Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．devote v．致力，献身，倾注
(1)devote to 致力于；献身于
devote sth．to (doing)sth． 把……献给；致力于
devote oneself to 致力于；献身于；专心于
(2)devoted adj． 挚爱的；忠诚的
be devoted to (doing)sth． 献身于(做)某事；专心致志于(做)某事
(3)devotion n． 深爱；奉献
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/句式升级
①He always devotes his attention to _______(help)the homeless children．
②We appreciated his ________(devote)of time and money to the project．
③The young lady is devoted to teaching the deaf children，and she has little time to care for her own daughter．
→_____________________________________，the young lady has little time to care for her own daughter．(过去分词短语作状语)
→______________________________________________，the young lady has little time to care for her own daughter．(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
2．reserve n．(野生生物)保护区；贮存 v．保留；贮存；预订
(1)without reserve 毫无保留地；完全
keep sth．in reserve 保存某物以备用
(2)reserve sth．for sb． 为某人保留某物
reserve the right to do sth． 有做某事的权利
(3)reservation n． 保留；预订(房间、座位等)
make a reservation 预订(座位、房间等)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Say all you know and say it _______ reserve．
②A double room with a balcony has been reserved ___ him．
③I'd like to make a ___________(reserve)for two nights for my family and myself in this hotel．
④我们总是存些钱备用，以防万一。
We always _________________________，just in case．
3．affect v．影响；打动；(疾病)侵袭
(1)be affected by 受……影响；被……感动
be affected with a high fever 发高烧
(2)effect n． 作用；影响；结果
in effect 事实上
have an effect on 对……有影响
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①________(affect)by the rise of house prices，people in big cities live under great pressure．
②We want to know whether the drug has an effect __ people's health．
③Favorable policies are __ effect to encourage employees' professional development．
④他因为发高烧没有参加会议。
He didn't attend the conference because he ______________________________．
4．adopt v．采取(某种方法)；收养
(1)adopt an idea/a plan 采纳意见/计划
adopt measures 采取措施
(2)adopted adj． 领养的
adoption n． 采用；收养
[名师点津] adapt与adopt词形相近，但adapt意为“适应；改编”。
[语境助记] The young couple had no children of their own，so they adopted an orphan．After a few months，the child came to adapt to his new life．
这对年轻夫妇没有亲生的孩子，于是他们领养了一名孤儿。几个月过后，这个孩子渐渐适应了他的新生活。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①She treated her _______(adopt) son as if he were her own child．
②If you cannot have children of your own，why not consider ________(adopt)
③最近我们学校采用了一种新的英语教学方法。
Our school ___________________________ teaching English recently．
5．reduce v．减少，降低
(1)reduce...to... 把……减少到……
reduce...by... 把……减少了……
reduce sb．to tears 使某人流泪
(2)be reduced to (doing)sth． 沦落到……地步
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①To improve the air quality，the use of private cars should __________(reduce)．
②With great effort，she has reduced her weight __ five kilograms in the past 7 days．
③听到这个消息，她在父母面前流下了眼泪。
Hearing the news，she ____________________ in front of her parents．
P86
1．__________________________ 致力于海洋保护
2．________________________ 强调……的残忍
3．__________________做报告
4．__________________________________ 参与到海洋生物的保护中
P87
1．_________________________________ 三江源国家级自然保护区
2．_________________________ 对……有负面影响
3．_______________________ 影响到水的供应
4．_______________________________ 恢复自然环境
P88
1．________________________ 应对全球变暖
2．________________ 碳足迹
3．_________________ 温室效应
4．________________ 可再生能源
5．_____________________________ 索要电子凭据
P89
1．___________________被用来做某事
2．___________ 在过去
3．____________ 被视为
4．_______________________以……开始
5．________________ 停下来喘口气
动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
一、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作宾语补足语与宾语之间的关系
1．动词-ing形式作宾语补足语与宾语之间的关系
当作宾语补足语的动词与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系且动作正在发生时，则用动词-ing形式表示正在进行的主动动作；当作宾语补足语的动词与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系且动作正在发生时，则用being done表示正在进行的被动动作。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday．
昨天我经过她的房间时，听到她正在唱英文歌。
I heard an English song being sung when I passed by her room yesterday．
昨天我经过她的房间时，听到有人在唱英文歌。
2．动词-ed形式作宾语补足语与宾语之间的关系
①及物动词-ed形式作语宾补足语，表示被动与完成，与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
I heard the door opened．
我听到门被打开了。
②seat，hide，dress等动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，一般表示状态，不表示被动意义，与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
When I came in，I found a strange girl seated in the corner．
我进来时发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角落里。
③go，fall等少数不及物动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，仅表示完成，不表示被动，与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
She found her necklace gone on her way home．
她在回家的路上发现项链不见了。
[名师点津] 上述句子变成被动语态后，宾补就变成了主语补足语，说明主语的状态。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①He found himself _____(lie) in the hospital when he woke up．
②To his fright，he felt himself ______________(follow) by a wolf．
③I'm afraid I can't make myself __________(understand) due to my poor English．
④If she catches you _______(read) her diary，she will become angry．
⑤The manager was satisfied to see many new products _________(develop) after great effort．
二、常见动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作宾语补足语的情况
1．用于感官动词后，如see，watch，observe，look at，notice，find，discover，catch(当场发现)，hear，listen to，feel，sense(意识到)等。
They saw the water running down from the high mountain．
他们看到水从高山上流下来。
To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible．
为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。
2．用于使役动词后，如have，get，keep，leave，make等。
He had us laughing by telling jokes all through the meal．
在整个就餐过程中，他一直讲笑话，让我们笑个不停。
I made myself known to them first and then we talked about our hobbies．
我先向他们做了自我介绍，然后我们谈论了自己的爱好。
[名师点津] 使役动词make，let后一般不跟动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，若作宾语补足语的动词与其前的宾语之间为主动关系时，用不带to的不定式。
The photographs made me think back to my schooldays．
这些照片使我回想起我的学生时代。
3．用于with复合结构中
With so many people looking at her，she felt very nervous．
有那么多人看她，她感到很紧张。
With the problem solved，the quality has been improved．
问题解决了，质量也提高了。
[名师点津] 表示“意愿，命令”的动词，如like，want，wish，expect，order等，可用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，相当于动词-ed形式前省略了to be，表示“希望/要求……被做”。
He didn't want the problem (to be)discussed at the meeting．
他不想在会上讨论这个问题。
[即时训练2] 完成句子
①他如此紧张，以至能够听到自己的心在狂跳。
He was so nervous that he could _____________________________．
②他只有用最大音量喊，才能让别人听见。
Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to __________________．
③我们发现，改革开放以来，我们的国家变化很大。
We _________________________________ with the reform and open policy．
④约翰收到了一封晚宴邀请函，因为工作都完成了，他欣然接受了邀请。
John received an invitation to dinner，and ______________________，he gladly accepted it．
用括号内单词的适当形式完成短文
Early in the morning，I woke up early and soon found myself 1．_______(walk) along a country road．I could feel the breeze 2．________(brush)my face gently．Many people were seen 3．______(take) a walk，4．____(lose) in the beautiful surroundings．
We have found our hometown 5．_______(change) a lot over the past ten years．The roads are seen 6．________(become) wider and wider．And we can notice high buildings 7．________(finish) one after another．Life in the town has become more convenient and comfortable than before．People can find their income 8．__________(increase) continuously．We can feel people 9．________(enjoy) their happy life．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①take care of 照顾，照料
②majority n．多数，大多数(人或物)
③take steps to do sth．采取措施做某事
④false adj．不正确的，错误的
⑤a danger 一个危险的事物(抽象名词具体化的用法)
⑥mistake...for...把……错当成……
⑦break down 分解
⑧amount n．数量，数额
⑨in fact 事实上，实际上
⑩be bad for 对……有害
go shopping 去购物
stop doing sth．停止做某事
turn off 关闭
stand-by adj．备用的
mode n．(机器、设备的)运行方式，状态，模式
electricity n．电
leak v．(使)漏，(使)渗漏
appliance n．家用电器，家用器具
remove v．移走，搬走，去掉
plug n．(电)插头
be good for 对……有好处
common sense 常识
transport v．运输，运送
in some cases 在某些情况下
produce n．产品；(尤指)农产品
take...into account 把……考虑进去
take a shower 淋浴
depend on 依赖，取决于
litre n．升，公升
be worth doing sth．值得做某事
What's really green
Most of us are aware that we must take care of① the environment[1]，and the majority② of us take steps to save③ energy and reduce waste and pollution．But recently，some “green truths” have been shown to be only half true，or even completely false④．Here are some common ones．Which are really green
Paper shopping bags are better than plastic ones
Plastic bags cause litter and are a danger⑤ to wild animals，which mistake them for⑥ food[2]．It takes hundreds of years for plastic to break down⑦[3]，but much less time for paper．Because of this，people think paper bags are the better environmental choice．
[2]此处which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词wild animals。
[3]本句句式为“It takes some time (for sb．)to do sth．”，意为“(某人)做某事花费某些时间。”
However，making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount⑧ of water．[4] The process also produces more greenhouse gases．
[4]句中making a paper bag为动词-ing形式短语作主语，谓语动词uses为第三人称单数；four times as much energy as为倍数表达法：倍数＋as much/many＋n．＋as。
In fact⑨，both kinds of bags are bad for⑩ the environment．So，take a reusable bag with you when you go shopping ．
When you turn off a device，it stops using power
When we turn off a device，such as television，it goes into stand-by mode ．Devices in this mode still use power，and older devices in stand-by mode can use even more．This happens because electricity continues to leak from the device，even when it is turned “off”．[5] To make sure your appliance is in fact off，remove the plug from its power supply．
Eating local food is good for the environment
It seems like common sense ： eating local food should be better for the environment，because it does not need to be transported long distances and kept cold during transport．[6] Unfortunately，it is not that simple．It is the production of food，not its transport，that uses most of the energy and produces most of the greenhouse gases．[7] In some cases ，local produce might have used more energy and produced more greenhouse gases than produce grown a long way away—even taking into account its transport．
[6]eating local food为动词-ing形式短语作主语；because引导原因状语从句。
[7]本句是强调句型，被强调部分是句子的主语。
It's better to take a shower than a bath
It depends on how long you spend in the shower and how large your bath is．[8] If you spend more than eight minutes in a shower[9]，you'll use as much water as in a bath—about 50 litres of water．Therefore，the key is to keep your shower time as short as possible．
[8 ]句中两个how引导宾语从句，作depends on的宾语。
[9]句中If引导条件状语从句。
Environmental awareness is now part of daily life．But it's worth checking common ideas and opinions to see what's really green．
哪些才是真正的环保做法？
我们大部分人意识到要保护环境，也采取了各种行动节约能源，减少浪费和污染。但是近来，一些“绿色环保真相”被证实并非完全正确，甚至是无稽之谈。下面列举了一些常见的环保观念，其中哪些是真正的环保呢？
纸质购物袋优于塑料袋？
塑料袋会变成垃圾，被野生动物误食后会对其造成伤害。塑料需要数百年才能分解，而纸的降解时间要短得多，因此人们认为纸袋是更为环保的选择。
然而，生产纸袋的耗能为塑料袋的四倍，耗水则多达三倍。其生产过程也会产生更多的温室气体。
事实上，这两种袋子都不够环保，所以出门购物时请带一个能重复利用的袋子。
关掉的电器不耗电？
当我们关掉电视等电器时，它会进入待机状态。这种状态下的电器仍然耗电，而且越旧的电器耗电越多。这是因为电器即使已经被“关掉”了，却依然有电流从电器中流失。为确保电器设备彻底关闭，请从电源上拔下电器插头。
吃本地食物更利于环保？
这似乎已是人们常识性的认识：吃本地产的食物更环保，因为不需要长途低温运输。然而事实并没有那么简单。相比于运输，食物的生产过程才是消耗大部分能源及产生大部分温室气体的原因。在有些情况下，即使将运输的因素考虑在内，本地的农产品也可能比距离遥远的外地种植的农产品耗能更多，产生的温室气体也更多。
淋浴比泡澡更好？
这取决于你淋浴的时间和你的浴缸大小。如果淋浴超过八分钟，那么耗水量就和泡澡一样多——大约为五十升水。所以，节水的关键在于尽量缩短淋浴的时间。
环保意识已经融入了人们的日常生活，但我们仍需仔细辨别我们已经习以为常的理念和观点中哪些才是真正“绿色环保”的。
Period 4
核心词汇
1．①helping ②devotion ③Devoted to teaching the deaf children；Devoting herself to teaching the deaf children
2．①without ②for ③reservation ④keep some money in reserve
3．①Affected ②on ③in ④was affected with a high fever
4．①adopted ②adoption ③has adopted a new method of
5．①be reduced ②by ③was reduced to tears
词块积累
P86
1．(be) devoted to ocean conservation 2．highlight the cruelty of 3．give presentations 4．get involved in the conservation of ocean life
P87
1．Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve(SNNR) 2．have a negative impact on 3．affect the water supply 4．restore the natural environment
P88
1．deal with global warming 2．carbon footprint 3．greenhouse effect 4．renewable energy 5．ask for an electronic receipt
P89
1．be used to do sth． 2．in the past 3．be framed as 4．precede sth．with sth． 5．pause for breath
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①lying ②being followed ③understood ④reading ⑤developed
[即时训练2]
①hear his heart beating wildly ②make himself heard
③found our country changed greatly ④with his work finished
巩固落实
1．walking 2．brushing 3．taking 4．lost 5．changed 6．becoming 7．finished 8．increasing 9．enjoying
1 / 1(共52张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 6 Earth first
主题语境
人与自然——自然环境，自然遗产保护
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
(1)devote to 致力于；献身于
devote sth．to (doing)sth． 把……献给；致力于
devote oneself to 致力于；献身于；专心于
1．devote v．致力，献身，倾注
(2)devoted adj． 挚爱的；忠诚的
be devoted to (doing)sth． 献身于(做)某事；专心致志于(做)某事
(3)devotion n． 深爱；奉献
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/句式升级
①He always devotes his attention to _______(help)the homeless children．
②We appreciated his ________(devote)of time and money to the project．
helping
devotion
③The young lady is devoted to teaching the deaf children，and she has little time to care for her own daughter．
→_______________________________，the young lady has little time to care for her own daughter．(过去分词短语作状语)
→_______________________________________，the young lady has little time to care for her own daughter．(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
Devoted to teaching the deaf children
Devoting herself to teaching the deaf children
(1)without reserve 毫无保留地；完全
keep sth．in reserve 保存某物以备用
(2)reserve sth．for sb． 为某人保留某物
reserve the right to do sth． 有做某事的权利
(3)reservation n． 保留；预订(房间、座位等)
make a reservation 预订(座位、房间等)
2．reserve n．(野生生物)保护区；贮存 v．保留；贮存；预订
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Say all you know and say it _______ reserve．
②A double room with a balcony has been reserved ___ him．
③I'd like to make a ___________(reserve)for two nights for my family and myself in this hotel．
④我们总是存些钱备用，以防万一。
We always ________________________，just in case．
without
for
reservation
keep some money in reserve
(1)be affected by 受……影响；被……感动
be affected with a high fever 发高烧
(2)effect n． 作用；影响；结果
in effect 事实上
have an effect on 对……有影响
3．affect v．影响；打动；(疾病)侵袭
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①________(affect)by the rise of house prices，people in big cities live under great pressure．
②We want to know whether the drug has an effect __ people's health．
③Favorable policies are __ effect to encourage employees' professional development．
④他因为发高烧没有参加会议。
He didn't attend the conference because he ______________________________．
Affected
on
in
was affected with a high
fever
(1)adopt an idea/a plan 采纳意见/计划
adopt measures 采取措施
(2)adopted adj． 领养的
adoption n． 采用；收养
4．adopt v．采取(某种方法)；收养
[名师点津] adapt与adopt词形相近，但adapt意为“适应；改编”。
[语境助记] The young couple had no children of their own，so they adopted an orphan．After a few months，the child came to adapt to his new life．
这对年轻夫妇没有亲生的孩子，于是他们领养了一名孤儿。几个月过后，这个孩子渐渐适应了他的新生活。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①She treated her _______(adopt) son as if he were her own child．
②If you cannot have children of your own，why not consider ________(adopt)
③最近我们学校采用了一种新的英语教学方法。
Our school __________________________ teaching English recently．
adopted
adoption
has adopted a new method of
(1)reduce...to... 把……减少到……
reduce...by... 把……减少了……
reduce sb．to tears 使某人流泪
(2)be reduced to (doing)sth． 沦落到……地步
5．reduce v．减少，降低
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①To improve the air quality，the use of private cars should __________
(reduce)．
②With great effort，she has reduced her weight __ five kilograms in the past 7 days．
③听到这个消息，她在父母面前流下了眼泪。
Hearing the news，she __________________ in front of her parents．
be reduced
by
was reduced to tears
P86
1．_____________________________ 致力于海洋保护
2．____________________ 强调……的残忍
3．__________________做报告
4．_____________________________________ 参与到海洋生物的保护中
(be) devoted to ocean conservation
highlight the cruelty of
give presentations
get involved in the conservation of ocean life
P87
1．______________________________________ 三江源国家级自然保护区
2．______________________ 对……有负面影响
3．____________________ 影响到水的供应
4．___________________________ 恢复自然环境
Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve(SNNR)
have a negative impact on
affect the water supply
restore the natural environment
P88
1．_______________________ 应对全球变暖
2．________________ 碳足迹
3．_________________ 温室效应
4．________________ 可再生能源
5．_________________________ 索要电子凭据
deal with global warming
carbon footprint
greenhouse effect
renewable energy
ask for an electronic receipt
P89
1．___________________被用来做某事
2．___________ 在过去
3．____________ 被视为
4．_____________________以……开始
5．________________ 停下来喘口气
be used to do sth．
in the past
be framed as
precede sth．with sth．
pause for breath
动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
一、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作宾语补足语与宾语之间的关系
1．动词-ing形式作宾语补足语与宾语之间的关系
当作宾语补足语的动词与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系且动作正在发生时，则用动词-ing形式表示正在进行的主动动作；当作宾语补足语的动词与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系且动作正在发生时，则用being done表示正在进行的被动动作。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday．
昨天我经过她的房间时，听到她正在唱英文歌。
I heard an English song being sung when I passed by her room yesterday．
昨天我经过她的房间时，听到有人在唱英文歌。
2．动词-ed形式作宾语补足语与宾语之间的关系
①及物动词-ed形式作语宾补足语，表示被动与完成，与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
I heard the door opened．
我听到门被打开了。
②seat，hide，dress等动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，一般表示状态，不表示被动意义，与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
When I came in，I found a strange girl seated in the corner．
我进来时发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角落里。
③go，fall等少数不及物动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，仅表示完成，不表示被动，与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
She found her necklace gone on her way home．
她在回家的路上发现项链不见了。
[名师点津] 上述句子变成被动语态后，宾补就变成了主语补足语，说明主语的状态。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①He found himself _____(lie) in the hospital when he woke up．
②To his fright，he felt himself ______________(follow) by a wolf．
③I'm afraid I can't make myself __________(understand) due to my poor English．
④If she catches you _______(read) her diary，she will become angry．
⑤The manager was satisfied to see many new products _________(develop) after great effort．
lying
being followed
understood
reading
developed
二、常见动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作宾语补足语的情况
1．用于感官动词后，如see，watch，observe，look at，notice，find，discover，catch(当场发现)，hear，listen to，feel，sense(意识到)等。
They saw the water running down from the high mountain．
他们看到水从高山上流下来。
To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible．
为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。
2．用于使役动词后，如have，get，keep，leave，make等。
He had us laughing by telling jokes all through the meal．
在整个就餐过程中，他一直讲笑话，让我们笑个不停。
I made myself known to them first and then we talked about our hobbies．
我先向他们做了自我介绍，然后我们谈论了自己的爱好。
[名师点津] 使役动词make，let后一般不跟动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，若作宾语补足语的动词与其前的宾语之间为主动关系时，用不带to的不定式。
The photographs made me think back to my schooldays．
这些照片使我回想起我的学生时代。
3．用于with复合结构中
With so many people looking at her，she felt very nervous．
有那么多人看她，她感到很紧张。
With the problem solved，the quality has been improved．
问题解决了，质量也提高了。
[名师点津] 表示“意愿，命令”的动词，如like，want，wish，expect，order等，可用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，相当于动词-ed形式前省略了to be，表示“希望/要求……被做”。
He didn't want the problem (to be)discussed at the meeting．
他不想在会上讨论这个问题。
[即时训练2] 完成句子
①他如此紧张，以至能够听到自己的心在狂跳。
He was so nervous that he could _______________________．
②他只有用最大音量喊，才能让别人听见。
Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to __________________．
hear his heart beating wildly
make himself heard
③我们发现，改革开放以来，我们的国家变化很大。
We ___________________________ with the reform and open policy．
④约翰收到了一封晚宴邀请函，因为工作都完成了，他欣然接受了邀请。
John received an invitation to dinner，and ___________________，he gladly accepted it．
found our country changed greatly
with his work finished
用括号内单词的适当形式完成短文
Early in the morning，I woke up early and soon found myself 1．_______(walk) along a country road．I could feel the breeze 2．________(brush)my face gently．Many people were seen 3．______(take) a walk，4．____(lose) in the beautiful surroundings．
walking
brushing
taking
lost
We have found our hometown 5．_______(change) a lot over the past ten years．The roads are seen 6．________(become) wider and wider．And we can notice high buildings 7．________(finish) one after another．Life in the town has become more convenient and comfortable than before．People can find their income 8．__________(increase) continuously．We can feel people 9．________(enjoy) their happy life．
changed
becoming
finished
increasing
enjoying
①take care of 照顾，照料
②majority n．多数，大多数(人或物)
③take steps to do sth．采取措施做某事
④false adj．不正确的，错误的
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑤a danger 一个危险的事物(抽象名词具体化的用法)
⑥mistake...for...把……错当成……
⑦break down 分解
⑧amount n．数量，数额
⑨in fact 事实上，实际上
⑩be bad for 对……有害
go shopping 去购物
stop doing sth．停止做某事
turn off 关闭
stand-by adj．备用的
mode n．(机器、设备的)运行方式，状态，模式
electricity n．电
leak v．(使)漏，(使)渗漏
appliance n．家用电器，家用器具
remove v．移走，搬走，去掉
plug n．(电)插头
be good for 对……有好处
common sense 常识
transport v．运输，运送
in some cases 在某些情况下
produce n．产品；(尤指)农产品
take...into account 把……考虑进去
take a shower 淋浴
depend on 依赖，取决于
litre n．升，公升
be worth doing sth．值得做某事
What's really green
Most of us are aware that we must take care of① the environment[1]，and the majority② of us take steps to save③ energy and reduce waste and pollution．But recently，some “green truths” have been shown to be only half true，or even completely false④．Here are some common ones．Which are really green
Paper shopping bags are better than plastic ones
Plastic bags cause litter and are a danger⑤ to wild animals，which mistake them for⑥ food[2]．It takes hundreds of years for plastic to break down⑦[3]，but much less time for paper．Because of this，people think paper bags are the better environmental choice．
[2]此处which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词wild animals。
[3]本句句式为“It takes some time (for sb．)to do sth．”，意为“(某人)做某事花费某些时间。”
However，making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount⑧ of water．[4] The process also produces more greenhouse gases．
[4]句中making a paper bag为动词-ing形式短语作主语，谓语动词uses为第三人称单数；four times as much energy as为倍数表达法：倍数＋as much/many＋n．＋as。
In fact⑨，both kinds of bags are bad for⑩ the environment．So，take a reusable bag with you when you go shopping ．
When you turn off a device，it stops using power
When we turn off a device，such as television，it goes into stand-by mode ．Devices in this mode still use power，and older devices in stand-by mode can use even more．This happens because electricity continues to leak from the device，even when it is turned “off”．[5] To make sure your appliance is in fact off，remove the plug from its power supply．
Eating local food is good for the environment
It seems like common sense ： eating local food should be better for the environment，because it does not need to be transported long distances and kept cold during transport．[6] Unfortunately，it is not that simple．It is the production of food，not its transport，that uses most of the energy and produces most of the greenhouse gases．[7] In some cases ，local produce might have used more energy and produced more greenhouse gases than produce grown a long way away—even taking into account its transport．
[6]eating local food为动词-ing形式短语作主语；because引导原因状语从句。
[7]本句是强调句型，被强调部分是句子的主语。
It's better to take a shower than a bath
It depends on how long you spend in the shower and how large your bath is．[8] If you spend more than eight minutes in a shower[9]，you'll use as much water as in a bath—about 50 litres of water．Therefore，the key is to keep your shower time as short as possible．
[8 ]句中两个how引导宾语从句，作depends on的宾语。
[9]句中If引导条件状语从句。
Environmental awareness is now part of daily life．But it's worth checking common ideas and opinions to see what's really green．
哪些才是真正的环保做法？
我们大部分人意识到要保护环境，也采取了各种行动节约能源，减少浪费和污染。但是近来，一些“绿色环保真相”被证实并非完全正确，甚至是无稽之谈。下面列举了一些常见的环保观念，其中哪些是真正的环保呢？
纸质购物袋优于塑料袋？
塑料袋会变成垃圾，被野生动物误食后会对其造成伤害。塑料需要数百年才能分解，而纸的降解时间要短得多，因此人们认为纸袋是更为环保的选择。
然而，生产纸袋的耗能为塑料袋的四倍，耗水则多达三倍。其生产过程也会产生更多的温室气体。
事实上，这两种袋子都不够环保，所以出门购物时请带一个能重复利用的袋子。
关掉的电器不耗电？
当我们关掉电视等电器时，它会进入待机状态。这种状态下的电器仍然耗电，而且越旧的电器耗电越多。这是因为电器即使已经被“关掉”了，却依然有电流从电器中流失。为确保电器设备彻底关闭，请从电源上拔下电器插头。
吃本地食物更利于环保？
这似乎已是人们常识性的认识：吃本地产的食物更环保，因为不需要长途低温运输。然而事实并没有那么简单。相比于运输，食物的生产过程才是消耗大部分能源及产生大部分温室气体的原因。在有些情况下，即使将运输的因素考虑在内，本地的农产品也可能比距离遥远的外地种植的农产品耗能更多，产生的温室气体也更多。
淋浴比泡澡更好？
这取决于你淋浴的时间和你的浴缸大小。如果淋浴超过八分钟，那么耗水量就和泡澡一样多——大约为五十升水。所以，节水的关键在于尽量缩短淋浴的时间。
环保意识已经融入了人们的日常生活，但我们仍需仔细辨别我们已经习以为常的理念和观点中哪些才是真正“绿色环保”的。
THANKS
