Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
维度一：基础题型练
用正确的关系词填空。
1.The reason he was late was that his car broke down on the way.
2.I know a girl father works in our community.
3.We don’t know the number of people lost their homes in the disaster.
4.He was late for the opening ceremony， was very surprising to me.
5.All the presents your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.
6.She is such a girl is always finding fault with other people.
7.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears， none of has been proved.
8.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.
9.I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
10.This is my best friend， for I want to buy a present because it is his birthday tomorrow.
维度二：语法与写作
用定语从句完成下列句子。
1. ， getting close to nature is beneficial to our health.
我们都知道，亲近大自然对我们的健康有益。
2.After graduation， he returned to the small town .
毕业以后，他回到了那个他长大的小镇上。
3.I will never forget the day .
我永远不会忘记我们参观故宫那一天。
4.The girl handed everything in the street to the police.
这个女孩把她在街上捡到的一切都交给了警察。
5.The man yesterday lives in the room next to me.
昨天做演讲的那个男人住在我旁边的房间。
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面短文，用适当的关系词填空。
Tai Dong is a small city in south-east Taiwan 1. I grew up.My family moved there from Taipei the summer 2. I was born. The house 3. I grew up was on a main street in Tai Dong. It was a nice house with a big garden 4. there were a lot of nice flowers. My father sold tea， and my mother had a small restaurant 5. there were always many customers. A cousin of mine 6. family I visited every summer lived with us. He was an apprentice （学徒） 7. my father was teaching the tea business to. On the first floor of our house， we had a huge kitchen 8. we all gathered for dinner. I will never forget the happy days 9. we were eating and talking happily. The bedrooms were upstairs. My brother and my cousin slept in one bedroom. I slept in another 10. I shared with Polly， the smartest bird that I had ever seen.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
When I worked as a global media coordinator （协调人） for the United Nations several years ago， I organized biweekly conference calls， during which I would ask my colleagues around the world to provide information by particular deadlines.My colleagues almost always responded with a yes.But all too often， the deadlines came and went without the requested material.Finally， my South African boss had to explain what would never have occurred to me： In many cultures， it is rude to say no.So some people would say yes to anything I asked， regardless of whether they had any intention of delivering.
If communicating internally at the UN was challenging， interacting with the outside world was much harder.How would we reach people in places where newspapers and televisions are still not widely available？ How could we generate media coverage there？ Communicating globally may require changing the way you interview senior communication professionals in 31 countries about how they help clients modify their messages and strategies for particular cultures.I have found that some of the biggest factors to consider when communicating in a new culture involve emotion， context and social expectations.
As an example of emotional differences， if I were to do a media interview in the US and became visibly angry at a reporter’s question， I would be seen as unstable.By contrast， in the Middle East， when people are talking about a heated issue， they tend to display powerful feelings — those who stay cool and calm while discussing such a problem may be viewed as untrustworthy.
Another big cultural difference revolves round the level of “context” provided in a conversation.As an American，I am what is known as a low-context communicator （who communicates information in a direct manner that relies mainly on words rather than contextual elements such as tones and body language）， so if I want something done， I say so frankly.In high-context cultures， as in Asia， people may do the opposite.You have to pick up on body language， tones， and other contextual cues to realize that your colleague who just said yes to you has actually communicated that she does not agree to your plan.
1.How did the author probably feel about those colleagues according to Paragraph 1？（ ）
A.Confused and upset. B.Ashamed and guilty.
C.Satisfied and delighted. D.Doubtful and angry.
2.What is often expected in the Middle East when people discuss heated issues？（ ）
A.Mild body language. B.Remarkable criticism.
C.Emotional responses. D.Confident evaluation.
3.What can we infer from the colleague mentioned in the last paragraph？（ ）
A.She may be from the United States.
B.She may prefer to speak in a direct way.
C.She may be a high-context communicator.
D.She may be influenced by low-context cultures.
4.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows？（ ）
A.The main content of the author’s book.
B.Cultural differences of social expectations.
C.Different meanings of “yes” in different cultures.
D.Important skills of communicating with colleagues.
B
（2024·江苏扬州月考）When “irregardless” was included in Merriam-Webster Dictionary， it caused wide disagreements.“Irregardless” has been in widespread and near-constant use since 1795， when a newspaper called The Charleston City Gazette of Charleston Ga first used it.“We do not make the English language， and we merely record it，” the dictionary’s staff wrote in “Words of the Week”.
The word’s definition， when we read it， would seem to be： without without regard.However， Merriam-Webster defines “irregardless” as “nonstandard” but meaning the same as “regardless”.According to Merriam-Webster， “Many people find ‘irregardless’ to be a ridiculous word， as the ir-prefix usually indicates negative meaning； however， in this case， it appears to make the meaning of ‘regardless’ stronger.”
“It’s not a real word.I don’t care what the dictionary says，” responds author Michelle Ray， who teaches English in Silver Spring， Maryland.And she says she’s still planning to mark “irregardless” as incorrect on her students’ work.
An American newspaper The Baltimore Sun published the word in editor John McIntyre’s commentary on Saturday，“‘Irregardless’ is too a word； you just don’t understand dictionaries.People get upset about the dictionary because they think it is some sort of the official document.But actually， it’s not.It’s just lexicographers （词典编纂者） identifying words that people use and trying to find out how they are spelt， how they are pronounced， what meanings they have and where they came from.”
“The dictionary’s recognition doesn’t enrol a word as correct in the English language，” McIntyre says.“It just says this is a word that a lot of people use in English.And here’s what we know about it.” So it’s a word， but its use is still discouraged in formal writing.
5.What’s the function of the first paragraph？（ ）
A.To lead in the topic.
B.To criticize the use of “irregardless”.
C.To introduce a new word.
D.To make a definition of “irregardless”.
6.What is McIntyre’s attitude to the appearance of “irregardless” in Merriam-Webster Dictionary？（ ）
A.Conservative. B.Favourable.
C.Indifferent. D.Ambiguous.
7.What can we learn from the passage？（ ）
A.The dictionary’s staff rarely record the English language.
B.Michelle Ray thinks the use of “irregardless” formal but incorrect.
C.People are still not encouraged to use “irregardless” in formal writing.
D.“Irregardless” had been in widespread and near-constant use before 1795.
8.What can be the best title for the passage？（ ）
A.“Irregardless” Is Frequently Used in Formal Writing
B.“Irregardless” Shouldn’t Be Included in the Dictionary
C.Experts Can’t Agree on the Meaning of “Irregardless”
D.Regardless of What You Think， “Irregardless” Is a Word
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
There are mental health benefits to having friends who knew you before you became a successful adult.9.（ ） They know when you’re in high spirits and when you’re tired out.Maybe your friend encouraged you to do something you didn’t dare to do.Maybe you helped your friend learn how to drive.These memories probably form a huge part of who you are.
Valuing friendship is associated with better health， greater happiness and higher levels of wellbeing across cultures.Also， according to findings published in Psychological Science， boys who spent more time with friends as children tended to have lower blood pressure when they became men in their early thirties.10.（ ）
However， sometimes these friends， knowingly or unknowingly， limit our growth.Let’s say you weren’t great at academics and hit it big when it came to sports in primary school.While your brother was called “the brains”， you were labeled “the athletic one”. Your athletic ambitions didn’t result in your becoming a star sports figure.11.（ ） But you really want to do something else now.
Childhood friends view us in a way that might be frozen in time.12.（ ） Maybe you even internalized the label.You therefore struggle with the confidence and the high self-esteem （自尊心） necessary to move into a new field.
13.（ ） Sometimes you lose them through no choice of your own.It might feel like losing a part of your old self.Value and keep the childhood friends who live a healthy life and support you in a positive and balanced manner.
A.It’s easy to make friends.
B.Your friends helped shape you.
C.That idea might restrict you and box you in.
D.You can be sympathetic， but know your limits.
E.Letting go of a childhood friend is especially hard.
F.Therefore， you pursued a career as a personal trainer at a local fitness center.
G.So， time spent with childhood friends is related to physical health even in adulthood.
Ⅲ.完形填空
Tom McKenna had been a firefighter for nine years when he took on a part-time job at Iroquois High School in Louisville， Kentucky.He knew 14 would take a lot of work， but he never imagined that he’d become a 15 in the process.
The first day McKenna arrived at the school in 2015， he immediately felt 16 by then-16-year-old Brandon Reed.The student athlete showed him around and made him 17 .“He had a strong 18 to succeed，” says McKenna.“ 19 ， I wanted to help make him the best wrestler.”
It quickly became 20 that Reed and his fellow students， who lived in a low-income area， had 21 resources.Coach McKenna drove Reed to meets and practices and got him part-time work.He even made 22 for Reed during his 75-hour work weeks at the firehouse， where he’d cook healthy meals for the teenager.
At the end of the school year， when McKenna decided to 23 to Taylorsville， Kentucky， with his wife， he invited Reed to come with them.The two didn’t just train together.McKenna taught Reed how to drive， manage money and learn to be 24 .As was expected， Reed 25 during his senior year.With McKenna’s 26 and encouragement， he earned a full scholarship to Lindsey Wilson College in Columbia， Kentucky， where he won the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Championship.When Reed 27 everything McKenna did for him， he says he’s “beyond 28 ”.“I don’t know where I would be without him，” says Reed.
14.（ ）A.rescuing B.consulting
C.searching D.coaching
15.（ ）A.first-aider B.stepfather
C.father-figure D.statesman
16.（ ）A.persuaded B.welcomed
C.interrupted D.guarded
17.（ ）A.forget his pain B.get into trouble
C.change his mind D.feel at home
18.（ ）A.drive B.option
C.influence D.position
19.（ ）A.Besides B.Nevertheless
C.Therefore D.Instead
20.（ ）A.bearable B.apparent
C.complicated D.helpless
21.（ ）A.teaching B.extra
C.physical D.limited
22.（ ）A.room B.money
C.time D.way
23.（ ）A.relocate B.refer
C.apply D.walk
24.（ ）A.free B.sensitive
C.generous D.independent
25.（ ）A.returned B.dropped
C.shone D.recovered
26.（ ）A.control B.guidance
C.pressure D.recommendation
27.（ ）A.checks in B.adds to
C.looks back on D.makes up for
28.（ ）A.grateful B.hopeful
C.pitiful D.thoughtful
Ⅳ.语法填空
English is full of loanwords （外来词） from other languages， mostly from Latin or French.But did you know that there are also several English words 29. come from Chinese？ Now let’s dive in and learn some of them.
To start with， Chinese restaurants are found all over the world， so it should come as no surprise that a lot of Chinese loanwords in English are 30. （relate） to food， such as wonton， dim sum， and lychee.Perhaps the most interesting word on that list is ketchup.31. is hard to believe that something so American 32. （actual） has its roots in China’s Fujian Province.Back in the day， the Chinese made a kind of fish sauce.This sauce in the Southern Min dialect （闽南语） 33. （call） something like “ke-tchup”“ge-tchup” or “kue-chiap” in the 18th century， 34. （depend） on the dialect.It wasn’t until the 19th century that people first attempted 35. （add） tomato to ketchup.
The influence of Chinese on English words 36. （extend） far beyond the kitchen.There are several Chinese words that are just too difficult to translate into English， so the original ones are used， such as typhoon， tai chi， kung fu， and mahjong.Many key 37. （element） of Chinese culture are better left said in the Chinese way， after all！
As you can see， Chinese has made its mark on the English language with quite 38. few words and expressions.Do you know of any other English words of Chinese origin？
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
基础知识自测
维度一
1.why 2.whose 3.who/that 4.which 5.（that） 6.as
7.which 8.where 9.when 10.whom
维度二
1.As we all know 2.where/in which he grew up 3.when/on which we visited the Palace Museum 4.that she had picked up 5.who/that made a speech
维度三
1.where 2.when 3.where 4.where 5.where
6.whose 7.who/whom/that 8.where 9.when
10.which/that
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者结合自身经历，讲述了不同文化之间的差异给人际沟通带来的影响。
1.A 推理判断题。根据第一段中的My colleagues almost always responded with a yes.But all too often， the deadlines came and went without the requested material.可知，同事答应作者的事情没有兑现，因此，作者肯定会感到不快；又根据最后两句可知，如果不是来自南非的老板对此进行解释，作者会一直感到困惑，不明白同事们为什么会这么做。由此可知，作者对那些同事可能感到困惑和不快。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的By contrast ...may be viewed as untrustworthy.可知，当讨论到热点问题时，中东地区的人往往会表现出强烈的情感回应。
3.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，这位同事表达她的想法不是直接用语言，而是通过肢体语言、语气和其他与情境有关的提示。所以，她可能是一个高语境沟通者。
4.B 推理判断题。根据第二段中的I have found that ... involve emotion， context and social expectations.可推知，在文章中作者可能会分别讨论上面提到的这些因素，而第三段讲的是情感因素，第四段讲的是语境因素。由此可以推断，在接下来的段落中最有可能讨论社会期望方面的文化差异。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了“irregardless”被收录进了《韦氏词典》，引起了广泛的争议，还介绍了这一单词被使用的历史以及人们对此的不同看法。
5.A 推理判断题。第一段主要介绍了“irregardless”一词从1795年起就一直被广泛使用，下文介绍了这个词在《韦氏词典》中的释义，人们对该词的看法以及该词的应用。由此可知，第一段的作用是引入关于“irregardless”一词的话题。
6.B 观点态度题。根据第四段中的“Irregardless” is too a word； you just don’t understand dictionaries.可知，麦金太尔认为“irregardless”的确是一个单词，只是我们对词典的理解不够。由此可知，麦金太尔对《韦氏词典》中“irregardless”的出现持支持态度。
7.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的So it’s a word， but its use is still discouraged in formal writing.可知，irregardless虽然是一个单词，但不鼓励人们在正式的写作中使用它。
8.D 标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了“irregardless”被收录进了《韦氏词典》，引起了广泛的争议，还介绍了这一单词被使用的历史以及人们对此的不同看法。因此，D项（不管你怎么想，“irregardless”是一个单词）是本文最佳标题。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。随着年龄的增长，我们是否还应该维持儿时的友谊？
9.B 上文说到拥有儿时的朋友对心理健康有益，由此推断，设空处说的应该是拥有儿时朋友的益处，故B项符合语境。设空后的form a huge part of who you are与B项中的helped shape you相呼应。
10.G 设空前说到调查结果显示，童年时与朋友待的时间长的男孩到了三十多岁后血压更低，由此可知，儿时的友谊对身体健康也有好处，故G项符合语境。
11.F 设空前说到运动方面的雄心壮志并没有使你成为体坛明星，设空后说到你想干点别的事情，F项符合语境。trainer、fitness与上文中的athletic构成词汇同现。本段中hit it big意为“非常成功”， the brains意为“智力超群的人”。
12.C 设空前说到儿时的朋友会以一成不变的眼光看待我们，设空后说到那些标签会使我们缺乏自信开拓新的领域。由此推断，设空处说的应该是那种一成不变的眼光对我们的负面影响。C项中的box you in意为“阻碍，禁锢”。
13.E 上文说到有时儿时的友谊会妨碍我们的发展，下文说到要珍惜对我们有积极影响的朋友，故E项符合语境。下文It might feel like losing a part of your old self.是对设空处的进一步解释。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了消防员McKenna教一名中学生练习摔跤期间与他结下的深厚友谊。
14.D 根据下文Coach McKenna可知，McKenna在这所学校做兼职教练，他知道当教练会花费很多精力。本空与下文中的Coach是原词复现。
15.C 根据下文McKenna drove Reed to meets and practices、cook healthy meals for the teenager、taught Reed how to drive， manage money可知，McKenna不仅教Reed摔跤，还在生活上照顾他。father-figure意为“父亲般的人，受尊敬的人”。
16.B 根据下文showed him around可知，McKenna到达学校的第一天受到了Reed的欢迎。
17.D McKenna第一天来到这所学校时，Reed非常热情地带他参观，让McKenna觉得不拘束。
18.A 根据下文I wanted to help make him the best wrestler可推断，Reed有强烈的取得成功的愿望，所以McKenna想帮助他。
19.C 参见上题解析。
20.B 根据下文Coach McKenna ...got him part-time work.可推断，McKenna很快就了解到Reed和他的同学的处境，并帮助他找到了兼职。
21.D 根据上文a low-income area可推断，Reed家经济条件有限。resources在此意为“财力”。low-income与limited构成词汇同现。
22.C 根据下文where he’d cook healthy meals for the teenager可知，McKenna甚至在工作之余为Reed做饭。make time for意为“为……抽出时间”。
23.A 根据上文Louisville， Kentucky及下文中的invited Reed to come with them可推断，McKenna搬家了。
24.D 根据上文McKenna taught Reed how to drive， manage money可知，McKenna在教Reed生活中用到的各种技能，使他学会独立。
25.C 根据下文a full scholarship to Lindsey Wilson College可推断，Reed在高年级时变得出类拔萃。
26.B 根据上文taught Reed how to drive， manage money可知，在McKenna的指导和鼓励下，Reed获得了大学奖学金。guidance与taught、encouragement构成词汇同现。
27.C 根据空后everything McKenna did for him可知，Reed获得大学奖学金、在摔跤比赛中夺冠后，回顾McKenna为他所做的一切。
28.A 根据下文I don’t know where I would be without him可知，Reed对McKenna充满了感激。
Ⅳ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简单介绍了一些英文单词源自汉语的语言现象。
29.that/which 考查定语从句。设空处引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词several English words，且在从句中作主语，故填that/which。
30.related 考查词形转换。设空处在句中作表语，应用形容词，表示“有关系的”，故填related。
31.It 考查it的用法。设空处作形式主语，句中的真正主语是to believe that ...，故填It。
32.actually 考查词形转换。设空处在句中作状语，应用副词，故填actually。
33.was called 考查动词的时态和语态。This sauce与call之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，且根据后面的in the 18th century可知，应用一般过去时，故填was called。
34.depending 考查固定搭配。depending on为固定搭配，意为“依附，取决于”，在句中作状语，故填depending。
35.to add 考查非谓语动词。attempt to do sth 表示“尝试做某事”，故填to add。
36.extends 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处是对客观事实的描述，应用一般现在时，又因设空处在句中作谓语，主语为The influence of Chinese on English words，故填extends。
37.elements 考查名词复数。element为可数名词，意为“要素，特色”，在此表泛指，且前面有Many修饰，故填elements。
38.a 考查固定搭配。quite a few为固定搭配，意为“相当多的”，故填a。
5 / 6Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
定语从句复习
阅读下列句子并体会加黑部分的用法。
1.Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries that are separated by a common language.
2.I spent one term in the UK，where the greatest challenge was the indirect manner of speaking.
3.There were times when questions like “...would be met with the reply ...” ...way of communicating.
4.So polite， in fact， that they will sometimes say the complete opposite of what they really mean： a common opinion is “It’s not bad”，which usually translates as “It’s awful”.
5.Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a preference for the direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to the point.
6.As my experiences clearly show， learning a language is just the beginning！
【我的发现】
（1）限制性定语从句指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句，对修饰的对象加以限制。在从句中，关系代词或关系副词前没有 ，如句 。
（2）非限制性定语从句往往是对先行词或整个主句的补充说明，通常用 与主句隔开，如句 。 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。
一、引导定语从句的关系代词
1.引导定语从句的常用关系代词的用法
关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
We’ll reach the sales target in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year.
我们将在一个月内完成年初定下的销售目标。
However， because of poverty，Nolan has to leave high school and find a job， whose life is full of ups and downs.
然而，由于贫困，诺兰不得不从高中辍学去找工作，他的生活充满了起起落落。
This woman has set a good example to her son，who is a really lucky guy.
这位女士给她的儿子树立了一个好榜样，他是一个非常幸运的小伙子。
2.关系代词that和which的用法区别
只用that 的情况 先行词是all、much、few、little、everything、anything、nothing、none、the one等不定代词时
先行词被any、few、little、much、some、no等词修饰或被the only、the very、the same、the last等修饰时
先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时
先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词对其进行修饰时
先行词既指人又指物时
主句是以who、which、what等开头的特殊疑问句时
只用which 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that
介词后用which，不用that
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
We should do everything that is useful to the people.
我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。
This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.
这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。
Which is the kindergarten that you used to be studying in？
你以前在哪个幼儿园上学？
I bought a great many books， on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我所有的积蓄。
【即时演练1】 单句语法填空
①The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp， was surrounded by a high wire fence.
②The man is sitting in the front row is our English teacher.
③He lives in a big house window faces the sea.
④Is there anything else you asked me to do for you？
⑤This is one of the most exciting basketball games my nephew has ever seen.
⑥The little problems we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
二、引导定语从句的关系副词
关系副词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词或抽象地点名词（situation、point、activity、case、stage等） 地点状语
why the reason 原因状语
I will never forget the day when （＝on which） we moved into our new house.
我永远不会忘记我们搬进新家的那一天。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where （＝in which） they can gain experience for growth.
学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
He didn’t know the reason why （＝for which） he was dismissed.
他不知道他为什么被解雇了。
【即时演练2】 完成句子
①The time was a very difficult period of my life.
第一次见到他的时候，是我一生中非常艰难的时期。
②Ancient China was a place .
古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。
③The reason is that it has been giving me strength to face the challenges in my life.
我最喜爱的体育运动是打篮球，原因是它一直给我力量来面对生活中的挑战。
三、定语从句中关系词的选用
方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。
方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分（主、宾、定、状、表），也能正确选择出是用关系代词还是关系副词。
关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语时，应用关系代词（who、whom、that、which、whose、as）；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词（where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语）。
The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father.
昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
这是我去年待过的山村。
四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
1.“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法
方法一：根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。
方法二：根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。
方法三：根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。
The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没有房子住。
I don’t know the reason for which he was late for school.
我不知道他为什么上学迟到。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。
2.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句注意事项
（1）“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或whom。
Do you know the man with whom Mr Black talked just now？
你认识刚才和布莱克先生说话的那个人吗？
（2）关系副词where、when、why有时可以用“介词＋关系代词”替换，介词取决于先行词及“介词＋which”在从句中所作的成分，why只能用for which替换。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
＝This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。
（3）“不定代词或数词＋介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句，说明整体中的一部分。
Last week， only two people came to look at the house， neither of whom wanted to buy it.
上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。
（4）“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”可替换为“whose＋名词”，引导定语从句。
The house， the windows of which/of which the windows/whose windows were damaged， has now been repaired.
那所窗子遭到破坏的房子现在已经修好了。
五、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
和先行词的关系密切，如果省略，主句意义往往不完整 和先行词关系并不十分密切（起补充说明的作用，删除后不影响整个句子意义的表达）
主句和从句不用逗号隔开 主句和从句用逗号隔开
只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分
He is the man who came to see you yesterday.
他是昨天来看你的那个人。
The sports meeting was put off， which astonished us.
运动会推迟了，这让我们很吃惊。
2.as/which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整个主句或主句的一部分 可放在句首、句中或句尾，意为“正如……，正像……”；从句的谓语动词多为see、know、expect、say、mention、report等
which 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，也可修饰先行词 只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等；which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系
As we all know， smoking is harmful to health.
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
He finished the task ahead of time， which is very important to us.
他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。
3.非限制性定语从句与并列句的识别
非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开，并且不能加入and、but、so等连接词。并列句一般由and、but、so、or等词连接。
He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， and most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
他付给那个男孩10美元擦窗户，大部分窗户至少有一年没擦了。
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①Trading leather shoes is the business .
皮鞋生意是格林一家致力于的事业。
② ， talks between the two countries are making progress.
正如报纸上报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在取得进展。
③I will never forget the day .
我永远不会忘记我被大学录取的那一天。
④He has a lot of friends， when he is in trouble.
他有许多朋友，当他遇到麻烦时有一些朋友会给他提供帮助。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
preference n.偏爱；偏爱的事物
【教材原句】 Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a preference for the direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to the point.
现在，当我与偏爱直接风格的美国人交谈时，我发现我常常无法直接切入要点。
【用法】
（1）have/show a preference for 喜好……，偏爱…… （2）prefer v. 较喜欢，更喜欢 prefer to do/doing sth 更喜欢做某事 prefer sb to do sth 宁愿某人做某事 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
【佳句】 I like pop music while my sister has a preference for classic music.
我喜欢流行音乐，而我妹妹偏爱古典音乐。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I prefer （exercise） at home， and it seems that I am always going on a diet.
②Nowadays a lot of teenagers prefer （surf） the Internet at home to taking exercise outdoors.
【写美】 一句多译
③她宁愿步行去上班也不愿开车。
→
（prefer to do ...rather than do ...）
→
（would rather do ...than do ...）
intention n.意图，计划
【教材原句】 Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them.
那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他人，这种情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。
【用法】
（1）have no intention of doing sth 不打算做某事 with the intention of doing/to do ... 抱有做……的目的/打算 （2）intend v. 打算；计划；想要 intend to do/doing sth 打算/想要做某事 intend sb to do sth 打算让某人做某事 had intended to do ...＝intended to have done ... 原本打算做…… be intended for 打算为……所用，专为……而设计的
【佳句】 I start every summer with the best of intentions： to attack one big book from the past， a classic that I was supposed to have read when young and ambitious.
每年夏天， 我都抱有最好的打算：去读一本古书，一本我年轻而雄心勃勃时就应该读的经典之作。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I intended （visit） him， but I was afraid I would disturb him.
②This book （intend） for primary and middle school students， aged between 6 and 18.
③We come here with the （intend） of getting knowledge.
④His father intended him （study） medicine but he decided to join the army.
⑤I （intend） to visit you last night， but it rained.
【写美】 句式升级
⑥The university is known for its language and culture courses which are intended for international students.
→The university is known for its language and culture courses .（分词作定语）
correspond vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信
【教材原句】 This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”.
这是因为汉语中与“伞”对应的单词听起来像另一个汉语单词，意思是“分开”。
【用法】
（1）correspond to/with 和……相一致，相符合 correspond with sb 和某人通信 （2）correspondence n. 一致，符合；通信联系；来往信件 in correspondence with 与……有通信联系；与……一致 （3）corresponding adj. 符合的；相应的；相关的
【佳句】 I corresponded with Mary in the past several months when she took care of my mother.在玛丽照顾我母亲的这几个月里，我和她一直通信。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I have to inform you that the goods do not correspond the samples you sent me.
②All rights carry with them （correspond） responsibilities.
③What she has just said isn’t in （correspond） with the views of the majority.
【写美】 完成句子
④The way went from letters to emails.
我们彼此通信的方式从书信变成邮件。
behave vi.& vt.表现得体，有礼貌；表现
【教材原句】 If you know what to avoid and how to behave， you will spare yourself embarrassment.
如果你知道避免什么和如何表现得体，你就会使自己免于尴尬。
【用法】
（1）behave well/badly to/towards sb 对待某人好/差 behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体 （2）well-behaved adj. 表现好的 badly-behaved adj. 表现差的 （3）behaviour n. 举止，行为 be on one’s best behaviour 尽量表现得体
【佳句】 Students should be encouraged to develop good habits and better behave themselves.应当鼓励学生养成良好的习惯，表现更加得体。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①They behaved badly me at the party， which made me very angry.
②It is not right for some parents to control the （behave） of their children.
③You’d better be your best behaviour or else you’ll be in deep trouble when Mom gets home.
【写美】 完成句子
④My mother asked me to .
我母亲要求我在客人面前举止得体。
Part Ⅱ 中频词汇特训
embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的
【教材原句】 Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them.
那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他人，这种情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。
【用法】
（1）be embarrassed to do sth 做某事而感到尴尬 be embarrassed about/at sth 因某事而窘迫 （2）embarrass vt. 使窘迫，使尴尬 （3）embarrassing adj. 让人难堪（尴尬、害羞）的 （4）embarrassment n. 窘迫，难堪；使人为难的处境 to one’s embarrassment 使某人感到尴尬的是
【佳句】 The embarrassing occasion embarrassed him so much that he felt very embarrassed and an embarrassed expression appeared on his face.
这个尴尬的场合使他很尴尬，他感到非常尴尬，他脸上露出了尴尬的表情。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I would have liked him to give me a hand， but found it （embarrass） to ask.
②The girl felt （embarrass） at being the centre of attention.
③To avoid the （embarrass）， the girl pretended that nothing had happened and continued working on her computer.
【写美】 完成句子
④He people speak so highly of him.
他听见别人这样赞扬他，感到很尴尬。
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）逗号 1、3 （2）逗号 2、4、5、6 that
即时演练1
①which ②who/that ③whose ④that ⑤that
⑥that/which
即时演练2
①when I first met him
②where states were often at war with each other
③why my favourite sport is playing basketball
即时演练3
①to which the Greens are devoted ②As is reported in the newspapers ③when/on which I was admitted into a university ④some of whom will offer help to him
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①to exercise/exercising ②surfing
③She prefers to walk to work rather than drive a car.
She would rather walk to work than drive a car.
2.①to visit/visiting ②is intended ③intention ④to study
⑤had intended ⑥intended for international students
3.①to/with ②corresponding ③correspondence
④we corresponded with each other
4.①to/towards ②behaviour ③on④behave myself before the guests
Part Ⅱ
①embarrassing ②embarrassed ③embarrassment④was very embarrassed to hear
8 / 8(共103张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
核心知识·巧突破
3
课时检测·提能力
重难语法 · 要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
定语从句复习
阅读下列句子并体会加蓝部分的用法。
1. Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries that are
separated by a common language.
2. I spent one term in the UK，where the greatest challenge was the
indirect manner of speaking.
3. There were times when questions like “...would be met with the
reply ...” ...way of communicating.
4. So polite， in fact， that they will sometimes say the complete
opposite of what they really mean： a common opinion is “It’s not
bad”，which usually translates as “It’s awful”.
5. Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a preference for the
direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to the point.
6. As my experiences clearly show， learning a language is just the
beginning！
【我的发现】
（1）限制性定语从句指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句，对修饰
的对象加以限制。在从句中，关系代词或关系副词前没有
，如句 。
（2）非限制性定语从句往往是对先行词或整个主句的补充说明，通
常用 与主句隔开，如句 。 不能
用来引导非限制性定语从句。
逗
号
1、3
逗号
2、4、5、6
that
一、引导定语从句的关系代词
1. 引导定语从句的常用关系代词的用法
关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
We’ll reach the sales target in a month which/that we set at the
beginning of the year.
我们将在一个月内完成年初定下的销售目标。
However， because of poverty，Nolan has to leave high school and
find a job， whose life is full of ups and downs.
然而，由于贫困，诺兰不得不从高中辍学去找工作，他的生活充满
了起起落落。
This woman has set a good example to her son，who is a really lucky
guy.
这位女士给她的儿子树立了一个好榜样，他是一个非常幸运的
小伙子。
2. 关系代词that和which的用法区别
只用
that 的情
况 先行词是all、much、few、little、everything、anything、
nothing、none、the one等不定代词时
先行词被any、few、little、much、some、no等词修饰或被the only、the very、the same、the last等修饰时
先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时
先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词对其进行修饰时
先行词既指人又指物时
主句是以who、which、what等开头的特殊疑问句时
只用
which 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that
介词后用which，不用that
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
We should do everything that is useful to the people.
我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。
This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.
这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。
Which is the kindergarten that you used to be studying in？
你以前在哪个幼儿园上学？
I bought a great many books， on which I spent all my money that I
saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我所有的积蓄。
①The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp， was
surrounded by a high wire fence.
②The man is sitting in the front row is our English
teacher.
③He lives in a big house window faces the sea.
④Is there anything else you asked me to do for you？
⑤This is one of the most exciting basketball games my
nephew has ever seen.
⑥The little problems we meet in our daily lives may be
inspirations for great inventions.
which
who/that
whose
that
that
that/which
【即时演练1】 单句语法填空
二、引导定语从句的关系副词
关系副词 先行词 在从句中
所作的成分
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词或抽象地点名词（situation、point、activity、case、stage等） 地点状语
why the reason 原因状语
I will never forget the day when （＝on which） we moved into our new
house.
我永远不会忘记我们搬进新家的那一天。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where （＝in
which） they can gain experience for growth.
学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
He didn’t know the reason why （＝for which） he was dismissed.
他不知道他为什么被解雇了。
【即时演练2】 完成句子
①The time was a very difficult period of my
life.
第一次见到他的时候，是我一生中非常艰难的时期。
②Ancient China was a place
.
古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。
when I first met him
where states were often at war with each
other
③The reason is that it
has been giving me strength to face the challenges in my life.
我最喜爱的体育运动是打篮球，原因是它一直给我力量来面对生活中
的挑战。
why my favourite sport is playing basketball
三、定语从句中关系词的选用
方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是
及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。
方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分（主、宾、定、
状、表），也能正确选择出是用关系代词还是关系副词。
关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语时，应用关系代词
（who、whom、that、which、whose、as）；关系词在从句中作状语
时，应用关系副词（where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原
因状语）。
The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father.
昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
这是我去年待过的山村。
四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
1. “介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法
方法一：根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。
方法二：根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。
方法三：根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。
The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没有房子住。
I don’t know the reason for which he was late for school.我不知道他为
什么上学迟到。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。
2. “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句注意事项
（1）“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或
whom。
Do you know the man with whom Mr Black talked just now？
你认识刚才和布莱克先生说话的那个人吗？
（2）关系副词where、when、why有时可以用“介词＋关系代词”
替换，介词取决于先行词及“介词＋which”在从句中所作的
成分，why只能用for which替换。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
＝This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。
（3）“不定代词或数词＋介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句，
说明整体中的一部分。
Last week， only two people came to look at the house， neither
of whom wanted to buy it.
上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。
（4）“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”可替换为
“whose＋名词”，引导定语从句。
The house， the windows of which/of which the
windows/whose windows were damaged， has now been repaired.
那所窗子遭到破坏的房子现在已经修好了。
五、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
和先行词的关系密切，如果省
略，主句意义往往不完整 和先行词关系并不十分密切（起补
充说明的作用，删除后不影响整个
句子意义的表达）
主句和从句不用逗号隔开 主句和从句用逗号隔开
只可以修饰先行词，不可以修
饰主句或主句的一部分 既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整
个主句或主句的一部分
He is the man who came to see you yesterday.
他是昨天来看你的那个人。
The sports meeting was put off， which astonished us.
运动会推迟了，这让我们很吃惊。
2. as/which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as 引导非限制性定语从句
时，修饰整个主句或主
句的一部分 可放在句首、句中或句尾，意为“正
如……，正像……”；从句的谓语动词
多为see、know、expect、say、
mention、report等
w
hi
ch 引导非限制性定语从句
时，修饰整个主句或主
句的一部分，也可修饰
先行词 只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这
件事”等；which引导的从句与主句之
间常含有并列或因果关系
As we all know， smoking is harmful to health.
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
He finished the task ahead of time， which is very important to us.
他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。
3. 非限制性定语从句与并列句的识别
非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开，并且不能加入and、
but、so等连接词。并列句一般由and、but、so、or等词连接。
He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， most of which
hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， and most of them
hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
他付给那个男孩10美元擦窗户，大部分窗户至少有一年没擦了。
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①Trading leather shoes is the business
.
皮鞋生意是格林一家致力于的事业。
② ， talks between the two countries
are making progress.
正如报纸上报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在取得进展。
to which the Greens are
devoted
As is reported in the newspapers
③I will never forget the day
.
我永远不会忘记我被大学录取的那一天。
④He has a lot of friends， when
he is in trouble.
他有许多朋友，当他遇到麻烦时有一些朋友会给他提供帮助。
when/on which I was admitted into a
university
some of whom will offer help to him
核心知识·巧突破
探究课堂重点
2
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
preference n.偏爱；偏爱的事物
【教材原句】 Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a
preference for the direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to
the point.
现在，当我与偏爱直接风格的美国人交谈时，我发现我常常无法直接
切入要点。
【用法】
（1）have/show a preference for 喜好……，偏爱……
（2）prefer v. 较喜欢，更喜欢
prefer to do/doing sth 更喜欢做某事
prefer sb to do sth 宁愿某人做某事
宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
【佳句】 I like pop music while my sister has a preference for classic
music.
我喜欢流行音乐，而我妹妹偏爱古典音乐。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I prefer （exercise） at home， and it seems
that I am always going on a diet.
②Nowadays a lot of teenagers prefer （surf） the Internet at
home to taking exercise outdoors.
to exercise/exercising
surfing
【写美】 一句多译
③她宁愿步行去上班也不愿开车。
→ （prefer to
do ...rather than do ...）
→ （would rather
do ...than do ...）
She prefers to walk to work rather than drive a car.
She would rather walk to work than drive a car.
intention n.意图，计划
【教材原句】 Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or
embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the
situation will also be awkward for the people around them.
那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他
人，这种情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。
【用法】
（1）have no intention of doing sth 不打算做某事
with the intention of doing/to do ... 抱有做……的目的/打算
（2）intend v. 打算；计划；想要
intend to do/doing sth 打算/想要做某事
intend sb to do sth 打算让某人做某事
had intended to do ...＝intended to have done ... 原本打算做……
be intended for 打算为……所用，专为……而设计的
【佳句】 I start every summer with the best of intentions： to attack
one big book from the past， a classic that I was supposed to have read
when young and ambitious.
每年夏天， 我都抱有最好的打算：去读一本古书，一本我年轻而雄心
勃勃时就应该读的经典之作。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I intended （visit） him， but I was afraid I would
disturb him.
②This book （intend） for primary and middle school
students， aged between 6 and 18.
③We come here with the （intend） of getting knowledge.
④His father intended him （study） medicine but he
decided to join the army.
⑤I （intend） to visit you last night， but it rained.
to visit/visiting
is intended
intention
to study
had intended
【写美】 句式升级
⑥The university is known for its language and culture courses which are
intended for international students.
→The university is known for its language and culture courses
.（分词作定语）
intended
for international students
correspond vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信
【教材原句】 This is because the word that corresponds to
“umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means
“to separate”.这是因为汉语中与“伞”对应的单词听起来像另一个
汉语单词，意思是“分开”。
【用法】
（1）correspond to/with 和……相一致，相符合
correspond with sb 和某人通信
（2）correspondence n. 一致，符合；通信联系；来往信件
in correspondence with 与……有通信联系；
与……一致
（3）corresponding adj. 符合的；相应的；相关的
【佳句】 I corresponded with Mary in the past several months when
she took care of my mother.
在玛丽照顾我母亲的这几个月里，我和她一直通信。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I have to inform you that the goods do not correspond the
samples you sent me.
②All rights carry with them （correspond）
responsibilities.
③What she has just said isn’t in （correspond）
with the views of the majority.
to/with
corresponding
correspondence
【写美】 完成句子
④The way went from letters to
emails.
我们彼此通信的方式从书信变成邮件。
we corresponded with each other
behave vi.& vt.表现得体，有礼貌；表现
【教材原句】 If you know what to avoid and how to behave， you will
spare yourself embarrassment.
如果你知道避免什么和如何表现得体，你就会使自己免于尴尬。
【用法】
（1）behave well/badly to/towards sb 对待某人好/差
behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体
（2）well-behaved adj. 表现好的
badly-behaved adj. 表现差的
（3）behaviour n. 举止，行为
be on one’s best behaviour 尽量表现得体
【练透】 单句语法填空
①They behaved badly me at the party， which made me
very angry.
②It is not right for some parents to control the （behave）
of their children.
③You’d better be your best behaviour or else you’ll be in deep
trouble when Mom gets home.
【佳句】 Students should be encouraged to develop good habits and
better behave themselves.
应当鼓励学生养成良好的习惯，表现更加得体。
to/towards
behaviour
on
【写美】 完成句子
④My mother asked me to .
我母亲要求我在客人面前举止得体。
behave myself before the guests
Part Ⅱ 中频词汇特训
embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的
【教材原句】 Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or
embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the
situation will also be awkward for the people around them.
那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他
人，这种情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。
【用法】
（1）be embarrassed to do sth 做某事而感到尴尬
be embarrassed about/at sth 因某事而窘迫
（2）embarrass vt. 使窘迫，使尴尬
（3）embarrassing adj. 让人难堪（尴尬、害羞）的
（4）embarrassment n. 窘迫，难堪；使人为难的处境
to one’s embarrassment 使某人感到尴尬的是
【佳句】 The embarrassing occasion embarrassed him so much that
he felt very embarrassed and an embarrassed expression appeared on his
face.
这个尴尬的场合使他很尴尬，他感到非常尴尬，他脸上露出了尴尬的
表情。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I would have liked him to give me a hand， but found
it （embarrass） to ask.
②The girl felt （embarrass） at being the centre of
attention.
③To avoid the （embarrass）， the girl pretended
that nothing had happened and continued working on her computer.
embarrassing
embarrassed
embarrassment
【写美】 完成句子
④He people speak so highly of him.
他听见别人这样赞扬他，感到很尴尬。
was very embarrassed to hear
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
用正确的关系词填空。
1. The reason he was late was that his car broke down on the
way.
2. I know a girl father works in our community.
3. We don’t know the number of people lost their homes in
the disaster.
why
whose
who/that
4. He was late for the opening ceremony， was very surprising
to me.
5. All the presents your friends gave you on your birthday
should be put away.
6. She is such a girl is always finding fault with other people.
7. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry
tears， none of has been proved.
8. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy
atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.
which
（that）
as
which
where
9. I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this
book and know my feelings for her.
10. This is my best friend， for I want to buy a present
because it is his birthday tomorrow.
when
whom
维度二：语法与写作
用定语从句完成下列句子。
1. ， getting close to nature is beneficial to our
health.
我们都知道，亲近大自然对我们的健康有益。
2. After graduation， he returned to the small town
.
毕业以后，他回到了那个他长大的小镇上。
As we all know
where/in which he
grew up
3. I will never forget the day
.
我永远不会忘记我们参观故宫那一天。
4. The girl handed everything in the street to
the police.
这个女孩把她在街上捡到的一切都交给了警察。
5. The man yesterday lives in the room next
to me.
昨天做演讲的那个男人住在我旁边的房间。
when/on which we visited the Palace
Museum
that she had picked up
who/that made a speech
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面短文，用适当的关系词填空。
Tai Dong is a small city in south-east Taiwan 1. I grew
up.My family moved there from Taipei the summer 2. I was
born. The house 3. I grew up was on a main street in Tai
Dong. It was a nice house with a big garden 4. there were a
lot of nice flowers. My father sold tea， and my mother had a small
restaurant 5. there were always many customers. A cousin
of mine 6. family I visited every summer lived with us. He
was an apprentice （学徒） 7. my father was
teaching the tea business to.
where
when
where
where
where
whose
who/whom/that
On the first floor of our house， we had a huge kitchen 8. we
all gathered for dinner. I will never forget the happy days 9. we
were eating and talking happily. The bedrooms were upstairs. My brother
and my cousin slept in one bedroom. I slept in another 10.
I shared with Polly， the smartest bird that I had ever seen.
where
when
which/that
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
When I worked as a global media coordinator （协调人） for the
United Nations several years ago， I organized biweekly conference
calls， during which I would ask my colleagues around the world to
provide information by particular deadlines.My colleagues almost always
responded with a yes.But all too often， the deadlines came and went
without the requested material.Finally， my South African boss had to
explain what would never have occurred to me： In many cultures， it is
rude to say no.So some people would say yes to anything I asked，
regardless of whether they had any intention of delivering.
If communicating internally at the UN was challenging， interacting
with the outside world was much harder.How would we reach people in
places where newspapers and televisions are still not widely available？
How could we generate media coverage there？ Communicating globally
may require changing the way you interview senior communication
professionals in 31 countries about how they help clients modify their
messages and strategies for particular cultures.I have found that some of
the biggest factors to consider when communicating in a new culture
involve emotion， context and social expectations.
As an example of emotional differences， if I were to do a media
interview in the US and became visibly angry at a reporter’s question， I
would be seen as unstable.By contrast， in the Middle East， when
people are talking about a heated issue， they tend to display powerful
feelings — those who stay cool and calm while discussing such a problem
may be viewed as untrustworthy.
Another big cultural difference revolves round the level of
“context” provided in a conversation.As an American，I am what is
known as a low-context communicator （who communicates information
in a direct manner that relies mainly on words rather than contextual
elements such as tones and body language）， so if I want something
done， I say so frankly.In high-context cultures， as in Asia， people
may do the opposite.You have to pick up on body language， tones， and
other contextual cues to realize that your colleague who just said yes to you
has actually communicated that she does not agree to your plan.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者结合自身经历，讲述了不同文
化之间的差异给人际沟通带来的影响。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者结合自身经历，讲述了不同文
化之间的差异给人际沟通带来的影响。
1. How did the author probably feel about those colleagues according to
Paragraph 1？（ ）
A. Confused and upset.
B. Ashamed and guilty.
C. Satisfied and delighted.
D. Doubtful and angry.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的My colleagues almost
always responded with a yes.But all too often， the deadlines came
and went without the requested material.可知，同事答应作者的事情
没有兑现，因此，作者肯定会感到不快；又根据最后两句可知，如
果不是来自南非的老板对此进行解释，作者会一直感到困惑，不明
白同事们为什么会这么做。由此可知，作者对那些同事可能感到困
惑和不快。
2. What is often expected in the Middle East when people discuss heated
issues？（ ）
A. Mild body language.
B. Remarkable criticism.
C. Emotional responses.
D. Confident evaluation.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的By contrast ...may be
viewed as untrustworthy.可知，当讨论到热点问题时，中东地区的
人往往会表现出强烈的情感回应。
3. What can we infer from the colleague mentioned in the last paragraph？
（ ）
A. She may be from the United States.
B. She may prefer to speak in a direct way.
C. She may be a high-context communicator.
D. She may be influenced by low-context cultures.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，这位同事表
达她的想法不是直接用语言，而是通过肢体语言、语气和其他与情
境有关的提示。所以，她可能是一个高语境沟通者。
4. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows？
（ ）
A. The main content of the author’s book.
B. Cultural differences of social expectations.
C. Different meanings of “yes” in different cultures.
D. Important skills of communicating with colleagues.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的I have found that ...
involve emotion， context and social expectations.可推知，在文章中
作者可能会分别讨论上面提到的这些因素，而第三段讲的是情感因
素，第四段讲的是语境因素。由此可以推断，在接下来的段落中最
有可能讨论社会期望方面的文化差异。
B
（2024·江苏扬州月考）When “irregardless” was included in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary， it caused wide
disagreements.“Irregardless” has been in widespread and near-constant
use since 1795， when a newspaper called The Charleston City Gazette of
Charleston Ga first used it.“We do not make the English language， and
we merely record it，” the dictionary’s staff wrote in “Words of the
Week”.
The word’s definition， when we read it， would seem to be：
without without regard.However， Merriam-Webster defines
“irregardless” as “nonstandard” but meaning the same as
“regardless”.According to Merriam-Webster， “Many people find
‘irregardless’ to be a ridiculous word， as the ir-prefix usually indicates
negative meaning； however， in this case， it appears to make the
meaning of ‘regardless’ stronger.”
“It’s not a real word.I don’t care what the dictionary says，”
responds author Michelle Ray， who teaches English in Silver Spring，
Maryland.And she says she’s still planning to mark “irregardless” as
incorrect on her students’ work.
An American newspaper The Baltimore Sun published the word in
editor John McIntyre’s commentary on Saturday，“‘Irregardless’ is
too a word； you just don’t understand dictionaries.People get upset
about the dictionary because they think it is some sort of the official
document.But actually， it’s not.It’s just lexicographers （词典编纂
者） identifying words that people use and trying to find out how they are
spelt， how they are pronounced， what meanings they have and where
they came from.”
“The dictionary’s recognition doesn’t enrol a word as correct in
the English language，” McIntyre says.“It just says this is a word that a
lot of people use in English.And here’s what we know about it.” So
it’s a word， but its use is still discouraged in formal writing.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了“irregardless”被收
录进了《韦氏词典》，引起了广泛的争议，还介绍了这一单词被使
用的历史以及人们对此的不同看法。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了“irregardless”被收
录进了《韦氏词典》，引起了广泛的争议，还介绍了这一单词被使
用的历史以及人们对此的不同看法。
5. What’s the function of the first paragraph？（ ）
A. To lead in the topic.
B. To criticize the use of “irregardless”.
C. To introduce a new word.
D. To make a definition of “irregardless”.
解析： 推理判断题。第一段主要介绍了“irregardless”一词从
1795年起就一直被广泛使用，下文介绍了这个词在《韦氏词典》中
的释义，人们对该词的看法以及该词的应用。由此可知，第一段的
作用是引入关于“irregardless”一词的话题。
6. What is McIntyre’s attitude to the appearance of “irregardless” in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary？（ ）
A. Conservative. B. Favourable.
C. Indifferent. D. Ambiguous.
解析： 观点态度题。根据第四段中的“Irregardless” is too a
word； you just don’t understand dictionaries.可知，麦金太尔认为
“irregardless”的确是一个单词，只是我们对词典的理解不够。由
此可知，麦金太尔对《韦氏词典》中“irregardless”的出现持支持
态度。
7. What can we learn from the passage？（ ）
A. The dictionary’s staff rarely record the English language.
B. Michelle Ray thinks the use of “irregardless” formal but incorrect.
C. People are still not encouraged to use “irregardless” in formal
writing.
D. “Irregardless” had been in widespread and near-constant use before
1795.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的So it’s a word， but its
use is still discouraged in formal writing.可知，irregardless虽然是一
个单词，但不鼓励人们在正式的写作中使用它。
8. What can be the best title for the passage？（ ）
A. “Irregardless” Is Frequently Used in Formal Writing
B. “Irregardless” Shouldn’t Be Included in the Dictionary
C. Experts Can’t Agree on the Meaning of “Irregardless”
D. Regardless of What You Think， “Irregardless” Is a Word
解析： 标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了“irregardless”被收录进
了《韦氏词典》，引起了广泛的争议，还介绍了这一单词被使用的
历史以及人们对此的不同看法。因此，D项（不管你怎么想，
“irregardless”是一个单词）是本文最佳标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
There are mental health benefits to having friends who knew you
before you became a successful adult.9.（ ） They know when
you’re in high spirits and when you’re tired out.Maybe your friend
encouraged you to do something you didn’t dare to do.Maybe you
helped your friend learn how to drive.These memories probably form a
huge part of who you are.
Valuing friendship is associated with better health， greater happiness
and higher levels of wellbeing across cultures.Also， according to
findings published in Psychological Science， boys who spent more time
with friends as children tended to have lower blood pressure when they
became men in their early thirties.10.（ ）
Childhood friends view us in a way that might be frozen in time.12.
（ ） Maybe you even internalized the label.You therefore struggle
with the confidence and the high self-esteem （自尊心） necessary to
move into a new field.
However， sometimes these friends， knowingly or unknowingly，
limit our growth.Let’s say you weren’t great at academics and hit it big
when it came to sports in primary school.While your brother was called
“the brains”， you were labeled “the athletic one”. Your athletic
ambitions didn’t result in your becoming a star sports figure.11.
（ ） But you really want to do something else now.
13. （ ） Sometimes you lose them through no choice of your
own.It might feel like losing a part of your old self.Value and keep the
childhood friends who live a healthy life and support you in a positive and
balanced manner.
A. It’s easy to make friends.
B. Your friends helped shape you.
C. That idea might restrict you and box you in.
D. You can be sympathetic， but know your limits.
E. Letting go of a childhood friend is especially hard.
F. Therefore， you pursued a career as a personal trainer at a local fitness
center.
G. So， time spent with childhood friends is related to physical health
even in adulthood.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。随着年龄的增长，我们是否还应该
维持儿时的友谊？
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。随着年龄的增长，我们是否还应该
维持儿时的友谊？
9. B 上文说到拥有儿时的朋友对心理健康有益，由此推断，设空处
说的应该是拥有儿时朋友的益处，故B项符合语境。设空后的form a
huge part of who you are与B项中的helped shape you相呼应。
10. G 设空前说到调查结果显示，童年时与朋友待的时间长的男孩
到了三十多岁后血压更低，由此可知，儿时的友谊对身体健康也有好
处，故G项符合语境。
11. F 设空前说到运动方面的雄心壮志并没有使你成为体坛明星，设
空后说到你想干点别的事情，F项符合语境。trainer、fitness与上文中
的athletic构成词汇同现。本段中hit it big意为“非常成功”， the
brains意为“智力超群的人”。
12. C 设空前说到儿时的朋友会以一成不变的眼光看待我们，设空
后说到那些标签会使我们缺乏自信开拓新的领域。由此推断，设空处
说的应该是那种一成不变的眼光对我们的负面影响。C项中的box you
in意为“阻碍，禁锢”。
13. E 上文说到有时儿时的友谊会妨碍我们的发展，下文说到要珍
惜对我们有积极影响的朋友，故E项符合语境。下文It might feel like
losing a part of your old self.是对设空处的进一步解释。
Ⅲ.完形填空
Tom McKenna had been a firefighter for nine years when he took on a
part-time job at Iroquois High School in Louisville， Kentucky.He
knew 14 would take a lot of work， but he never imagined that he’d
become a 15 in the process.
The first day McKenna arrived at the school in 2015， he
immediately felt 16 by then-16-year-old Brandon Reed.The student
athlete showed him around and made him 17 .“He had a
strong 18 to succeed，” says McKenna.“ 19 ， I wanted to
help make him the best wrestler.”
It quickly became 20 that Reed and his fellow students， who
lived in a low-income area， had 21 resources.Coach McKenna
drove Reed to meets and practices and got him part-time work.He even
made 22 for Reed during his 75-hour work weeks at the firehouse，
where he’d cook healthy meals for the teenager.
At the end of the school year， when McKenna decided to 23 to
Taylorsville， Kentucky， with his wife， he invited Reed to come with
them.The two didn’t just train together.McKenna taught Reed how to
drive， manage money and learn to be 24 .As was expected，
Reed 25 during his senior year.With McKenna’s 26 and
encouragement， he earned a full scholarship to Lindsey Wilson College
in Columbia， Kentucky， where he won the National Association of
Intercollegiate Athletics Championship.When Reed 27 everything
McKenna did for him， he says he’s “beyond 28 ”.“I don’t
know where I would be without him，” says Reed.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了消防员McKenna教一名
中学生练习摔跤期间与他结下的深厚友谊。
14. A. rescuing B. consulting
C. searching D. coaching
解析： 根据下文Coach McKenna可知，McKenna在这所学校做
兼职教练，他知道当教练会花费很多精力。本空与下文中的
Coach是原词复现。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了消防员McKenna教一名
中学生练习摔跤期间与他结下的深厚友谊。
15. A. first-aider B. stepfather
C. father-figure D. statesman
解析： 根据下文McKenna drove Reed to meets and practices、
cook healthy meals for the teenager、taught Reed how to drive，
manage money可知，McKenna不仅教Reed摔跤，还在生活上照顾
他。father-figure意为“父亲般的人，受尊敬的人”。
16. A. persuaded B. welcomed
C. interrupted D. guarded
解析：B 根据下文showed him around可知，McKenna到达学校的
第一天受到了Reed的欢迎。
17. A. forget his pain B. get into trouble
C. change his mind D. feel at home
解析： McKenna第一天来到这所学校时，Reed非常热情地带
他参观，让McKenna觉得不拘束。
18. A. drive B. option
C. influence D. position
解析： 根据下文I wanted to help make him the best wrestler可推
断，Reed有强烈的取得成功的愿望，所以McKenna想帮助他。
19. A. Besides B. Nevertheless
C. Therefore D. Instead
解析： 参见上题解析。
20. A. bearable B. apparent
C. complicated D. helpless
解析： 根据下文Coach McKenna ...got him part-time work.可
推断，McKenna很快就了解到Reed和他的同学的处境，并帮助他
找到了兼职。
21. A. teaching B. extra
C. physical D. limited
解析： 根据上文a low-income area可推断，Reed家经济条
件有限。resources在此意为“财力”。low-income与limited构
成词汇同现。
22. A. room B. money C. time D. way
解析： 根据下文where he’d cook healthy meals for the teenager
可知，McKenna甚至在工作之余为Reed做饭。make time for意为
“为……抽出时间”。
23. A. relocate B. refer
C. apply D. walk
解析： 根据上文Louisville， Kentucky及下文中的invited Reed
to come with them可推断，McKenna搬家了。
24. A. free B. sensitive
C. generous D. independent
解析： 根据上文McKenna taught Reed how to drive， manage
money可知，McKenna在教Reed生活中用到的各种技能，使他学
会独立。
25. A. returned B. dropped
C. shone D. recovered
解析： 根据下文a full scholarship to Lindsey Wilson College可推
断，Reed在高年级时变得出类拔萃。
26. A. control B. guidance
C. pressure D. recommendation
解析： 根据上文taught Reed how to drive， manage money可
知，在McKenna的指导和鼓励下，Reed获得了大学奖学金。
guidance与taught、encouragement构成词汇同现。
27. A. checks in B. adds to
C. looks back on D. makes up for
解析： 根据空后everything McKenna did for him可知，Reed获
得大学奖学金、在摔跤比赛中夺冠后，回顾McKenna为他所做的
一切。
28. A. grateful B. hopeful
C. pitiful D. thoughtful
解析： 根据下文I don’t know where I would be without him可
知，Reed对McKenna充满了感激。
Ⅳ.语法填空
English is full of loanwords （外来词） from other languages，
mostly from Latin or French.But did you know that there are also several
English words 29. come from Chinese？ Now let’s dive
in and learn some of them.
To start with， Chinese restaurants are found all over the world， so
it should come as no surprise that a lot of Chinese loanwords in English are
30. （relate） to food， such as wonton， dim sum， and
lychee.Perhaps the most interesting word on that list is
ketchup.31. is hard to believe that something so American
32. （actual） has its roots in China’s Fujian
Province.Back in the day， the Chinese made a kind of fish sauce.This
sauce in the Southern Min dialect （闽南语）
33. （call） something like “ke-tchup”“ge-tchup” or “kue-chiap” in the 18th century， 34. （depend） on the dialect.It wasn’t until the 19th century that people first attempted
35. （add） tomato to ketchup.
The influence of Chinese on English words 36. （extend） far beyond the kitchen.There are several Chinese words that are just too difficult to translate into English， so the original ones are used， such as typhoon， tai chi， kung fu， and mahjong.Many key 37. （element） of Chinese culture are better left said in
the Chinese way， after all！
As you can see， Chinese has made its mark on the English language
with quite 38. few words and expressions.Do you know of
any other English words of Chinese origin？
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简单介绍了一些英文单词源自
汉语的语言现象。
29. that/which 考查定语从句。设空处引导限制性定语从句，指代先
行词several English words，且在从句中作主语，故填that/which。
30. related 考查词形转换。设空处在句中作表语，应用形容词，表
示“有关系的”，故填related。
31. It 考查it的用法。设空处作形式主语，句中的真正主语是to
believe that ...，故填It。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简单介绍了一些英文单词源自
汉语的语言现象。
32. actually 考查词形转换。设空处在句中作状语，应用副词，故填
actually。
33. was called 考查动词的时态和语态。This sauce与call之间为被动
关系，应用被动语态，且根据后面的in the 18th century可知，应用一
般过去时，故填was called。
34. depending 考查固定搭配。depending on为固定搭配，意为“依
附，取决于”，在句中作状语，故填depending。
35. to add 考查非谓语动词。attempt to do sth 表示“尝试做某事”，
故填to add。
36. extends 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处是对
客观事实的描述，应用一般现在时，又因设空处在句中作谓语，主语
为The influence of Chinese on English words，故填extends。
37. elements 考查名词复数。element为可数名词，意为“要素，特
色”，在此表泛指，且前面有Many修饰，故填elements。
38. a 考查固定搭配。quite a few为固定搭配，意为“相当多的”，
故填a。
谢谢观看！
