Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
维度一：基础题型练
1.When they got there， the famous singer （leave）.
2.The new bridge （design） by the end of last month.
3.By the end of last year， another new gymnasium （complete） in Beijing.
4.Experiments of this kind （conduct） in both the US and Europe long before the Second World War.
5.The little child and her parents lived in a shelter because their house （destroy） in the flood.
6.I （intend） to go to the cinema with you， but I had to take care of my grandmother.
7.All the film tickets （sell） out when I got to the cinema.
8.In the past decade， more and more devices （invent） with the help of high technology.
9.Yesterday， the city government rewarded those who （make） contributions to the city’s construction in the past years.
10.He said he （hope） to spend the important day with us， but he was too busy then.
11.The twins， who （finish） their homework， were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
12.The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets （book）.
13.It was the first time that my daughter （ask） to sing in public and she was a bit nervous.
维度二：语法与写作
1.Before her husband came to rescue her， .
她的丈夫来营救她之前，她已经陷入了绝望。
2.It hit him that his homework .
他突然想起他的家庭作业忘在家里了。
3. on Friday afternoon， but something unexpected happened.
我本打算周五下午和你一起去书店，但是发生了意想不到的事情。
4.No sooner he was surrounded by the excited workers.
他刚一结束讲话就被兴奋的工人们围了起来。
5.By the time my parents reached home yesterday， I already.
昨天我父母到家时，我已经把晚饭做好了。
6.I ran across David while walking along the street yesterday.I .
昨天我在街上散步的时候碰到了戴维。我已经三年没见过他了。
7.All the students were excited about it and . （新闻报道）
所有的学生都对此感到兴奋，并以极大的热情为它做好了准备。
8.He complained that this was the third time he .
他抱怨说，这是他第三次被告知会议日期的变化。
9. because of the heavy rain， so all the passengers had to take the train.
由于大雨，所有的航班都被取消了，乘客们不得不改乘火车。
10.It was the third time that she to see the children.
这是她第三次来这个山村看望这些孩子。
维度三：语法与语篇
My old friend， Jerry，1. （live） in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned 2. （settle） down in the country.He had no sooner returned than he 3. （buy） a house and went to live there.Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather，for even though it was still summer，it 4. （rain） continually and it was often bitterly cold.After so many years of sunshine，Jerry got a shock.He acted as if he 5. （not live） in England before.In the end， it was more than he could bear.He had hardly had time to settle down when he 6. （sell） the house and left the country.The dream he 7. （have） for so many years ended there.Jerry had thought of everything except the weather.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
（2024·宁波高二上学期期末考试）There was a lot of food left on Dad’s plate. We sat across from each other at Perkins， one of his favourite places to have breakfast.
Months of treatment robbed him of his appetite， adding it to the long list of things that cancer had taken from him： his extra pounds， his hair， his strength， the laugh lines around his eyes， a sense of calm， of comfort ... of hope.
I looked at my dad across the table — bald and weak， such a kind and humble man — and I was profoundly aware we were beginning our “lasts”. Was this our last breakfast together？ Our last joke to share？ Our last stories to tell each other？ Our last Christmas to celebrate？ I reached across the table and took both his hands in mine. “I love you，” I said， as tears filled our eyes.
In the end， Dad signalled the waiter to bring the bill. “It’s already taken care of， honey，” the waitress said.
“Beth ...” my dad addressed me weakly， as he always insisted on paying when we stopped for breakfast despite my protests. And， after realising it let him feel like a gentleman taking his daughter out to eat， I had stopped objecting.
“Dad， it wasn’t me. I didn’t pay，” I said， just as puzzled as he was.
“Can you tell us who paid the check？” I asked the waitress. “It was that guy，” she said， nodding toward the window across from our table. I caught sight of the back of the man she indicated. He was tall with broad shoulders and a quick pace that was leading him away from us toward his car.
“Do you see him？” Dad asked. And as I turned back to reply， I was struck by my father’s face. His smile was huge， filling his whole face. His eyes were suddenly brighter than I remembered them being in months. Kindness really does touch us and fill us ...even on the worst days.
1.Why did the author’s dad eat little food？
A.He wasn’t satisfied with the food.
B.He didn’t like eating in a restaurant.
C.His appetite was ruined by his disease.
D.His mood was affected by the environment.
2.What does the author mean by saying “we were beginning our ‘lasts’”？
A.She would leave his dad.
B.Her dad would pass away.
C.They wouldn’t live together.
D.They wouldn’t have fun together.
3.Why had the author stopped objecting in Paragraph 5？
A.She was in financial difficulties.
B.She obeyed his dad completely.
C.She wanted to maintain her dad’s dignity.
D.She intended to save money for her dad.
4. What made the author’s father smile in the end？
A.The author’s love.
B.The author’s comfort.
C.Service from the waitress.
D.Kindness from a stranger.
B
（2024·厦门高二下学期质检）Sugar-free cookies， reduced-sugar cereal， sugar-free candy， diet soda ... are these better for you？ After sugar became a taboo in the nutrition and wellness world， sugar-free food items and beverages acted as substitutes for once beloved sweet drinks and snacks.Claiming to be ZERO sugar meant it was healthier， better for diabetics， and helped you slim down ... Right？
Wrong.Sugar-free isn’t better for you.In fact， sugar-free is worse.
Sugar-free means that artificial sweeteners （甜味剂） are used instead of real sugar.The problem： These sweeteners do not come from natural sources and they can cause you more harm than good.
Let’s get into what these artificial sweeteners actually are.Sugar-free sugar sounds wrong and that’s because there is no such thing as sugar-free sugar.Some of these sugar-free alternatives even contain sugar and the ones that don’t have chemicals your body often does not know how to process.
Most artificial sweeteners are a lot sweeter than sugar so only a tiny amount is needed.That’s why they can market sugar-free alternatives as “low-calorie” or “no-calorie”.It also means that you get no nutritional value from consuming them which is why many sugar-free substitutes are classified as “non-nutritive”.These artificial sweeteners tend to hide under sneaky names.Actually， they are 200－600 times sweeter than sugar.
When you eat sweet stuff， your body continues to crave it and， even though your body cannot metabolize these sugar-free alternatives， your brain does not know the difference.In turn， sugar-free alternatives connect to weight gain and type 2 diabetes （糖尿病）.
Artificial sweeteners also damage your gut’s ability to break down sugar which impacts everything you eat.In other words， your body doesn’t know how to handle artificial sweeteners because they have nothing real to process.
A good rule of thumb： Stay away from artificial sweeteners and look for non-sugar， natural sweeteners like Stevia or date sugar.In the war against artificial sweeteners and real sugar， both lose.Satisfy your sweet tooth with natural sugars that come from fruits and stay away from products claiming to be sugar-free or diet！
5.What’s special about sugar-free products？
A.They don’t taste sweet.
B.They are more nutritious.
C.They contain artificial sweeteners.
D.They contain natural sweeteners.
6.Why are sugar-free alternatives described as “low-calorie” or “no-calorie”？
A.They don’t produce any heat.
B.They contain no artificial sweetener.
C.A tiny amount of sugar is used.
D.So few artificial sweeteners are used.
7.What do we know about artificial sweeteners？
A.They are as sweet as sugar.
B.They can be easily broken down.
C.They present a bigger health risk.
D.They improve our ability to metabolize.
8.What is the author’s final conclusion？
A.Real sugar is a better choice.
B.Stay away from sugary products.
C.Sugar-free products are healthier.
D.Choose sugar from natural sources.
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
（2024·合肥高二下学期月考）Being gentle with yourself means many things. 9 If you’re a late bloomer （开花植物）， as many of us are， be patient and allow yourself enough time to grow.
It means learning to laugh at the stupid things you do. I have a friend Chuck who’s extraordinary when it comes to laughing at himself and never taking life too seriously. 10
Being gentle also means forgiving yourself when you mess up. And who hasn’t done that？ We should learn from our mistakes， but we shouldn’t beat ourselves up over them. The past is just past. 11 Learn， and correct your mistakes if you need to. Then drop it and move on.“One of the keys to happiness，” says Rita Mae Brown，“is a bad memory.”
A ship at sea for many years picks up thousands of barnacles（藤壶） that attach themselves to the bottom of the ship and eventually weigh it down. 12 The easiest way to get rid of them is for the ship to harbor in a freshwater port， free of salt water. Here， the barnacles loosen on their own and fall off. The ship is then able to return to sea， relieved of its burden.
Are you carrying around barnacles in the form of mistakes， regrets， and pain from the past？ Perhaps you need to allow yourself to soak in fresh water for a while. Hit the refresh button. 13 Always be a first-rate version of yourself， instead of a second-rate version of somebody else.
A.This becomes a threat to its safety.
B.Consider what went wrong and why.
C.Try to do what you love and love what you do.
D.Let go of a burden and give yourself a second chance.
E.I’ve always been amazed at how he attracts people to him.
F.You can achieve anything so long as you have a strong will.
G.It means not expecting yourself to be perfect by tomorrow morning.
9. 10. 11.
12. 13.
Ⅲ.完形填空
（2024·山东六校高二下学期联考）I was in the grocery store picking up a few odds and ends.As I 14 the cashier I noticed a very old man.His back was bent.His hair was white.His face was 15 wrinkles.In the eyes of the 16 ， he looked tired， old and ugly.
As soon as he 17 finished counting out the money， he 18 and joked with the cashier and they both laughed.His 19 sounded like sweet music.His eyes sparkled with delight.He turned back to me and 20 his smile.I could see his soul shining through.It was the 21 and most beautiful soul I had seen in a long time.In that 22 I saw that while his body might be showing its years， his 23 was young.
Some people can look young and healthy on the 24 but be old and beaten down on the inside.Other people can look old and worn-out on the outside but 25 be young and vital within.Most of us fall somewhere in-between.
I truly believe， however， that the key is love.Time will eventually 26 all our bodies， but whether we grow old on the inside is a choice.We can 27 to live in fear， anger and hatred.Or we can choose to live in 28 ， joy and compassion and keep our souls forever young.
14.A.served B.paid
C.left D.approached
15.A.exposed to B.trapped in
C.covered with D.made of
16.A.world B.cashier
C.customer D.elder
17.A.politely B.slowly
C.easily D.curiously
18.A.smiled B.stopped
C.hesitated D.appeared
19.A.song B.laughter
C.voice D.story
20.A.hid B.lost
C.shared D.forced
21.A.funniest B.cleverest
C.biggest D.youngest
22.A.case B.moment
C.area D.way
23.A.child B.look
C.sound D.soul
24.A.contrary B.bottom
C.outside D.face
25.A.still B.sometimes
C.even D.anyway
26.A.age B.limit
C.ignore D.punish
27.A.continue B.choose
C.refuse D.attempt
28.A.gratitude B.hope
C.love D.excitement
Ⅳ.语法填空
Microwave ovens have been used in kitchen for decades， 29 （allow） you to cook everything from frozen vegetables to packaged meals in minutes.But while you cook your food， you may wonder 30 close you can safely stand next to a microwave， and whether any radiation could escape from the device and 31 （potential） harm you.
Do you really need to worry about this？ The short answer is， not really.Injuries from microwave radiation 32 （be） very rare， according to the US Food and Drug Administration （FDA）.However， there are certain precautions you can take to keep 33 （you） safe when using a microwave oven.
Even though microwaves don’t pose 34 same health risks as X-rays， that doesn’t mean they are risk-free.Microwaves heat food by causing water molecules （分子） to move， 35 produces heat.In theory， microwaves can heat human body in the same way they heat food.But these types of injuries are very rare and have generally occurred when people 36 （expose） to large amounts of radiation leaking through openings in the oven.What’s more， the FDA requires microwaves 37 （design） in a certain way to prevent these types of radiation leaks.
Still， the agency 38 （recommend） that you check your microwave oven carefully and should not use it if the door doesn’t close properly.Meanwhile， you shouldn’t lean or stand directly against a microwave oven for long periods while it’s operating.
29. 30. 31.
32. 33. 34.
35. 36. 37.
38.
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
基础知识自测
维度一
1.had left 2.had been designed 3.had been completed
4.had been conducted 5.had been destroyed
6.had intended 7.had been sold 8.have been invented
9.had made 10.had hoped 11.had finished 12.had been booked 13.had been asked
维度二
1.she had been buried in despair
2.had been left at home
3.I had intended to go to the bookstore with you
4.had he finished his talk than
5.had cooked the dinner
6.hadn’t seen him for three years
7.had been prepared for it with great passion
8.had been informed of the change of the meeting date
9.All the flights had been cancelled
10.had come to this mountain village
维度三
1.had lived 2.to settle 3.bought 4.rained 5.hadn’t lived 6.sold 7.had had
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者在餐馆与父亲共进早餐，结果一位陌生人替他们买了单。这让患有癌症的父亲感受到意外的温暖和感动。
1.C 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，由于父亲接受癌症的治疗，这使他没有了食欲，因此进食非常少。
2.B 句意理解题。根据上下文语境可知，由于作者的父亲得了癌症，因此作者认为他的生命进入了倒计时，感觉他们在一起所做的每一件事都可能是“最后一次”。
3.C 推理判断题。根据第五段可知，作者跟父亲吃完饭后父亲总是坚持买单，一开始作者反对，后来放弃了反对，因为她意识到父亲带自己吃饭后买单会让父亲显得更像一位绅士。
4.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，父亲之所以开心微笑，是因为那位陌生人替他们买了单——父亲被那位陌生人的善意所感动。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。如今市场上充斥着各种“无糖食品”和“无糖饮料”，它们对我们的身体健康究竟有着怎样的影响呢？
5.C 细节理解题。根据第三至五段可知，所谓的“无糖产品”，其实是用人工甜味剂来代替真正的蔗糖，这种人工甜味剂远远比糖更甜，但是没有任何的营养价值。
6.D 细节理解题。根据第五段可知，由于人工甜味剂甜度非常高，所以其用量非常小，因此商家将其“无糖产品”标榜为“低卡路里”或“零卡路里”。
7.C 推理判断题。根据第五、六段可知，这些所谓的“无糖产品”中含有的人工甜味剂比糖要甜数百倍，而且会导致体重增加和糖尿病。
8.D 细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，作者认为，无论糖还是人工甜味剂都不是好的选择，后者危害更大；喜欢甜食者最好的选择是摄取自然的糖分——比如来自水果中的糖。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。作者建议我们要学会善待自己。
9.G 下文建议我们应该耐心，这正好是对G项的进一步补充说明。
10.E 上文作者介绍了自己的朋友Chuck，E项是作者对他的评价，符合语境。
11.B 上句说“过去的就过去了”，下句说“如果需要就改正错误”，B项承上启下，符合语境。
12.A 上文说船只底部如果粘上太多的藤壶会下沉，A项正好是对此的补充说明，符合语境。
13.D 上句建议我们按下人生的重启键，也就是放下包袱重新开始，D项符合语境。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在超市购物时看到了一位有着年轻灵魂的老人。通过这位老人，作者相信是爱让人年轻。
14.D 根据下文As soon as he 17 finished counting out the money可知，作者走向收银员。
15.C 根据下文he looked tired， old and ugly可知，他的脸上布满了皱纹。
16.A 根据上文可知，这个模样的人，大多数人都会觉得他又老又丑。此处表示泛指，不强调某个人的看法。
17.B 根据上文I noticed a very old man和he looked tired， old and ugly可知，这样一位老人在掏钱结账时动作应该很慢。
18.A 根据下文joked with the cashier and they both laughed可知，这位老人微笑着跟收银员开了个玩笑。
19.B 根据上文and they both laughed可知，他的笑声听起来像甜美的音乐。
20.C 根据上文He turned back to me可知，此处指老人回过头来冲作者微笑，分享他的笑容。
21.D 根据下文most beautiful soul和his 23 was young可知，老人的精神状态是作者很长时间以来见到的最年轻的精神状态。
22.B 根据上文I could see his soul shining through.可知，本句强调那时的情况。
23.D 根据上文It was the 21 and most beautiful soul可知，他的灵魂是年轻的。
24.C 根据空后 but be old and beaten down on the inside可知，此处强调有些人外表看上去年轻和健康，但内心却是衰老和憔悴的。
25.A 根据语境可知，有些人外表虽然看上去很老，但内心仍然年轻。
26.A 根据下文but whether we grow old on the inside is a choice可知，此处指时间使我们的身体变老。
27.B 根据下文Or we can choose to live in可知，此处进一步解释我们选择什么样的生活。
28.C 根据下文joy and compassion可知，此处与上句对应，同时亦指本段第一句中提到的love，强调作者的观点I truly believe， however， that the key is love.。
Ⅳ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了有关微波炉使用的一些安全知识。
29.allowing 考查非谓语动词。这里表示伴随情况或理解为补充说明，因此应用动词-ing形式作状语。
30.how 考查宾语从句。动词wonder后面是一个宾语从句，这里应用连接副词how。
31.potentially 考查词形转换。空后的harm是动词，因此应用副词来修饰它。
32.are 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句主语为名词的复数形式Injuries，因此应用系动词are。
33.yourself 考查代词。keep yourself safe表示“确保自己安全”，因此应用反身代词。
34.the 考查冠词。形容词same前通常用定冠词the。
35.which 考查定语从句。这里应用关系代词which引导一个非限制性定语从句，which指代前面整个句子。
36.are exposed 考查动词的时态和语态。这里表示人们“被暴露”在大量微波辐射之中，因此应用被动语态。
37.to be designed 考查非谓语动词。require一词后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语，这里表示微波炉“被设计”，因此用动词不定式的被动式。
38.recommends 考查动词的时态。根据上下文可知，这里应用一般现在时。
6 / 6Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
过去完成时及其被动语态
1.Prior to coming to China， my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America， with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
2.When my family and I had just arrived in China， we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.
3.A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend， and finally， we found it.
4....we had no idea how to order， so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
【我的发现】
以上句子的时态均为 ；其中主动语态有句 ；被动语态有句 。
一、过去完成时的概念与结构
1.概念：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
2.结构
主动语态 被动语态
肯定形式 had done had been done
否定形式 had not done had not been done
一般疑问句 had＋主语＋done had＋主语＋been done
特殊疑问句 疑问词＋had＋主语＋done 疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
他们到达旅馆前已经吃过早饭了。
She had not finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.
今天早晨10点之前，她没写完作文。
How many new words had you learned before the foreign teacher came to your school？
在外教来你们学校之前，你们学了多少新单词？
二、过去完成时的用法
1.表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。
When I woke up， it had stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。（雨停发生在醒来之前，即“过去的过去”）
2.表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
By the end of last year， he had worked in the factory for twenty years.
到去年年底为止，他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。（到去年年底为止已经工作了20年，还有继续工作下去的可能）
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
在上周三之前，他们已经栽了六百棵树。
3.动词think、 want、 hope、 mean、 plan、 intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等时，意为“本想/希望/打算/计划……”。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本希望能来看看你。
I had intended to keep you company， but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本打算陪你，但是来了一个不速之客。
We had planned to finish the work before dark， but we were held up by a heavy rain.
我们本打算在天黑前完成这项工作，但是被大雨耽搁了。
4.在hardly/scarcely ...when ...， no sooner ...than ...句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly， scarcely， no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。
We had no sooner arrived at the bus station than the bus started.
→No sooner had we arrived at the bus station than the bus started.
我们刚到达车站公交车就开了。
5.在“That/It was the first/second/...time＋从句”中， 从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。
That was the first time I had made such a foolish mistake.
那是我第一次犯这么愚蠢的错误。
6.与by .../by the end of .../by the time ...等时间状语连用。
By the time I got to the cinema， the movie had already begun.
我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。
【即时演练1】 用所给词的适当形式填空/完成句子
①When I got to school I found that my classmates （leave）.
②It was the first time that I （chat） online in English.
③The man said that he （write） about 300 pieces of music.
④We （mean） to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.
⑤Hardly when she realised she had forgotten her keys.
她一离开家就意识到忘记带钥匙了。
⑥We ， but you didn’t.
我们本希望你会来，但你没来。
三、过去完成时的被动语态
1.构成
（1）肯定结构：主语＋had been done
（2）否定结构：主语＋had not been done
（3）疑问句结构
①had＋主语＋been done
②疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done
2.用法
（1）在told、 said、 knew、 heard、 thought、 found、 reported等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
He heard that the tickets had already been sold out.
他听说票已被售完。
The newspaper reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the hurricane.
报纸报道说有一千多人在飓风中丧生。
【即时演练2】 句型转换
The bedroom had been cleaned before her mother came.（肯定句）
→The bedroom before her mother came.（改为否定句）
→ before her mother came？（改为一般疑问句）
→ before her mother came？（改为对the bedroom提问的特殊疑问句）
（2）当before、 when、 by the time、 until、 after、 once等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by、 before后面接过去的时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
By the time she was 13， my sister had been sent to America.
我姐姐13岁前就已经被送到美国了。
200 cars had been produced by the end of last year.
到去年年底，已经生产了200辆汽车。
（3）在“It was the first/second/...time that ...”句型中，that引导的定语从句的主语与谓语构成动宾关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
It was the third time that he had been criticised by the teacher.
这是他第三次被老师批评。
（4）在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语与谓语构成动宾关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
If I had been invited earlier， I would have gone there.
如果早点儿被邀请的话，我就去那儿了。
【即时演练3】 用所给词的适当形式填空/完成句子
①By the end of last year， 10，000 trees （plant） in that village.
②His village （flood） in the heavy rain， so he moved to his parents’ house.
③He found that his wallet （steal） on the bus.
④It was the second time that Tom （punish） so seriously.
⑤His newly written novel by the end of last month.
上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。
⑥Her homework when I got home.
我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
过去完成时 2、4 1、3
即时演练1
①had left ②had chatted ③had written ④had meant ⑤had she left the house ⑥had hoped that you would come
即时演练2
had not been cleaned； Had the bedroom been cleaned； What had been cleaned
即时演练3
①had been planted ②had been flooded ③had been stolen ④had been punished ⑤had been translated into English ⑥had not been finished
4 / 4(共77张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
课时检测·提能力
重难语法·要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
过去完成时及其被动语态
1. Prior to coming to China， my only experience with Chinese cooking
was in America， with Chinese food that had been changed to suit
American tastes.
2. When my family and I had just arrived in China， we went looking for
a good place to eat in Beijing.
3. A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend， and
finally， we found it.
4. ...we had no idea how to order， so the chef just began filling our
table with the best food we had ever eaten.
【我的发现】
以上句子的时态均为 ；其中主动语态有句
；被动语态有句 。
过去完成时
2、
4
1、3
一、过去完成时的概念与结构
1. 概念：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即
“过去的过去”。
主动语态 被动语态
肯定形式 had done had been done
否定形式 had not done had not been done
一般疑问句 had＋主语＋done had＋主语＋been done
特殊疑问句 疑问词＋had＋主语＋done 疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done
2. 结构
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
他们到达旅馆前已经吃过早饭了。
She had not finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.
今天早晨10点之前，她没写完作文。
How many new words had you learned before the foreign teacher came
to your school？
在外教来你们学校之前，你们学了多少新单词？
二、过去完成时的用法
1. 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，
即发生在“过去的过去”。
When I woke up， it had stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。（雨停发生在醒来之前，即“过去的过
去”）
2. 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这
一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
By the end of last year， he had worked in the factory for twenty
years.
到去年年底为止，他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。（到去年年底为
止已经工作了20年，还有继续工作下去的可能）
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
在上周三之前，他们已经栽了六百棵树。
3. 动词think、 want、 hope、 mean、 plan、 intend等用过去完成时来
表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等时，意为“本想/
希望/打算/计划……”。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本希望能来看看你。
I had intended to keep you company， but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本打算陪你，但是来了一个不速之客。
We had planned to finish the work before dark， but we were held up
by a heavy rain.
我们本打算在天黑前完成这项工作，但是被大雨耽搁了。
4. 在hardly/scarcely ...when ...， no sooner ...than ...句式中，主
句常用过去完成时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly， scarcely，
no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。
We had no sooner arrived at the bus station than the bus started.
→No sooner had we arrived at the bus station than the bus started.
我们刚到达车站公交车就开了。
5. 在“That/It was the first/second/...time＋从句”中， 从句中的谓语
动词用过去完成时。
That was the first time I had made such a foolish mistake.
那是我第一次犯这么愚蠢的错误。
6. 与by .../by the end of .../by the time ...等时间状语连用。
By the time I got to the cinema， the movie had already begun.
我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。
【即时演练1】 用所给词的适当形式填空/完成句子
①When I got to school I found that my classmates
（leave）.
②It was the first time that I （chat） online in English.
③The man said that he （write） about 300 pieces of
music.
④We （mean） to tell her the news but found that she
wasn’t in.
had left
had chatted
had written
had meant
⑤Hardly when she realised she had forgotten
her keys.
她一离开家就意识到忘记带钥匙了。
⑥We ， but you didn’t.
我们本希望你会来，但你没来。
had hoped that you would come
had she left the house
三、过去完成时的被动语态
1. 构成
（1）肯定结构：主语＋had been done
（2）否定结构：主语＋had not been done
（3）疑问句结构
①had＋主语＋been done
②疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done
2. 用法
（1）在told、 said、 knew、 heard、 thought、 found、 reported等
动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，
要用过去完成时的被动语态。
He heard that the tickets had already been sold out.
他听说票已被售完。
The newspaper reported more than 1，000 people had been
killed in the hurricane.
报纸报道说有一千多人在飓风中丧生。
【即时演练2】 句型转换
The bedroom had been cleaned before her mother came.（肯定句）
→The bedroom before her mother came.（改为
否定句）
→ before her mother came？（改为一
般疑问句）
→ before her mother came？（改为对the
bedroom提问的特殊疑问句）
had not been cleaned
Had the bedroom been cleaned
What had been cleaned
（2）当before、 when、 by the time、 until、 after、 once等引导的时
间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by、 before后面接过去的
时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示
被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
By the time she was 13， my sister had been sent to America.
我姐姐13岁前就已经被送到美国了。
200 cars had been produced by the end of last year.
到去年年底，已经生产了200辆汽车。
（3）在“It was the first/second/...time that ...”句型中，that引导的
定语从句的主语与谓语构成动宾关系时，要用过去完成时的被
动语态。
It was the third time that he had been criticised by the teacher.
这是他第三次被老师批评。
（4）在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语与谓语构
成动宾关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
If I had been invited earlier， I would have gone there.
如果早点儿被邀请的话，我就去那儿了。
【即时演练3】 用所给词的适当形式填空/完成句子
①By the end of last year， 10，000 trees （plant）
in that village.
②His village （flood） in the heavy rain， so he
moved to his parents’ house.
③He found that his wallet （steal） on the bus.
④It was the second time that Tom （punish） so
seriously.
had been planted
had been flooded
had been stolen
had been punished
⑤His newly written novel by the end
of last month.
上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。
⑥Her homework when I got home.
我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。
had not been finished
had been translated into English
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
2
维度一：基础题型练
1. When they got there， the famous singer （leave）.
2. The new bridge （design） by the end of last
month.
3. By the end of last year， another new gymnasium
（complete） in Beijing.
had left
had been designed
had been
completed
4. Experiments of this kind （conduct） in both
the US and Europe long before the Second World War.
5. The little child and her parents lived in a shelter because their
house （destroy） in the flood.
6. I （intend） to go to the cinema with you， but I had
to take care of my grandmother.
7. All the film tickets （sell） out when I got to the
cinema.
had been conducted
had been destroyed
had intended
had been sold
8. In the past decade， more and more devices
（invent） with the help of high technology.
9. Yesterday， the city government rewarded those who
（make） contributions to the city’s construction in the past years.
10. He said he （hope） to spend the important day with
us， but he was too busy then.
11. The twins， who （finish） their homework， were
allowed to play badminton on the playground.
have been invented
had made
had hoped
had finished
12. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths
of the tickets （book）.
13. It was the first time that my daughter （ask） to
sing in public and she was a bit nervous.
had been booked
had been asked
维度二：语法与写作
1. Before her husband came to rescue her，
.
她的丈夫来营救她之前，她已经陷入了绝望。
2. It hit him that his homework .
他突然想起他的家庭作业忘在家里了。
3. on Friday afternoon，
but something unexpected happened.
我本打算周五下午和你一起去书店，但是发生了意想不到的事情。
she had been buried in
despair
had been left at home
I had intended to go to the bookstore with you
4. No sooner he was surrounded by the
excited workers.
他刚一结束讲话就被兴奋的工人们围了起来。
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday， I
already.
昨天我父母到家时，我已经把晚饭做好了。
6. I ran across David while walking along the street yesterday.I
.
昨天我在街上散步的时候碰到了戴维。我已经三年没见过他了。
had he finished his talk than
had cooked the
dinner
hadn’t
seen him for three years
7. All the students were excited about it and
. （新闻报道）
所有的学生都对此感到兴奋，并以极大的热情为它做好了准备。
8. He complained that this was the third time he
.
他抱怨说，这是他第三次被告知会议日期的变化。
9. because of the heavy rain， so
all the passengers had to take the train.
由于大雨，所有的航班都被取消了，乘客们不得不改乘火车。
had been prepared for it
with great passion
had been informed of
the change of the meeting date
All the flights had been cancelled
10. It was the third time that she to
see the children.
这是她第三次来这个山村看望这些孩子。
had come to this mountain village
维度三：语法与语篇
My old friend， Jerry，1. （live） in the
Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.He had often
dreamed of retiring in England and had planned 2. （settle）
down in the country.He had no sooner returned than he 3.
（buy） a house and went to live there.Almost immediately he began to
complain about the weather，for even though it was still summer，it 4.
had lived
to settle
bought
（rain） continually and it was often bitterly cold.After so many
years of sunshine，Jerry got a shock.He acted as if he 5.
（not live） in England before.In the end， it was more than he
could bear.He had hardly had time to settle down when he 6.
（sell） the house and left the country.The dream he 7.
（have） for so many years ended there.Jerry had thought of everything
except the weather.
rained
hadn’t
lived
sold
had had
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
（2024·宁波高二上学期期末考试）There was a lot of food left on
Dad’s plate. We sat across from each other at Perkins， one of his
favourite places to have breakfast.
Months of treatment robbed him of his appetite， adding it to the long
list of things that cancer had taken from him： his extra pounds， his
hair， his strength， the laugh lines around his eyes， a sense of calm，
of comfort ... of hope.
I looked at my dad across the table — bald and weak， such a kind
and humble man — and I was profoundly aware we were beginning our
“lasts”. Was this our last breakfast together？ Our last joke to share？
Our last stories to tell each other？ Our last Christmas to celebrate？ I
reached across the table and took both his hands in mine. “I love you，”
I said， as tears filled our eyes.
In the end， Dad signalled the waiter to bring the bill. “It’s
already taken care of， honey，” the waitress said.
“Beth ...” my dad addressed me weakly， as he always insisted
on paying when we stopped for breakfast despite my protests. And， after
realising it let him feel like a gentleman taking his daughter out to eat， I
had stopped objecting.
“Dad， it wasn’t me. I didn’t pay，” I said， just as puzzled as
he was.
“Can you tell us who paid the check？” I asked the waitress. “It
was that guy，” she said， nodding toward the window across from our
table. I caught sight of the back of the man she indicated. He was tall with
broad shoulders and a quick pace that was leading him away from us
toward his car.
“Do you see him？” Dad asked. And as I turned back to reply， I
was struck by my father’s face. His smile was huge， filling his whole
face. His eyes were suddenly brighter than I remembered them being in
months. Kindness really does touch us and fill us ...even on the worst
days.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者在餐馆与父亲共进早餐，结果
一位陌生人替他们买了单。这让患有癌症的父亲感受到意外的温暖
和感动。
本文是一篇记叙文。作者在餐馆与父亲共进早餐，结果
一位陌生人替他们买了单。这让患有癌症的父亲感受到意外的温暖
和感动。
1. Why did the author’s dad eat little food？
A. He wasn’t satisfied with the food.
B. He didn’t like eating in a restaurant.
C. His appetite was ruined by his disease.
D. His mood was affected by the environment.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，由于父亲接受癌症的治
疗，这使他没有了食欲，因此进食非常少。
2. What does the author mean by saying “we were beginning our
‘lasts’”？
A. She would leave his dad.
B. Her dad would pass away.
C. They wouldn’t live together.
D. They wouldn’t have fun together.
解析： 句意理解题。根据上下文语境可知，由于作者的父亲得
了癌症，因此作者认为他的生命进入了倒计时，感觉他们在一起所
做的每一件事都可能是“最后一次”。
3. Why had the author stopped objecting in Paragraph 5？
A. She was in financial difficulties.
B. She obeyed his dad completely.
C. She wanted to maintain her dad’s dignity.
D. She intended to save money for her dad.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段可知，作者跟父亲吃完饭后父
亲总是坚持买单，一开始作者反对，后来放弃了反对，因为她意识
到父亲带自己吃饭后买单会让父亲显得更像一位绅士。
4. What made the author’s father smile in the end？
A. The author’s love.
B. The author’s comfort.
C. Service from the waitress.
D. Kindness from a stranger.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，父亲之所以开心微
笑，是因为那位陌生人替他们买了单——父亲被那位陌生人的善意
所感动。
B
（2024·厦门高二下学期质检）Sugar-free cookies， reduced-sugar
cereal， sugar-free candy， diet soda ... are these better for you？ After
sugar became a taboo in the nutrition and wellness world， sugar-free food
items and beverages acted as substitutes for once beloved sweet drinks and
snacks.Claiming to be ZERO sugar meant it was healthier， better for
diabetics， and helped you slim down ... Right？
Wrong.Sugar-free isn’t better for you.In fact， sugar-free is worse.
Sugar-free means that artificial sweeteners （甜味剂） are used
instead of real sugar.The problem： These sweeteners do not come from
natural sources and they can cause you more harm than good.
Let’s get into what these artificial sweeteners actually are.Sugar-
free sugar sounds wrong and that’s because there is no such thing as
sugar-free sugar.Some of these sugar-free alternatives even contain sugar
and the ones that don’t have chemicals your body often does not know
how to process.
Most artificial sweeteners are a lot sweeter than sugar so only a tiny
amount is needed.That’s why they can market sugar-free alternatives as
“low-calorie” or “no-calorie”.It also means that you get no nutritional
value from consuming them which is why many sugar-free substitutes are
classified as “non-nutritive”.These artificial sweeteners tend to hide
under sneaky names.Actually， they are 200－600 times sweeter than
sugar.
When you eat sweet stuff， your body continues to crave it and，
even though your body cannot metabolize these sugar-free alternatives，
your brain does not know the difference.In turn， sugar-free alternatives
connect to weight gain and type 2 diabetes （糖尿病）.
Artificial sweeteners also damage your gut’s ability to break down
sugar which impacts everything you eat.In other words， your body
doesn’t know how to handle artificial sweeteners because they have
nothing real to process.
A good rule of thumb： Stay away from artificial sweeteners and look
for non-sugar， natural sweeteners like Stevia or date sugar.In the war
against artificial sweeteners and real sugar， both lose.Satisfy your sweet
tooth with natural sugars that come from fruits and stay away from
products claiming to be sugar-free or diet！
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。如今市场上充斥着各种“无糖食
品”和“无糖饮料”，它们对我们的身体健康究竟有着怎样的影响
呢？
本文是一篇说明文。如今市场上充斥着各种“无糖食
品”和“无糖饮料”，它们对我们的身体健康究竟有着怎样的影响
呢？
5. What’s special about sugar-free products？
A. They don’t taste sweet.
B. They are more nutritious.
C. They contain artificial sweeteners.
D. They contain natural sweeteners.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第三至五段可知，所谓的“无糖产
品”，其实是用人工甜味剂来代替真正的蔗糖，这种人工甜味剂远
远比糖更甜，但是没有任何的营养价值。
6. Why are sugar-free alternatives described as “low-calorie” or “no-
calorie”？
A. They don’t produce any heat.
B. They contain no artificial sweetener.
C. A tiny amount of sugar is used.
D. So few artificial sweeteners are used.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段可知，由于人工甜味剂甜度非
常高，所以其用量非常小，因此商家将其“无糖产品”标榜为“低
卡路里”或“零卡路里”。
7. What do we know about artificial sweeteners？
A. They are as sweet as sugar.
B. They can be easily broken down.
C. They present a bigger health risk.
D. They improve our ability to metabolize.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第五、六段可知，这些所谓的“无糖
产品”中含有的人工甜味剂比糖要甜数百倍，而且会导致体重增加
和糖尿病。
8. What is the author’s final conclusion？
A. Real sugar is a better choice.
B. Stay away from sugary products.
C. Sugar-free products are healthier.
D. Choose sugar from natural sources.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，作者认为，无论糖还
是人工甜味剂都不是好的选择，后者危害更大；喜欢甜食者最好的
选择是摄取自然的糖分——比如来自水果中的糖。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
（2024·合肥高二下学期月考）Being gentle with yourself means
many things. 9 If you’re a late bloomer （开花植物）， as many
of us are， be patient and allow yourself enough time to grow.
It means learning to laugh at the stupid things you do. I have a friend
Chuck who’s extraordinary when it comes to laughing at himself and
never taking life too seriously. 10
Being gentle also means forgiving yourself when you mess up. And
who hasn’t done that？ We should learn from our mistakes， but we
shouldn’t beat ourselves up over them. The past is just past. 11
Learn， and correct your mistakes if you need to. Then drop it and move
on.“One of the keys to happiness，” says Rita Mae Brown，“is a bad
memory.”
A ship at sea for many years picks up thousands of barnacles（藤壶）
that attach themselves to the bottom of the ship and eventually weigh it
down. 12 The easiest way to get rid of them is for the ship to harbor
in a freshwater port， free of salt water. Here， the barnacles loosen on
their own and fall off. The ship is then able to return to sea， relieved of
its burden.
Are you carrying around barnacles in the form of mistakes，
regrets， and pain from the past？ Perhaps you need to allow yourself to
soak in fresh water for a while. Hit the refresh button. 13 Always be
a first-rate version of yourself， instead of a second-rate version of
somebody else.
A. This becomes a threat to its safety.
B. Consider what went wrong and why.
C. Try to do what you love and love what you do.
D. Let go of a burden and give yourself a second chance.
E. I’ve always been amazed at how he attracts people to him.
F. You can achieve anything so long as you have a strong will.
G. It means not expecting yourself to be perfect by tomorrow morning.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。作者建议我们要学会善待自己。
9. G 下文建议我们应该耐心，这正好是对G项的进一步补充说明。
10. E 上文作者介绍了自己的朋友Chuck，E项是作者对他的评价，
符合语境。
11. B 上句说“过去的就过去了”，下句说“如果需要就改正错
误”，B项承上启下，符合语境。
本文是一篇议论文。作者建议我们要学会善待自己。
12. A 上文说船只底部如果粘上太多的藤壶会下沉，A项正好是对此
的补充说明，符合语境。
13. D 上句建议我们按下人生的重启键，也就是放下包袱重新开
始，D项符合语境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
（2024·山东六校高二下学期联考）I was in the grocery store
picking up a few odds and ends.As I 14 the cashier I noticed a very
old man.His back was bent.His hair was white.His face was 15
wrinkles.In the eyes of the 16 ， he looked tired， old and ugly.
As soon as he 17 finished counting out the money， he 18
and joked with the cashier and they both laughed.His 19 sounded like
sweet music.His eyes sparkled with delight.He turned back to me
and 20 his smile.I could see his soul shining through.It was
the 21 and most beautiful soul I had seen in a long time.In
that 22 I saw that while his body might be showing its years，
his 23 was young.
Some people can look young and healthy on the 24 but be old
and beaten down on the inside.Other people can look old and worn-out on
the outside but 25 be young and vital within.Most of us fall
somewhere in-between.
I truly believe， however， that the key is love.Time will
eventually 26 all our bodies， but whether we grow old on the inside
is a choice.We can 27 to live in fear， anger and hatred.Or we can
choose to live in 28 ， joy and compassion and keep our souls forever
young.
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在超市购物时看到了一位
有着年轻灵魂的老人。通过这位老人，作者相信是爱让人年轻。
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在超市购物时看到了一位
有着年轻灵魂的老人。通过这位老人，作者相信是爱让人年轻。
14. A. served B. paid
C. left D. approached
解析： 根据下文As soon as he 17 finished counting out the
money可知，作者走向收银员。
15. A. exposed to B. trapped in
C. covered with D. made of
解析： 根据下文he looked tired， old and ugly可知，他的脸上
布满了皱纹。
16. A. world B. cashier
C. customer D. elder
解析： 根据上文可知，这个模样的人，大多数人都会觉得他
又老又丑。此处表示泛指，不强调某个人的看法。
17. A. politely B. slowly
C. easily D. curiously
解析： 根据上文I noticed a very old man和he looked tired， old
and ugly可知，这样一位老人在掏钱结账时动作应该很慢。
18. A. smiled B. stopped
C. hesitated D. appeared
解析： 根据下文joked with the cashier and they both laughed可
知，这位老人微笑着跟收银员开了个玩笑。
19. A. song B. laughter
C. voice D. story
解析： 根据上文and they both laughed可知，他的笑声听起来像
甜美的音乐。
20. A. hid B. lost C. shared D. forced
解析： 根据上文He turned back to me可知，此处指老人回过头
来冲作者微笑，分享他的笑容。
21. A. funniest B. cleverest
C. biggest D. youngest
解析： 根据下文most beautiful soul和his 23 was
young可知，老人的精神状态是作者很长时间以来见到的最年
轻的精神状态。
22. A. case B. moment C. area D. way
解析： 根据上文I could see his soul shining through.可知，本句
强调那时的情况。
23. A. child B. look C. sound D. soul
解析： 根据上文It was the 21 and most beautiful soul可知，
他的灵魂是年轻的。
24. A. contrary B. bottom
C. outside D. face
解析： 根据空后 but be old and beaten down on the inside
可知，此处强调有些人外表看上去年轻和健康，但内心却是衰
老和憔悴的。
25. A. still B. sometimes
C. even D. anyway
解析： 根据语境可知，有些人外表虽然看上去很老，但内心
仍然年轻。
26. A. age B. limit C. ignore D. punish
解析：A 根据下文but whether we grow old on the inside is a choice
可知，此处指时间使我们的身体变老。
27. A. continue B. choose
C. refuse D. attempt
解析： 根据下文Or we can choose to live in可知，此处进一步解
释我们选择什么样的生活。
28. A. gratitude B. hope
C. love D. excitement
解析： 根据下文joy and compassion可知，此处与上句对应，同
时亦指本段第一句中提到的love，强调作者的观点I truly believe，
however， that the key is love.。
Ⅳ.语法填空
Microwave ovens have been used in kitchen for decades， 29
（allow） you to cook everything from frozen vegetables to packaged
meals in minutes.But while you cook your food， you may
wonder 30 close you can safely stand next to a microwave， and
whether any radiation could escape from the device and 31
（potential） harm you.
Do you really need to worry about this？ The short answer is， not
really.Injuries from microwave radiation 32 （be） very rare，
according to the US Food and Drug Administration （FDA）.However，
there are certain precautions you can take to keep 33 （you） safe
when using a microwave oven.
Even though microwaves don’t pose 34 same health risks as X-
rays， that doesn’t mean they are risk-free.Microwaves heat food by
causing water molecules （分子） to move， 35 produces heat.In
theory， microwaves can heat human body in the same way they heat
food.But these types of injuries are very rare and have generally occurred
when people 36 （expose） to large amounts of radiation leaking
through openings in the oven.What’s more， the FDA requires
microwaves 37 （design） in a certain way to prevent these types of
radiation leaks.
Still， the agency 38 （recommend） that you check your
microwave oven carefully and should not use it if the door doesn’t close
properly.Meanwhile， you shouldn’t lean or stand directly against a
microwave oven for long periods while it’s operating.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了有关微波炉使用的
一些安全知识。
29. allowing 考查非谓语动词。这里表示伴随情况或理解为补充说
明，因此应用动词-ing形式作状语。
本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了有关微波炉使用的
一些安全知识。
30. how 考查宾语从句。动词wonder后面是一个宾语从句，这里应
用连接副词how。
31. potentially 考查词形转换。空后的harm是动词，因此应用副词来
修饰它。
32. are 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句主语为名词的复数形式
Injuries，因此应用系动词are。
33. yourself 考查代词。keep yourself safe表示“确保自己安全”，因
此应用反身代词。
34. the 考查冠词。形容词same前通常用定冠词the。
35. which 考查定语从句。这里应用关系代词which引导一个非限制
性定语从句，which指代前面整个句子。
36. are exposed 考查动词的时态和语态。这里表示人们“被暴露”
在大量微波辐射之中，因此应用被动语态。
37. to be designed 考查非谓语动词。require一词后跟动词不定
式作宾语补足语，这里表示微波炉“被设计”，因此用动词不定
式的被动式。
38. recommends 考查动词的时态。根据上下文可知，这里应用一般
现在时。
谢谢观看！
