to discover free kadi patta （curry leaves） in my bag.
14.A.company B.family
C.person D.community
15.A.visitors B.locals
C.officials D.neighbours
16.A.borrow B.catch
C.buy D.prepare
17.A.good B.real
C.free D.useful
18.A.generosity B.patience
C.courage D.honesty
19.A.notices B.believes
C.admits D.predicts
20.A.Thank B.Call
C.Pay D.See
21.A.comment B.suggestion
C.product D.favor
22.A.sold B.added
C.tasted D.broke
23.A.Smiling B.Waiting
C.Cheering D.Complaining
24.A.common B.similar
C.growing D.immediate
25.A.Because of B.According to
C.Except for D.As to
26.A.learn B.aim
C.prefer D.promise
27.A.look into B.depend on
C.hold back D.figure out
28.A.instead B.too
C.once D.again
Ⅳ.语法填空
There are a lot of things I love doing.I love travelling：it gives me a thrill to go to a place I have never been before and see how people live 29 （different）.I always get so 30 （excite） as I walk through the streets of those unknown places discovering every little corner， looking up at the windows above， and imagining 31 lives there and what they are doing right now.I love gardening， spending 32 （hour） with my hands in the earth and watching seeds grow. I love watching people， sitting on a bridge in Florence and just quietly observing everybody go on their way.And I love lying in the bathtub （浴缸）， with Mozart in 33 background， reading poetry.
Reading poetry is like music for the soul， where your deepest thoughts 34 （touch） by the beautiful words of the poets.It is a 35 （connect） through words to humanity.It’s pure emotion， either something we can relate to 36 something we can feel.Through the feelings evoked （唤起）， we learn more about 37 （we）.Poems often address concepts of morality， existence and love through words and form， which awaken our emotions.And as readers， we can attempt 38 （dig） deeper into our souls to see where these emotions give us meaning.
29. 30. 31.
32. 33. 34.
35. 36. 37.
38.
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
基础知识自测
维度一
1.Absorbed 2.spent 3.To catch 4.Ignoring
5.developed 6.Understanding 7.appointed 8.telling
维度二
1.Hearing this news 2.Taken in time 3.having been given
4.only to be told that 5.Not having received
6.Reading and appreciating a poem
维度三
1.to make 2.based 3.to search 4.putting 5.troubled
6.sitting 7.listening 8.talk 9.be expressed 10.holding
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了作者喜欢的一名作家约翰·格里森姆，作者解释了自己为什么喜欢他以及他的一些写作习惯。
1.B 词义猜测题。根据画线词下文内容可知，这些都是人们对他的批评。所以pan为“批评”之意。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的Sounds quite humble， doesn’t it？可知，作者认为约翰·格里森姆是一个谦虚的人。
3.D 推理判断题。根据第五段内容可推断，令作者印象深刻的是格里森姆早起写作的习惯。
4.B 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了作者最喜欢的作家约翰·格里森姆。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了诗歌给人们带来的益处及其魅力，它充当着不同时期、地域和文化之间的桥梁。
5.C 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，研究表明，记忆诗歌的人不太容易患阿尔茨海默病。
6.A 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句和Readers of poetry are more likely than non-readers to analyse information for viewpoints.可知，读诗歌的人比不读诗歌的人更倾向于分析信息以获取观点，所以读诗歌的人可以分析信息并形成观点，以此提高批判性思维的能力。
7.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的This connection between universal emotions and personal experience encourages the development of empathy.可知，作者认为普遍情感与个人经历之间的联系可以促进共情能力的提升。接着举例说明了莎士比亚的十四行诗以爱和渴望为主题，弥合了世纪间的鸿沟，帮助我们了解17世纪的人们的感受。所以作者提到莎士比亚的十四行诗是为了说明诗歌可以增强我们的共情能力。
8.D 写作意图题。结合全文内容可知，全篇主要介绍了阅读诗歌给读者带来的益处，并且指出诗歌对文化的传播和继承起到了重要的作用，所以文章的主要目的是解释阅读诗歌的好处。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阅读对孩子的好处。
9.D 空前一句提到了大声朗读的益处。所以D项（积极倾听的孩子从大声朗读中获益更大）承接上文，符合语境。D项中的reading aloud与上文呼应。
10.B 空前一句提到了遇到新单词时的解决方法，B项中的new words是关键词，与上文的new words是原词复现，所以B项（这样他就能提高对新单词的认识）符合语境。
11.F 空前一句提到了思考能力和理解力，F项中的understand与上文的thinking skills相呼应，所以F项（你和孩子一起读得越多，随着他的成长，他就会理解得越好）承接上文，符合语境。
12.G 本段首句提到了和孩子一起朗读，朗读肯定和书有关，G项中的Books和上文的Reading aloud相关联，所以G项（书籍还可以教会孩子们处理不同的情绪，如愤怒、悲伤或恐惧）符合语境。
13.E 空前一句提到了探索感受和关心发展。E项（你建立了一种可以持续一生的情感和身体联系）承接上文，符合语境。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。印度人做生意很注重培养与顾客之间的情谊。
14.C 根据下文 15 invest in people as much as they invest in goods or services可知，Tanwar说，在印度做生意，对人的投资与对商品或服务的投资一样多。由此推断，在印度，生意不仅仅是交易，它与产品有关，也同样与人有关。
15.B 此处介绍了Tanwar是如何看待印度当地人做生意的，故选locals。下文中的local、locals也是提示。
16.C 根据下文中的product、business和loyal customer可知，Tanwar去渔村找当地的一位妇女买鱼。
17.A 根据下文中的she tells him to ask someone else可知，那位妇女没有很好的产品，即没有好鱼，就让Tanwar去别家买，这说明她很诚实。
18.D 她的诚实是以生意为代价的，但是她相信她会让Tanwar成为忠实的顾客。
19.B 参见上题解析。本空后的she’ll keep him as a loyal customer是这位妇女的想法。
20.C 根据语境可知，当Tanwar带的钱不够时，她说：“以后再给我吧。”
21.D 根据下文内容可知，作者在孟买的第一个周末也有了和Tanwar类似的经历，他也得到了类似的照顾。
22.B 根据空前的I filled a basket with vegetables and spices可知，篮子里已经有了蔬菜和香料，作者又加了一些鸡蛋。
23.A 根据空处前后内容可知，作者没有正好的零钱，摊主让他下周再付钱，结合第一段中提到的印度人做生意很注重培养与顾客之间的情谊可推断，本空应选Smiling。
24.D 根据上文中的my first weekend in Mumbai和下文中的a total stranger from America可知，作者第一次来购物，与该摊主之间是即刻产生的信任。
25.A 本句中逗号前后部分之间为因果关系，本空应选Because of。
26.C 根据空前的the great trust and close personal relationships among locals可知，因为当地人之间高度的信任和密切的人际关系，很多人更喜欢从当地的商店和街头摊位买东西。
27.B 根据空前的Nandini Shenoy， a brand strategist， has been going to the same corner store for decades.可知，Shenoy几十年来一直在同一家商店买东西，完全依赖那家店主。
28.D 根据下文内容可知，昨天下午作者的购物经历（店主送了作者一些咖喱叶）再次证明Tanwar所说的话是对的。
Ⅳ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者讲述了自己的兴趣爱好并阐释了自己喜欢读诗的理由。
29.differently 考查词形转换。设空处作状语，修饰动词live，意为“不同地”，故填differently。
30.excited 考查词形转换。设空处作表语，应用形容词，意为“激动的”，故填excited。
31.who 考查名词性从句。设空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语。根据语境可知，设空处所在部分意为“想象谁住在那里”，故填who。
32.hours 考查名词复数。hour意为“小时”，是可数名词，因设空处前无冠词限定，此处应为表示复数的名词，故填hours。hours意为“长时间”。
33.the 考查冠词。设空处所在部分表示“以莫扎特的音乐为背景”。in the background背景。
34.are touched 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。设空处描述客观事实，用一般现在时，又因thoughts和touch之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，故填are touched。
35.connection 考查词形转换。根据语境及空前的不定冠词可知，设空处作表语，用名词，意为“联系”，故填connection。
36.or 考查连词。either ...or ...不是……就是……；要么……要么……
37.ourselves 考查代词。根据语境可知，设空处所在部分表示“更多地了解‘我们自己’”，故填反身代词ourselves。
38.to dig 考查非谓语动词。attempt to do sth尝试做某事；dig deep into sth探究某物。
6 / 6(共95张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Grammar and usage
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
核心知识·巧突破
3
课时检测·提能力
重难语法·要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
非谓语动词综述
1. So， how to reveal this hidden dimension？
2. Sometimes reading a poem can be a lifelong job.
3. You need to go on a journey to a remote and unknown destination.
4. Finally， remember that you do not have to fully understand a poem to
appreciate it.
5. Poetry’s combination of “sound” and “sense” makes you see the
world in a new way and allows you to go beyond normal reality for the
everlasting beauty.
【我的发现】
（1）句1中非谓语动词hidden在句中作 ；
（2）句2中非谓语动词短语reading a poem在句中作 ；
（3）句3中非谓语动词短语to go on a journey在句中作 ；
（4）句4中非谓语动词to appreciate在句中作 ；
（5）句5中非谓语动词短语to go beyond normal reality在句中作
。
定语
主语
宾语
状语
补
语
非谓语动词是指在句中不能单独构成谓语，而是起其他语法功能
的动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形
式。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。非
谓语动词的时态、语态形式如下：
类别 时态形式 语态形式 主动 被动
动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词-ing形式 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
动词-ed形式 一般式 done
非谓语动词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补
语。见下表：
形式 功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
动词不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ed形式 √ √ √ √
一、非谓语动词作主语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式
1. 动词不定式和动词-ing形式都可以在句中作主语。动词不定式作主
语时常常用形式主语it代替，动词不定式置于句末。
To make money is not the only purpose of our lives.
赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的。
Taking exercise every day is good for us.
每天锻炼对我们是有益的。
It is very important for us to learn English well.
对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
2. 动词-ing形式作主语时，有时也用形式主语it代替，动词-ing形式置
于句末。
It is no good pretending to know what you do not know.
装作知道你不知道的事物对你是没有好处的。
【即时演练1】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
① （walk） is a good form of exercise for both young and
old.
② （master） a foreign language calls for a great deal of
memory work.
③It is difficult （see） how more savings can be made.
④It’s no use （cry） over spilt milk.
Walking
To master
to see
crying
二、非谓语动词作宾语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式
1. 在afford、 agree、 arrange、 choose、 claim、 desire、 expect、
fail、 hope、 intend、 offer、 pretend、 promise、 refuse、 wish等动
词后，常接动词不定式作宾语。
I didn’t expect to see you here.
我没有料到在这儿见到你。
I can’t afford to lose my ticket.
我不能承受失去我的这张票。
Tom promised to go with me.
汤姆承诺和我一块去。
He managed to pass the exam but I failed to finish my task.
他成功地通过了考试，但是我没有完成我的任务。
2. 在advise、 admit、 avoid、 consider、 deny、 enjoy、 finish、
practise、 suggest等动词以及burst out、 give up、 insist on、 keep
on、 put off等短语后，常接动词-ing 形式作宾语。
I considered going to see him in person.
我打算亲自去看他。
I insist on paying for the doll for the girl.
我坚持为这个女孩支付玩具娃娃的钱。
3. 在like、 love、 begin、 start等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾
语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者区别不大，常可以交换
使用。
He doesn’t like to turn to his parents for help.
＝He doesn’t like turning to his parents for help.
他不喜欢向他的父母求助。
It started to rain.＝It started raining.
开始下雨了。
4. 在remember、 forget、 regret、 try、 mean等动词后，既可以接动词
不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者意义不同。
I now regret telling the lie.
我现在后悔说谎了。
I regret to tell you the bad news.
我很遗憾告诉你这个坏消息。
【即时演练2】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①She has arranged （see） her parents next week.
②I gave up （write） five years ago.
③Dickens began （work） at a factory when he
was very young.
④Betty has no choice but （do） as you tell her.
⑤She remembered （lock） the door just now.
to see
writing
to work/working
to do
locking
三、非谓语动词作表语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
1. 动词不定式可以在句中作表语，说明主语所指的内容，动词不定式
可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有的情况下to可以省略。
My dream is to be a teacher one day.
我的梦想是有一天能成为一名老师。
All I did was （to） give him a little push.
我所做的这一切是为了给他一些动力。
2. 动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语的特征
或者状态，动词-ing形式还可以表示主语所指的内容。
The film was so moving that he was moved to tears.
这部电影如此感人，以至于他感动得流泪了。
The book was so interesting that he almost forgot the time.
这本书如此有趣以至于他几乎忘记了时间。
He is very concerned with the matter.
他很关心这件事。
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①I the book.
我对这本书很感兴趣。
②His habit is after supper.
他的习惯是晚饭后遛狗。
③Her wish is .
她的愿望是成为一名伟大的运动员。
am interested in
walking the dog
to become a great player
四、非谓语动词作定语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed 形式
1. 动词不定式作定语常表示将要发生的事，动词-ing形式作定语常表
示正在发生的事，动词-ed形式作定语常表示已经发生的事或表示被
动意义。
I have a meeting to attend tomorrow.
我明天有个会议要参加。
The boy standing there is my friend.
站在那边的男孩是我的朋友。
Jack cleared the fallen leaves on the ground.
杰克清扫了地上的落叶。
2. 动词不定式和动词-ing形式作定语时可以有被动形式。
The building to be built in the square will be a new library.
将要在广场建的这座大楼将是一个新图书馆。
Do you see the house being built over there？
你看到那边正在建造的房子了吗？
【即时演练4】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①The picture （hang） on the wall is painted by my close
friend.
②The discovery， （make） almost by accident， has greatly
changed the world.
③She is the first student （come） to school every day.
④The car （repair）yesterday by him is my mother’s.
⑤The man （stand） at the gate is my English teacher.
hanging
made
to come
repaired
standing
五、非谓语动词作状语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed 形式
1. 动词不定式作状语可以表示目的或者结果，动词-ing 形式和动词-ed
形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随等意义。
Mary came to see me.
玛丽来看我了。
I sat in my empty restaurant， feeling very frustrated.
我坐在我的空荡荡的饭店里，感到特别沮丧。
Deeply moved， I determined to follow his example.
被深深地感动了，我决定以他为榜样。
2. 动词-ing形式具有主动意义，动词-ed形式具有被动意义。
She was in the kitchen preparing dinner.
她正在厨房里准备晚饭。
Encouraged by her English teacher， Lisa soon caught up with her
classmates.
在她的英语老师的鼓励下，莉莎很快就赶上了其他同学。
3. 动词-ing形式作状语可用完成式。
Having finished his homework， Tom went out to play.
完成了他的家庭作业，汤姆出去玩了。
【即时演练5】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①He walked out of the house， （follow） by his pet dog.
② （see） the picture， I couldn’t help thinking of the good
old days.
③After he had watered the garden， he began to mow the lawn.
followed
Seeing
→ ， he began to mow the lawn.
④When they are heated， metals expand.
→ ， metals expand.
⑤Because I do not know what to do next， I want to ask for your advice.
→ ， I want to ask for your advice.
Having watered the garden
Heated
Not knowing what to do next
六、非谓语动词作补语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
1. 在expect、 forbid、 force、 order、 permit、 request、 warn等动词
后，常接“名词/代词＋动词不定式”结构，动词不定式作补语。
We can always expect him to help us.
我们总是可以期望他来帮助我们。
He warned us to be careful.
他警告我们要小心。
2. 在see、 hear、 notice、 watch、 feel等动词后，可以接不带to的动词
不定式作补语，表示动作的整个过程；这些动词也可以接动词-ing
形式作补语，表示动作正在进行。
I saw him cross the street and enter a shop.
我看到他穿过马路然后进了一家商店。
I saw him crossing the street.
我看到他正在过马路。
3. 动词-ed形式作补语常表示被动意义。
How would you like your hair cut？
你想理一个什么样的发型？
We must get our work finished by 10 o’clock.
我们必须在10点前完成工作。
【即时演练6】 完成句子
①I couldn’t above the noise of the traffic.
车辆噪声很大，我无法让人听到我的声音。
②I saw him .
我看到他把你的词典拿走了。
③I noticed him .
我注意到他正在上楼。
make myself heard
take your dictionary away
going upstairs
核心知识·巧突破
探究课堂重点
2
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
break with sth 与某事终止关联，破除
【教材原句】 The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of
the 18th century ...
浪漫主义者的目的是与18世纪的理想决裂……
break out 爆发；突然发生
break in 打断；强行进入；破门而入
break into 强行闯入；突然……起来
break down 分解；出故障
break up 终止；分手；中止
break off 折断；断绝；中断；突然停止
break through 突破；突围；冲破；取得突破性成就
break away （from sb/sth） 突然挣脱；逃脱
【用法】
【佳句】 The sports club decided to break with some of the past
practices.
该体育俱乐部决定改变过去的某些做法。
【练透】 用break的相关短语填空
①Her health under the pressure of work.
②As the President’s car drew up， the crowd loud
applause.
③I was still living in London when the war .
④I don’t hold with the idea to John.
broke down
broke into
broke out
break with
【写美】 完成句子
⑤It’s not easy to ， for they die hard.
改掉旧习惯很不容易，因为它们很顽固。
break with old habits
advocate vt.拥护，支持，提倡 n.拥护者，支持者；辩护律师
【教材原句】 Instead， they advocated going back to nature. 相反，
他们提倡回归自然。
【用法】
【佳句】 We advocated that everyone in our school （should）
donate some money to the earthquake-stricken area.
我们提倡学校里的每个人都（应该）向地震灾区捐一些钱。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①We all advocate （build） more hospitals in this old city.
②People advocate that everyone （live） a low-
carbon life.
building
（should） live
【写美】 一句多译
③为了保护环境，我们提倡循环利用纸张和塑料。
→In order to protect our environment，
.（advocate doing）
→In order to protect our environment，
.（advocate that ...）
we advocate recycling paper
and plastics
we advocate that paper and
plastics （should） be recycling
Part Ⅱ 重点句型解构
句型公式：It was a time when ...引导的定语从句
【教材原句】 It was a time when many painters， musicians，
novelists and poets looked at the world in new and different ways.
那是一个很多画家、音乐家、小说家和诗人用一种崭新的并且完全不
同的方式看待这个世界的时代。
It was a time when ... 那是一个……的时代
There was a time when ... 曾经一度；以前有那么一段时间
It/This/That is the first/second/.../last time that ...have done ... 这是第
一/二/……/最后一次……
It is time to do sth 到了该做某事的时候了
It is （high） time that sb did/should do sth 该某人做某事的时候了
【用法】
【品悟】 It was a time when anything seemed possible.那是一个任何
事都可能发生的时代。
【写美】 完成句子
① I felt very lonely.
有一段时间我感到很孤独。
② to the classroom.
我们该去教室了。
③ the twins had prepared a breakfast for
their mother， so they were excited and nervous.
这是这对双胞胎第一次为母亲准备早餐，因此他们既激动又紧张。
There was a time when
It is high time that we went/should go
This was the first time that
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
用非谓语动词改写下列句子。
1. （absorb） in painting， John didn’t notice evening
approaching.
2. Much time （spend） sitting at a desk，office workers are
generally troubled by health problems.
Absorbed
spent
3. （catch） the early flight， we ordered a taxi in advance
and got up very early.
4. （ignore） the difference between the two research
findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
5. The manager was satisfied to see many new products
（develop） after great efforts.
6. （understand） your own needs and styles of
communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and
emotions.
To catch
Ignoring
developed
Understanding
7. Annie Salmon， disabled， is attended throughout her school days by a
nurse （appoint） to guard her.
8. When I was little，my mother used to sit by my bed，
（tell） me stories till I was asleep.
appointed
telling
维度二：语法与写作
用非谓语动词完成下列句子。
1. ， all the students got thrilled.
听到这个消息，所有的学生都非常兴奋。
2. ， the medicine will be quite effective.
及时吃，这药是很有效的。
3. I really appreciate an opportunity to go abroad
for further study two years ago.
我非常感激两年前获得了一次出国学习的机会。
Hearing this news
Taken in time
having been given
4. We hurried to the destination， the lecture had
been over.
我们匆忙赶到目的地，却被告知讲座已经结束了。
5. a reply， he determined to write another.
没有收到回信，他决定再写一封。
6. can broaden our horizons and
cultivate our taste.
阅读并欣赏诗歌能开阔我们的视野，陶冶我们的情操。
only to be told that
Not having received
Reading and appreciating a poem
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面短文，用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
Freud was one of the first scientists 1. （make） serious
research of the mind.The mind is the collection of activities 2.
（base） in the brain that involve how we act， think， feel and
reason.He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams 3.
（search） for the causes of mental and emotional problems.He
also tried hypnosis.He wanted to see if 4.
to make
based
to
search
（put） patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease
5. （trouble） minds.In most cases he found the effects only
temporary.Freud worked hard， although what he did might sound
easy.His method involved 6. （sit） with his patients and
7. （listen） to them talk.He had them 8. （talk）
about whatever they were thinking.All ideas， thoughts and anything that
entered their mind had to 9. （express）.There could be
no 10. （hold） back because of fear or guilt.
putting
troubled
sitting
listening
talk
be expressed
holding
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Because my work involves so much mandatory reading （强制性阅
读）， I don’t get to do lots of pleasure reading.There is just too little time
for short stories or poetry.I typically only get to the things friends have
already read and recommended to me.They are my book reviewers.They
keep me from wasting time.
My favourite popular author is John Grisham.He has written twenty-
two novels， one work of non-fiction， a collection of stories， and a
novel for young readers.I respect good storytellers， and he knows how to
tell a good story.
Although his books have sold some 300 million copies， people
sometimes pan him.“He’s no Hemingway or Faulkner！” says one
reviewer.“He is not a particularly good writer，” says another， “and
it is unlikely that anyone will be reading his ‘potboilers’ in another
generation.”
However，I like the fact that Grisham doesn’t take himself too
seriously. In one interview with the Associated Press， Grisham denied
any visions of great literary fiction. “It’s pure entertainment，” he said.
Sounds quite humble， doesn’t it？ And that quality is most refreshing and
rare these days.
In the course of that same interview， he mentioned a fact from his
earliest days of attempting to write that grabbed my most attention.“The
alarm clock would go off at 5， and I’d jump in the shower，” he said.
“My office was five minutes away.And I had to be at my desk，at my
office， with the first cup of coffee and a legal pad， and write the first
word at 5：30， five days a week.” His goal was to write one page every
day. If it took ten minutes， so be it. Sometimes he would write for two
hours before starting his job as a lawyer.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了作者喜欢的一名作
家约翰·格里森姆，作者解释了自己为什么喜欢他以及他的一些写作
习惯。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了作者喜欢的一名作
家约翰·格里森姆，作者解释了自己为什么喜欢他以及他的一些写作
习惯。
1. What does the underlined word “pan” in Paragraph 3 probably
mean？
A. Praise. B. Criticize.
C. Respect. D. Cheat.
解析： 词义猜测题。根据画线词下文内容可知，这些都是人们
对他的批评。所以pan为“批评”之意。
2. What does the author think of John Grisham？
A. He is a modest person.
B. He likes entertaining himself.
C. He tends to look down upon other writers.
D. He compares himself to Hemingway.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的Sounds quite humble，
doesn’t it？可知，作者认为约翰·格里森姆是一个谦虚的人。
3. In the interview， what impressed the author most？
A. Grisham was always friendly to others.
B. Grisham was often staying up late for work.
C. Grisham was a productive writer with all kinds of works.
D. Grisham had a good habit of getting up early to write.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段内容可推断，令作者印象深刻
的是格里森姆早起写作的习惯。
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text？
A. Short Stories： Source of My Pleasure
B. John Grisham： My Great Admiration
C. My Impressive Interview with John Grisham
D. The Effect of Mandatory Reading on My Life
解析： 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了作者最喜
欢的作家约翰·格里森姆。
B
Poetry is one of mankind’s oldest art forms. Since first analysed by
Aristotle， poetry has been part of every major art movement， and some
say it captures emotion better than any other form. Reading poetry is
necessary to gain a full understanding of the world and has many
additional benefits.
The immediate benefits of reading poetry are improvements to
vocabulary. Poetry makes the reader familiar with new terms and
encourages verbal analysis. This presents reading as a creative act in its
own right. The common practice of memorizing poems also improves
long-term brain health. Studies have shown that people who memorize and
recall poems are less susceptible （易受影响的） to Alzheimer’s.
Poetry also improves critical thinking by forcing readers to think. In
great poetry， meaning is not obvious or one-dimensional.Understanding
poetry is an active practice， rather than the passive engagement
encouraged with prose （散文）.Readers of poetry are more likely than
non-readers to analyse information for viewpoints. This skill benefits not
only students， but also anyone who wants to form their own opinions of
news items or gain a better perspective on documents like contracts. The
critical thinking skills developed through reading poetry give greater
control over language itself.
The most remarkable power of literature is its ability to unite the
reader and the writer across time and cultural boundaries. As condensed
（精简的） literature， poetry offers these benefits in a powerful
way.Poetry triggers memories and emotions in its readers. This connection
between universal emotions and personal experience encourages the
development of empathy. A reader might have no practical conception of
what life was like during the Elizabethan era in England. However，
Shakespeare’s sonnets， with their universal themes of love and longing，
can bridge the gap between centuries and help us gain an insight into
people’s feelings in the 17th century.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了诗歌给人们带来的益处
及其魅力，它充当着不同时期、地域和文化之间的桥梁。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了诗歌给人们带来的益处
及其魅力，它充当着不同时期、地域和文化之间的桥梁。
5. Which of the following shows the benefit memorizing poetry brings to
the brain？
A. It improves one’s long-term memory.
B. It improves one’s ability to analyse issues.
C. It makes one less likely to catch Alzheimer’s.
D. It makes one act more creatively.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，研究表明，记
忆诗歌的人不太容易患阿尔茨海默病。
6. In what way does poetry improve critical thinking？
A. Readers have to analyse information to form viewpoints.
B. Readers must understand the obvious meaning of poetry.
C. Readers have to gain a better perspective on documents.
D. Readers have to have good control over language.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句和Readers of poetry
are more likely than non-readers to analyse information for
viewpoints.可知，读诗歌的人比不读诗歌的人更倾向于分析信
息以获取观点，所以读诗歌的人可以分析信息并形成观点，以
此提高批判性思维的能力。
7. Why does the author mention Shakespeare’s sonnets？
A. To show poetry motivates us to learn different cultures.
B. To show poetry helps develop our empathy.
C. To show the universal themes of poetry.
D. To show Shakespeare’s understanding of life.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的This connection between
universal emotions and personal experience encourages the development
of empathy.可知，作者认为普遍情感与个人经历之间的联系可以促
进共情能力的提升。接着举例说明了莎士比亚的十四行诗以爱和渴
望为主题，弥合了世纪间的鸿沟，帮助我们了解17世纪的人们的感
受。所以作者提到莎士比亚的十四行诗是为了说明诗歌可以增强我
们的共情能力。
8. What is the purpose of the text？
A. To ask us to read poems.
B. To show how to appreciate poems.
C. To tell the importance of poetry in history.
D. To explain the benefits of reading poetry.
解析： 写作意图题。结合全文内容可知，全篇主要介绍了阅读
诗歌给读者带来的益处，并且指出诗歌对文化的传播和继承起到了
重要的作用，所以文章的主要目的是解释阅读诗歌的好处。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Benefits of Reading to Children
Reading aloud has many positive benefits for children of all ages.
There is never a better time to get into the habit than when children are in
their babyhood.
Develop good listening habits.
Listening is a skill that requires practice and attention. Reading aloud
helps develop good listening habits by teaching children to sit still， listen
carefully， and take in what they hear. 9 They get benefits such as
improved concept development and comprehension （理解） strategies.
Increase the vocabulary.
Play the reading readiness activities with your child every day. When
you read aloud to your child， he comes across new words. Explain the
meaning while reading. 10 He can later use the new words while
writing.
Build thinking and comprehension skills.
Reading aloud to your child can help him build thinking skills and
comprehension. 11 Whether you read books with a moral or a task to
solve， your child can do some critical thinking independently.
Learn values and life skills.
Reading aloud with your child also helps teach him important life
lessons and values. For example， reading a story about acceptance could
help your child understand the importance of respecting people who are
different from him. 12
Build a deeper connection with your child.
Reading aloud can be a relaxing activity for both you and your child.
It’s a great way to relax at the end of the day.When you read together，
you give him your full attention. There is a great joy in being present with
your child. You are present with your child as you hug， explore the
characters’ feelings， and care about their development. 13
A. Make it a routine to read out to your child.
B. This way he will improve his knowledge on new words.
C. This can help child pay attention to the text in front of him.
D. Children who actively listen get greater benefits from reading aloud.
E. You build an emotional and physical connection that can last a lifetime.
F. The more you read with your child， the better he will understand as he
develops.
G. Books can also teach children to handle different emotions， such as
anger， sadness， or fear.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阅读对孩子的好
处。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阅读对孩子的好
处。
9. D 空前一句提到了大声朗读的益处。所以D项（积极倾听的孩子
从大声朗读中获益更大）承接上文，符合语境。D项中的reading aloud
与上文呼应。
10. B 空前一句提到了遇到新单词时的解决方法，B项中的new words
是关键词，与上文的new words是原词复现，所以B项（这样他就能提
高对新单词的认识）符合语境。
11. F 空前一句提到了思考能力和理解力，F项中的understand与上文
的thinking skills相呼应，所以F项（你和孩子一起读得越多，随着他的
成长，他就会理解得越好）承接上文，符合语境。
12. G 本段首句提到了和孩子一起朗读，朗读肯定和书有关，G项中
的Books和上文的Reading aloud相关联，所以G项（书籍还可以教会孩
子们处理不同的情绪，如愤怒、悲伤或恐惧）符合语境。
13. E 空前一句提到了探索感受和关心发展。E项（你建立了一种可
以持续一生的情感和身体联系）承接上文，符合语境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
“Business in India goes beyond transaction （交易）.It’s as much
about the 14 as it is about the product，” said Harshvardhan
Tanwar， co-founder of a travel company in Mumbai.“Here， 15
invest in people as much as they invest in goods or services.”
Tanwar goes to a fishing village to 16 fish from a local woman，
and when she doesn’t have a 17 product， she tells him to ask
someone else. Her 18 comes at the cost of business， but she 19
she’ll keep him as a loyal customer.When he doesn’t have enough
money， she says， “ 20 me later.”
I received a similar 21 during my first weekend in Mumbai.At a
local market， I filled a basket with vegetables and spices （香
料）.I 22 some eggs but didn’t have exact change for the vendor （小
贩）. 23 ， he told me to take them for free — I could pay him back
next week.His 24 trust surprised me， a total stranger from
America， and made me a regular customer.
25 the great trust and close personal relationships among
locals， many people 26 to buy from local businesses and street
vendors.Nandini Shenoy， a brand strategist， has been going to the same
corner store for decades.“I completely 27 the store owner， who has
known me since I was five，” she said.
Tanwar was right 28 .Yesterday afternoon， the first time I
bought some vegetables from a greengrocer’s， I came home to discover
free kadi patta （curry leaves） in my bag.
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。印度人做生意很注重培养与顾
客之间的情谊。
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。印度人做生意很注重培养与顾
客之间的情谊。
14. A. company B. family
C. person D. community
解析：C 根据下文 invest in people as much as they invest in
goods or services可知，Tanwar说，在印度做生意，对人的投资与
对商品或服务的投资一样多。由此推断，在印度，生意不仅仅是
交易，它与产品有关，也同样与人有关。
解析： 根据下文 15 invest in people as much as they invest in
goods or services可知，Tanwar说，在印度做生意，对人的投资与
对商品或服务的投资一样多。由此推断，在印度，生意不仅仅是
交易，它与产品有关，也同样与人有关。
15. A. visitors B. locals
C. officials D. neighbours
解析： 此处介绍了Tanwar是如何看待印度当地人做生意的，故
选locals。下文中的local、locals也是提示。
16. A. borrow B. catch C. buy D. prepare
解析： 根据下文中的product、business和loyal customer可知，
Tanwar去渔村找当地的一位妇女买鱼。
17. A. good B. real C. free D. useful
解析：A 根据下文中的she tells him to ask someone else可知，那
位妇女没有很好的产品，即没有好鱼，就让Tanwar去别家买，这
说明她很诚实。
18. A. generosity B. patience
C. courage D. honesty
解析：D 她的诚实是以生意为代价的，但是她相信她会让Tanwar
成为忠实的顾客。
19. A. notices B. believes
C. admits D. predicts
解析：B 参见上题解析。本空后的she’ll keep him as a loyal
customer是这位妇女的想法。
20. A. Thank B. Call C. Pay D. See
解析：C 根据语境可知，当Tanwar带的钱不够时，她说：“以后
再给我吧。”
21. A. comment B. suggestion
C. product D. favor
解析： 根据下文内容可知，作者在孟买的第一个周末也有了和
Tanwar类似的经历，他也得到了类似的照顾。
22. A. sold B. added C. tasted D. broke
解析： 根据空前的I filled a basket with vegetables and spices可
知，篮子里已经有了蔬菜和香料，作者又加了一些鸡蛋。
23. A. Smiling B. Waiting
C. Cheering D. Complaining
解析： 根据空处前后内容可知，作者没有正好的零钱，摊主让
他下周再付钱，结合第一段中提到的印度人做生意很注重培养与
顾客之间的情谊可推断，本空应选Smiling。
24. A. common B. similar
C. growing D. immediate
解析： 根据上文中的my first weekend in Mumbai和下文中的a
total stranger from America可知，作者第一次来购物，与该摊主之
间是即刻产生的信任。
25. A. Because of B. According to
C. Except for D. As to
解析： 本句中逗号前后部分之间为因果关系，本空应选
Because of。
26. A. learn B. aim C. prefer D. promise
解析： 根据空前的the great trust and close personal relationships
among locals可知，因为当地人之间高度的信任和密切的人际关
系，很多人更喜欢从当地的商店和街头摊位买东西。
27. A. look into B. depend on
C. hold back D. figure out
解析： 根据空前的Nandini Shenoy， a brand strategist， has
been going to the same corner store for decades.可知，Shenoy几十年
来一直在同一家商店买东西，完全依赖那家店主。
28. A. instead B. too
解析： 根据下文内容可知，昨天下午作者的购物经历（店主送
了作者一些咖喱叶）再次证明Tanwar所说的话是对的。
C. once D. again
Ⅳ.语法填空
There are a lot of things I love doing.I love travelling：it gives me a
thrill to go to a place I have never been before and see how people
live 29 （different）.I always get so 30 （excite） as I walk
through the streets of those unknown places discovering every little
corner， looking up at the windows above， and imagining 31 lives
there and what they are doing right now.I love gardening，
spending 32 （hour） with my hands in the earth and watching seeds
grow.
I love watching people， sitting on a bridge in Florence and just quietly
observing everybody go on their way.And I love lying in the bathtub （浴
缸）， with Mozart in 33 background， reading poetry.
Reading poetry is like music for the soul， where your deepest
thoughts 34 （touch） by the beautiful words of the poets.It is
a 35 （connect） through words to humanity.It’s pure emotion，
either something we can relate to 36 something we can feel.Through
the feelings evoked （唤起）， we learn more about 37
（we）.Poems often address concepts of morality， existence and love
through words and form， which awaken our emotions.And as readers，
we can attempt 38 （dig） deeper into our souls to see where these
emotions give us meaning.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者讲述了自己的兴趣爱好并阐释
了自己喜欢读诗的理由。
29. differently 考查词形转换。设空处作状语，修饰动词live，意为
“不同地”，故填differently。
30. excited 考查词形转换。设空处作表语，应用形容词，意为“激
动的”，故填excited。
31. who 考查名词性从句。设空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主
语。根据语境可知，设空处所在部分意为“想象谁住在那里”，故填
who。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者讲述了自己的兴趣爱好并阐释
了自己喜欢读诗的理由。
32. hours 考查名词复数。hour意为“小时”，是可数名词，因设空
处前无冠词限定，此处应为表示复数的名词，故填hours。hours意为
“长时间”。
33. the 考查冠词。设空处所在部分表示“以莫扎特的音乐为背
景”。in the background背景。
34. are touched 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。设空处描述客观
事实，用一般现在时，又因thoughts和touch之间是被动关系，应用被
动语态，故填are touched。
35. connection 考查词形转换。根据语境及空前的不定冠词可知，设
空处作表语，用名词，意为“联系”，故填connection。
36. or 考查连词。either ...or ...不是……就是……；要么……要
么……
37. ourselves 考查代词。根据语境可知，设空处所在部分表示“更多
地了解‘我们自己’”，故填反身代词ourselves。
38. to dig 考查非谓语动词。attempt to do sth尝试做某事；dig deep
into sth探究某物。
谢谢观看！Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
非谓语动词综述
1.So， how to reveal this hidden dimension？
2.Sometimes reading a poem can be a lifelong job.
3.You need to go on a journey to a remote and unknown destination.
4.Finally， remember that you do not have to fully understand a poem to appreciate it.
5.Poetry’s combination of “sound” and “sense” makes you see the world in a new way and allows you to go beyond normal reality for the everlasting beauty.
【我的发现】
（1）句1中非谓语动词hidden在句中作 ；
（2）句2中非谓语动词短语reading a poem在句中作 ；
（3）句3中非谓语动词短语to go on a journey在句中作 ；
（4）句4中非谓语动词to appreciate在句中作 ；
（5）句5中非谓语动词短语to go beyond normal reality在句中作 。
非谓语动词是指在句中不能单独构成谓语，而是起其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。非谓语动词的时态、语态形式如下：
类别 时态 形式 语态形式
主动 被动
动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词-ing形式 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
动词-ed形式 一般式 done
非谓语动词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。见下表：
形式 功能
主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
动词不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ed形式 √ √ √ √
一、非谓语动词作主语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式
1.动词不定式和动词-ing形式都可以在句中作主语。动词不定式作主语时常常用形式主语it代替，动词不定式置于句末。
To make money is not the only purpose of our lives.
赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的。
Taking exercise every day is good for us.
每天锻炼对我们是有益的。
It is very important for us to learn English well.
对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
2.动词-ing形式作主语时，有时也用形式主语it代替，动词-ing形式置于句末。
It is no good pretending to know what you do not know.
装作知道你不知道的事物对你是没有好处的。
【即时演练1】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
① （walk） is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
② （master） a foreign language calls for a great deal of memory work.
③It is difficult （see） how more savings can be made.
④It’s no use （cry） over spilt milk.
二、非谓语动词作宾语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式
1.在afford、 agree、 arrange、 choose、 claim、 desire、 expect、 fail、 hope、 intend、 offer、 pretend、 promise、 refuse、 wish等动词后，常接动词不定式作宾语。
I didn’t expect to see you here.
我没有料到在这儿见到你。
I can’t afford to lose my ticket.
我不能承受失去我的这张票。
Tom promised to go with me.
汤姆承诺和我一块去。
He managed to pass the exam but I failed to finish my task.
他成功地通过了考试，但是我没有完成我的任务。
2.在advise、 admit、 avoid、 consider、 deny、 enjoy、 finish、 practise、 suggest等动词以及burst out、 give up、 insist on、 keep on、 put off等短语后，常接动词-ing 形式作宾语。
I considered going to see him in person.
我打算亲自去看他。
I insist on paying for the doll for the girl.
我坚持为这个女孩支付玩具娃娃的钱。
3.在like、 love、 begin、 start等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者区别不大，常可以交换使用。
He doesn’t like to turn to his parents for help.
＝He doesn’t like turning to his parents for help.
他不喜欢向他的父母求助。
It started to rain.＝It started raining.
开始下雨了。
4.在remember、 forget、 regret、 try、 mean等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者意义不同。
I now regret telling the lie.
我现在后悔说谎了。
I regret to tell you the bad news.
我很遗憾告诉你这个坏消息。
【即时演练2】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①She has arranged （see） her parents next week.
②I gave up （write） five years ago.
③Dickens began （work） at a factory when he was very young.
④Betty has no choice but （do） as you tell her.
⑤She remembered （lock） the door just now.
三、非谓语动词作表语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
1.动词不定式可以在句中作表语，说明主语所指的内容，动词不定式可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有的情况下to可以省略。
My dream is to be a teacher one day.
我的梦想是有一天能成为一名老师。
All I did was （to） give him a little push.
我所做的这一切是为了给他一些动力。
2.动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语的特征或者状态，动词-ing形式还可以表示主语所指的内容。
The film was so moving that he was moved to tears.
这部电影如此感人，以至于他感动得流泪了。
The book was so interesting that he almost forgot the time.
这本书如此有趣以至于他几乎忘记了时间。
He is very concerned with the matter.
他很关心这件事。
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①I the book.
我对这本书很感兴趣。
②His habit is after supper.
他的习惯是晚饭后遛狗。
③Her wish is .
她的愿望是成为一名伟大的运动员。
四、非谓语动词作定语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed 形式
1.动词不定式作定语常表示将要发生的事，动词-ing形式作定语常表示正在发生的事，动词-ed形式作定语常表示已经发生的事或表示被动意义。
I have a meeting to attend tomorrow.
我明天有个会议要参加。
The boy standing there is my friend.
站在那边的男孩是我的朋友。
Jack cleared the fallen leaves on the ground.
杰克清扫了地上的落叶。
2.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作定语时可以有被动形式。
The building to be built in the square will be a new library.
将要在广场建的这座大楼将是一个新图书馆。
Do you see the house being built over there？
你看到那边正在建造的房子了吗？
【即时演练4】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①The picture （hang） on the wall is painted by my close friend.
②The discovery， （make） almost by accident， has greatly changed the world.
③She is the first student （come） to school every day.
④The car （repair）yesterday by him is my mother’s.
⑤The man （stand） at the gate is my English teacher.
五、非谓语动词作状语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed 形式
1.动词不定式作状语可以表示目的或者结果，动词-ing 形式和动词-ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随等意义。
Mary came to see me.
玛丽来看我了。
I sat in my empty restaurant， feeling very frustrated.
我坐在我的空荡荡的饭店里，感到特别沮丧。
Deeply moved， I determined to follow his example.
被深深地感动了，我决定以他为榜样。
2.动词-ing形式具有主动意义，动词-ed形式具有被动意义。
She was in the kitchen preparing dinner.
她正在厨房里准备晚饭。
Encouraged by her English teacher， Lisa soon caught up with her classmates.
在她的英语老师的鼓励下，莉莎很快就赶上了其他同学。
3.动词-ing形式作状语可用完成式。
Having finished his homework， Tom went out to play.
完成了他的家庭作业，汤姆出去玩了。
【即时演练5】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①He walked out of the house， （follow） by his pet dog.
② （see） the picture， I couldn’t help thinking of the good old days.
③After he had watered the garden， he began to mow the lawn.
→ ， he began to mow the lawn.
④When they are heated， metals expand.
→ ， metals expand.
⑤Because I do not know what to do next， I want to ask for your advice.
→ ， I want to ask for your advice.
六、非谓语动词作补语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
1.在expect、 forbid、 force、 order、 permit、 request、 warn等动词后，常接“名词/代词＋动词不定式”结构，动词不定式作补语。
We can always expect him to help us.
我们总是可以期望他来帮助我们。
He warned us to be careful.
他警告我们要小心。
2.在see、 hear、 notice、 watch、 feel等动词后，可以接不带to的动词不定式作补语，表示动作的整个过程；这些动词也可以接动词-ing形式作补语，表示动作正在进行。
I saw him cross the street and enter a shop.
我看到他穿过马路然后进了一家商店。
I saw him crossing the street.
我看到他正在过马路。
3.动词-ed形式作补语常表示被动意义。
How would you like your hair cut？
你想理一个什么样的发型？
We must get our work finished by 10 o’clock.
我们必须在10点前完成工作。
【即时演练6】 完成句子
①I couldn’t above the noise of the traffic.
车辆噪声很大，我无法让人听到我的声音。
②I saw him .
我看到他把你的词典拿走了。
③I noticed him .
我注意到他正在上楼。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
break with sth 与某事终止关联，破除
【教材原句】 The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of the 18th century ...
浪漫主义者的目的是与18世纪的理想决裂……
【用法】
break out 爆发；突然发生
break in 打断；强行进入；破门而入
break into 强行闯入；突然……起来
break down 分解；出故障
break up 终止；分手；中止
break off 折断；断绝；中断；突然停止
break through 突破；突围；冲破；取得突破性成就
break away （from sb/sth）
突然挣脱；逃脱
【佳句】 The sports club decided to break with some of the past practices.
该体育俱乐部决定改变过去的某些做法。
【练透】 用break的相关短语填空
①Her health under the pressure of work.
②As the President’s car drew up， the crowd loud applause.
③I was still living in London when the war .
④I don’t hold with the idea to John.
【写美】 完成句子
⑤It’s not easy to ， for they die hard.
改掉旧习惯很不容易，因为它们很顽固。
advocate vt.拥护，支持，提倡 n.拥护者，支持者；辩护律师
【教材原句】 Instead， they advocated going back to nature. 相反，他们提倡回归自然。
【用法】
（1）advocate （doing） sth 提倡/拥护/支持（做）某事
主张……[从句谓语动词用“（should＋）动词原形”]
（2）an advocate for/of ……的支持者/拥护者
【佳句】 We advocated that everyone in our school （should） donate some money to the earthquake-stricken area.
我们提倡学校里的每个人都（应该）向地震灾区捐一些钱。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①We all advocate （build） more hospitals in this old city.
②People advocate that everyone （live） a low-carbon life.
【写美】 一句多译
③为了保护环境，我们提倡循环利用纸张和塑料。
→In order to protect our environment， .（advocate doing）
→In order to protect our environment， .（advocate that ...）
Part Ⅱ 重点句型解构
句型公式：It was a time when ...引导的定语从句
【教材原句】 It was a time when many painters， musicians， novelists and poets looked at the world in new and different ways.
那是一个很多画家、音乐家、小说家和诗人用一种崭新的并且完全不同的方式看待这个世界的时代。
【用法】
It was a time when ... 那是一个……的时代
There was a time when ... 曾经一度；以前有那么一段时间
It/This/That is the first/second/.../last time that ...have done ... 这是第一/二/……/最后一次……
It is time to do sth 到了该做某事的时候了
It is （high） time that sb did/should do sth 该某人做某事的时候了
【品悟】 It was a time when anything seemed possible. 那是一个任何事都可能发生的时代。
【写美】 完成句子
① I felt very lonely.
有一段时间我感到很孤独。
② to the classroom.
我们该去教室了。
③ the twins had prepared a breakfast for their mother， so they were excited and nervous.
这是这对双胞胎第一次为母亲准备早餐，因此他们既激动又紧张。
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）定语 （2）主语 （3）宾语 （4）状语 （5）补语
即时演练1
①Walking ②To master ③to see ④crying
即时演练2
①to see ②writing ③to work/working ④to do
⑤locking
即时演练3
①am interested in ②walking the dog
③to become a great player
即时演练4
①hanging ②made ③to come ④repaired ⑤standing
即时演练5
①followed ②Seeing ③Having watered the garden
④Heated ⑤Not knowing what to do next
即时演练6
①make myself heard ②take your dictionary away
③going upstairs
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①broke down ②broke into ③broke out ④break with
⑤break with old habits
2.①building ②（should） live ③we advocate recycling paper and plastics； we advocate that paper and plastics （should） be recycling
Part Ⅱ
①There was a time when ②It is high time that we went/should go ③This was the first time that
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