Section 4 Focus on Language：Relative Clauses (4)—
Defining and Non defining Clauses
课时目标
1.掌握引导定语从句的关系词以及它们的作用和用法。
2.了解限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。
3.能用定语从句表达自己的一些关于保护环境的想法。
初识语法——在美文运用中体悟
I am in a small village in the Carpathian mountains, north of Bucharest, the capital of Romania.I've come to see the brown bears, ①which come to the villages at night to look for food. They walk 20 kilometres a night to get here.It is said that some of the sheep in the village have been killed by bears.But this is unusual.Usually, the bears just take bits of food ②which people have thrown away.
The bears are not afraid of the tourists ③who take photos of them.Those clever bears know the places ④where they can go for their dinner.They jump straight into the rubbish ⑤where there is lots of food ⑥which people have thrown away.
It was on January 3 ⑦when I met the head of the Carpathian Animal Protection Group that he told me that there are only about 2,500 bears left and is worried that they will soon become extinct.The reason ⑧why they are dying out is that rich people from other countries pay a lot of money to come and shoot the bears for sport. ⑨As we know, if the species ⑩whose role is important in nature are extinct, we human beings might become extinct.Therefore, we should protect them.
①处关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词bears；
②⑥处关系代词which引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词food，which在从句中作thrown away的宾语，which可以省略；
③处关系代词who引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词tourists；
④⑤处关系副词where引导限制性定语从句，分别修饰先行词places和rubbish；
⑦处关系副词when引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词January 3；
⑧处关系副词why引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reason；
⑨处关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，as表示“正如，正像”，指代后面的主句的内容；
⑩处关系代词whose引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词species。
慧学语法——运用“形式—意义—使用”三维动态语法观
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.
②(教材典句) In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.
③This is the house which we bought last month.
④The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
[会发现]
观察以上例句，你能找出哪些是非限制性定语从句，哪些是限制性定语从句吗？
[明规则]
1．外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
2．在句中作用不同
(1)限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体、更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意不完整。
(2)非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。
3．关系词不同
限制性定语从句可以由who、whom、that、which、whose、where、when、why等来引导。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who、whom和whose；指物时用which和whose。引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词指时间时用when；指地点时用where。注意关系代词that及关系副词why不可以引导非限制性定语从句。
4．关系代词指代不同
限制性定语从句的关系代词一般指代一个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的关系代词则既可指代一个名词或代词，也可以指代整个主句。
[对点练] (单句语法填空/完成句子)
①(2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ____________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
②(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America ____________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins ...
③(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
④(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)The Digital World is a set of volumes ____________ aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
⑤My father, __________________________， is still a keen cyclist.
我父亲虽然现在七十多岁了，他仍然十分热爱骑自行车。
⑥A five year old boy can speak two foreign languages, _______________________.
一个五岁的男孩会说两种外语，这让在场的所有人都感到惊讶。
二、关系词使用的几种不同情况
1．that、why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
that、why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，而要用which代替that，用for which代替why。
2．关系代词替代情况不同
(1)关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。
(2)在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用that代替 who/whom，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用that代替who/whom。
3．关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省略。
[对点练] (完成句子)
①Shanghai is no longer the city ____________________________.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
②When facing hardships, only those _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ will achieve success.
面对困难时，只有那些自信的人才会获得成功。
③This woman has set a good example to her son, ____________________________.
这位女士给她儿子树立了一个好榜样，他儿子真是个幸运的孩子。
④I have told them the reason, ____________________________________.
我已经告诉他们我没参加聚会的原因了。
三、as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
which as
指代 既可指代整个主句的内容，又可指代主句的一部分 只能指代整个主句的内容
位置 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中
搭配 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see、hear、know、expect、remember等
意思 意为“这一点” 意为“正如……，正像……的那样”
[对点练] (完成句子)
①________________， the earth moves around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
②The player, __________________， achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的那样，这位选手取得了巨大成功。
③The sun heats the Earth, ____________________________________________.
太阳可以使地球变得温暖，这对我们很重要。
④She married again, _________________________________________________.
正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
根据汉语提示用定语从句完成短文
Hi, Anne! I arrived in Sri Lanka last week and I'm staying with the people ①________________________ (我在伦敦遇到的). Sri Lanka is a wonderful place.We visited a national park, ②______________________________________ (它是大象和其他动物的栖息地) that are in danger of extinction. We saw a female elephant ③____________________________________ (她的幼崽只出生了两个小时); but you have to be careful not to get close to the place ④____________________ (有幼崽的地方) or the mother may attack you.
I saw so much wildlife ⑤____________________________________ (关于这些我在书本上读过). My favourite were the giant butterflies ⑥____________________________________ (它们的翅膀是蓝绿相间的). It was yesterday ⑦______________________________ (我们进入森林) where snakes live that I felt worried.Then I understood the reason ⑧__________________________________________________ (我们被告知穿结实的鞋子). ⑨______________ (如你所知), snakes are dangerous.
Section 4 Focus on Language：Relative Clauses (4)—
Defining and Non defining Clauses
慧学语法
一、[对点练] ①as ②where ③who ④that/which
⑤who is now in his seventies
⑥which surprises all the people present
二、[对点练] ①that it used to be ②who are confident
③who is a really lucky boy
④for which I didn't attend the party
三、[对点练] ①As we all know ②as was expected
③which is very important to us ④as we expected
[语境综合应用]
①(who/whom/that) I met in London
②which is home to elephants and other animals
③whose baby was only two hours old
④where there is a baby ⑤about which I had read in books
⑥whose wings were green and blue
⑦when we went into a forest
⑧why we had been told to wear strong shoes ⑨As you know(共54张PPT)
Section 4
Focus on Language：Relative Clauses (4)—
Defining and Non-defining Clauses
课时目标
1.掌握引导定语从句的关系词以及它们的作用和用法。
2.了解限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。
3.能用定语从句表达自己的一些关于保护环境的想法。
课时检测
目 录
(语法项目——非限制性定语从句)
初识语法——在美文运用中体悟
I am in a small village in the Carpathian mountains, north of Bucharest, the capital of Romania.I've come to see the brown bears, ①which come to the villages at night to look for food. They walk 20 kilometres a night to get here.It is said that some of the sheep in the village have been killed by bears.But this is unusual.Usually, the bears just take bits of food ②which people have thrown away.
The bears are not afraid of the tourists ③who take photos of them.Those clever bears know the places ④where they can go for their dinner.They jump straight into the rubbish ⑤where there is lots of food ⑥which people have thrown away.
It was on January 3 ⑦when I met the head of the Carpathian Animal Protection Group that he told me that there are only about 2,500 bears left and is worried that they will soon become extinct.The reason ⑧why they are dying out is that rich people from other countries pay a lot of money to come and shoot the bears for sport. ⑨As we know, if the species ⑩whose role is important in nature are extinct, we human beings might become extinct.Therefore, we should protect them.
①处关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词bears；
②⑥处关系代词which引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词food，which在从句中作thrown away的宾语，which可以省略；
③处关系代词who引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词tourists；
④⑤处关系副词where引导限制性定语从句，分别修饰先行词places和rubbish；
⑦处关系副词when引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词January 3；
⑧处关系副词why引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reason；
⑨处关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，as表示“正如，正像”，指代后面的主句的内容；
⑩处关系代词whose引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词species。
慧学语法——运用“形式—意义— 使用”三维动态语法观
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.
②(教材典句) In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.
③This is the house which we bought last month.
④The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
[会发现]
观察以上例句，你能找出哪些是非限制性定语从句，哪些是限制性定语从句吗？
[明规则]
1．外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
2．在句中作用不同
(1)限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体、更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意不完整。
(2)非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。
3．关系词不同
限制性定语从句可以由who、whom、that、which、whose、where、when、why等来引导。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who、whom和whose；指物时用which和whose。引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词指时间时用when；指地点时用where。注意关系代词that及关系副词why不可以引导非限制性定语从句。
4．关系代词指代不同
限制性定语从句的关系代词一般指代一个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的关系代词则既可指代一个名词或代词，也可以指代整个主句。
[对点练] (单句语法填空/完成句子)
①(2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ___Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
②(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins ...
as
where
③(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1,100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
④(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)The Digital World is a set of volumes ___________aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
who
that/which
⑤My father, ,is still a keen cyclist.
我父亲虽然现在七十多岁了，他仍然十分热爱骑自行车。
⑥A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, .
一个五岁的男孩会说两种外语，这让在场的所有人都感到惊讶。
who is now in his seventies
which surprises all the people present
二、关系词使用的几种不同情况
1．that、why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
that、why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，而要用which代替that，用for which代替why。
2．关系代词替代情况不同
(1)关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。
(2)在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用that代替 who/whom，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用that代替who/whom。
3．关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省略。
[对点练] (完成句子)
①Shanghai is no longer the city .
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
②When facing hardships, only those will achieve success.
面对困难时，只有那些自信的人才会获得成功。
that it used to be
who are confident
③This woman has set a good example to her son, .
这位女士给她儿子树立了一个好榜样，他儿子真是个幸运的孩子。
④I have told them the reason, .
我已经告诉他们我没参加聚会的原因了。
who is a really lucky boy
for which I didn't attend the party
三、as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
which as
指代 既可指代整个主句的内容，又可指代主句的一部分 只能指代整个主句的内容
位置 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中
续表
搭配 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see、hear、know、expect、remember等
意思 意为“这一点” 意为“正如……，正像……的那样”
[对点练] (完成句子)
① ，the earth moves around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
②The player, ，achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的那样，这位选手取得了巨大成功。
As we all know
as was expected
③The sun heats the Earth, .
太阳可以使地球变得温暖，这对我们很重要。
④She married again, .
正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
which is very important to us
as we expected
语境综合应用
根据汉语提示用定语从句完成短文
Hi, Anne! I arrived in Sri Lanka last week and I'm staying with the people ① (我在伦敦遇到的). Sri Lanka is a wonderful place.We visited a national park, ②________________________ ________________(它是大象和其他动物的栖息地) that are in danger of extinction. We saw a female elephant ③ (她的幼崽只出生了两个小时); but you have to be careful not to get close to the place ④ (有幼崽的地方) or the mother may attack you.
(who/whom/that) I met in London
which is home to elephants
whose baby was only two hours old
where there is a baby
and other animals
I saw so much wildlife ⑤ (关于这些我在书本上读过). My favourite were the giant butterflies ⑥ (它们的翅膀是蓝绿相间的). It was yesterday ⑦ (我们进入森林) where snakes live that I felt worried.Then I understood the reason ⑧ (我们被告知穿结实的鞋子). ⑨ (如你所知), snakes are dangerous.
about which I had read in books
whose wings were green and blue
when we went into a forest
why we had been told to wear strong shoes
As you know
[语言基础训练]
Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空
1．The film brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that faraway village.
2．China, was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
课时检测
when
which
3．The number of smokers, is reported，has decreased by 17% in just one year.
4．When walking down the street, I came across David, I hadn't seen for years.
5．Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, a conference was to be held.
6．Mr Zhang, is an old friend of mine, came to see me yesterday.
as
whom
where
who
Ⅱ.用定语从句将下面句子合并成复合句
1．I've never heard of the people and things. You talked about them just now.
→I've never heard of the people and things .
2．You are asking a question. The question is the only one that hasn't been answered.
→The question (that/which) is the only one that hasn't been answered.
that you talked about just now
you are asking
3．We visited the museum last Sunday. The museum is being decorated now.
→The museum is being decorated now.
4．That evening I ended up working very late. I will tell you more about it later.
→That evening, ,I ended up working very late.
(that/which) we visited last Sunday
which I will tell you more about later
5．She is a warm-hearted and dedicated teacher. She has won general praise.
→She is a warm-hearted and dedicated teacher, .
who has won general praise
[语篇综合训练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A few years ago, I read about an eight-year-old girl who studied elephant poaching (偷猎) in school and made a poster for her local grocery store. The slogan read, “Save the elephants. Don't buy Ivory Soap, or they will die out.” What the girl had done taught me a lesson. Since then, I have looked at eight-year-olds in a different way.
As an environmental educator, I used to teach eight-year-olds about the harm of elephant poaching, rainforest destruction, and global warming. I had a degree in natural science — but not in child development. What did I think I was accomplishing by putting my environmental concerns on the shoulders of kids who still believe in fairy tales (童话故事)
Kids develop the fear of nature when their primary contact with the natural world is hearing bad news about the environment. If I wanted to inspire conservation action, I needed to change my ways, but how I came across some research by psychologist Louise Chawla. She wanted to know what had gone on in the childhoods of adults who are good environmental citizens. She found two things most common.
They had free time to explore the rivers or woods down the street, and they had an adult in their lives who was enthusiastic about the natural world. I understand now that what turned me into a good person today was a childhood spent playing in the field and having a dad who knew that finding a lobster (龙虾) under a rock was better than finding treasure.
So that's what I was doing when I was eight years old — looking under rocks, climbing trees, and picking wild flowers. I didn't know a thing about the Clean Air Act that was being debated in congress at that time. I didn't hear a lot of environmental problems. But I built a relationship with nature and I grew up to care. Now I treat my own kids like the child I was. My kids turn off the water when they brush their teeth and turn off the lights when they leave a room.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类赖以生存的大自然正在被破坏，保护环境应该从孩子抓起，帮助孩子从小建立与自然的关系。
1．What can be inferred from the first two paragraphs
A．The author felt very proud of herself.
B．The author took action to save the elephants.
C．The author thought her teaching was a failure.
D．The author doubted the natural science.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句以及第二段第二句可推知，作者认为她的教育是失败的。
√
2．How do children react when learning about environmental problems
A．They tend to ignore the problems.
B．They become scared of nature.
C．They hate to learn natural science.
D．They want to help solve the problems.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Kids develop the fear of nature when their primary contact with the natural world is hearing bad news about the environment.”可知，当孩子们了解环境问题时，他们会变得畏惧自然。
3．Why does the author mention the research
A．In order to show how to have a happy childhood.
B．In order to show what the best way to get close to nature is.
C．In order to show how to change the children's bad behavior.
D．In order to show what makes children care about the environment.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“She wanted to know what had gone on in the childhoods of adults who are good environmental citizens.”可知，该研究主要解释了是什么影响孩子，让他们长大后为环境保护出力。
4．What is mainly discussed in the passage
A．The harm of hunting animals.
B．The causes of environmental problems.
C．The importance of encouraging kids to protect nature.
D．The right methods of developing children's idea of nature.
√
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段末句可知，本文主要通过实例阐述了教育与环境保护之间的关系，正确的方式是不让他们畏惧自然。
Ⅱ.语法填空
A lot of people feel overwhelmed trying to make changes that help the planet. Conservation psychologist Janet Swim from Pennsylvania State University says people often think their actions won't have enough of 1 impact to matter. “It's like, ‘What can I do It's just me.’” 2 it does matter a lot. “It's just like voting，” the professor says. “I vote. I'm only one person. That one action is an important action 3 (take).
We work together as a collective to do things，” she said. And there's the multiplier effect. “Small behaviors matter particularly when accumulated across time and across people，” Swim said. Household behavior 4 (actual) can make a substantial difference, 5 (reduce) greenhouse gas emissions, according to researchers from Michigan State University and Vanderbilt University. Most of that potential comes from adopting energy-efficient behaviors. Their research 6 (list) the most practical 17 steps 7 each American can take, including carpooling,
weatherizing houses and driving fuel-efficient 8 (vehicle). If every American takes these steps, according to these researchers, it 9 (cut) the total US household emissions by 20% over ten years — an amount equal 10 the entire emissions output of France.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了家庭行为可以产生重大影响，减少温室气体排放。
1．an 考查冠词。此处用不定冠词表泛指，have enough of an impact表示“有足够的影响”，impact以元音音素开头，故填an。
2．But 考查连词。此处与上文形成转折关系，句首单词首字母应大写，故填But。
3．to take 考查不定式。此处动词不定式作定语，修饰名词action，故填to take。
4．actually 考查副词。分析句子可知，空处应为副词作状语修饰下文整个句子，故填actually。
5．reducing 考查非谓语动词。此处为非谓语动词作结果状语，应用现在分词，表示自然而然发生的结果，故填reducing。
6．lists 考查时态与主谓一致。本句介绍研究的结果，应用一般现在时，且主语是Their research，故填lists。
7．that 考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处为定语从句的关系词，先行词为practical 17 steps，指物，且前面有最高级修饰，关系代词只能用that。故填that。
8．vehicles 考查名词复数。vehicle为可数名词，前面无冠词，应用其复数形式表示泛指，故填vehicles。
9．will cut 考查时态。本句if引导的条件状语从句中谓语动词使用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词应用一般将来时，故填will cut。
10．to 考查固定短语。(be) equal to为固定短语，意为“等同于”，故填to。UNIT 3 课时检测(四) Focus on Language：
Relative Clauses (4)—Defining and Non defining Clauses
[语言基础训练]
Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空
1．The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.
2．China, ____________ was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
3．The number of smokers, ____________ is reported, has decreased by 17% in just one year.
4．When walking down the street, I came across David, ____________ I hadn't seen for years.
5．Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, ____________ a conference was to be held.
6．Mr Zhang, ____________ is an old friend of mine, came to see me yesterday.
Ⅱ.用定语从句将下面句子合并成复合句
1．I've never heard of the people and things. You talked about them just now.
→I've never heard of the people and things __________________________.
2．You are asking a question. The question is the only one that hasn't been answered.
→The question (that/which) ________________ is the only one that hasn't been answered.
3．We visited the museum last Sunday. The museum is being decorated now.
→The museum ____________________________ is being decorated now.
4．That evening I ended up working very late. I will tell you more about it later.
→That evening, __________________________， I ended up working very late.
5．She is a warm hearted and dedicated teacher. She has won general praise.
→She is a warm hearted and dedicated teacher, ______________________________.
[语篇综合训练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A few years ago, I read about an eight year old girl who studied elephant poaching (偷猎) in school and made a poster for her local grocery store. The slogan read, “Save the elephants. Don't buy Ivory Soap, or they will die out.” What the girl had done taught me a lesson. Since then, I have looked at eight year olds in a different way. As an environmental educator, I used to teach eight year olds about the harm of elephant poaching, rainforest destruction, and global warming. I had a degree in natural science — but not in child development. What did I think I was accomplishing by putting my environmental concerns on the shoulders of kids who still believe in fairy tales (童话故事)
Kids develop the fear of nature when their primary contact with the natural world is hearing bad news about the environment. If I wanted to inspire conservation action, I needed to change my ways, but how I came across some research by psychologist Louise Chawla. She wanted to know what had gone on in the childhoods of adults who are good environmental citizens. She found two things most common.They had free time to explore the rivers or woods down the street, and they had an adult in their lives who was enthusiastic about the natural world. I understand now that what turned me into a good person today was a childhood spent playing in the field and having a dad who knew that finding a lobster (龙虾) under a rock was better than finding treasure.
So that's what I was doing when I was eight years old — looking under rocks, climbing trees, and picking wild flowers. I didn't know a thing about the Clean Air Act that was being debated in congress at that time. I didn't hear a lot of environmental problems. But I built a relationship with nature and I grew up to care. Now I treat my own kids like the child I was. My kids turn off the water when they brush their teeth and turn off the lights when they leave a room.
1．What can be inferred from the first two paragraphs
A．The author felt very proud of herself.
B．The author took action to save the elephants.
C．The author thought her teaching was a failure.
D．The author doubted the natural science.
2．How do children react when learning about environmental problems
A．They tend to ignore the problems.
B．They become scared of nature.
C．They hate to learn natural science.
D．They want to help solve the problems.
3．Why does the author mention the research
A．In order to show how to have a happy childhood.
B．In order to show what the best way to get close to nature is.
C．In order to show how to change the children's bad behavior.
D．In order to show what makes children care about the environment.
4．What is mainly discussed in the passage
A．The harm of hunting animals.
B．The causes of environmental problems.
C．The importance of encouraging kids to protect nature.
D．The right methods of developing children's idea of nature.
Ⅱ.语法填空
A lot of people feel overwhelmed trying to make changes that help the planet. Conservation psychologist Janet Swim from Pennsylvania State University says people often think their actions won't have enough of __1__ impact to matter. “It's like, ‘What can I do It's just me.’” __2__ it does matter a lot. “It's just like voting，” the professor says. “I vote. I'm only one person. That one action is an important action __3__ (take). We work together as a collective to do things，” she said. And there's the multiplier effect. “Small behaviors matter particularly when accumulated across time and across people，” Swim said. Household behavior __4__ (actual) can make a substantial difference, __5__ (reduce) greenhouse gas emissions, according to researchers from Michigan State University and Vanderbilt University. Most of that potential comes from adopting energy efficient behaviors. Their research __6__ (list) the most practical 17 steps __7__ each American can take, including carpooling, weatherizing houses and driving fuel efficient __8__ (vehicle). If every American takes these steps, according to these researchers, it __9__ (cut) the total US household emissions by 20% over ten years — an amount equal __10__ the entire emissions output of France.
UNIT 3 课时检测(四)
[语言基础训练]
Ⅰ.1.when 2.which 3.as 4.whom 5.where 6.who
Ⅱ.1.that you talked about just now 2.you are asking
3．(that/which) we visited last Sunday
4．which I will tell you more about later
5．who has won general praise
[语篇综合训练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类赖以生存的大自然正在被破坏，保护环境应该从孩子抓起，帮助孩子从小建立与自然的关系。
1．选C 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句以及第二段第二句可推知，作者认为她的教育是失败的。
2．选B 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Kids develop the fear of nature when their primary contact with the natural world is hearing bad news about the environment.”可知，当孩子们了解环境问题时，他们会变得畏惧自然。
3．选D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“She wanted to know what had gone on in the childhoods of adults who are good environmental citizens.”可知，该研究主要解释了是什么影响孩子，让他们长大后为环境保护出力。
4．选D 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段末句可知，本文主要通过实例阐述了教育与环境保护之间的关系，正确的方式是不让他们畏惧自然。
Ⅱ.语法填空
1．an 考查冠词。此处用不定冠词表泛指，have enough of an impact表示“有足够的影响”，impact以元音音素开头，故填an。
2．But 考查连词。此处与上文形成转折关系，句首单词首字母应大写，故填But。
3．to take 考查不定式。此处动词不定式作定语，修饰名词action，故填to take。
4．actually 考查副词。分析句子可知，空处应为副词作状语修饰下文整个句子，故填actually。
5．reducing 考查非谓语动词。此处为非谓语动词作结果状语，应用现在分词，表示自然而然发生的结果，故填reducing。
6．lists 考查时态与主谓一致。本句介绍研究的结果，应用一般现在时，且主语是Their research，故填lists。
7．that 考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处为定语从句的关系词，先行词为practical 17 steps，指物，且前面有最高级修饰，关系代词只能用that。故填that。
8．vehicles 考查名词复数。vehicle为可数名词，前面无冠词，应用其复数形式表示泛指，故填vehicles。
9．will cut 考查时态。本句if引导的条件状语从句中谓语动词使用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词应用一般将来时，故填will cut。
10．to 考查固定短语。(be) equal to为固定短语，意为“等同于”，故填to。
