Unit 6 When was it invented?学案 （7课时，无答案）2025-2026学年人教版（2012）九年级英语全册

Unit 6　When was it invented
Section A(1a－1c)
学习目标：1.知识目标：1）单词：heel, scoop, electricity ,style
2）短语：up and down, the style of, be used for
3）句子：When was the telephone invented I think it was invented in 1876.—What is it/are they used for —It's/They're used for…
技能目标：学会一般过去时的被动语态
To talk about the history of inventions.
Train students' listening and communicative competence.
德育目标：了解一些重要的改变世界的发明。
Many important inventions have changed the world a lot.So,we must know about them better.
学习重点：听懂听力材料，捕捉关键词完成听力题。
学习难点：一般过去时的被动语态
学习过程：
情境导入：There are many useful things in the world. They help us a lot in life. (Show some pictures on the screen)?
like this：
T：Where are Hongqi cars made
S1：They are made in China.
Then talk about the computer，the TV，the telephone.
3．T：Today we are going to talk about these inventions.
Which one of these inventions was invented first？Can you guess
二、自主学习
预习检测 Ⅰ.翻译官。
1．shoes with special heels_________2．hot ice cream scoop____________
3 . the style of the shoes___________4.eighteen seventy six ______________
5．通电________________ 6．shoes with lights________________
7.1927 _____________ 8.1876________________
9.用来做________________
三、合作探究:
Task1.Talking
1. Look at the pictures in 1a. Discuss with your group, in what order do you think they were invented Try to number them [1-4].
2. Ss discuss with their partners and number the pictures.
3. Talking about the inventions:
Task2.Listening (1b)
1. T: Tell Ss look at the pictures and years on the left. Finish 1b.
2. Listen to the dialogue again and pay attention to Passive voice (past tense).
Task3. Pair work (1c)
1. Ss try to remember the invention and the year.
2. Student B, cover the dates. Student A, ask Student B when the things in the picture in 1b were invented. Then change roles and practice again.
3. Let some students ask and answer in pairs.
四、知识点拨：
1.被动语态的结构：动词的被动语态形式由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词(done)”构成。
2.with 介词 带有；具有，反义词_______
3.style 样式，款式 in style意为_____ out of style _________
五、当堂反馈：
1)The room _____（保持） warm all winter .
2)The shoes with high heels are in the latest ______ （款式）.Many girls wear them .
3)When was the telephone_______(发明).
4)汽车是1885年发明的。__________________________________________________-
六、当堂小结：一般过去时态的被动语态结构____________________________________
七、作业布置：选做：预习42页2d.
八、板书设计
Unit 6　When was it invented
Section A(1a－1c)
telephone：1876　car：1885
television：1927　personal computer：1971
I think it was invented before the car.
When was it invented？It was invented in…
What is it used for
What are they used for
have a point，　It mentioned that…
九、课后反思
Unit 6　When was it invented
Section A(2a-2d)
学习目标：1.知识目标：1.Master the key words and sentences:
（1)Key words:heel,scoop,electricity,style,project,pleasure,daily,website,pioneer,list,mention（2)Sentences:-When was the telephone invented -I think it was invented in 1876.
2. To talk about the history of inventions.
3.Train students' listening and communicative competence.
2.技能目标：学会一般过去时的被动语态
德育目标：了解一些重要的改变世界的发明。
学习重点：1.Master the key words and target language
2. Improve students' listening and speaking skills.
3.Learn to talk about the history of some inventions.
学习难点：How to talk about the history of some inventions.
一般过去时的被动语态
学习过程：
情境导入：Show a picture of zipper and say today we’ll learn another invention.
二、自主学习
预习检测 Ⅰ.翻译官。
日常生活______________2.改变世界_______________
3想起__________________4.思考____________________
5.我的荣幸_______________6．有道理________________
7.带去某地_______________8.以低价____________________
9.把……翻译成……____________________10.突然______________________
三、合作探究
Task1.2a:
T: Tell Ss they will hear some interesting inventions.
1. Look at the pictures in 2a. Discuss the things what they are used for.
2. Play the recording for the Ss to listen and number the pictures.
3.Check the answers. 2b: 1. Let Ss read the chart below. Explain some main sentences for the Ss.
2. Play the recording then fill in the blanks.
3. Play the recording again and check the answers.
4. Listen again and pay attention to the structure “be used for”.
Task2.
1. Tell Ss to make conversations using the information in 2b. Make a model for the Ss.
2. Let some Ss make conversations using the information in 2b.
Task3. 读2d,回答下列问题。
1. What is the subject for their school project - Small inventions that changed the world.
2. Why does Roy think zipper is a great invention -Because it’s often used in our daily lives.
3. When did the zipper become popular -Around 1917.
4. Read and translate.
1) 拉链是在1893年被惠特科姆.贾德森发明的。
The zipper ___ ________ ___ Whitcomb Judson _______ 1893.
2) 但是在那个时候，它还没有被广泛使用。But ___ ____ _____, it ____ _____ widely.
5. Ask Ss to role-play the conversation in groups.
四、拓展提升
1.pleasure 高兴，愉快 with pleasure意思是________,My pleasure意为________
2.be used for doing sth意为.___________相当于___________.
4.daily 意为______,同意词_______
3.mention 意为_______, Don’t mention it.意为___________,mention doing sth _____________
五、当堂检测
1）The players in the Chinese men’s soccer team are paying more attention to their_____(日常的）training.
2) Nobody ______(提及） anything to me about it
3) Daming, you should make a shopping _______（清单）.We will do the New Year’s shopping
4) Do you know how many ____Edison_____ (invent)
5) He has a good eating habit and every morning he drinks a cup of _______(boil)water
六、当堂总结
七、作业布置 必做1.抄写42页单词2.44页4a.
选做 预习43页课文
教学设计
Unit 6　When was it invented
Section A(2a－2d)
I think it was invented before the car.
When was it invented？It was invented in…
What is it used for
What are they used for
have a point，　It mentioned that…
九、课后反思
课题：Unit 6　When was it invented
第三课时Section A(3a－3c)
学习目标：1.知识目标：
1)单词：accidental,ruler,boil,remain,smell,saint,national,trade,popularity，doubt
2)短语：by accident,take place,without doubt,fall into
3）句子：1.Did you know that tea was invented by accident
　2.Most people believe that tea was first drunk about 5，000 years ago.
　3.It is said that…
　4.It is believed that…
　5.In England，tea didn't appear until around 1660.
2.技能目标：学会一般过去时的被动语态
德育目标：了解中国的茶文化，传承并发扬中国传统文化。
学习重点：1．通过阅读理解每一段的主要意思。
2.进一步学习运用被动语态，掌握被动语态中过去分词的规则变化。
学习难点：Practice the passive voice in reading comprehension.Learn about Chinese tea culture.
学习过程：
一、自主学习:
预习检测 翻译官。
1．偶然的，意外的__________ 2．在火炉上_______3．喝茶_______________
4．茶树________________5．茶圣_______________ 6．国家茶________
7．毫无疑问_______________ 8．茶的本质__________
9．突然地_______________ 10.茶文化____________
二、合作探究:
Ⅰ. Warming up
Watch a video and answer the questions.
What is the video about 2. Who is the writer of Cha Jing
Ⅱ. Reading Skimming
Answer the questions: When was tea invented Who invented tea How was it invented 2. 3a Careful reading Read Para. 1 and complete the chart.
Who: __________
What: _________
Where (country): ________
How: Shen Nong was _________ drinking water when some leaves _______ ________ the water and __________ there for some time. It __________ a pleasant smell. Shen Nong ________ the brown water and it tasted delicious.
Result: One of the world’s favorite _________ was invented.
3.Read Para. 3 and complete the sentences.
1）Tea was brought to Korea and Japan during _________________________.
2）In England, tea didn’t appear until around _____________.
3）The tea trade from China to Western countries took place in the ____________.
4. 3c. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the box.
1) One of the world’s favorite drinks was _________ by accident.
2) Tea was first ________ by Shen Nong about 5,000 years ago.
3) A nice smell was _________ when the tea leaves dropped into the hot water.
4) Tea was ________ to Korea and Japan during the 6th and 7th centuries.
5) Tea is now ______ between many different countries
三、知识点拨：
1.by accident偶然，意外地，相当于_________,
2.It is said that....________,相当于People say that类似结构的有________________________
3.remain 仍然，还，后跟形容词，意为保持_________
4.smell 闻起来，嗅起来，后跟形容词作______, 名词_____,
5辨析.take place/happen用法及其区别：________________
6.doubt sth.意为________ without doubt__________
7.辨析until/till，not.......until.......意为__________8.辨析less than/more less___________
四、当堂反馈:
（ ）1.Could you please offer some information about the _____ to us
Sure. It happened ____accident on May 1st on the high-speed way.
A.achieve ; with B. matter; in C. absent; for D.accident; by
（ ）2.It has been raining for days. When will it stop
---It is ____ that the rainy season will be longer than last year.
A.says B.said C. saying D.to say
（ ）3.The plane ____ on the ground for two more hours because of the bad weather.
A.ran B.moved C. shook D. remained
（ ）4.We don’t know the love of our parents _____ we become parents ourselves one day.
A. until B. after C. when D. since
（ ）5.____ you told me ,I had heard nothing of what had happened.
A.Till B. not till C. not until D. until
（ ）6.The 24th Winter Olympics will ______ in China in 2022.
A.Happen B.take place C. happen to D.be taken place
（ ）7.The cheese cake _____ so good that I can’t wait to eat it .
A.Taste B. feels C. sounds D.smells
（ ）8.Simon, do you know who invented the kite
__Sure! It ____ by Mozi over 2000 years old.
A.Is invented B. invented C.was invented D. will be invented
（ ）9.My home is near the hospital. It takes me ______ ten minutes to get to school every day
much than B. much more C.less than D. at last
当堂总结
作业布置：必做1.抄写43页单词。
2.翻译：1）许多人认为大约在5000年前茶首次被引用。
2）尽管现在很多人了解茶文化，但是毫无疑问中国人才是最懂茶的本质的人。
选做：学法大视野86页基础过关。
板书设计
Unit 6　When was it invented
accidental,ruler,boil,remain,smell,saint,national,trade,popularity，doubt
by accident,take place,without doubt,fall into
八、课后反思
课题：Unit 6　When was it invented
第四课时Section A(Grammar Focus－4c)
学习目标：1.知识目标：
1.Master the key words:fridge,low,somebody,translate,lock,earth-quake,sudden,all of a sudde n, biscuit, cookie, instrument, crispy, salty, sour, by mistake, customer.
2.Master the target language.
3.Master the use of passive voice.
4.Improve students' integrated skill.
5.To know the history of potato chips.
6.Improve students listening and communicative skills.
2.技能目标：1.Explain the grammar in details.
2.Autonomous and cooperative approach.
3.Learn some adjectives to describe the taste of food
4.To train students' listening skill by talking about the history of potato chips.
德育目标：了解中国的茶文化，传承并发扬中国传统文化。
学习重点：1.Master the new words and target language.
2. Master the rules of transformation.
3. Develop students' listening and speaking skills.
4..Master the use of passive voice.
学习难点：1.Master the use of passive voice.
2.Train students 'listening and speaking skills by talking about the history of food.
学习过程：
Ⅰ. Revision
1. Have a dictation of the new words have learned in the last class.
2. Review some main phrases we have learned in the last class. Check the homework.
Ⅱ. Lead-in Watch a video and observe the use of Passive voice.
Ⅲ. Grammar Focus. Read the sentences in Grammar Focus and do some exercise.。
Ⅳ. Grammar Passive Voice其构成为：was / were+及物动词的过去分词。
一般过去时被动语态的几种句型.
3.Finish Grammar Focus
①Read aloud the sentences in the grammar frame until fluently.
②Find out the passive structure with students.
③Write the sentences in their active voice on the blackboard.Get the students to compare them with passive voice.Ask the students about the changes of the subject，the verb forms and the meanings.Practice some sentences by turning the active voice into the passive voice.
Ⅴ. Practice
1. 4a: Read the sentences in 4a and rewrite the sentences using the passive voice.
2. 4b: Complete the sentences with correct forms of the verbs in the box.
eat, like, invite, tell, lock, ring, break, bring
1) You ____________ to the party last night, weren’t you Why didn’t you go
2) The earthquake happened all of a sudden, but luckily the villagers ____ to a safe place.
3) The door ___________ when we arrived, so we ______ the bell.
4) The students ___________ not to eat or drink in class, but Ruby ______ the rule when she started eating a biscuit in science class.
5) The cookies ____ by the hungry kids in less than 20 minutes, and they really ___ them.
3. 4c: Decide whether active or passive forms should be used in these sentences. Write the correct forms in the blanks.
当堂反馈:
Rewrite the sentences using the passive voice.
(1)They made this machine long ago.
________________________________________________________________________
(2)The teacher told us the story.
________________________________________________________________________
(3)Did you finish your task at that time
________________________________________________________________________
(4)The traders brought tea to many countries around the world.
________________________________________________________________________
作业布置：必做1.抄写Grammar Focus并翻译。
选做：学法大视野86页基础过关。
板书设计
Unit 6　When was it invented
Section A(Grammar Focus－4c)
accidental,ruler,boil,remain,smell,saint,national,trade,popularity，doubt
by accident,take place,without doubt,fall into
Active voice：S＋v＋O＋…
Passive voice：O＋be＋past participle＋by＋S
课后反思
课题：Unit 6　When was it invented
第五课时Section B(1a－1e)
学习目标：1.知识目标：1)单词：crispy,salty,sour,customer
2)短语：by mistake
3)句子：1.Potato chips were invented by mistake.
2.Potato chips were invented by a cook called George Crum.
2.技能目标：学会一般过去时的被动语态
德育目标：了解更多的发明，激励学生努力学习。
学习重点：理解听力内容，捕捉有效信息完成练习。
学习难点：宾语从句中被动语态的运用。
学习过程：
一、自主学习
1．预习1a－1e中的生词，根据音标会读、知道汉语意思。
翻译官:
1．甜的______2．咸的_________3．酸的__________4．酥脆的_____________
5．最后，终于__________6．炸土豆条_________7．by mistake___________
二、合作探究
Talking
1a :Tell Ss that the words in the box describe how food can taste.
Write them under the correct pictures. Some pictures have more than one word.
Ss work with their partners and try to write some proper words under the pictures.
3. Let some Ss read their answers. Try to remember the new words.
1b
1. Let some Ss read the adjective words in the box. Make sure they all know the meaning of each word.
2. Ss discuss with their partners. Try to write the name of a different food after each word.
Learn the new words together:
Listening
1c 1. Tell Ss the conversation is about how the potato chips were invented. The story is very interesting.
2. First, let one Ss read the sentences in 1c. Make sure they know the meaning of each sentence.
3. Play the recording for the Ss. Listen for the first time. Play it again and judge T or F.
1d:
1. Let Ss read the article in 1d first. Tell Ss to listen again and fill in the blanks with the right words.
2. Play the recording again for the Ss to listen and write the words.
The History of Potato Chips
Do you know how potato chips were invented Potato chips ____________ by a cook called George Crum. They were invented in _________. George Crum cut the potatoes really, really _________ and then cooked them for a long time until they were __________. Finally he put lots of salt on them so they were _________.
3. Listen to the tape again and pay attention to Passive voice (past tense).
4.自主完成1e，用1c、1d的信息造关于炸土豆条发明的对话，与同伴进行对话练习。
三、知识点拨：
1.in the end 意为______,相当于______或________, at the end of +sp.表示在......尽头
At the end of +时间名词，表示“在......结束时”by the end of......在......以前；到......为止
2.与mistake 相关的短语：___________________3.enough的用法________________
4.一般过去时被动语态结构_________________ 5.make 的用法：_______________
四当堂反馈：
( )1.As we all know, a person learns many things by making ________ and correcting them.
A.Friends B. plans C.decisions D.mistakes
( )2.I’m sorry for taking your bag instead of mine __________.
A.By accident B. by chance C. by mistake D. by mistakes
3.The TV _____________(invent) around 1927.
( )4.Excuse me,sir.Are you sure the umbrella in your hand belongs to you
Oh,sorry. I took it __________. Mine is over there under the chair.
A.at once B. on time
C. by mistake D. in all
( )5.Who’s the little girl in the photo, Laura ---- It’s me.This photo ______ when I was five.
A.Is taken B. takes C. was taken D. took
6.They were out of danger _____________(最后，最终）
7.Walk along the street and you’ll find the hospital ___________(在街道的尽头）
8.We had learnt English for five years ______________(到上学期期末为止）
( )9.The customer thought the potatoes were not _________.
A.thin enough b. enough thin c. thinner enough
( )10.Paper-making ________ by the Chinese in the Western Han dynasty.
A. is invented B.are invented C.was invented
( )11.The workers ________ work all day and all night noawadys.
A. make B. is made to C.are made to D. are made
( )12.My deskmake wanted to make me ________(help/to help) her
当堂总结
作业布置：必做抄写44页grammar focus句子并翻译
选做 预习46页2b课文。
板书设计
Section B(1a－1e)
How ware potato chips invented
by mistake，by accident
sweet：
crispy：
salty：
sour：
八、课后反思
Unit 6　When was it invented
第六课时Section B(2a－2e)
学习目标：1.知识目标：1)单词：Canadian,divide,basket,hero,professional
2)短语：the Olympics,divide……into……，not only……but also……,at the same time,stop…from doing sth,look up to，
3)句子：1.Basketball is a much－loved and active sport that is enjoyed by many for fun and exercise.
　2.He was asked to think of a game that could be played in the winter.
　3.Today，the popularity of basketball has risen around the world.
4.Basketball has not only become a popular sport to play，but it has also become a popular sport to watch.
2.技能目标：学会一般过去时的被动语态
德育目标：了解更多的发明，激励学生努力学习。
学习重点：1 Master the new words and target language
2.Read the article to identity main idea to understand words in the context and catch the special information.
学习难点：1.Be able to talk about the history of inventions.
2.Train students' reading and comprehensive skills.
学习过程：
一、【自主学习】：
预习指导
翻译下列短语
1．a much loved and active sport__________2．阻止……做某事__________
3．篮球的普及________________ 4．competing team_____________
5．.....的总数_______________ 6．成就梦想________________
7．把……分成……____________ 8．钦佩、仰慕________________
9．奥林匹克活动________________ 10．专业的篮球组______________
二、【合作探究】：
Reading Skimming1. Answer the question:
(1) Who is the inventor of basketball James Naismith.
(2) When and where did basketball become an Olympic event In 1936 in Berlin.
2. Tell Ss to read the passage quickly. And find the main idea of each paragraph.
3. The popularity of basketball today.
Scanning
T: Now let’s read the mind map in 2c. Try to understand the meaning of the map.
2. Ask Ss to complete the mind map with the information in the passage.
3. Check the answers with the class.
4. Tell Ss to work hard and add something to the mind map.
Encourage Ss to try their best.
Post reading
2d 1. Now let’s work on 2d. First read the questions below. Then try to read the passage
again and find the answers to the questions.
2. Ss read the passage again and try to find the answers to the questions.
3. Let some Ss read their answers and correct their mistakes.
三、【知识点拨】：
1.Canadian 加拿大人，加拿大的，复数形式_________,
2.stop sb. from doing sth. 意为_______同意词组________________________,
3.look up to 意为_______同意词_____________
4.hero 复数______以’o’结尾加‘es’变复数的名词：黑人Negro英雄hero 爱吃西红柿tomato,土豆potato和芒果mango.
5.courage意为_____ ，encourage sb. to do sth_______________,名词形式________
6.achieve 意为________ 名词形式___________,achieve one’s dream意为_____________同意词组_____________,________________
7.divide......into意为_____________被动结构______________
四、【当堂反馈】：
( )The 31st Olympics_______ in Rio in 2016.
A.held B. will be held C. were held D. has been held
( )2.Everyone in our class________ to take part in the English Contest.
A.is encouraged B.encourages C.are encouraging D.are encouraged
( )3.Lucy is made______ some housework at home,________washing the dishes, cleaning the room and so on. A.to do;including B. do;include C. to do;included D. doing;including
( )4.We have to stop the villagers from_________ the grass in the fields because it will make the air polluted. A.burn B. to burn C. burned D. burning
( )5.There______ a number of books in the library and the number of them ______ increaing.
A.has;is B.have;are C.are;is D.is;are
( )6.Wechat is very popular. ______ the young______ the old are getting interested in it.
A.Neither ;nor B. Either;or C.Not only;but also D.Between;and
7.Tom’s father made him _______(not watch) TV at night.
8.The book __________(buy) for me last Sunday.
9.Not only Mary but also her mother______(go) shopping on weekends.
10.We will report these ______(hero). They are the pride of our country.
五、当堂小结
六、作业布置：必做1.抄写46-47页单词,选做学法90页基础过关
七、板书设计mind－mapping
The good things：
The difficult things：
八、课后反思
Unit 6　When was it invented
第七课时（3a-self check）
学习目标：
知识目标：如何用一般过去时态的被动语态描述一件发明进行写作。
技能目标：复习被动语态以及本单元重点单词、短语、句子
德育目标：了解历史发明，激励学生努力学习，创造更美好的未来。
学习重点：用一般过去时态的被动语态进行写作
学习难点：一般过去时的被动语态
学习过程:
情境导入
Do you have something you don’t like to do Then think of an invention that could help you.
二、自主学习：单元实用短语、句型储备
3a: 1. Ask Ss what things they don’t like to do.
2. Discuss in group and think of an invention that could help you.
3. Ss discussing the problems and try to make their own notes.
4. Let some Ss read their notes to the class.
3b: 1. Tell Ss to write a description of their new invention.
2. Give them some useful sentences:
1) I think … is a very useful invention.
1. 相关短语：be used for
2. 描述的常用句型： It was invented by ......in......
It has.........
It can help.........
It is used for......
合作探究
随着信息时代的到来，手机渐渐从一个新兴的高科技发明变成了人民生活必需品之一。手机的多功能给我们带来了便利。你知道手机的发明者是谁吗？请根据提示向大家介绍这项发明。
要求：字数80字左右。条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，书写规范。
Invention When Who Uses
The mobile phone In 1973 Martin Cooper Communicate Surf in the Internet Play games,listen to music....
写作范文
There are many inventions that have changed our lives and the world. One of the most popular inventions is the mobile phone. It was invented by Martin Cooper in 1973.it used to be very expensive. But now more and more people have it . It can help us communicate with our family,friends or other people. It can also be used surfing in the Internet,playing games and listening to music. Maybe it will have more uses in the future. What a wonderful invention!
五、当堂检测：小组互换检查更正作文中的错误，然后交给老师批阅。
Finish the tasks in Self Check
Activity 1
①Read and review the words in the box.
②Fill in the blanks on their own.The teacher walks around.
③In pairs，correct the work of each other.
④Read aloud the passage until fluently.
Activity 2
①Ask students to say how to write a passive voice sentence simply.
②Ask five students to write the sentences on the blackboard.Other students rewrite the sentences
③The class look at the blackboard and check.
④Read and translate them into Chinese.
Activity 3
①Read the instructions and understand how to work.
②The teacher leads the class to think back of the inventions in this unit.Quickly and simply describe them.
③Ask students to choose one invention to finish the writing.
三、【当堂反馈】：A:用所给词的适当形式填空
1. We use knives _________(cut) things.
2. The two__________(Canada) are my good friends. One is Lucy, and the other is Lily.
3. Zheng Chenggong is one of the national____________(hero) of China.
4. He_____________(fall) into the water from the top of the building. Luckily, he was saved.
5. Great changes________(take) place in Luoyang in recent years.
Ⅱ.单项选择。(10分)
（ ）1.Would you hold this for a moment —With_________ .
A. pleasing B. pleased C. pleasure D. please
（ ）2.How dangerous!
--Yeah. The bus___________hit the car just now.
A.clearly B. normally C. nearly D. mostly
（ ）3.Can we pick some oranges to eat Don't you see that they are green They must be_________.
A. sweet B. salty C. hot D. sour
（ ）4.Sorry, sir. But is this umbrella yours
Oh, sorry. I just took it__________. Mine is under the seat.
A.for yourself B. by mistake C. in person D. at last
（ ）5. You should listen to music when you are _______.
A.Sress out B.stressed out C. stressing out
（ ）6.Mary doesn’t like singing. She likes dancing ______.
A.instead B. instead of C.yet D. still
（ ）7.Don’t disturb Allen now. He _____for the Spelling Competition.
A.Prepares B. prepared C.is preparing D.will prepare
五、当堂检测：小组互换检查更正作文中的错误，然后交给老师批阅。
六、课堂小结
七、布置作业:选做学法93页第三题。
八、板书设计
a special car/key/bag/bowl/broom/…
be made of…；be used for…；looks like…；where be made of…；be used for…；looks like…；where and when can be used；how much…
It was invented by…，It looks like…
九、课后反思