Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
维度一：基础题型练
1.She asked me whether the man （be） a cheater.
2.Tom said that Mary （come） five days later.
3.The policeman asked him what he （do） when the robber came in.
4.He applauded me， saying that I （do） something wonderful.
5.The teacher told us that the Earth （travel） around the sun.
6.He suggested we （wait） a while before we made the final decision.
7.He said after a short space of silence he （consider） the problem again.
8.The teacher asked Tom why he （make） so many mistakes in his homework.
9.My mother told me that my classmate （wait） for me in the sitting room then.
10.Mr Smith said that China （be） the biggest developing country in the world.
11.The student said that he （learn） about 5，000 English words by the end of last year.
12.He begged his mother （let） him stay up a little longer that night.
维度二：语法与写作
1.妈妈问我是否能忍受那么恶劣的工作条件。
2.这些举措旨在恢复公众对经济的信心。
3.父亲让我在空闲时间研究生态学。
4.地理老师告诉我们太阳从东方升起，从西方落下。
5.他告诉我自从他来到这里就一直教英语。
维度三：句型转换
1.Mr Green asked，“Jack， did you pass the exam yesterday？”
→Mr Green asked Jack
.
2.“Let’s take action to protect our planet，” the scientist said.
→The scientist
.
3.The old man said，“I like to talk with these young men.”
→The old man said that
.
4.“I’ve been cleaning up the house，” Bill’s mother said.
→Bill’s mother said that
.
5.“I’ll come and see you again this evening， Tom，” he said.
→He told Tom that
.
6.“When is the examination going to be？” the student asked the teacher.
→The student asked the teacher
.
维度四：语法与语篇
根据汉语提示完成下面短文。
A few minutes later，the other two cyclists arrived.They were shocked to find Mac’s bicycle lying on the road， his tent bag torn and Mac just like a drowned mouse.They asked anxiously 1. （到底发生了什么）.Mac responded breathlessly that 2. （他差点被一只狼吃掉）.When told about 3. （Mac经历了什么），they couldn’t help screaming out，“What a narrow escape！” “Yes，without their timely help，4. （我早已经是狼的食物了）.” Mac’s friends were also thankful to Paul and Becky.Afraid that there might be more potential dangers ahead，Paul and Becky asked kindly 5. （他们是否需要搭便车）.Mac and his friends answered with one voice，“6. （我们乐意）.Thank you from the bottom of our hearts！”
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
（2024·青岛六校高二下学期联考）Humans are usually optimistic and confident.In psychological circles this is a proven phenomenon known as the “better than average effect （BTAE）”.Academic research has demonstrated that people consistently think they are better than the average person when it comes to driving， teaching， athletic ability， leadership skills and social skills.People rate themselves as more honest， persistent and original than average.
A new set of studies has now demonstrated that BTAE also applies to people’s perception （认知） of their being environmental friendly.The research， conducted at the University of Gothenburg， reveals that out of 4，000 survey participants from Sweden， the United States， England and India， the majority were convinced that they acted more environmentally friendly than the average person — a mathematical impossibility.
The researchers tested this using two methods， known as direct and indirect.For the former （used in Sweden） people were simply asked whether they thought they were more or less environmentally friendly than others in their country.The indirect approach （used for the other countries） involved asking participants about specific behaviours， such as buying green products， turning off taps when brushing teeth and taking a reusable bag to the shops.
Both methods demonstrated the effect in action.The percentage of people rating their own pro-environmental engagement as above average was 75.3 percent in the total sample of Indians， English and Americans （85.7 percent in the Indian sample， 72 percent in the English sample， and 63.7 percent in the US sample）.When it came to specific behaviours， the effect was found to hold for nine out of ten pro-environmental behaviours tested.
The risk of BTAE is that if everyone already thinks they are doing so well， it could mean that people are less willing to step up their game in the future.The research did not show a strong risk of this， but environmental psychology researcher Magnus Bergquist points out that even a small effect in this regard could have a large impact across whole societies.
1.What does BTAE mainly reflect about people？（ ）
A.A blind faith in oneself.
B.A pessimistic attitude in life.
C.An assumption of the future.
D.A high expectation on others.
2.What do we learn about the new research？（ ）
A.It proved BTAE.
B.It discovered BTAE.
C.It was conducted in five countries.
D.It spread environmental knowledge.
3.BTAE can be found most obviously in .（ ）
A.Swedes B.Indians
C.Americans D.English
4.What is the problem with BTAE？（ ）
A.People will laugh at others.
B.People will forget their goals.
C.People won’t perform as usual.
D.People won’t make further efforts.
B
Every minute， every single day， about a truckload of plastic enters our oceans.Since the 1950s， some 8.3bn tons of plastic have been produced worldwide， and to date， only 9% of that has been recycled.
We buy a bottle of water， drink it for a few minutes， and toss its permanent packaging “away”.We eat potato chips， finish them， then throw their permanent packaging “away”.We buy produce， take it out of the unnecessary plastic wrap， then throw its permanent packaging “away”.
The cycle is endless， and it happens countless times every single day.But here’s the problem — there is no “away”.Chances are， it ends up polluting our communities， oceans or waterways in some form.
For years， we’ve been told the problem of plastic packaging can be solved through better individual action.But the truth is that we cannot recycle our way out of this mess.
Recycling alone will never stop the flow of plastics into our oceans； we have to slow down the production of all this plastic waste.Think about it： if your home was flooding because you had left the tap on， your first step wouldn’t be to start mopping.You’d first cut the flooding off at its source — the tap.In many ways， our plastic problem is no different.
We need corporations — those like Coca-Cola， Unilever， Starbucks and Nestlé that continue to produce throwaway plastic bottles， cups， and straws — to step up and take real responsibility for the mess they’ve created.Drink companies produce over 500bn single-use plastic bottles annually； there is no way that we can recycle our way out of a problem of that scale.
This is their crisis to tackle.We will continue to do our part， but it’s time for the world’s largest corporations to do theirs.Some 322m tons of plastic were produced in 2015， and that number is expected to double by 2025.Now， we must demand a new era that places people and planet over profit and convenience.
5.What does the underlined part “there is no ‘away’” in Paragraph 3 mean？（ ）
A.We can hardly deal with plastic pollution.
B.We can hardly stop using plastic products.
C.The plastic we throw away won’t disappear.
D.The plastic we throw away will do great harm.
6.Why does the author give the example of our home’s flooding？（ ）
A.To encourage us to save water.
B.To teach us how to solve a problem.
C.To tell us how serious plastic pollution is.
D.To advise us to find the source of a problem.
7.Who should take the biggest responsibility according to the author？（ ）
A.The government.
B.The big companies.
C.All the individuals.
D.The civil organisations.
8.What’s the purpose of the last paragraph？（ ）
A.To appeal to action.
B.To draw a conclusion.
C.To give some suggestions.
D.To offer some instructions.
Ⅱ.完形填空
（2024·临汾高二下学期质检）All it takes is one negative comment to ruin something you once loved.
6-year-old Edie has a passion for art， spending hours at her drawing table to 9 herself creatively. One day at an afterschool art club， her teacher 10 her colourful landscape painting and said she’d done the assignment wrong. 11 ， her mother took to Twitter to ask for support.
“My 6-year-old daughter 12 this amazing scene at an afterschool art club，” Gemma Leighton wrote. “Her art teacher 13 her she had done it wrong！ You can’t do art wrong！ She was so 14 as art is her favourite thing to do. Can you please show Edie some 15 and like her painting？”
It didn’t take long before people left their positive 16 .
“I’m a professional artist and I love Edie’s painting，” replied artist Jonathan Small. “If her 17 knew anything about art he or she would have 18 that Edie included perspective in the painting.”
Gemma’s tweet received so much support that she 19 to start a Twitter page just for Edie’s Art.
“I am so 20 for everyone’s encouragement because it’s given my little girl such a boost in 21 with her art，” Gemma wrote in a follow-up tweet.
This story is a good reminder that our words carry weight and power， which can make a big 22 to children’s growth and development. Teachers are supposed to touch their lives 23 every day.
9.（ ）A.relax B.indicate
C.devote D.express
10.（ ）A.criticized B.discovered
C.selected D.praised
11.（ ）A.Thrilled B.Confused
C.Annoyed D.Ashamed
12.（ ）A.wrote B.painted
C.bought D.found
13.（ ）A.advised B.told
C.instructed D.called
14.（ ）A.curious B.stable
C.nervous D.upset
15.（ ）A.support B.respect
C.presents D.opinions
16.（ ）A.pictures B.comments
C.concepts D.suggestions
17.（ ）A.teacher B.friend
C.mother D.father
18.（ ）A.made out B.turned out
C.worked out D.found out
19.（ ）A.demanded B.expected
C.decided D.proposed
20.（ ）A.generous B.grateful
C.anxious D.hopeful
21.（ ）A.attitude B.knowledge
C.experience D.confidence
22.（ ）A.difference B.point
C.sense D.function
23.（ ）A.formally B.temporally
C.positively D.occasionally
Ⅲ.语法填空
（2024·贵阳高二下学期期末）Lyu Haowei works on Yulong Snow Mountain in Yunnan Province， whose job is 24. （collect） rubbish from the Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier Park.
25. （equip） with a 150-meter safety rope， a clamp （夹钳） and a trash bag， Lyu climbs the mountain and reaches otherwise inaccessible areas， 26. rubbish has been discarded. Lyu collects discarded bottles and oxygen tanks left by tourists， 27. his colleagues holding the safety rope.
Yulong Snow Mountain 28. （cover） an area of 415 square kilometers and rises to a peak of 5，596 meters. Designated as a national key scenic spot in 1988， it 29. （give） recognition as a 5A-level scenic area in 2007.
During the past decades of development， 30. number of tourists visiting the mountain had increased from 4，700 in 1994 to 3.76 million in 2017. In 2018， the Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier Park authorities had to implement a daily visitor cap of 10，000 people.
The increasing tourist numbers sometimes result in trash piling up. During peak travel 31. （period）， like the weeklong National Day holiday in October， sanitation workers and guardians fill nearly 200 outdoor trash bags a day.
Their day begins at 5：30 a.m. in 32. （prepare） for welcoming the first wave of visitors eager to see the sunrise， and ends at 7：30 p.m. when they descend the mountain.
This is the 33. （eight） year that Lyu and his colleagues are working at the scenic spot， and they express satisfaction that environmental awareness among tourists has risen， which has led to a reduction in littering.
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
基础知识自测
维度一
1.was 2.would come 3.was doing 4.had done 5.travels
6.wait 7.would consider 8.（had） made 9.was waiting 10.is 11.had learnt 12.to let
维度二
1.My mother asked me whether/if I could tolerate such bad working conditions.
2.These measures are intended to restore public confidence in the economy.
3.My father asked me to study ecology in my spare time.
4.The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
5.He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
维度三
1.whether/if he had passed the exam the day before
2.advised us to take action to protect our planet
3.he liked to talk with those young men
4.she had been cleaning up the house
5.he would go and see him again that evening
6.when the examination was going to be
维度四
1.what on earth had happened
2.he was almost eaten by a wolf
3.what Mac had experienced
4.I would have been the food of the wolf
5.whether/if they were in need of a lift
6.We’d love to
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。很多人都认为自己比其他人做得更加环保，事实真的如此吗？
1.A 推理判断题。根据第一段可知，BTAE指人们的一种普遍倾向：认为自己在各方面比其他人做得更好。显然，这是一种盲目的自信。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第二、三段可知，这项研究通过两种方法证明BTAE理论也适用于人们的自我环保认知。
3.B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段可知，在参与调查的四个国家中，85.7%的印度人认为自己比其他人更加环保，这说明BTAE理论在他们身上表现得最为明显。
4.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，BTAE带来的一个风险是人们认为自己已经做得足够好，因此不会进一步努力。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。塑料污染严重破坏了我们的环境，尤其是海洋。作者认为，除了我们个人要养成环保习惯外，那些制造塑料垃圾的大公司应该负起主要责任。
5.C 句意理解题。第二段多次提到permanent packaging，说明塑料包装很难降解（消失）。另外，画线部分下文指出这些我们扔掉的塑料最终会污染环境。再结合away一词的含义可知，画线部分意为“我们扔掉的塑料不会消失”。
6.D 推理判断题。根据第五段可知，作者举例说明，当我们家里的自来水漏水时，首先要做的是关闭水龙头而不是擦地。再根据第五段中的we have to slow down the production of all this plastic waste可知，作者告诫我们要发现问题的源头。
7.B 细节理解题。根据最后两段可知，作者的观点很明确：仅仅靠民众根本无法解决塑料污染问题，解决问题的关键在于塑料污染的主要责任者——那些生产和制造塑料垃圾的企业。
8.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者不但呼吁民众行动起来，更重要的是呼吁企业承担起自己的责任来解决塑料污染问题。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。当六岁女儿的绘画作品遭到老师的批评后，作为母亲的Gemma Leighton去社交媒体平台寻求帮助。
9.D Edie通过画画来创造性地表达自我。
10.A 根据下文she’d done the assignment wrong可知，老师批评了Edie的绘画作品。
11.C 女儿的画被老师批评，作为母亲的Gemma Leighton自然会很恼怒。
12.B 根据上下文可知，这里在谈论女儿的绘画作品。
13.B 老师告诉Edie她的画有问题，是错误的。
14.D 被老师批评后，六岁的Edie肯定非常难过和郁闷。
15.A 根据下文like her painting（给Edie的画点赞）可知，Gemma Leighton打算在网上寻求支持。
16.B 根据下文可知，Gemma Leighton在推特上发帖后收到了很多人对女儿的画作积极的评价。
17.A 根据语境可知，画家Jonathan Small这句话是针对Edie的美术老师说的。
18.D 画家Jonathan Small指出，如果Edie的老师懂艺术的话，她会发现Edie绘画时使用了透视技法。
19.C 由于Gemma Leighton发布的推特收到了广泛的支持，她决定专门注册一个推特账号来展示女儿的绘画作品。
20.B 由于Gemma Leighton在推特上收到大量网友对其女儿作品的好评，她对此非常感激。
21.D Gemma Leighton认为网友们的好评会极大地提升她女儿的自信。
22.A 我们的评价会对孩子们的成长产生很大的影响。make a difference是一个固定短语，表示“产生影响；带来改变”。
23.C 作者认为，作为老师，应该每天对孩子们产生积极的影响。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了常年守护在云南玉龙雪山上清理垃圾的环卫工人吕皓葳。
24.to collect/collecting 根据语境可知，这里应用动词不定式或动词-ing形式作表语。
25.Equipped 本句主语为Lyu，与动词equip为被动关系，因此用表达被动概念的过去分词作状语。
26.where 本空前面的areas是一个先行词，这里应用关系副词where引导一个非限制性定语从句。
27.with 这里是一个“with＋名词＋动词-ing形式”构成的with复合结构。
28.covers 本空与后面的rises是并列谓语，都描述客观事实，因此用一般现在时。
29.was given 本句时间状语为in 2007且表示被动概念，因此用一般过去时的被动语态。
30.the 这里强调“游客的数量”，因此用the number of tourists。a number of tourists表示“许多游客”。
31.periods 由于每年的旅游高峰期有好几个，因此这里应用period的复数形式。
32.preparation 本空前面是介词in，因此这里应用名词形式。in preparation for是一个固定短语，表示“为……做准备”。
33.eighth 这里表示今年是吕皓葳和他的同事在玉龙雪山上工作的第八年，因此用序数词。
6 / 6Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
直接引语和间接引语
①“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary，” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
②“Does a friend always have to be a person？” the writer asks us.
→The writer asks us if/whether a friend always has to be a person.
③“What do you call your diary？” Anne’s sister asked her.
→Anne’s sister asked her what she called her diary.
④He said to Ann，“Tell me your problem.”
→He told Ann to tell him her problem.
⑤“Be careful with the dog， boys，” she said.
→She warned the boys to be careful with the dog.
⑥“Don’t work in bed， Tom，” she said.
→She told Tom not to work in bed.
【我的发现】
1.直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语变成 引导的宾语从句，如句①。
2.直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语变成 引导的宾语从句，如句②。
3.直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍由原来的 引导宾语从句，如句③。
4.如果直接引语为祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常采用“动词＋宾语＋ ”结构。常见的动词有tell、 order、 ask、 warn，如句④⑤；如果祈使句为否定式，在动词不定式（to）前加 或 ，如句⑥。
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引述别人的原话，两边用引号标出，称为直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话，不需要引号标出的称为间接引语。
直接引语和间接引语之间的转化规则有以下几种：
一、人称变化三原则
1.“第一人称随主”原则：如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”（直接引语中为第一人称）
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说，她想拥有一台她自己的电脑。（间接引语中随主语改为第三人称）
2.“第二人称随宾”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
The customer asked the salesgirl，“Can you show me another pair of shoes in a different colour？”
顾客问女售货员：“你能否给我看一看另一双不同颜色的鞋？”（直接引语中主语为第二人称）
→The customer asked the salesgirl whether she could show him another pair of shoes in a different colour.
顾客问女售货员能否给他看一看另一双不同颜色的鞋。（间接引语中随宾语改为第三人称）
3.“第三人称不更新”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
The organiser said，“Jack will come here to help.”
组织者说：“杰克会来这儿帮忙。”（直接引语中为第三人称）
→The organiser said that Jack would go there to help.
组织者说杰克会去那儿帮忙。（间接引语中第三人称不改变）
【即时演练1】 把下列直接引语变为间接引语
①She said，“I have not heard from him since May.”
→She said that had not heard from him since May.
②“When did you go to bed last night？” Father said to Peter.
→Father asked when had gone to bed the night before.
③Mr Smith said，“Mary is a good worker.”
→Mr Smith said that was a good worker.
二、时态的变化
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时
His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.”
他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”（直接引语为现在进行时）
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。（间接引语改为过去进行时）
The organiser said，“We have begun our plan.”
组织者说：“我们已经开始了我们的计划。”（直接引语为现在完成时）
→The organiser said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已经开始了他们的计划。（间接引语改为过去完成时）
名师点津
直接引语变为间接引语，时态不变化的情况如下：
（1）直接引语是客观真理、自然现象或名言警句；
（2）直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语。
（3）引述动词是一般现在时。
Our teacher said to us yesterday，“Early birds catch worms.”
昨天老师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”
→Our teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
The guide said，“The bridge was completed in 1980.”
导游说：“这座桥于1980年完工。”
→The guide said that the bridge was completed in 1980.
导游说这座桥于1980年完工。
【即时演练2】 单句语法填空
①John said that he （like） reading storybooks.
②He told me that he （find） his wallet.
③Mr Wang told the children that he （leave） for Shanghai on business the next month.
④She said that she （finish） her work till that day.
三、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
词类 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
ago before/earlier
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next/following day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
地点状语 here there
方向性 动词 come go
bring take
She asked，“Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”（直接引语中为this）
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。（间接引语中改为that）
“I’ll be very busy today，” said the man.
那个人说：“我今天会很忙。”（直接引语中为today）
→The man said he would be very busy that day.
那个人说那天他会很忙。（间接引语中改为that day）
【即时演练3】 把下列直接引语变为间接引语
①He said，“I’m afraid I can’t finish this work.”
→He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish work.
②Tom said，“I will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.”
→Tom said that he would visit the Great Wall .
③Miss Zhao said，“These problems are easy.”
→Miss Zhao said that problems were easy.
④Bob said，“His wife returned from London 40 years ago.”
→Bob said that his wife had returned from London 40 years .
⑤He said to me，“I wrote to my friend yesterday.”
→He told me that he had written to his friend .
四、句子结构的变化
1.直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
She said，“I am working in that company now.”
她说：“我现在在那家公司工作。”（直接引语为陈述句）
→She said that she was working in that company then.
她说她那时在那家公司工作。（间接引语改为that引导的宾语从句）
2.直接引语为一般疑问句、选择疑问句或附加疑问句时，间接引语中用whether （...or not）或if引导。
His friend asked him，“Are you interested in playing football？”
他的朋友问他：“你对踢足球感兴趣吗？”（直接引语为一般疑问句）
→His friend asked him whether/if he was interested in playing football.
他的朋友问他是否对踢足球感兴趣。（间接引语改为whether或if引导的宾语从句）
3.直接引语为特殊疑问句时，变为间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
He asked Mary，“How is your sister now？”
他问玛丽：“你姐姐现在怎么样了？”（直接引语为how提问的特殊疑问句）
→He asked Mary how her sister was then.
他问玛丽那时她的姐姐怎么样了。（间接引语改为how引导的宾语从句）
名师点津
（1）直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，主句谓语动词said to sb常改为told sb；
（2）直接引语为疑问句，主句中谓语动词是said，变为间接引语时将其改为asked；
（3）直接引语为疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
4.直接引语为祈使句
（1）当祈使句表示要求或命令时，变为间接引语时常采用tell/order/command sb to do sth的形式；若祈使句为否定形式，变为间接引语时动词不定式前加not或never。
“Go and wash your face，Tom，” Mother said.
→Mother told Tom to go and wash his face.
母亲叫汤姆去洗脸。
He said to me，“Don’t go out.”
→He ordered me not to go out.
他命令我不要出去。
（2）当直接引语为表示建议、提议、请求、劝告的祈使句（或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句）时，多用“suggest＋doing/that从句”（suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气“should＋动词原形”，should也可省略）及“ask/advise/want/beg＋sb＋to do”等结构。
“Please don’t be late，” he said to me.
→He asked me not to be late.
他叫我不要迟到。
He said，“Let’s go to the museum.”
→He suggested that we （should） go to the museum.
他建议我们去博物馆。
（3）引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句时，多用remind/warn sb to do sth的结构转述。
“Take an umbrella in case of rain，” his mother said to him.
→His mother reminded him to take an umbrella in case of rain.
他的妈妈提醒他带把雨伞以防下雨。
The leader said to the workers，“Don’t speak while working.”
→The leader warned the workers not to speak while working.
领导警告工人们工作时不要说话。
名师点津
（1）无论是否定祈使句，还是表示委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为间接引语时，要用动词不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth。
（2）直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作主句谓语动词的宾语用。
She said，“Don’t make so much noise， children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造如此多的噪声。
【即时演练4】 把下列直接引语变为间接引语
①“Where are you going？” the father asked his son.
→The father asked his son he was going.
②Mother said to her daughter，“Are you satisfied with your new room？”
→Mother asked her daughter she was satisfied with her new room.
③“Don’t look out of the window，” she said to me.
→She told the window.
④“Call the police， Sean，” he said.
→He ordered .
⑤“Let’s go there together，” said her friend.
→Her friend suggested that together.
⑥She said to me，“Please wait till I return， will you？”
→She .
⑦“Don’t forget to take your book with you，” said she.
→She reminded me my book with me.
⑧“Don’t break the rules，” said the headmaster.
→The headmaster warned us .
harmonious adj.和谐的
【教材原句】 ...aiming to restrict coal consumption， promote a harmonious relationship between man and nature， build a sustainable energy system， and advocate a moderate， green， and low-carbon lifestyle.……力求限制煤炭消耗，倡导人与自然的和谐关系，构建可持续能源体系，并倡导一种适度、绿色和低碳的生活方式。
【用法】
harmony n. 融洽；和谐；协调
in harmony with sb/sth 与某人/某物协调；与某人/某物和谐相处
live/work in harmony 融洽地生活/工作
【佳句】 More importantly， with such positive energy， our society will become more and more harmonious.
更重要的是，有了这种正能量，我们的社会将变得越来越和谐。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I believe it is possible for different ethnic groups to live together harmony.
②Hence， we should carry forward this virtue to build a （harmony） society.
【写美】 完成句子
③Only when we learn to live can we stop being a threat to our planet.
只有当我们学会与自然和谐相处时，我们才能停止对地球的威胁。
submit vt.& vi.提交；呈递；屈服
【教材原句】 According to the report submitted by researchers， between 20 and 25 percent of all annual carbon dioxide emissions are caused by the destruction of tropical forests.
根据研究人员提交的报告，每年二氧化碳排放量的20%到25%是由对热带雨林的破坏造成的。
【用法】
submit to ... 向……屈服/认输
submit oneself to ... 顺从/屈服于……
submit ...to ... 把……提交给……
submit an application/a proposal 提交一份申请/提案
【佳句】 I signed up for a reading activity， where I was expected to read some English books and submit a book review. （求助信）
我报名参加了一个阅读活动，在活动中我被要求阅读一些英语书并提交一篇书评。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I submitted my resume the manager before the interview.
②No matter what challenge he was faced with， he would never submit （himself） it.
【写美】 完成句子
③And Englishcorner@ before 30 November 2024.
记得在2024年11月30日前将你的论文提交到Englishcorner@。
on behalf of代表（代替）某人
【教材原句】 I’m doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming.
我正在代表学校做一个关于全球变暖的项目。
【用法】
（1）on behalf of sb＝on sb’s behalf （英）
in behalf of sb＝in sb’s behalf （美）
做某人的代表或代言人；为某人之利益
（2）represent v. 代表；象征；表示
【佳句】 I’m honoured to be here to extend a warm welcome to you on behalf of our school.
在这里我很荣幸地代表我们学校向你们表示热烈的欢迎。
【写美】 一句多译
代表学生会，我写信邀请你下周三下午3点到5点给我们做讲座。 （邀请信）
→ ， I’m writing to invite you to give us a lecture from 3：00 p.m. to 5：00 p.m. next Wednesday.
→ ， I’m writing to invite you to give us a lecture from 3：00 p.m. to 5：00 p.m. next Wednesday.
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
1.that 2.if/whether 3.特殊疑问词
4.动词不定式 not never
即时演练1
①she ②Peter； he ③Mary
即时演练2
①liked ②had found ③would leave ④hadn’t finished
即时演练3
①that ②the next/following day ③those ④before
⑤the day before
即时演练4
①where ②whether/if ③me not to look out of ④Sean to call the police ⑤they （should） go there ⑥asked me to wait till she returned ⑦not to forget to take ⑧not to break the rules
【知识要点·须拾遗】
1.①in ②harmonious ③in harmony with nature
2.①to ②to ③remember to submit your essays to
3.On/In behalf of the Students’ Union；
Representing the Students’ Union
7 / 7(共92张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Learning About Language
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
知识要点·须拾遗
3
课时检测·提能力
重难语法·要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
直接引语和间接引语
①“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary，” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
②“Does a friend always have to be a person？” the writer asks us.
→The writer asks us if/whether a friend always has to be a person.
③“What do you call your diary？” Anne’s sister asked her.
→Anne’s sister asked her what she called her diary.
④He said to Ann，“Tell me your problem.”
→He told Ann to tell him her problem.
⑤“Be careful with the dog， boys，” she said.
→She warned the boys to be careful with the dog.
⑥“Don’t work in bed， Tom，” she said.
→She told Tom not to work in bed.
【我的发现】
1. 直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语变成 引导的宾语从句，如
句①。
2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语变成 引导的宾语
从句，如句②。
3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍由原来的 引
导宾语从句，如句③。
that
if/whether
特殊疑问词
4. 如果直接引语为祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常采用“动词＋宾语
＋ ”结构。常见的动词有tell、 order、 ask、
warn，如句④⑤；如果祈使句为否定式，在动词不定式（to）前
加 或 ，如句⑥。
动词不定式
not
never
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引述别人的原话，两边
用引号标出，称为直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话，不需要引号
标出的称为间接引语。
直接引语和间接引语之间的转化规则有以下几种：
一、人称变化三原则
1. “第一人称随主”原则：如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第
一人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人
称变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”（直接引语中为第一
人称）
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说，她想拥有一台她自己的电脑。（间接引语中随主语改为第
三人称）
2. “第二人称随宾”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称
或被第二人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称要跟引号外的主
句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
The customer asked the salesgirl，“Can you show me another pair of
shoes in a different colour？”
顾客问女售货员：“你能否给我看一看另一双不同颜色的鞋？”
（直接引语中主语为第二人称）
→The customer asked the salesgirl whether she could show him
another pair of shoes in a different colour.
顾客问女售货员能否给他看一看另一双不同颜色的鞋。（间接引语
中随宾语改为第三人称）
3. “第三人称不更新”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第
三人称或被第三人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称一般
不需要变化。
The organiser said，“Jack will come here to help.”
组织者说：“杰克会来这儿帮忙。”（直接引语中为第三人称）
→The organiser said that Jack would go there to help.
组织者说杰克会去那儿帮忙。（间接引语中第三人称不改变）
【即时演练1】 把下列直接引语变为间接引语
①She said，“I have not heard from him since May.”
→She said that had not heard from him since May.
②“When did you go to bed last night？” Father said to Peter.
→Father asked when had gone to bed the night before.
③Mr Smith said，“Mary is a good worker.”
→Mr Smith said that was a good worker.
she
Peter
he
Mary
二、时态的变化
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时
His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.”
他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”（直接引语为现在进行时）
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。（间接引语改为过去进行时）
The organiser said，“We have begun our plan.”
组织者说：“我们已经开始了我们的计划。”（直接引语为现在
完成时）
→The organiser said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已经开始了他们的计划。（间接引语改为过去完
成时）
名师点津
直接引语变为间接引语，时态不变化的情况如下：
（1）直接引语是客观真理、自然现象或名言警句；
（2）直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语。
（3）引述动词是一般现在时。
Our teacher said to us yesterday，“Early birds catch worms.”
昨天老师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”
→Our teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
The guide said，“The bridge was completed in 1980.”
导游说：“这座桥于1980年完工。”
→The guide said that the bridge was completed in 1980.
导游说这座桥于1980年完工。
【即时演练2】 单句语法填空
①John said that he （like） reading storybooks.
②He told me that he （find） his wallet.
③Mr Wang told the children that he （leave） for
Shanghai on business the next month.
④She said that she （finish） her work till that day.
liked
had found
would leave
hadn’t finished
三、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
词类 直接引语 间接引语
指示
代词 this that
these those
时间
状语 now then
ago before/earlier
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next/following day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
词类 直接引语 间接引语
地点状语 here there
方向性动词 come go
bring take
She asked，“Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”（直接引语中为this）
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。（间接引语中改为that）
“I’ll be very busy today，” said the man.
那个人说：“我今天会很忙。”（直接引语中为today）
→The man said he would be very busy that day.
那个人说那天他会很忙。（间接引语中改为that day）
【即时演练3】 把下列直接引语变为间接引语
①He said，“I’m afraid I can’t finish this work.”
→He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish work.
②Tom said，“I will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.”
→Tom said that he would visit the Great Wall .
③Miss Zhao said，“These problems are easy.”
→Miss Zhao said that problems were easy.
④Bob said，“His wife returned from London 40 years ago.”
→Bob said that his wife had returned from London 40 years .
⑤He said to me，“I wrote to my friend yesterday.”
→He told me that he had written to his friend .
that
the next/following day
those
before
the day before
四、句子结构的变化
1. 直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从
句。在口语中that可以省略。
She said，“I am working in that company now.”
她说：“我现在在那家公司工作。”（直接引语为陈述句）
→She said that she was working in that company then.
她说她那时在那家公司工作。（间接引语改为that引导的宾语从
句）
2. 直接引语为一般疑问句、选择疑问句或附加疑问句时，间接引语中
用whether （...or not）或if引导。
His friend asked him，“Are you interested in playing football？”
他的朋友问他：“你对踢足球感兴趣吗？”（直接引语为一般
疑问句）
→His friend asked him whether/if he was interested in playing
football.
他的朋友问他是否对踢足球感兴趣。（间接引语改为whether或if引
导的宾语从句）
3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时，变为间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑
问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换
规则来进行。
He asked Mary，“How is your sister now？”
他问玛丽：“你姐姐现在怎么样了？”（直接引语为how提问的特
殊疑问句）
→He asked Mary how her sister was then.
他问玛丽那时她的姐姐怎么样了。（间接引语改为how引导的宾语
从句）
名师点津
（1）直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，主句谓语动词said to sb常
改为told sb；
（2）直接引语为疑问句，主句中谓语动词是said，变为间接引语时将
其改为asked；
（3）直接引语为疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述
语序。
4. 直接引语为祈使句
（1）当祈使句表示要求或命令时，变为间接引语时常采用
tell/order/command sb to do sth的形式；若祈使句为否定形
式，变为间接引语时动词不定式前加not或never。
“Go and wash your face，Tom，” Mother said.
→Mother told Tom to go and wash his face.
母亲叫汤姆去洗脸。
He said to me，“Don’t go out.”
→He ordered me not to go out.
他命令我不要出去。
（2）当直接引语为表示建议、提议、请求、劝告的祈使句（或表
示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句）时，多用“suggest＋
doing/that从句”（suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气
“should＋动词原形”，should也可省略）及
“ask/advise/want/beg＋sb＋to do”等结构。
“Please don’t be late，” he said to me.
→He asked me not to be late.
他叫我不要迟到。
He said，“Let’s go to the museum.”
→He suggested that we （should） go to the museum.
他建议我们去博物馆。
（3）引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句时，多用remind/warn sb to do
sth的结构转述。
“Take an umbrella in case of rain，” his mother said to him.
→His mother reminded him to take an umbrella in case of rain.
他的妈妈提醒他带把雨伞以防下雨。
The leader said to the workers，“Don’t speak while
working.”
→The leader warned the workers not to speak while working.
领导警告工人们工作时不要说话。
名师点津
（1）无论是否定祈使句，还是表示委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为
间接引语时，要用动词不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth。
（2）直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作主句谓语
动词的宾语用。
She said，“Don’t make so much noise， children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造如此多的噪声。
【即时演练4】 把下列直接引语变为间接引语
①“Where are you going？” the father asked his son.
→The father asked his son he was going.
②Mother said to her daughter，“Are you satisfied with your new
room？”
→Mother asked her daughter she was satisfied with her
new room.
③“Don’t look out of the window，” she said to me.
→She told the window.
where
whether/if
me not to look out of
④“Call the police， Sean，” he said.
→He ordered .
⑤“Let’s go there together，” said her friend.
→Her friend suggested that together.
⑥She said to me，“Please wait till I return， will you？”
→She .
⑦“Don’t forget to take your book with you，” said she.
→She reminded me my book with me.
⑧“Don’t break the rules，” said the headmaster.
→The headmaster warned us .
Sean to call the police
they （should） go there
asked me to wait till she returned
not to forget to take
not to break the rules
知识要点·须拾遗
关注高频词汇
2
harmonious adj.和谐的
【教材原句】 ...aiming to restrict coal consumption， promote a
harmonious relationship between man and nature， build a sustainable
energy system， and advocate a moderate， green， and low-carbon
lifestyle.
……力求限制煤炭消耗，倡导人与自然的和谐关系，构建可持续能源
体系，并倡导一种适度、绿色和低碳的生活方式。
【用法】
harmony n. 融洽；和谐；协调
in harmony with sb/sth 与某人/某物协调；与某人/某物和谐相处
live/work in harmony 融洽地生活/工作
【佳句】 More importantly， with such positive energy， our society
will become more and more harmonious.
更重要的是，有了这种正能量，我们的社会将变得越来越和谐。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I believe it is possible for different ethnic groups to live together
harmony.
②Hence， we should carry forward this virtue to build a
（harmony） society.
【写美】 完成句子
③Only when we learn to live can we stop
being a threat to our planet.
只有当我们学会与自然和谐相处时，我们才能停止对地球的威胁。
in
harmonious
in harmony with nature
submit vt.& vi.提交；呈递；屈服
【教材原句】 According to the report submitted by researchers，
between 20 and 25 percent of all annual carbon dioxide emissions are
caused by the destruction of tropical forests.
根据研究人员提交的报告，每年二氧化碳排放量的20%到25%是由对
热带雨林的破坏造成的。
【用法】
submit to ... 向……屈服/认输
submit oneself to ... 顺从/屈服于……
submit ...to ... 把……提交给……
submit an application/a proposal 提交一份申请/提案
【佳句】 I signed up for a reading activity， where I was expected to
read some English books and submit a book review. （求助信）
我报名参加了一个阅读活动，在活动中我被要求阅读一些英语书并提
交一篇书评。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I submitted my resume the manager before the interview.
②No matter what challenge he was faced with， he would never submit
（himself） it.
【写美】 完成句子
③And Englishcorner@
before 30 November 2024.
记得在2024年11月30日前将你的论文提交到Englishcorner@。
to
to
remember to submit your essays to
on behalf of代表（代替）某人
【教材原句】 I’m doing a project on behalf of my school about global
warming.
我正在代表学校做一个关于全球变暖的项目。
【用法】
（1）on behalf of sb＝on sb’s behalf （英）
in behalf of sb＝in sb’s behalf （美）
做某人的代表或代言人；为某人之利益
（2）represent v. 代表；象征；表示
【佳句】 I’m honoured to be here to extend a warm welcome to you
on behalf of our school.
在这里我很荣幸地代表我们学校向你们表示热烈的欢迎。
【写美】 一句多译
代表学生会，我写信邀请你下周三下午3点到5点给我们做讲座。
（邀请信）
→ ， I’m writing to invite you
to give us a lecture from 3：00 p.m. to 5：00 p.m. next Wednesday.
→ ， I’m writing to invite you to
give us a lecture from 3：00 p.m. to 5：00 p.m. next Wednesday.
On/In behalf of the Students’ Union
Representing the Students’ Union
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
1. She asked me whether the man （be） a cheater.
2. Tom said that Mary （come） five days later.
3. The policeman asked him what he （do） when the
robber came in.
4. He applauded me， saying that I （do） something
wonderful.
was
would come
was doing
had done
5. The teacher told us that the Earth （travel） around the
sun.
6. He suggested we （wait） a while before we made the final
decision.
7. He said after a short space of silence he
（consider） the problem again.
8. The teacher asked Tom why he （make） so many
mistakes in his homework.
travels
wait
would consider
（had） made
9. My mother told me that my classmate （wait） for me
in the sitting room then.
10. Mr Smith said that China （be） the biggest developing
country in the world.
11. The student said that he （learn） about 5，000
English words by the end of last year.
12. He begged his mother （let） him stay up a little longer that
night.
was waiting
is
had learnt
to let
维度二：语法与写作
1. 妈妈问我是否能忍受那么恶劣的工作条件。
2. 这些举措旨在恢复公众对经济的信心。
3. 父亲让我在空闲时间研究生态学。
My mother asked me whether/if I could tolerate such bad working
conditions.
These measures are intended to restore public confidence in the
economy.
My father asked me to study ecology in my spare time.
4. 地理老师告诉我们太阳从东方升起，从西方落下。
5. 他告诉我自从他来到这里就一直教英语。
The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in
the west.
He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
维度三：句型转换
1. Mr Green asked，“Jack， did you pass the exam yesterday？”
→Mr Green asked Jack
.
2. “Let’s take action to protect our planet，” the scientist said.
→The scientist .
3. The old man said，“I like to talk with these young men.”
→The old man said that .
4. “I’ve been cleaning up the house，” Bill’s mother said.
→Bill’s mother said that .
whether/if he had passed the exam the day
before
advised us to take action to protect our planet
he liked to talk with those young men
she had been cleaning up the house
5. “I’ll come and see you again this evening， Tom，” he said.
→He told Tom that .
6. “When is the examination going to be？” the student asked the
teacher.
→The student asked the teacher
.
he would go and see him again that evening
when the examination was going to
be
维度四：语法与语篇
根据汉语提示完成下面短文。
A few minutes later，the other two cyclists arrived.They were
shocked to find Mac’s bicycle lying on the road， his tent bag torn and
Mac just like a drowned mouse.They asked anxiously 1.
（到底发生了什么）.Mac responded breathlessly that
2. （他差点被一只狼吃掉）.When
told about 3.
what on earth
had happened
he was almost eaten by a wolf
（Mac经历了什么），they couldn’t help
screaming out，“What a narrow escape！” “Yes，without their timely
help，4. （我早已经是狼的
食物了）.” Mac’s friends were also thankful to Paul and Becky.Afraid
that there might be more potential dangers ahead，Paul and Becky asked
kindly 5. （他们是否需要搭便
车）.Mac and his friends answered with one voice，“6.
（我们乐意）.Thank you from the bottom of our hearts！”
what Mac had experienced
I would have been the food of the wolf
whether/if they were in need of a lift
We’d love
to
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
（2024·青岛六校高二下学期联考）Humans are usually optimistic
and confident.In psychological circles this is a proven phenomenon known
as the “better than average effect （BTAE）”.Academic research has
demonstrated that people consistently think they are better than the average
person when it comes to driving， teaching， athletic ability， leadership
skills and social skills.People rate themselves as more honest， persistent
and original than average.
A new set of studies has now demonstrated that BTAE also applies to
people’s perception （认知） of their being environmental friendly.The
research， conducted at the University of Gothenburg， reveals that out of
4，000 survey participants from Sweden， the United States， England
and India， the majority were convinced that they acted more
environmentally friendly than the average person — a mathematical
impossibility.
The researchers tested this using two methods， known as direct and
indirect.For the former （used in Sweden） people were simply asked
whether they thought they were more or less environmentally friendly than
others in their country.The indirect approach （used for the other
countries） involved asking participants about specific behaviours， such
as buying green products， turning off taps when brushing teeth and taking
a reusable bag to the shops.
Both methods demonstrated the effect in action.The percentage of
people rating their own pro-environmental engagement as above average
was 75.3 percent in the total sample of Indians， English and Americans
（85.7 percent in the Indian sample， 72 percent in the English sample，
and 63.7 percent in the US sample）.When it came to specific
behaviours， the effect was found to hold for nine out of ten pro-
environmental behaviours tested.
The risk of BTAE is that if everyone already thinks they are doing so
well， it could mean that people are less willing to step up their game in
the future.The research did not show a strong risk of this， but
environmental psychology researcher Magnus Bergquist points out that
even a small effect in this regard could have a large impact across whole
societies.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。很多人都认为自己比其他人做得更
加环保，事实真的如此吗？
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。很多人都认为自己比其他人做得更
加环保，事实真的如此吗？
1. What does BTAE mainly reflect about people？（ ）
A. A blind faith in oneself.
B. A pessimistic attitude in life.
C. An assumption of the future.
D. A high expectation on others.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段可知，BTAE指人们的一种普
遍倾向：认为自己在各方面比其他人做得更好。显然，这是一种盲
目的自信。
2. What do we learn about the new research？（ ）
A. It proved BTAE.
B. It discovered BTAE.
C. It was conducted in five countries.
D. It spread environmental knowledge.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二、三段可知，这项研究通过两种
方法证明BTAE理论也适用于人们的自我环保认知。
3. BTAE can be found most obviously in .（ ）
A. Swedes B. Indians
C. Americans D. English
解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段可知，在参与调查的四个
国家中，85.7%的印度人认为自己比其他人更加环保，这说明
BTAE理论在他们身上表现得最为明显。
4. What is the problem with BTAE？（ ）
A. People will laugh at others.
B. People will forget their goals.
C. People won’t perform as usual.
D. People won’t make further efforts.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，BTAE带来的一个风
险是人们认为自己已经做得足够好，因此不会进一步努力。
B
Every minute， every single day， about a truckload of plastic enters
our oceans.Since the 1950s， some 8.3bn tons of plastic have been
produced worldwide， and to date， only 9% of that has been recycled.
We buy a bottle of water， drink it for a few minutes， and toss its
permanent packaging “away”.We eat potato chips， finish them， then
throw their permanent packaging “away”.We buy produce， take it out
of the unnecessary plastic wrap， then throw its permanent packaging
“away”.
The cycle is endless， and it happens countless times every single
day.But here’s the problem — there is no “away”.Chances are， it
ends up polluting our communities， oceans or waterways in some form.
For years， we’ve been told the problem of plastic packaging can be
solved through better individual action.But the truth is that we cannot
recycle our way out of this mess.
Recycling alone will never stop the flow of plastics into our oceans；
we have to slow down the production of all this plastic waste.Think about
it： if your home was flooding because you had left the tap on， your first
step wouldn’t be to start mopping.You’d first cut the flooding off at its
source — the tap.In many ways， our plastic problem is no different.
We need corporations — those like Coca-Cola， Unilever，
Starbucks and Nestlé that continue to produce throwaway plastic bottles，
cups， and straws — to step up and take real responsibility for the mess
they’ve created.Drink companies produce over 500bn single-use plastic
bottles annually； there is no way that we can recycle our way out of a
problem of that scale.
This is their crisis to tackle.We will continue to do our part， but
it’s time for the world’s largest corporations to do theirs.Some 322m
tons of plastic were produced in 2015， and that number is expected to
double by 2025.Now， we must demand a new era that places people and
planet over profit and convenience.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。塑料污染严重破坏了我们的环境，
尤其是海洋。作者认为，除了我们个人要养成环保习惯外，那些制
造塑料垃圾的大公司应该负起主要责任。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。塑料污染严重破坏了我们的环境，
尤其是海洋。作者认为，除了我们个人要养成环保习惯外，那些制
造塑料垃圾的大公司应该负起主要责任。
5. What does the underlined part “there is no ‘away’” in Paragraph 3
mean？（ ）
A. We can hardly deal with plastic pollution.
B. We can hardly stop using plastic products.
C. The plastic we throw away won’t disappear.
D. The plastic we throw away will do great harm.
解析： 句意理解题。第二段多次提到permanent packaging，说
明塑料包装很难降解（消失）。另外，画线部分下文指出这些我们
扔掉的塑料最终会污染环境。再结合away一词的含义可知，画线部
分意为“我们扔掉的塑料不会消失”。
6. Why does the author give the example of our home’s flooding？
（ ）
A. To encourage us to save water.
B. To teach us how to solve a problem.
C. To tell us how serious plastic pollution is.
D. To advise us to find the source of a problem.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段可知，作者举例说明，当我们
家里的自来水漏水时，首先要做的是关闭水龙头而不是擦地。再根
据第五段中的we have to slow down the production of all this plastic
waste可知，作者告诫我们要发现问题的源头。
7. Who should take the biggest responsibility according to the author？
（ ）
A. The government.
B. The big companies.
C. All the individuals.
D. The civil organisations.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后两段可知，作者的观点很明确：
仅仅靠民众根本无法解决塑料污染问题，解决问题的关键在于塑料
污染的主要责任者——那些生产和制造塑料垃圾的企业。
8. What’s the purpose of the last paragraph？（ ）
A. To appeal to action.
B. To draw a conclusion.
C. To give some suggestions.
D. To offer some instructions.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者不但呼吁民众
行动起来，更重要的是呼吁企业承担起自己的责任来解决塑料
污染问题。
Ⅱ.完形填空
（2024·临汾高二下学期质检）All it takes is one negative comment
to ruin something you once loved.
6-year-old Edie has a passion for art， spending hours at her drawing
table to 9 herself creatively. One day at an afterschool art club， her
teacher 10 her colourful landscape painting and said she’d done the
assignment wrong. 11 ， her mother took to Twitter to ask for
support.
“My 6-year-old daughter 12 this amazing scene at an
afterschool art club，” Gemma Leighton wrote. “Her art
teacher 13 her she had done it wrong！ You can’t do art wrong！
She was so 14 as art is her favourite thing to do. Can you please show
Edie some 15 and like her painting？”
It didn’t take long before people left their positive 16 .
“I’m a professional artist and I love Edie’s painting，” replied
artist Jonathan Small. “If her 17 knew anything about art he or she
would have 18 that Edie included perspective in the painting.”
Gemma’s tweet received so much support that she 19 to start a
Twitter page just for Edie’s Art.
“I am so 20 for everyone’s encouragement because it’s given
my little girl such a boost in 21 with her art，” Gemma wrote in a
follow-up tweet.
This story is a good reminder that our words carry weight and
power， which can make a big 22 to children’s growth and
development. Teachers are supposed to touch their lives 23 every
day.
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。当六岁女儿的绘画作品遭到老
师的批评后，作为母亲的Gemma Leighton去社交媒体平台寻求帮
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。当六岁女儿的绘画作品遭到老
师的批评后，作为母亲的Gemma Leighton去社交媒体平台寻求帮助。
9. A. relax B. indicate
C. devote D. express
解析： Edie通过画画来创造性地表达自我。
10. A. criticized B. discovered
C. selected D. praised
解析： 根据下文she’d done the assignment wrong可知，老师
批评了Edie的绘画作品。
11. A. Thrilled B. Confused
C. Annoyed D. Ashamed
解析： 女儿的画被老师批评，作为母亲的Gemma Leighton自
然会很恼怒。
12. A. wrote B. painted
C. bought D. found
解析： 根据上下文可知，这里在谈论女儿的绘画作品。
13. A. advised B. told
C. instructed D. called
解析： 老师告诉Edie她的画有问题，是错误的。
14. A. curious B. stable
C. nervous D. upset
解析： 被老师批评后，六岁的Edie肯定非常难过和郁闷。
15. A. support B. respect
C. presents D. opinions
解析： 根据下文like her painting（给Edie的画点赞）可知，
Gemma Leighton打算在网上寻求支持。
16. A. pictures B. comments
C. concepts D. suggestions
解析： 根据下文可知，Gemma Leighton在推特上发帖后收到
了很多人对女儿的画作积极的评价。
17. A. teacher B. friend
C. mother D. father
解析： 根据语境可知，画家Jonathan Small这句话是针对Edie
的美术老师说的。
18. A. made out B. turned out
C. worked out D. found out
解析： 画家Jonathan Small指出，如果Edie的老师懂艺术的
话，她会发现Edie绘画时使用了透视技法。
19. A. demanded B. expected
C. decided D. proposed
解析： 由于Gemma Leighton发布的推特收到了广泛的支持，
她决定专门注册一个推特账号来展示女儿的绘画作品。
20. A. generous B. grateful
C. anxious D. hopeful
解析： 由于Gemma Leighton在推特上收到大量网友对其女儿
作品的好评，她对此非常感激。
21. A. attitude B. knowledge
C. experience D. confidence
解析： Gemma Leighton认为网友们的好评会极大地提升她女
儿的自信。
22. A. difference B. point
C. sense D. function
解析： 我们的评价会对孩子们的成长产生很大的影响。make a
difference是一个固定短语，表示“产生影响；带来改变”。
23. A. formally B. temporally
C. positively D. occasionally
解析： 作者认为，作为老师，应该每天对孩子们产生积极的
影响。
Ⅲ.语法填空
（2024·贵阳高二下学期期末）Lyu Haowei works on Yulong Snow
Mountain in Yunnan Province， whose job is 24.
（collect） rubbish from the Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier Park.
25. （equip） with a 150-meter safety rope， a clamp
（夹钳） and a trash bag， Lyu climbs the mountain and reaches
otherwise inaccessible areas， 26. rubbish has been
discarded. Lyu collects discarded bottles and oxygen tanks left by
tourists， 27. his colleagues holding the safety rope.
Yulong Snow Mountain 28. （cover） an area of 415
square kilometers and rises to a peak of 5，596 meters. Designated as a
national key scenic spot in 1988， it 29. （give）
recognition as a 5A-level scenic area in 2007.
During the past decades of development， 30. number
of tourists visiting the mountain had increased from 4，700 in 1994 to
3.76 million in 2017. In 2018， the Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier Park
authorities had to implement a daily visitor cap of 10，000 people.
The increasing tourist numbers sometimes result in trash piling up.
During peak travel 31. （period）， like the weeklong
National Day holiday in October， sanitation workers and guardians fill
nearly 200 outdoor trash bags a day.
Their day begins at 5：30 a.m. in 32. （prepare） for
welcoming the first wave of visitors eager to see the sunrise， and ends at
7：30 p.m. when they descend the mountain.
This is the 33. （eight） year that Lyu and his
colleagues are working at the scenic spot， and they express satisfaction
that environmental awareness among tourists has risen， which has led to a
reduction in littering.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了常年守护在云南玉
龙雪山上清理垃圾的环卫工人吕皓葳。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了常年守护在云南玉
龙雪山上清理垃圾的环卫工人吕皓葳。
24. to collect/collecting 根据语境可知，这里应用动词不定式或动词-
ing形式作表语。
25. Equipped 本句主语为Lyu，与动词equip为被动关系，因此用表达
被动概念的过去分词作状语。
26. where 本空前面的areas是一个先行词，这里应用关系副词where
引导一个非限制性定语从句。
27. with 这里是一个“with＋名词＋动词-ing形式”构成的with复合
结构。
28. covers 本空与后面的rises是并列谓语，都描述客观事实，因此用
一般现在时。
29. was given 本句时间状语为in 2007且表示被动概念，因此用一般
过去时的被动语态。
30. the 这里强调“游客的数量”，因此用the number of tourists。a
number of tourists表示“许多游客”。
31. periods 由于每年的旅游高峰期有好几个，因此这里应用period的
复数形式。
32. preparation 本空前面是介词in，因此这里应用名词形式。in
preparation for是一个固定短语，表示“为……做准备”。
33. eighth 这里表示今年是吕皓葳和他的同事在玉龙雪山上工作的第
八年，因此用序数词。
谢谢观看！
