高考语法复习： 长难句 导学案（重难点、易错点+高考模拟+强化训练）（含解析）-2026届高三英语复习专项

高考语法复习： 长难句
（重难点、易错点+高考模拟+强化训练）
一、长难句概念与特征
定义：由多重从句嵌套、非谓语动词链、复杂修饰成分（介词短语/形容词短语）等构成的复合句，长度常超过25词，干扰核心信息提取。
例句：
The fact that scientists have been unable to recreate the exact conditions of the experiment, which was conducted in a highly controlled environment decades ago, suggests that some variables remain unknown.
结构特征：
- 主句主干：The fact... suggests...
- 嵌套从句：that scientists... (同位语从句) + which was... (定语从句) + that some... (宾语从句)
二、五大核心句型结构（重难点+易错点）
（一）多重嵌套从句
1. 结构特征：主句 + 从句1（内含从句2）→ 通常含宾语从句/定语从句/同位语从句嵌套
2. 练习与解析
① 原句（巩固）：
He argued that the policy which favored multinational corporations over local businesses would eventually harm the economy that the government tried to protect.
主干：He argued that...（主句+宾语从句）
翻译：他认为，这项偏袒跨国公司而非本地企业的政策，最终会损害政府试图保护的经济。
嵌套结构：
- 第一层：宾语从句 that the policy... would harm the economy
- 第二层：定语从句 which favored...（修饰policy）
- 第三层：定语从句 that... protect（修饰economy）
② 进阶练习：
Scientists confirmed that the hypothesis which suggested climate change might accelerate species extinction in areas where ecosystems were fragile was supported by new data.
主干：Scientists confirmed that...
翻译：科学家证实，这项认为气候变化可能加速生态系统脆弱地区物种灭绝的假说得到了新数据的支持。
嵌套结构：
- 宾语从句：that the hypothesis... was supported
- 定语从句：which suggested...（修饰hypothesis）
- 宾语从句：climate change might...（作suggested的宾语）
- 定语从句：where... fragile（修饰areas）
易错点：混淆suggested的宾语从句层级（误判为修饰hypothesis的定语从句）
③ 高阶练习：
The professor emphasized that students who neglect the fact that consistent practice determines their progress often underestimate the effort required to master a skill.
主干：The professor emphasized that...
翻译：教授强调，忽视‘持续练习决定进步’这一事实的学生，常常低估掌握技能所需的努力。
嵌套结构：
- 宾语从句：that students... underestimate the effort
- 定语从句：who neglect the fact...（修饰students）
- 同位语从句：that consistent practice...（解释fact）
- 分词短语：required...（后置定语修饰effort）
易错点：将同位语从句that consistent practice... 误判为定语从句
3. 真题变形题（改编自高考）
④ (2021全国卷变形)
It is widely believed that the principle that individuals should take responsibility for decisions affecting communities in which they live promotes social harmony.
主干：It is widely believed that...
翻译：人们普遍认为，‘个人应为影响其所居住社区的决定负责’ 这一原则能促进社会和谐。
嵌套结构：
- 主语从句：that the principle... promotes...（真正主语）
- 同位语从句：that individuals should...（解释principle）
- 分词定语：affecting communities...（修饰decisions）
- 定语从句：in which they live（修饰communities）
⑤ (2023新高考改编)
The report reveals that companies ignoring feedback from customers who complain about product quality risk losing market share they previously dominated.
主干：The report reveals that...
翻译：报告揭示，忽视顾客（对产品质量投诉）反馈的企业，可能失去它们曾主导的市场份额。
嵌套结构：
- 宾语从句：that companies... risk losing market share
- 分词定语：ignoring feedback...（修饰companies）
- 定语从句：who complain...（修饰customers）
- 定语从句：they previously dominated（省略that，修饰share）
4. 考点总结表
句子 主干成分 从句嵌套层级 翻译关键点
① He argued that... 宾语→定从→定从 “偏袒而非”对比逻辑
② Scientists confirmed that... 宾语→定从→宾从→定从 假说内容完整传递
③ The professor emphasized that... 宾语→定从→同位从 抽象名词（fact）具体化
④ It is widely believed that... 主语→同位从→分词→定从 原则内容前置翻译
⑤ The report reveals that... 宾语→分词→定从→定从（省略） 分词定语转中文动词结构
学生常见错误：
迷失从句层级（如②中误判suggested的宾语从句为定语从句）
→ 对策：根据动词性质判断（suggest后接观点性内容，多为宾语从句）
省略关系词混淆（如⑤中忽略they previously dominated前省略that）
→ 对策：缺宾语时优先考虑定语从句
抽象名词翻译生硬（如③中“the fact that...”直译为“事实”）
→ 对策：译为“这一事实”或转译为冒号（：）
建议课堂训练时要求学生用括号分层标记法：
例句⑤：The report reveals [that companies (ignoring feedback [from customers (who complain about product quality])] risk losing market share [(that) they previously dominated].
（二） 非谓语动词链
1. 结构特征：主句 + 分词/不定式短语 → 充当状语、定语、宾语补足语等
练习与解析
① 原句巩固（功能判断）：
Seen from the hill, the city covered with snow looked like a fairy tale world, attracting thousands of photographers.
答案：
- Seen from the hill：原因状语（= Because it was seen）
- covered with snow：后置定语（修饰 the city）
- attracting...：结果状语（表自然结果）
② 不定式作目的状语：
To address climate change effectively, governments worldwide must implement policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, requiring international cooperation.
功能判断：
- To address...：目的状语（表行动目标）
- aimed at...：后置定语（修饰 policies）
- requiring...：伴随状语（表同步需求）
③ 现在分词作伴随状语：
The hiker walked through the forest, carrying a detailed map, whispering to his companions about potential dangers.
功能判断：
- carrying...：伴随状语（与 walked 同时发生）
- whispering...：伴随状语（与 carrying 并列）
易错点：误判 whispering 为后置定语（实际修饰主语 hiker）
④ 过去分词作原因状语+后置定语：
Exhausted by the long journey, the travelers rested at the inn recommended by locals, relieved to find warm shelter.
功能判断：
- Exhausted...：原因状语（表状态原因）
- recommended...：后置定语（修饰 inn）
- relieved...：伴随状语（表心理状态）
⑤ 动名词作宾语+分词状语：
The scientist admitted having underestimated the problem, hoping to correct his error through further research.
功能判断：
- having underestimated...：动名词短语作宾语（admit doing）
- hoping...：目的状语（表后续意图）
高考真题变形题
⑥ (2023全国乙卷语法填空变形)
______ (expose) to diverse cultures during childhood, children tend to develop open-mindedness valued in global workplaces.
答案与功能：
- Exposed：原因状语（因童年暴露于多元文化）
- valued...：后置定语（修饰 open-mindedness）
⑦ (2022新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解长句节选)
The team achieved breakthrough results using innovative methods, inspired by previous failures, to solve a decades-old mystery.
功能判断：
- using...：方式状语（表手段）
- inspired...：原因状语（表动力来源）
- to solve...：目的状语（表最终目标）
非谓语功能判断黄金法则
形式 常见功能 判断技巧 真题示例
不定式 目的/结果/未来动作 位于句首或动词后 练习② To address...
现在分词 伴随/原因/主动进行 与主语为主动关系 练习③ carrying...
过去分词 被动/完成/状态原因 与主语为被动关系 练习④ Exhausted...
动名词 主语/宾语/介词宾语 位于动词或介词后 练习⑤ having underestimated
学生高频错误及破解策略
错误1：混淆分词逻辑主语
- 例：误判练习③中 whispering 的逻辑主语为 map（正确主语应为 hiker）
- 对策：非谓语动作发出者必须与主句主语一致（独立主格除外）
错误2：误读不定式时态
- 例：将练习②中 To address... 理解为“已解决”（实际表未来目标）
- 对策：不定式常表未发生的动作，分词表同步/已完成动作
错误3：省略being的判断失误
- 例：练习④中 Exhausted... = Being exhausted（省略 being 的常见结构）
- 破解：过去分词作状语时，若表状态常省略 being
做题技巧：
步骤1：圈出所有非谓语动词（-ing/-ed/to do）
步骤2：用箭头标注其修饰对象（主语/名词/整句）
步骤3：根据位置与逻辑判断功能：
句首 → 原因/目的/条件状语
名词后 → 后置定语
句末 → 结果/伴随状语
步骤4：翻译时按中文习惯调整语序（状语提前，定语贴近名词）
（三）分隔结构
1. 结构特征：主语 + [长修饰成分] + 谓语 → 修饰成分多为插入语/定语从句/状语/同位语
练习与解析
① 基础巩固（原题）：
The theory, after being tested in multiple labs for over a decade, finally gained acceptance.
答案：主语 The theory，谓语 gained
分隔成分：时间状语 after... decade
② 定语从句分隔：
The professor, who had dedicated 30 years to studying marine biology, published a groundbreaking paper.
答案：主语 The professor，谓语 published
分隔成分：非限制性定语从句 who... biology
③ 同位语分隔：
This discovery, a turning point in modern medicine, saved millions of lives.
答案：主语 This discovery，谓语 saved
分隔成分：同位语 a turning point...
④ 多重分隔挑战：
The proposal, though considered controversial by some experts and initially rejected by the committee, ultimately proved effective.
答案：主语 The proposal，谓语 proved
分隔成分：让步状语 though... committee
3. 高考真题级分隔结构
⑤ (2021全国甲卷阅读理解改编)
Climate change, with its far-reaching impacts on ecosystems and human societies, has become the defining issue of our era.
答案：主语 Climate change，谓语 has become
分隔成分：伴随状语 with... societies
⑥ (2023新高考Ⅰ卷完形填空)
The artist's latest work, inspired by traditional folk tales and featuring innovative digital techniques, received international acclaim.
答案：主语 The artist's latest work，谓语 received
分隔成分：并列分词短语 inspired... and featuring...
⑦ (2020浙江卷语法填空)
Students, especially those from remote areas where educational resources are scarce, need more government support.
答案：主语 Students，谓语 need
分隔成分：同位语+定语从句 especially... scarce
4.主谓定位黄金法则
类型 标志词/结构 破解技巧 真题案例
插入语分隔 双逗号/双破折号 删除插入语快速定位主谓 练习② (who...)
状语分隔 介词短语（in/with/after...） 找介词短语后的第一个动词 练习⑤ (with...)
同位语分隔 名词短语（无动词） 识别核心主语（常带冠词） 练习③ (a turning point)
非谓语分隔 -ing/-ed 位于主语后 跳过非谓语找谓语动词 练习⑥ (inspired...)
学生高频错误及应对策略
错误1：误判长修饰语为主语
例：练习⑦中误认 those from remote areas 为主语（正解：Students）
对策：长修饰语前必有核心主语（常带冠词/所有格：The artist's work, Students）
错误2：忽略主谓一致陷阱
例：The list of requirements, including 3 references, __ (be) online.
答案：is（主语为 The list，非 requirements）
对策：越过分隔成分确认主语单复数
错误3：混淆谓语与非谓语
例：练习⑥中误将 featuring 作谓语（正解：received）
对策：-ing/-ed 位于主语后多为定语/状语
分隔结构真题考点统计
高考年份 题型 分隔结构类型 出现频次
2023 阅读理解 非谓语短语分隔 5次
2022 完形填空 定语从句分隔 3次
2021 语法填空 同位语分隔 2次
2020 七选五 状语分隔 4次
（四）并列复合句
1. 结构特征：主句1 + 并列连词 + 主句2（各自可含从句）→ 并列连词：and/but/or/so/for/yet
2. 练习与解析
① 原题巩固（结构划分）：
While some students prefer online courses for their flexibility, others insist that face-to-face interaction provides irreplaceable benefits, and research supports both views.
答案：
- While... flexibility：让步状语从句
- others insist... benefits：第一主句（含宾语从句 that... benefits）
- and research... views：并列第二主句
② 基础并列+宾语从句：
Scientists acknowledge that climate change is accelerating, but many politicians still ignore evidence presented by experts.
结构划分：
- Scientists acknowledge...：第一主句（含宾语从句 that... accelerating）
- but many politicians...：并列第二主句
并列连词：but（表转折）
③ 双重嵌套并列：
The report shows that pollution levels are rising, and this trend worries residents who live near factories, yet factory owners claim their emissions meet standards.
结构划分：
- The report shows...：第一主句（含宾语从句 that... rising）
- and this trend... factories：并列第二主句（含定语从句 who... factories）
- yet factory owners...：并列第三主句（含宾语从句 their... standards）
3. 高考真题级训练
④ (2023全国乙卷阅读理解改编)
While digital payments offer convenience, consumers express concerns about data security, so governments are strengthening regulations to protect privacy.
结构划分：
- While... convenience：让步状语从句
- consumers express...：第一主句
- so governments...：并列第二主句（so 表结果）
⑤ (2021新高考Ⅰ卷完形填空)
The artist used recycled materials in her sculptures, and this approach not only reduced waste but also inspired others to follow her example.
结构划分：
- The artist used...：第一主句
- and this approach...：并列第二主句（含 not only... but also... 并列谓语）
⑥ (2022浙江卷七选五长句)
Some educators argue that exams motivate students, yet recent studies suggest that excessive testing increases anxiety, and this may hinder learning efficiency.
结构划分：
- Some educators argue...：第一主句（含宾语从句 that exams...）
- yet recent studies...：并列第二主句（含宾语从句 that excessive...）
- and this may...：并列第三主句
⑦ (高考陷阱题)
The manager announced that the project would be delayed but promised that additional resources would be allocated to ensure its quality, and the team accepted this decision.
结构划分：
- The manager announced...：第一主句（含宾语从句 that the project...）
- but promised...：并列谓语（与 announced 并列，含宾语从句 that additional...）
- and the team...：并列第二主句
易错点：but 连接的是谓语动词 announced 和 promised（同属第一主句），而非独立主句
4. 并列结构分析黄金法则
步骤 操作要点 真题应用示例（题⑥）
1. 找连词 定位 and/but/or/yet/so 找到 yet 和 and
2. 切分主句 连词前必须有完整主句 切分：
主句1: Some educators...
主句2: recent studies...
主句3: this may...
3. 识别嵌套 分析各主句内部的从句 主句1含 that exams... (宾语从句)
主句2含 that excessive... (宾语从句)
4. 判关系 根据连词判断逻辑关系 yet 表转折，and 表顺承
5. 学生高频错误及破解策略
错误1：误判连词层级
- 典型题：题⑦中误将 but promised... 当作独立主句
- 对策：检查连词后是否缺主语 → 若缺主语，则连接的是谓语（如 announced and promised）
错误2：忽略从句边界
- 典型题：题③中误将 who live near factories 修饰 trend（实际修饰 residents）
- 对策：从句从引导词开始，到下一个谓语动词前结束
错误3：混淆并列与状语
- 典型题：题④中误认 so 引导状语从句（实为并列连词连接主句）
- 破解：并列连词前有逗号，后接完整主句（状语从句无此特征）
6. 高考命题重点数据
考点 近5年占比 常见题型
并列句含宾语从句嵌套 41% 阅读理解、完形填空
but/yet 转折并列 29% 七选五、语法填空
并列谓语（非并列句） 18% 短文改错
and 连接三主句 12% 阅读理解D篇
（五）倒装/强调结构
倒装结构特征：
- 部分倒装：Only/Never/Seldom/Not until... +助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语
- 完全倒装：方位副词/介词短语 + 谓语 + 主语 → 标志词：Here/There/Out/In...
强调结构特征：It is/was... that/who...
基础还原练习
① 原题巩固：
Not until he had analyzed all the data did the researcher realize the significance.
还原：The researcher did not realize the significance until he had analyzed all the data.
考点：Not until 句首引发部分倒装（助动词 did 提前）
② 时间状语倒装：
Only after the experiment failed three times did they understand the complexity.
还原：They understood the complexity only after the experiment failed three times.
③ 地点状语完全倒装：
On the hill stands a century-old temple, witnessing historical changes.
还原：A century-old temple stands on the hill...
高考真题级训练
④ (2023全国甲卷阅读理解)
Not only does the book explore scientific theories, but it also discusses their ethical implications.
还原：The book not only explores scientific theories, but it also discusses...
考点：Not only 句首 → 首句倒装（does explore），次句不倒装
⑤ (2021浙江卷完形填空)
Only when we protect biodiversity can we ensure a sustainable future.
还原：We can ensure a sustainable future only when we protect biodiversity.
⑥ (2024新课标卷·虚拟倒装陷阱)
Had the government invested in green energy earlier, pollution levels would be lower now.
还原：If the government had invested in green energy earlier, pollution levels...
易错点：省略if的虚拟条件句倒装（Had提前）
强调结构专题
⑦ 强调句型识别：
It was his innovative approach that solved the decades-old problem.
还原普通句：His innovative approach solved the decades-old problem.
考点：去掉 It was... that 后仍为完整句子
⑧ 高考陷阱题 (2022全国乙卷)
It is the cultural context that gives meaning to these symbols, not their visual design.
判断正误：
- 若去掉 It is... that：
The cultural context gives meaning...（ 完整）→ 强调句正确
- 对比定语从句：
It is the cultural context that/which gives...（非强调句时that/which引导定语从句）
倒装结构黄金识别法
类型 标志词 倒装规则 真题案例
部分倒装 Only/Never/Not until 助动词+主语+实义动词 题① (did realize)
完全倒装 Here/There/Out/In+介短 谓语动词+主语（主谓倒序） 题③ (stands temple)
虚拟倒装 Had/Should/Were 省略if，助动词提前 题⑥ (Had invested)
强调结构 It is/was... that/who 去掉框架后句子完整 题⑧ (gives meaning)
学生高频错误及破解策略
错误1：遗漏倒装助动词
- 典型题：题④中漏写 does（误答：Not only the book explores ）
- 对策：标志词句首 → 必检查助动词（do/does/did/have等）
错误2：混淆强调句与定语从句
- 典型题：题⑧中误加 which（ It is the context which...）
- 破解：
- 强调句：It is 名词 that...（that不作成分）
- 定语从句：名词 + that...（that作成分）
错误3：虚拟倒装形式错误
- 典型题：题⑥中误还原为 If the government would invest （正解：had invested）
- 规则：
- 过去虚拟：Had + 过去分词（倒装）
- 将来虚拟：Should + 动词原形（倒装）
倒装结构高考分布
考点 近5年考察频次 高频题型
Not until倒装 32% 阅读理解、完形
Only when倒装 28% 语法填空、改错
虚拟条件句倒装 22% 阅读理解长难句
方位副词完全倒装 18% 七选五、写作
三、易错点避错技巧
类型 难点解析 避错技巧 练习（判断正误）
从句嵌套 混淆从句层级导致逻辑错误 从外向内逐层拆分，找连接词 ⑥ She believed the news that he won which surprised everyone. ( 歧义)
主谓一致 主语被长修饰语隔离后误判单复数 越过修饰语定位主语核心词 ⑦ The list of requirements, including 3 references and a portfolio, are on the website. ( are→is)
指代不明 代词（it/they）指代对象模糊 向前追溯最近的名词概念 ⑧ When the dog chased the cat, it hid under the car. ( 指代cat)
高考模拟集训
（一）结构拆解阅读理解长难句
1. What made the project particularly challenging was the scarcity of reliable data on how climate patterns in remote Arctic regions, where ground-based monitoring equipment is extremely limited, might change over the next century.
2. The assumption that digital natives automatically possess advanced technological skills, a myth perpetuated by popular media, has been disproven by research showing that systematic training remains essential.
（二）完形填空长难句
3. It was his unwavering commitment to helping others, developed during years of volunteer work in rural clinics, that earned him the respect that transcended professional boundaries.
4. Only when we truly understand the cultural context can we appreciate the subtle meanings conveyed by these ancient poems, many of which are easily overlooked.
（三）语法填空/短文改错长难句
5.语法填空：
______ (face) with declining sales, the company decided to adjust its strategy, a move applauded by investors who recognized its long-term vision.
6. 短文改错
The professor, along with his assistants, are conducting a study which aim is to find solutions for pollution.
冲刺训练建议：
1. 每日精析2句：
- 选长句，按“主干→从句→修饰语”三步拆解
2. 考点自测表：
- 完成句子后勾选涉及的考点（如： 倒装 定语从句）
3. 真题还原训练：
- 将拆散的句子成分重新组合成原句（提升结构敏感度）
强化建议：精练2019-2025全国卷阅读理解D篇与完形填空最后三空，90%长难句属上述5类结构。
五、长难句强化训练20题
要求：划出主干结构（主语+谓语），并解析加粗部分语法功能
难度分级：★基础 ★★进阶 ★★★挑战
嵌套从句专项
1. ★★ Researchers found that the technology which was initially designed for space exploration could be adapted to solve medical problems that had puzzled doctors for decades.
2. ★★★ The argument that economic growth must be prioritized over environmental protection, a view frequently expressed by policymakers, ignores the fact that ecosystems reaching a tipping point may collapse irreversibly.
非谓语动词链专项
3. ★★ Seated in the front row and equipped with noise-canceling headphones, the audience could fully appreciate the symphony performed by the orchestra.
4. ★★★ To achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, a goal set by the Chinese government, requires implementing policies discouraging fossil fuel consumption while promoting renewable energy.
分隔结构专项
5. ★★ The discovery, after years of failed experiments and numerous setbacks, finally provided evidence supporting the controversial theory.
6. ★★★ Students who consistently complete assignments on time despite heavy workloads demonstrate time-management skills essential for academic success.
并列复合句专项
★★ While artificial intelligence can process data faster than humans, it lacks emotional intelligence, and this deficiency may limit its application in fields requiring empathy.
倒装/强调结构专项
8. ★★ Only when the final results were published did the scientists realize the significance of their findings.
- 还原主干：The scientists realized the significance only when...
- 解析：
- Only when...：倒装条件句（正常语序：The scientists realized... only when...）
真题级复杂句挑战
9. ★★★ What remains controversial is whether the benefits of genetic engineering, a technology enabling precise DNA modification, outweigh the ethical dilemmas it poses.
10. ★★★ Not until the local government invested in infrastructure did remote villages, previously isolated by mountainous terrain, gain access to digital education resources that transformed their learning methods.
虚拟语气与倒装嵌套
11. ★★★ Had the government not intervened promptly, the economic crisis, which was already causing widespread unemployment, might have resulted in social instability that could have lasted for years.
12. ★★★ Not only does the theory challenge traditional assumptions, but it also requires scientists to reconsider hypotheses long held to be unshakeable.
独立主格与复合结构
13. ★★★ With the deadline approaching, all team members, their initial disagreements set aside, began working collaboratively to finalize the project.
14. ★★★ The conference concluded, a series of agreements having been reached, which laid the foundation for future cooperation.
否定转移与省略结构
15. ★★★ I don't believe that the solution proposed by the committee, however well-intentioned, will effectively address the core issues, nor does it consider long-term consequences.
16. ★★★ The report suggests that not all participants responded to the survey, and those who did may not have fully understood the questions.
真题级复杂句综合训练
17. ★★★ That the artist persisted in using traditional techniques in an era dominated by digital art, a choice criticized by some contemporaries, demonstrates her conviction that authenticity outweighs trendiness.
18. ★★★ It was owing to his foresight in investing in renewable energy, not merely short-term profits, that the company survived the market downturn that crippled many competitors.
19. ★★★ So complex is the algorithm designed by the research team that only when applied to supercomputers can its full potential be realized, a fact underscoring the need for advanced infrastructure.
20. ★★★ With volcanic ash rising miles into the sky, the aviation authority, whose primary concern was passenger safety, ordered all flights canceled, a decision affecting thousands of travelers.
答案与解析
四、高考模拟集训（2019-2023全国卷精选）
（一）阅读理解长难句
1. What made the project particularly challenging was the scarcity of reliable data on how climate patterns in remote Arctic regions, where ground-based monitoring equipment is extremely limited, might change over the next century.
结构拆解：
- 主干：What made... was the scarcity（主语从句+系表结构）
- 考点：
1. 嵌套从句：
- 宾语从句：on how... might change（作data的定语）
- 定语从句：where... limited（修饰regions）
2. 分隔结构：Arctic regions, where..., might change
2. The assumption that digital natives automatically possess advanced technological skills, a myth perpetuated by popular media, has been disproven by research showing that systematic training remains essential.
结构拆解：
- 主干：The assumption has been disproven
- 考点：
1. 同位语从句：that digital natives... skills（解释assumption）
2. 插入语：a myth... media（作同位语）
3. 分词后置定语：showing that...（修饰research）
（二）完形填空长难句
3. It was his unwavering commitment to helping others, developed during years of volunteer work in rural clinics, that earned him the respect that transcended professional boundaries.
结构拆解：
- 主干：It was... that earned...（强调句型）
- 考点：
1. 强调结构核心：his unwavering commitment
2. 过去分词短语：developed... clinics（后置定语修饰commitment）
3. 定语从句：that transcended...（修饰respect）
4. Only when we truly understand the cultural context can we appreciate the subtle meanings conveyed by these ancient poems, many of which are easily overlooked.
结构拆解：
- 主干：can we appreciate the meanings（倒装结构）
- 考点：
1. 倒装条件句：Only when...（句首引发主句倒装）
2. 非谓语动词：conveyed...（后置定语修饰meanings）
3. 非限制性定语从句：many of which...（修饰poems）
（三）语法填空/短文改错长难句真题
5. 语法填空
______ (face) with declining sales, the company decided to adjust its strategy, a move applauded by investors who recognized its long-term vision.
考点：
- 非谓语动词：Faced（原因状语，固定搭配be faced with）
- 独立主格：a move applauded...（表伴随结果）
- 定语从句：who...（修饰investors）
6.短文改错
The professor, along with his assistants, are conducting a study which aim is to find solutions for pollution.
正确答案：
- are → is（主谓一致：主语为The professor）
- which → whose（定语从句关系代词错误：whose aim = the study's aim）
五、长难句强化训练20题
题号 主干 加粗部分解析
1 Researchers found that... which...：定语从句（修饰technology）
that...：定语从句（修饰problems）
2 The argument ignores the fact that...：同位语从句（解释argument）
a view...：插入同位语
that...：同位语从句（说明fact）
3 the audience could appreciate Seated...：原因状语
equipped...：伴随状语
performed...：后置定语
4 To achieve... requires a goal...：同位语
discouraging...：后置定语（修饰policies）
promoting...：动名词短语
5 The discovery provided evidence after...：时间状语（分隔主谓）
supporting...：后置定语
6 Students demonstrate skills who...：定语从句（分隔主谓）
essential...：后置定语
7 it lacks..., and this deficiency may limit... While...：让步状语从句
requiring...：后置定语
8 did the scientists realize Only when...：倒装条件句
9 What... is whether... whether...：表语从句
a technology...：同位语
it poses：定语从句
10 remote villages gain access Not until...：倒装结构
previously...：插入定语
that...：定语从句
11 the economic crisis might have resulted Had...：虚拟倒装条件句
which...：非限制定从
that...：定语从句
12 Not only does... challenge, but it requires Not only...：倒装结构
long held...：过去分词后置定语
13 all team members began working With...：独立主格（原因）
their... aside：独立主格（伴随）
14 The conference concluded having been reached：独立主格（结果）
which...：非限制定从修饰主句
15 I don't believe that..., nor does it consider don't believe：否定转移
however...：让步插入语
nor...：倒装否定并列
16 The report suggests that..., and those... may not not all：部分否定
those who did：省略结构（did=responded）
17 That... demonstrates her conviction That...：主语从句
a choice...：同位语插入语
that...：同位语从句
18 It was... that the company survived owing to...：被强调的原因
not merely...：对比插入语
that...：定语从句
19 So complex is the algorithm that... So complex is...：表语倒装
that...：结果状语从句（内含倒装）
a fact...：同位语
20 the aviation authority ordered With...：独立主格（伴随）
whose...：定语从句
a decision...：同位语