Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 知识点总结仁爱科普版(2024)八年级英语上册

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名称 Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 知识点总结仁爱科普版(2024)八年级英语上册
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八年级 Unit 6
I重点词组:
be close to靠近…
at present目前
provide…for…为…提供
through the telescope通过望远镜
living things生物
in the center在中心
be made of由…制成
at least至少
the importance of…的重要性
neither…nor…既不…也不…
plenty of…大量的…
as well as也;和…一样
be similar to与…相似
look up查阅;抬头看
at a distance of距离…
as for…至于…
make up组成;编造…
play an important role in在…中起重要作用
be related to…与…有关
fill sth with something用…装满…
because of…因为…
on the other hand另一方面
be due to…由于…
look forward to doing something期待做…
more about…更多关于…
the second brightest planet第二亮的行星
think of…想起…
because of…因为…
on average平均…
have sth in common有…共同之处
waiting for等待…
in the daytime在白天
at night在晚上
was born in…出生于…
run away逃跑
have a better look at更好地看…
human beings人类
II重点句型:
On clear nights, you can see them shining in the sky.在晴朗的夜晚,你可以看到它们在天空中闪耀。
see sb do something 看见某人做某事(整个过程或经常性)
doing something看见某人正在做某事
I see him_________ basketball every day.每天我都能见到他打篮球
When I passed by, I saw him ______ basketball.当我经过的时候,我看见他正在打篮球。
It is much smaller than Earth and goes around Earth once about every 27 days.它比地球小得多,大约每27天绕地球一周。
a little或much+比较级 than前用比较级
Michael is a little taller than Kangkang.迈克尔比康康高一点儿。
Michael is much taller than Kangkang.迈克尔比康康高得多。
次数 英文表达 例句(每周…) 中文翻译
1 次 once once a week 每周一次
2 次 twice twice a month 每月两次
3 次及以上 three times 数字 + times three times a year 每年三次
核心结构:“次数 + every + 时间” = “次数 + a + 时间”(时间是 day/week 等时用)。
例:twice every 3 days每 3 天两次、six times a month每月六次
提问用:How often多久一次
It is the largest and brightest object in the solar system, and it gives us light and warmth.它是太阳系中最大、最亮的天体,给我们带来光和热。
It sends satellites and people into space, and it is one of the most important tools for exploring the solar system.它将卫星和人送入太空,是探索太阳系最重要的工具之一。
词义 常见用法及搭配 例句
发送;寄(信、包裹等) 后接名词 / 代词,常用搭配:send sth to sb(把某物寄给某人)、send sb sth(给某人寄某物) I will send a postcard to my friend. 我会给我的朋友寄一张明信片。
She sent me a birthday gift. 她寄给我一份生日礼物。
派遣;打发 指让某人去某地执行任务,常用搭配:send sb to...(派某人去……) The company sent him to London. 公司派他去伦敦。
Mom sent me to buy some milk. 妈妈打发我去买些牛奶。
发送(信息、信号等) 后接名词,用于描述发送电子信息、信号等 He sent a message to his teacher. 他给老师发了一条消息。
The machine can send signals far away. 这台机器能发送远距离信号。
one of+the+最高级+名复 最…之一
《音乐之声》是最受欢迎的美国电影之一. ___________________________________
They move around another body in space and can be natural or man-made.它们绕太空中的另一个天体运行,有自然的也有人造的。
单词 / 短语 含义 用法(中考重点) 例句及中文翻译
another 另一个(三者及以上中的) 后接单数名词;表示 “再一、又一” 时,可接数词 + 复数名词(如 another 2 days)。 I need another pen. 我需要另一支笔。
Can I have another two apples 我能再要两个苹果吗?
the other 另一个(两者中的) 后接单数名词;常与 “one” 搭配(one...the other... 一个…… 另一个……)。 I have two books. One is new, the other is old. 我有两本书。一本是新的,另一本是旧的。
others 其他的人 / 物(泛指,部分) 单独使用,相当于 “other + 复数名词”;指整体中除去一部分后剩余的 “部分”(不是全部)。 Some students like math, others like English. 有些学生喜欢数学,其他的喜欢英语。
the others 其他的人 / 物(特指,全部) 单独使用,相当于 “the other + 复数名词”;指整体中除去一部分后剩余的 “全部”。 There are 10 students in the room. Three are reading, the others are writing. 房间里有 10 个学生。3 个在读书,其余的在写字。
other 其他的(泛指) 后接复数名词;不能单独使用。 Do you have other books 你有其他的书吗?
It is the third closest planet to the Sun and our only home in space at present.它是离太阳第三近的行星,也是我们目前在太空中唯一的家园。
a birthday present=a birthday gift
It is the whole body of things, and no one knows how wide it is.它是万物的整体,没有人知道它有多广阔。
必须与 the 连用,即 the whole + 单数名词,比如 the whole week(一整周)。这是单选和完形填空常考点,要注意和 all 的位置区别:the whole + 名词和 all the + 名词。
我不知道怎样到第七中学。_____________________________________________
The sun is at the center of the solar system.太阳位于太阳系的中心。
短语 含义 适用场景
at the center of 位于精确的中心 “点” 抽象或明确的核心位置(如太阳系)
in the center of 在某个空间的中心区域 有具体范围的空间(如公园、房间)
The sun provides energy, light and heat for the earth.太阳为地球提供能量、光和热。
provide sb. with sth为某人提供某物
provide sth. for sb为某人提供某物
The school ______ lunch ____ the children.学校为孩子们提供午餐。
The school _______ the children ____ lunch.学校为孩子们提供午餐。
According to scientists, in about 3.5 billion years from now, the sun will be 40% brighter than it is today, and it will get bigger and bigger.据科学家称,大约35亿年后,太阳将比现在亮40%,而且会变得越来越大。 比较级见III重点语法
In about 4.5 billion years, the sun will turn into a huge red ball and then die by breaking into small pieces.大约45亿年后,太阳将变成一个巨大的红球,然后碎裂成小块而消亡。
物/人 + turn into + 另一物/人 The ice turns into water. 冰变成了水。
She turned the spare room into a study. 她把闲置的房间改成了书房。
The Big Dipper looks like a spoon.北斗七星看起来像一把勺子。
He looks like his father. 他看起来像他的爸爸。
Follow the two stars on the right, and you can find the North Star.沿着右边的两颗星,你就能找到北极星。 见Unit 3 II重点句型:13
One star never appears at night.有一颗恒星在夜晚从不出现。
核心含义 中考常考搭配 例句及中文翻译
出现;显现 物 / 现象 + appear The sun appeared from behind the clouds. 太阳从云层后出现。
看起来;似乎 appear + (to be) + 形容词 She appears (to be) happy. 她看起来很高兴。
appear to do sth He appears to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。
There are eight planets going around it.有八颗行星绕着它运行。
There be+sb./sth doing ..有某人/某物在做什么
________________________________________.树上有一些鸟在唱歌.
It has a diameter of about 1,391,400 kilometers.它的直径约为139.14万公里。
There are no living things on the Sun.太阳上没有生物。
It looks blue and green, and it is the only planet with life in the solar system.它看起来是蓝绿色的,是太阳系中唯一有生命的行星。
In the solar system, the Sun is in the center, and eight planets go around it.在太阳系中,太阳位于中心,八颗行星绕着它运行。
The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil, while the outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside.内行星较小,由岩石和土壤构成,而外行星较大,由气体构成,内部有岩石。
这张桌子由木头制成。(be made of…)________________________________
纸由木头制成。(be made from…)____________________________________
这辆车在中国制造。(be made in…)___________________________________
牛奶被制成奶酪。(be made into…)____________________________________
这个蛋糕由妈妈做的。(be made by sb.…)_______________________________
一个团队由队员组成。(be made up of…)________________________________
There are at least two reasons:至少有两个原因:
词汇 / 短语 词性 / 用法 反义词 原级 比较级 最高级
little 形容词 / 副词(表示 “少”) much/many little less least
at least 短语(表示 “至少”) at most - - -
at most 短语(表示 “至多”) at least - - -
It keeps the planets in the solar system.它将行星维系在太阳系中。
It has the power to keep all the planets moving around it.它有力量使所有行星绕着它运行。
Keep on doing sth. 坚持做某事;keep sb. doing sth. 让某人一直干某事
I'm sorry for keeping you waiting so long.对不起,让你久等了。
The light is important for people and animals to get energy, and plants need the light to grow.光对人和动物获取能量很重要,植物也需要光来生长。
用法 结构 / 句式 含义 / 说明 例句
实义动词 need + 名词 / 代词 需要某物 I need a pen.我需要一支笔
need to do something 需要做某事(主语自己做) She needs to study hard.她需要努力学习
need something to do something 需要某物来做某事(某物是做后一动作的工具 / 条件 to 表目的) I need a key to open the door.我需要一把钥匙来开门
情态动词 need + 动词原形(多用于否定句 / 疑问句) 需要 无人称变化 Need I go there 我需要去那里吗 You needn’t worry.你不必担心
It is neither too close nor too far from the sun.它离太阳既不太远也不太近。
用法 具体说明 例句及中文翻译
基本含义 表示 “既不…… 也不……”,用于否定两者 She likes neither apples nor bananas. 她既不喜欢苹果也不喜欢香蕉。
连接成分 可连接两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语等(中考重点考连接主语) - 连接主语:Neither he nor I am late. 他和我都没迟到。
- 连接宾语:I want neither coffee nor tea. 我既不要咖啡也不要茶。
谓语动词就近原则 连接两个主语时,谓语动词的单复数随 “靠近它的主语” 变化(中考必考点) - Neither the teacher nor the students are here. 老师和学生都不在这儿。(谓语随 students 变复数)
- Neither the students nor the teacher is here. 学生和老师都不在这儿。(谓语随 teacher 变单数)
常见句式 可简化为 “neither + 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”(表示 “另一人也不……”) —I don't like math. 我不喜欢数学。
—Neither do I. 我也不喜欢。
The earth is large, and it can hold the right type of air around it.地球很大,它能在自身周围保持合适的空气。
hold基本含义
拿;握;抱
She held a cup of coffee in her hand. 她手里拿着一杯咖啡。
保持(某种状态或位置)
Hold your head up. 抬起你的头。
The weather held fine for the picnic. 野餐时天气一直很好。
容纳;装得下
This box can hold 10 books. 这个盒子能装 10 本书。
举办;召开
We will hold a meeting tomorrow. 我们明天要开个会。
持有(观点、权利等)
He holds strong views on education. 他对教育有坚定的看法。
Besides, there is plenty of water as well as some dry land on the surface of the earth.此外,地球表面有大量的水以及一些旱地。
plenty of=a lot of…
Among the eight planets, Earth is a middle-sized one, with a diameter of around 13,000 kilometers.在八颗行星中,地球是中等大小的,直径约为1.3万公里。
around =about
Three of the planets are smaller than Earth.其中三颗行星比地球小。
The other four planets are larger.另外四颗行星更大。
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, at a distance of about 58 million kilometers, while Neptune is the farthest, at a distance of about 4.5 billion kilometers.水星是离太阳最近的行星,距离约为5800万公里,而海王星是最远的,距离约为45亿公里。
As for Earth, it is the third closest, closer than Mars but farther away than Venus and Mercury.至于地球,它是第三近的,比火星近,但比金星和水星远。
Mercury and Venus are much hotter than Earth, while Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune are much colder.水星和金星比地球热得多,而木星、天王星和海王星则冷得多。 见重点语法
As our home, Earth is alive with life because it is neither too hot nor too cold.作为我们的家园,地球充满了生命,因为它既不太热也不太冷。
单词 词性 核心含义(中考常考) 用法区别(中考重点) 例句及中文翻译
alive 形容词 活着的;有活力的 作表语或后置定语(不能放名词前作前置定语);可指人 / 物,侧重 “没死” 的状态。 The dog is still alive. 这只狗还活着。
He saved all the people alive. 他救了所有活着的人。
living 形容词 活着的;现存的 1. 可修饰人、动物、植物等(范围广);
2. 能作表语、前置定语或后置定语;
3. 侧重 “有生命的、在世的”(与 “死的” 相对)。 She has a living grandmother.(修饰人,前置定语)她有一位在世的奶奶。
All living things need water.(修饰动植物,前置定语)所有生物都需要水。
live 形容词 活的;现场直播的 1. 表 “活的” 时,几乎只修饰 “动物”(很少修饰人 / 植物);
2. 作 “活的” 讲时只能作前置定语;
3. 侧重 “活的、没死去的”(常与 “死的、假的” 对比);
4. 另常考 “现场直播的” 义。 The zoo has a live panda.(修饰动物,前置定语)动物园有一只活熊猫。
We saw a live tiger in the zoo. 我们在动物园看到了一只活老虎。
It's a live show. 这是一场现场直播的节目。
lively 形容词 活泼的;生动的 可作表语或定语;指人 “活泼的”、物 “生动的”,与 “活着” 无关,侧重 “有活力 / 生动”。 She is a lively girl. 她是个活泼的女孩。
The story is lively. 这个故事很生动。
Mars is more similar to Earth in size and temperature.火星在大小和温度上与地球更相似。
be similar to…和…类似于
Together, they make up the amazing solar system.它们一起构成了令人惊叹的太阳系。
Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration.细心和责任在科学探索中起着重要作用。
Fitness of the body and mind is of key importance for scientists to live and work in space.身心健康对科学家在太空中生活和工作至关重要。
of + 名词结构 对应形容词 含义 中考高频搭配 例句(原结构 + 同义句) 句意
of importance important 重要的 of great importance=very important;of no importance=not important This exam is of importance. =This exam is important. 这场考试很重要
of value valuable 有价值的 of great value=very valuable;of no value=not valuable Old books are of value. =Old books are valuable. 旧书有价值
of use useful 有用的 of great use=very useful;of no use=not useful Dictionaries are of use. =Dictionaries are useful. 字典有用
of key importance very important 极其重要的 (固定搭配无 of no 形式) Listening is of key importance for English learning. =Listening is very important for English learning. 听力对英语学习极其重要
The brightness of a star is related to its size. The larger, the brighter.恒星的亮度与其大小有关。越大,就越亮。
The development of the space industry will bring more business and create more jobs in different areas.航天工业的发展将带来更多的商业机会,并在不同领域创造更多的就业岗位。
Nature can fill our lives with real joy, peace and happiness.大自然能给我们的生活带来真正的快乐、平静和幸福。
fill with 表示:用…… 装满……,常用结构是 fill + 容器 + with + 要装的东西。
Mom filled the fridge with vegetables. ____________________________
They filled the box with toys. ____________________________
Venus and Mercury are two of the closest planets to the Sun.金星和水星是离太阳最近的两颗行星。
Because of its closeness to the Sun and its smallness in size, Mercury is difficult for us to see on Earth.由于水星离太阳近且体积小,我们在地球上很难看到它。
because of +名词或短语
because +句子
He didn't come to school because of his illness./ because he was ill.
由于他的病,他没来上学。
Venus, on the other hand, is known for its brightness and it’s beautiful.另一方面,金星以其亮度和美丽而闻名。
be known for=be famous for
Venus is the hottest planet while the surface temperature on Mercury can drop down to - 173 °C at night.金星是最热的行星,而水星表面的温度在夜间会降至-173°C。
Its coldness is due to its thin air.它的寒冷是由于其稀薄的空气。
What are the differences between Mercury and Earth 水星和地球有什么不同?
The Death Valley is known as the hottest place on the earth and the driest place in North America.死亡谷被称为地球上最热的地方,也是北美的最干旱的地方。
be known as=______________
与……不同______________
In 1913, the highest air temperature of 134°F (56.7°C) reached a record here.1913年,这里的最高气温达到了134华氏度(56.7摄氏度),创下了纪录。
到达邢台______________
In summer, the average rainfall in the Death Valley is less than 5cm.夏天,死亡谷的平均降雨量不到5厘米。
less than more than
There is no air here, so we have to produce some by ourselves.这里没有空气,所以我们必须自己制造一些。
no=______________ , ______________
我没有朋友:I have no friends.=I don't have any friends.=I don't have a friend.
我杯子里没有水:There is no water in my cup.=There is not any water in my cup.
The Sun rises from the east.太阳从东方升起。
There is a wonderful view of two small moons in the sky at night.夜晚的天空中有两个小月亮,景色很美。
Everyone has a small spacecraft to get around on Mars.在火星上,每个人都有一艘小型宇宙飞船用于出行。
I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.我期待着很快收到你的来信。
We may think of the same planet—Mars.我们可能想到的是同一颗行星——火星。
Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans.火星因为其红色的土壤而看起来是红色的,而地球的大部分地区因为其海洋而看起来是蓝色的。
Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common—water.尽管这两颗行星有很多不同之处,但它们有一个共同点——水。
Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe.火星在等待我们去探索,宇宙也是如此。
only a little larger than the Moon只比月球大一点
He was born in Poland他出生在波兰.
About sixty years later, scientists proved his ideas _________.大约六十年后,科学家们证明了他的观点_________。
Pluto is about 40 times farther from the Sun than Earth.冥王星离太阳的距离大约是地球的40倍。
英语中倍数 + 比较级的用法:
结构:倍数 + 比较级(farther/bigger/faster 等)+than + 被比较对象
倍数表达:
2 倍:用 twice(不用 two times,更符合英语习惯)
3 倍及以上:“基数词 + times”(如 three times、four times,不用 third times 等序数词)
This box is twice heavier than that one. 这个盒子是那个盒子的 2 倍重。
She reads three times faster than her brother. 她读书速度是她弟弟的 3 倍。
To have a better look at the planet and its satellites, scientists sent a spaceship to fly close to it.为了更好地观察这颗行星及其卫星,科学家们发射了一艘宇宙飞船近距离飞掠它。
It is so cold on the planet that air would freeze into something like snow.这颗行星上非常冷,空气会冻结成类似雪的东西。
freeze(原形)→ froze(过去式)→ frozen(过去分词)
Without air, human beings can’t live on the planet.没有空气,人类无法在这颗行星上生存。
III重点语法:
一、后缀 -ness 构成名词总结表 含义:表示 “性质、状态、程度”
例词(形容词→名词) 例句
careful(小心的)→ carefulness(细心) He is careful when doing homework, and his carefulness helps him get good grades. 他做作业时很小心,这份细心帮他取得了好成绩。
responsible(负责的)→ responsibility(责任感) A responsible student always takes his responsibility seriously. 有责任心的学生总会认真对待自己的责任。
fit(健康的)→ fitness(健康) She keeps doing sports to stay fit, and her fitness makes her full of energy. 她坚持运动保持健康,健康的身体让她活力满满。
bright(明亮的)→ brightness(亮度) The bright sun shines brightly, and its brightness lights up the whole room. 明亮的太阳照耀着,它的光芒照亮了整个房间。
weak(弱的)→ weakness(弱点) He knows he is weak in math, and he tries to improve this weakness. 他知道自己数学不好,正努力改善这个弱点。
happy(快乐的)→ happiness(幸福) A happy child always brings happiness to the family. 快乐的孩子总能给家人带来幸福。
dark(黑暗的)→ darkness(黑暗) The room becomes dark at night, and the darkness makes people feel a little scared. 夜晚房间变得黑暗,黑暗让人有点害怕。
二、形容词的比较级和最高级总结表
项目 具体内容 例词及例句
含义 比较级:表示 “较……”“更……”,用于两者比较
最高级:表示 “最……”,用于三者及以上比较 My bag is heavier than yours. 我的书包比你的重。
This is the tallest tree in the park. 这是公园里最高的树。
规则变化 1. 一般加 -er(比较级)/-est(最高级) bright → brighter(更亮的)/brightest(最亮的)
The moon is brighter tonight than last night. 今晚的月亮比昨晚更亮。
The sun is the brightest star in the sky. 太阳是天空中最亮的恒星。
2. 以 e 结尾加 -r(比较级)/-st(最高级) large → larger(更大的)/largest(最大的)
Our classroom is larger than theirs. 我们的教室比他们的大。
This is the largest apple I’ve ever seen. 这是我见过的最大的苹果。
3. “辅音字母 + y” 结尾,变 y 为 i 加 -er/-est dry → drier(更干燥的)/driest(最干燥的);happy→happier(更快乐的)/happiest(最快乐的)
Summer is drier than spring here. 这里的夏天比春天更干燥。
Today is the driest day this month. 今天是这个月最干燥的一天。
She looks happier than before. 她看起来比以前更快乐。
He is the happiest boy in the class. 他是班上最快乐的男孩。
4. 重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该辅音字母加 -er/-est hot → hotter(更热的)/hottest(最热的);big→bigger(更大的)/biggest(最大的)
Today is hotter than yesterday. 今天比昨天热。
August is the hottest month in a year. 八月是一年中最热的月份。
Your ball is bigger than mine. 你的球比我的大。
This is the biggest box in the room. 这是房间里最大的盒子。
5. 多音节词加 more(比较级)/the most(最高级) wonderful → more wonderful(更精彩的)/most wonderful(最精彩的);interesting→more interesting(更有趣的)/most interesting(最有趣的)
The movie is more wonderful than I thought. 这部电影比我想象的更精彩。
It is the most wonderful trip in my life. 这是我一生中最精彩的旅行。
This book is more interesting than that one. 这本书比那本更有趣。
Storybooks are the most interesting for kids. 故事书对孩子们来说是最有趣的。
不规则变化 部分形容词变化无规律 far → farther/further(更远的)/farthest/furthest(最远的)
My home is farther from school than yours. 我家比你家离学校远。
That village is the farthest from the city. 那个村庄离城市最远。
good/well→better(更好的)/best(最好的)
Your idea is better than mine. 你的主意比我的好。
This is the best news today. 这是今天最好的消息。
bad/ill→worse(更坏的)/worst(最坏的)
The weather is worse today than yesterday. 今天的天气比昨天更糟。
It was the worst day of his life. 那是他一生中最糟糕的一天。
many/much→more(更多的)/most(最多的)
I have more books than him. 我的书比他的多。
She ate the most cakes at the party. 聚会上她吃的蛋糕最多。
little→less(更少的)/least(最少的)
He drinks less water than me. 他喝的水比我少。
She has the least money among us. 我们中她的钱最少。
基本用法 比较级:常用于 “比较级 + than” 结构 The cat is smaller than the dog. 猫比狗小。
最高级:常用 “the + 最高级 + 比较范围(of/in/among)” 结构 Tom is the strongest in his team. 汤姆是他团队里最强壮的。
特殊用法 1. “比较级 + and + 比较级” 表示 “越来越……” The wind is getting stronger and stronger. 风变得越来越大。
2. “the + 比较级,the + 比较级” 表示 “越……,越……” The more you read, the smarter you will be. 你读得越多,就会越聪明。
3. 比较级可被 much/a little/even 等修饰 This shirt is much more expensive than that one. 这件衬衫比那件贵得多。
She is a little thinner than before. 她比以前瘦了一点。
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