Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．minority n．少数派；少数
(1)a minority of．．． 少数……
in the/a minority 占少数
(2)minor adj． 较小的；次要的
(3)major adj． 较大的；重要的；主要的
n． 专业课
v． 主修
major in 主修……；以……为专业
(4)majority n． 多数
in the/a majority 占大多数
a majority of．．． 大多数……
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①In that developing country，people who really attach great importance to education are in the_________(minor)．
②The_________(major) of overseas Chinese students take an online language test before starting studying abroad．
③(读后续写之情感描写) 我以50票的优势被选为该剧的主角，这让我很高兴。
I was selected to be the leading role in the play by________________，which made me filled with joy．
2．harmonious adj．和睦的，融洽的
(harmony n． 和睦，融洽
in harmony with．．． 与……相处融洽
out of harmony with．．． 与……不协调/不一致
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①We should be kind to one another，which is essential to enjoying a_________(harmony) life．
②When children grow up，their ideas may sometimes be out of harmony_________their parents' thoughts．
③ (应用文之演讲稿)我有一个梦想，人类可以与美丽的自然和谐相处。
I have a dream that human could live______________________．
3．rewarding adj．值得做的，有意义的
reward n． 报酬；酬劳；奖励
v． 奖励；奖赏
as a reward for 作为对……的报酬/奖赏
in reward for 为酬谢……；作为……的奖励
reward sb．for (doing) sth． 因(做)某事而奖赏某人
reward sb．with sth． 用某物回报某人
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①In a word，the trip will be both relaxing and________(reward)，which is bound to be a memorable experience for you．
②________a reward for her help，I sent her some fresh fruit．
③我很乐意带你游玩北京，以报答你的慷慨相助。
a．I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing_____________your generous help．(reward n．)
b．I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing_________________your generous help．(reward v．)
P54
1．_______________性别与种族歧视
2．_______________发行影片
3．_______________电视节目
4．_______________主演
5．_______________现实的希望
6．_______________尤其；特别
7．_______________甚至到现在；尽管如此
8．_______________电影公司；电影制片厂
9．_______________朝着正确的方向发展
P55
1．_______________肤色
2．_______________安顿下来；安定下来
3．_______________地球村
4．_______________对……负责
5．_______________使人们联合起来；把人们召集起来
6．_______________沟通渠道
7．_______________在地球的另一端
8．_______________与……建立密切联系
9．_______________了解世界的手段
10．_______________文化交流
11．_______________文化冲击
12．_______________与……相融；融入……中
13．_______________共同努力做……
14．_______________互利共赢
P56
1．_______________引起某人内心共鸣；触动某人的心弦
2．_______________教学项目
3．_______________亲自；亲身
4．_______________再；重新
5．_______________跨文化交流
6．_______________更好地了解彼此
P57
1．_______________(……)不足为奇
2．_______________遭遇困难
3．_______________克服困难
it作形式主语
当主语部分相对于谓语部分而言太长时，常把主语部分移到句尾，在主语的位置放上it。it没有具体的意义，仅用于使句子显得平衡，不头重脚轻。 it 作形式主语时常代替三种语法结构：不定式(短语)、动词 ing形式(短语)和从句。
一、it代替不定式(短语)作形式主语
it 代替不定式(短语)作形式主语的常见句型：
(1)It＋be＋形容词＋(for/of sb．) to do sth．
(2)It＋be＋名词＋to do sth．
(3)It takes/took (sb．) some time to do sth．
(4)It be up to sb．to do sth．
It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese．
外国人学习汉语不容易。
It is everyone's duty to obey the law．
遵守法律是每个人的义务。
Unfortunately，it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources．
不幸的是，探险家和随后的定居者仅仅几十年就摧毁了这些资源的大部分。
It is up to us to help those in need．
帮助那些有困难的人是我们的责任。
[温馨提示] “It ＋ be ＋形容词 ＋ for sb．to do sth．”与“It ＋be ＋形容词 ＋ of sb．to do sth．”的用法区别：
如果形容词描述的是人的品质、品格，介词用 of；如果形容词描述不定式所表示动作的特征，介词就用 for。
It was important for me to learn that you don't have to always get everything right the first time and that good things come with continual effort．
对我来说，重要的是要知道，你不必总是在第一次就把每件事都做好，好的事情总是伴随着不断的努力而来。
It's generous of the little girl to share her toys with the others though she loves them so much．
尽管这个小女孩非常喜欢她的玩具，但她还是慷慨地把它们和别人分享。
二、it代替动词 ing形式(短语)作形式主语
it代替动词 ing形式(短语)作形式主语的常见句型：
It＋be＋no use/no good/useless/a waste of time/．．．＋ doing sth．
It is no use arguing about the matter with him．
和他争论这件事是没有用的。
It is a waste of time trying to persuade such a person to join us．
试图说服这样的人加入我们真是浪费时间。
三、it代替从句作形式主语
it所代替的从句可以用that引导，也可以用whether/if、连接代词或连接副词引导。常见句型：
(1)It＋be＋a pity/a shame/a fact/an honour/no wonder/a wonder/．．．that．．．
(2)It＋be＋形容词(strange/natural/important/surprising/obvious/true/fortunate/
possible/impossible/likely/unlikely/clear/certain/．．．)＋that．．．
(3)It＋不及物动词(happened/turned out/occured to me/appeared/．．．)＋that．．．
(4)It＋be＋过去分词(said/reported/expected/hoped/known/believed/．．．)＋that．．．
(5)It doesn't matter＋that/what/where/whether．．．
It's a pity that you missed the exciting football match!
你错过了那场激动人心的足球比赛，真遗憾！
It is important that we should learn from each other and help each other．
我们互相学习、互相帮助很重要。
It is likely that he will ring me tonight．
他今晚可能给我打电话。
It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem．
我忽然想起我知道怎样解决那个问题。
It is hoped that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon．
人们希望鹿的数量将会很快增加。
[温馨提示] 在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposed/．．．＋that．．．的主语从句中用“(should＋)动词原形”表示虚拟语气。
It is requested that he (should) give a performance at the party．
有人请求他在聚会上表演一个节目。
It is suggested that we (should) get everything ready by tonight．
有人建议我们应该在今晚之前把一切准备好。
[即时训练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①It is hard_____________(name) a comedy star who hasn't been on the stage here．
②It is believed_________today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar，putting them at a higher risk of the disease．
③作为高中生，保护海洋是我们的责任。
As high school students，it's our responsibility_____________________．
④平衡学习和工作对我来说真的很重要，我认为我应该学会自我控制。
It's really important for me________________________and I think I should learn to exercise some self control．
⑤和他争论这个问题没有用，因为他不会改变主意的。
It's no use____________________________for he won't change his mind．
短文语境填空
I have studied English for six years．It was difficult for me 1．________(remember) new words at first．I tried every means，but it was no use 2．________(recite) them over and over again．It was very kind of you 3．________(offer) me some suggestions．It is necessary 4．___________(understand) their meanings in sentences．It is no wonder 5．________your English is so good．It is requested that everyone 6．_______________(master) proper methods of learning．7．___________ was a shame that I hadn't asked you for help earlier．I will spare no effort to improve my English．It 8．___________(hope) that I will pass the TOEFL and have a chance to study abroad．No words are strong enough to express how grateful I am to you for your generous assistance．I would be grateful if you could give me a reply soon．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①mount v．走上，登上
②site n．[C]现场，发生地，场所
the site of the battle战场
③in memory of纪念；追念
④address n．& v．[熟词生义] 演说，演讲
address a meeting向大会致辞/在会上发言
⑤bitterly adv．极其，非常
⑥divided adj．分裂的，有分歧的
a deeply divided society四分五裂的社会
⑦civil war内战
civil adj．公民的，国民的
⑧slave owning adj．拥有奴隶的
⑨confederate adj．(美国内战期间)南部联邦的
confederation n．[C]联盟，联合体
⑩union n．联邦
Union n．[sing．]联邦，(尤指内战时期的)美利坚合众国，美国
at a great cost付出巨大代价
suffering n．[U]痛苦，苦难
civilian adj．平民的；百姓的
look to展望；指望
look to sb．for sth．依赖/期待/指望某人提供某物
look to sb．to do sth．依赖/期待/指望某人做某事
vision n．[C]想象(力)，远见卓识
ideal n．[C]理想，看似完美的思想(或标准)
political ideals政治理想
set down制订，规定；记下
Founding Fathers(1787年参加制定美国宪法的)制宪元勋，建国元勋
die for．．．为……献身
be up to是……的职责(或责任)；由……决定
the living活着的人，属于“the＋形容词”结构。
division n．分歧，分裂
equality n．[U]平等
score num．二十，二十左右
bring forth使产生，使出现
conceive v．构想，设想
liberty n．自由
at liberty to do sth．有权做某事，有做某事的自由
dedicate v．致力于，献身于
dedicated adj．专心致志的，献身的
be dedicated to sth．专心于/献身于某事
proposition n．[C]主张，建议
be engaged in．．．忙于/从事……
endure v．持续存在
battlefield n．战场
portion n．一部分
a portion of．．．一部分……
altogether adv．完全
fitting adj．恰当的，适合的
in a larger sense从更广泛意义上来说
consecrate v．宣布……为神圣之处
hallow v．使成为神圣
detract v．减低，破坏，损害
thus far(＝so far)到目前为止，迄今为止
nobly adv．高尚地，崇高地
noble adj．高尚的，崇高的
full measure足量
resolve v．决心，决定
resolve to do sth．决定做某事
in vain白白地
perish v．死亡
The Words That Changed A Nation
On a grey afternoon on 19 November 1863，a tall，thin man mounted① a platform in a field in Gettysburg，Pennsylvania and began to speak． The place was the site② of a recent battle [1]where thousands of soldiers had died．The man was Abraham Lincoln，[2]President of the United States of America，and he was there in memory of③ the soldiers who had died． The speech he gave was just 268 words long and lasted two minutes． But this address④ to the crowd changed the minds of his people and helped shape a nation．
[1]此处为关系副词where引导的限制性定语从句，修饰the site；where在从句中作地点状语。
[2]此处是名词词组，作Abraham Lincoln的同位语。president在此处表示“独一无二”的职务，其前用零冠词。
At that time，America was bitterly⑤ divided⑥． For two years，its people had been deep in a civil war⑦ between the slave owning⑧ Confederate⑨ Southern States and the “free” Northern States of the Union⑩． The worst battle lasted three days and took place at Gettysburg in 1863． The Union side won，but at a great cost ． Over 50，000 soldiers were killed or wounded，and people lost hope and purpose． What was all this suffering for
Lincoln understood the feelings of the civilian people． His speech gave them hope，belief and a reason to look to the future．[3]He gave them a new vision of what the United States of America should be，based on the ideals set down by its Founding Fathers 87 years before． It was what the soldiers had died for ． [4]Now it was up to the living to remove not only the divisions between North and South，but the boundaries between black and white，and work step by step towards the equality of humankind．
[3]本句是主从复合句。其中“what the．．．should be”为what引导的宾语从句，作of的宾语，what在从句中作表语；“based on．．．before”为过去分词短语，在句中作状语；“set down by．．．before”为过去分词短语，在句中作后置定语，修饰the ideals。
[4]本句中it为形式主语，不定式短语“to remove．．．humankind”为真正的主语；“not only．．．South，but．．．white”为“not only．．．but (also)．．．”连接的并列成分，作remove的宾语。
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth ，upon this continent，a new nation，[5]conceived in Liberty ，and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal．
[5]“conceived in Liberty”为过去分词短语， “dedicated to．．．equal”为形容词短语，二者并列作后置定语；“that all．．．equal”为that引导的同位语从句，作the proposition的同位语。
Now we are engaged in a great civil war，[6]testing whether that nation，or any nation，so conceived，and so dedicated，can long endure ． We are met here on a great battlefield of that war． We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those [7]who here gave their lives that that nation might live．It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this．
[6]此处为动词 ing形式短语作伴随状语。其中“whether that．．．endure”为whether引导的宾语从句。
[7]此处为who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰those；that that nation might live是so that引导的目的状语从句，so已省略，第二个that为指示代词。
But in a larger sense ，we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate —we can not hallow this ground． The brave men，living and dead，who struggled here，have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract ． The world will little note，nor long remember，what we say here，but can never forget what they did here．[8]It is for us，the living，rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have，thus far ，so nobly carried on．It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task [9]remaining before us—[10]that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve __that these dead shall not have died in vain ； that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people，by the people，for the people，shall not perish from the earth．
(“The Gettysburg Address” by Abraham Lincoln)
[8]本句是“It is for sb．to do sth．”句型，意为“应该由某人做某事”。“which they．．．on”为which引导的限制性定语从句，修饰the unfinished work。
[9]此处是动词 ing形式短语作后置定语，修饰the great task。
[10]“that from．．．of devotion”“that we here．．．in vain”“that this nation．．．of freedom”和“that this government of．．．from the earth”都是由连接词that引导的同位语从句，均对the great task的内容进行解释。在第一个that引导的同位语从句中，“for which．．．of devotion”为“介词＋关系代词which”引导的限制性定语从句，修饰that cause；在第二个that引导的同位语从句中，“that these dead．．．in vain”为that引导的宾语从句，作resolve的宾语。
改变了一个国家的演说
1863年11月19日，一个天空灰蒙蒙的下午，宾夕法尼亚州葛底斯堡的一块空地上，一个高大瘦削的男人登上了演讲台，开始演说。就在不久前，这里曾是一片战场，数千名士兵牺牲于此。这个人是美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯，他来到这里悼念已逝的战士。他的演说只有268个词，时长两分钟，但却改变了民众的想法，甚至帮助塑造了整个国家。
在那时，美国分崩离析。两年来，美国人民深陷内战之中，一方是拥护奴隶制的南部邦联，另一方是拥护“自由”的北方联盟。最残酷的战斗持续了三天，就发生在1863年的葛底斯堡。北方联盟取得了胜利，但代价惨重。五万多名士兵死伤，人们失去了希望和目标。遭受这些苦难究竟是为了什么呢？
林肯理解民众的感受。他的演说给了民众希望、信念以及展望未来的理由。他给予了美国人民一个新的愿景，那就是依照87年前开国元勋的理念，美利坚合众国本应成为的样子。那也是已故的将士为之献出生命的原因。现在，责任落到了生者身上，不仅要消除南北之间的分歧，还要打破黑人与白人之间的界限，一步一步朝着实现人类平等而努力。
87年前，我们的先辈在这块大陆上创立了一个新的国家，它孕育于自由之中，献身于人人生而平等的理想。
当下我们正深陷于一场大规模的内战之中，它考验着这个国家，或者任何一个生于自由、对上述理想深信不疑的国家，能否长久生存下去。现在我们聚集在这场内战的一个重要战场上，我们来到这里，是为了把这里的一部分土地献给那些为了国家存续而献出自己生命的人，作为他们最终的安息之地。我们这样做是完全应当且非常恰当的。
但是，从更广泛的意义上来说，我们不能献出——不能圣化——不能神化这块土地，因为在这里勇敢抗争的人们，不论生死，已经圣化了这片土地，这远不是我们渺小的力量所能增减的。世界不会留意，也不会铭记我们在这里说了什么，但它永远不会忘记他们在这里做的事情。他们英勇地坚持至今，现在是我们这些生者献身于这未完成的事业的时候了。我们应该把自己奉献于在我们面前的伟大事业——从这些光荣的逝者身上汲取更多的信仰，来投身于他们为之竭尽最后一丝力量的事业——我们在这里下最大的决心，不让逝者白白失去生命，要让国家获得自由的新生，要使民有、民治、民享的政府永存。
(《葛底斯堡演讲》——亚伯拉罕·林肯)
Period 4
核心词汇
1．①minority ②majority ③a majority of 50
2．①harmonious ②with ③in harmony with the beautiful nature
3．①rewarding ②As ③in reward for；to reward you for
词块积累
P541．gender and racial discrimination 2．release a film 3．TV shows 4．a leading actor 5．a realistic hope 6．in particular 7．even now 8．a film studio 9．move in the right direction
P551．skin colour 2．settle down 3．global village 4．be responsible for 5．bring people together 6．a channel of communication 7．on the other side of the planet 8．form close connections with 9．a window on the world 10．cultural exchange 11．culture shock 12．merge into 13．make a joint effort to do 14．mutual benefits
P561．strike a chord with sb． 2．a teaching project 3．in person 4．all over again 5．intercultural communication 6．have a better understanding of each other
P571．(It is)no wonder (that) 2．encounter difficulties 3．overcome difficulties
单元语法
[即时训练]
①to name ②that ③to protect oceans ④to balance study and work ⑤arguing with him about the question
巩固落实
1．to remember 2．reciting 3．to offer 4．to understand 5．that 6．(should) master 7．It 8．is hoped
1/1(共54张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 4 Breaking boundaries
主题语境
人与社会—— 志愿服务
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
(1)a minority of... 少数……
in the/a minority 占少数
(2)minor adj． 较小的；次要的
1．minority n．少数派；少数
(3)major adj． 较大的；重要的；主要的
n． 专业课
v． 主修
major in 主修……；以……为专业
(4)majority n． 多数
in the/a majority 占大多数
a majority of... 大多数……
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①In that developing country，people who really attach great importance to education are in the _________ (minor)．
②The _________ (major) of overseas Chinese students take an online language test before starting studying abroad．
③(读后续写之情感描写) 我以50票的优势被选为该剧的主角，这让我很高兴。
I was selected to be the leading role in the play by________________，which made me filled with joy．
minority
majority
a majority of 50
harmony n． 和睦，融洽
in harmony with... 与……相处融洽
out of harmony with... 与……不协调/不一致
2．harmonious adj．和睦的，融洽的
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①We should be kind to one another，which is essential to enjoying a ___________ (harmony) life．
②When children grow up，their ideas may sometimes be out of harmony _____ their parents' thoughts．
③ (应用文之演讲稿)我有一个梦想，人类可以与美丽的自然和谐相处。
I have a dream that human could live ____________________________
_______．
harmonious
with
in harmony with the beautiful
nature
reward n． 报酬；酬劳；奖励
v． 奖励；奖赏
as a reward for 作为对……的报酬/奖赏
in reward for 为酬谢……；作为……的奖励
reward sb．for (doing) sth． 因(做)某事而奖赏某人
reward sb．with sth． 用某物回报某人
3．rewarding adj．值得做的，有意义的
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①In a word，the trip will be both relaxing and __________(reward)，which is bound to be a memorable experience for you．
②___ a reward for her help，I sent her some fresh fruit．
③我很乐意带你游玩北京，以报答你的慷慨相助。
a．I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing ____________ your generous help．(reward n．)
b．I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing ______________
your generous help．(reward v．)
rewarding
As
in reward for
to reward you for
P54
1．______________________________性别与种族歧视
2．_____________发行影片
3．__________电视节目
4．_____________主演
5．______________现实的希望
6．____________尤其；特别
gender and racial discrimination
release a film
TV shows
a leading actor
a realistic hope
in particular
7．________甚至到现在；尽管如此
8．____________电影公司；电影制片厂
9．________________________朝着正确的方向发展
P55
1．__________肤色
2．___________安顿下来；安定下来
3．_____________地球村
even now
a film studio
move in the right direction
skin colour
settle down
global village
4．________________对……负责
5．___________________使人们联合起来；把人们召集起来
6．_________________________沟通渠道
7．_________________________在地球的另一端
8．__________________________与……建立密切联系
9．____________________了解世界的手段
10．________________文化交流
11．____________文化冲击
be responsible for
bring people together
a channel of communication
on the other side of the planet
form close connections with
a window on the world
cultural exchange
culture shock
12．__________与……相融；融入……中
13．_____________________共同努力做……
14．_______________互利共赢
merge into
make a joint effort to do
mutual benefits
P56
1．_____________________引起某人内心共鸣；触动某人的心弦
2．________________教学项目
3．________亲自；亲身
4．____________再；重新
5．____________________________跨文化交流
6．___________________________________更好地了解彼此
strike a chord with sb．
a teaching project
in person
all over again
intercultural communication
have a better understanding of each other
P57
1．_____________________(……)不足为奇
2．_____________________遭遇困难
3．_____________________克服困难
(It is)no wonder (that)
encounter difficulties
overcome difficulties
it作形式主语
当主语部分相对于谓语部分而言太长时，常把主语部分移到句尾，在主语的位置放上it。it没有具体的意义，仅用于使句子显得平衡，不头重脚轻。 it 作形式主语时常代替三种语法结构：不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)和从句。
一、it代替不定式(短语)作形式主语
it 代替不定式(短语)作形式主语的常见句型：
(1)It＋be＋形容词＋(for/of sb．) to do sth．
(2)It＋be＋名词＋to do sth．
(3)It takes/took (sb．) some time to do sth．
(4)It be up to sb．to do sth．
It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese．
外国人学习汉语不容易。
It is everyone's duty to obey the law．
遵守法律是每个人的义务。
Unfortunately，it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources．
不幸的是，探险家和随后的定居者仅仅几十年就摧毁了这些资源的大部分。
It is up to us to help those in need．
帮助那些有困难的人是我们的责任。
[温馨提示] “It ＋ be ＋形容词 ＋ for sb．to do sth．”与“It ＋be ＋形容词 ＋ of sb．to do sth．”的用法区别：
如果形容词描述的是人的品质、品格，介词用 of；如果形容词描述不定式所表示动作的特征，介词就用 for。
It was important for me to learn that you don't have to always get everything right the first time and that good things come with continual effort．
对我来说，重要的是要知道，你不必总是在第一次就把每件事都做好，好的事情总是伴随着不断的努力而来。
It's generous of the little girl to share her toys with the others though she loves them so much．
尽管这个小女孩非常喜欢她的玩具，但她还是慷慨地把它们和别人分享。
二、it代替动词-ing形式(短语)作形式主语
it代替动词-ing形式(短语)作形式主语的常见句型：
It＋be＋no use/no good/useless/a waste of time/...＋ doing sth．
It is no use arguing about the matter with him．
和他争论这件事是没有用的。
It is a waste of time trying to persuade such a person to join us．
试图说服这样的人加入我们真是浪费时间。
三、it代替从句作形式主语
it所代替的从句可以用that引导，也可以用whether/if、连接代词或连接副词引导。常见句型：
(1)It＋be＋a pity/a shame/a fact/an honour/no wonder/a wonder/...that...
(2)It＋be＋形容词(strange/natural/important/surprising/obvious/
true/fortunate/possible/impossible/likely/unlikely/clear/certain/...)＋that...
(3)It＋不及物动词(happened/turned out/occured to me/appeared/...)＋that...
(4)It＋be＋过去分词(said/reported/expected/hoped/known/believed/...)＋that...
(5)It doesn't matter＋that/what/where/whether...
It's a pity that you missed the exciting football match!
你错过了那场激动人心的足球比赛，真遗憾！
It is important that we should learn from each other and help each other．
我们互相学习、互相帮助很重要。
It is likely that he will ring me tonight．
他今晚可能给我打电话。
It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem．
我忽然想起我知道怎样解决那个问题。
It is hoped that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon．
人们希望鹿的数量将会很快增加。
[温馨提示] 在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposed/...＋that...的主语从句中用“(should＋)动词原形”表示虚拟语气。
It is requested that he (should) give a performance at the party．
有人请求他在聚会上表演一个节目。
It is suggested that we (should) get everything ready by tonight．
有人建议我们应该在今晚之前把一切准备好。
[即时训练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①It is hard _______ (name) a comedy star who hasn't been on the stage here．
②It is believed ____ today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar，putting them at a higher risk of the disease．
to name
that
③作为高中生，保护海洋是我们的责任。
As high school students，it's our responsibility _______________．
④平衡学习和工作对我来说真的很重要，我认为我应该学会自我控制。
It's really important for me ______________________ and I think I should learn to exercise some self-control．
⑤和他争论这个问题没有用，因为他不会改变主意的。
It's no use ________________________________ for he won't change his mind．
to protect oceans
to balance study and work
arguing with him about the question
短文语境填空
I have studied English for six years．It was difficult for me 1．____________(remember) new words at first．I tried every means，but it was no use 2．________(recite) them over and over again．It was very kind of you 3．_______(offer) me some suggestions．It is necessary 4．____________(understand) their meanings in sentences．It is no wonder 5．_______ your English is so good．It is requested that
to remember
reciting
to offer
to understand
that
everyone 6．_________________(master) proper methods of learning．7．___ was a shame that I hadn't asked you for help earlier．
I will spare no effort to improve my English．It 8．_______(hope) that I will pass the TOEFL and have a chance to study abroad．No words are strong enough to express how grateful I am to you for your generous assistance．I would be grateful if you could give me a reply soon．
(should) master
It
is hoped
①mount v．走上，登上
②site n．[C]现场，发生地，场所
the site of the battle战场
③in memory of纪念；追念
④address n．& v．[熟词生义] 演说，演讲
address a meeting向大会致辞/在会上发言
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑤bitterly adv．极其，非常
⑥divided adj．分裂的，有分歧的
a deeply divided society四分五裂的社会
⑦civil war内战
civil adj．公民的，国民的
⑧slave-owning adj．拥有奴隶的
⑨confederate adj．(美国内战期间)南部联邦的
confederation n．[C]联盟，联合体
⑩union n．联邦
Union n．[sing．]联邦，(尤指内战时期的)美利坚合众国，美国
at a great cost付出巨大代价
suffering n．[U]痛苦，苦难
civilian adj．平民的；百姓的
look to展望；指望
look to sb．for sth．依赖/期待/指望某人提供某物
look to sb．to do sth．依赖/期待/指望某人做某事
vision n．[C]想象(力)，远见卓识
ideal n．[C]理想，看似完美的思想(或标准)
political ideals政治理想
set down制订，规定；记下
Founding Fathers
(1787年参加制定美国宪法的)制宪元勋，建国元勋
die for...为……献身
be up to是……的职责(或责任)；由……决定
the living活着的人，属于“the＋形容词”结构。
division n．分歧，分裂
equality n．[U]平等
score num．二十，二十左右
bring forth使产生，使出现
conceive v．构想，设想
liberty n．自由
at liberty to do sth．有权做某事，有做某事的自由
dedicate v．致力于，献身于
dedicated adj．专心致志的，献身的
be dedicated to sth．专心于/献身于某事
proposition n．[C]主张，建议
be engaged in...忙于/从事……
endure v．持续存在
battlefield n．战场
portion n．一部分
a portion of...一部分……
altogether adv．完全
fitting adj．恰当的，适合的
in a larger sense从更广泛意义上来说
consecrate v．宣布……为神圣之处
hallow v．使成为神圣
detract v．减低，破坏，损害
thus far(＝so far)到目前为止，迄今为止
nobly adv．高尚地，崇高地
noble adj．高尚的，崇高的
full measure足量
resolve v．决心，决定
resolve to do sth．决定做某事
in vain白白地
perish v．死亡
The Words That Changed A Nation
On a grey afternoon on 19 November 1863，a tall，thin man mounted① a platform in a field in Gettysburg，Pennsylvania and began to speak．The place was the site② of a recent battle [1]where thousands of soldiers had died．The man was Abraham Lincoln，[2]President of the United States of America，and he was there in memory of③ the soldiers who had died．The speech he gave was just 268 words long and lasted two minutes．But this address④ to the crowd changed the minds of his people and helped shape a nation．
[1]此处为关系副词where引导的限制性定语从句，修饰the site；where在从句中作地点状语。
[2]此处是名词词组，作Abraham Lincoln的同位语。president在此处表示“独一无二”的职务，其前用零冠词。
At that time，America was bitterly⑤ divided⑥．For two years，its people had been deep in a civil war⑦ between the slave-owning⑧ Confederate⑨ Southern States and the “free” Northern States of the Union⑩．The worst battle lasted three days and took place at Gettysburg in 1863．The Union side won，but at a great cost ．Over 50，000 soldiers were killed or wounded，and people lost hope and purpose．What was all this suffering for
Lincoln understood the feelings of the civilian people．His speech gave them hope，belief and a reason to look to the future．[3]He gave them a new vision of what the United States of America should be，based on the ideals set down by its Founding Fathers 87 years before． It was what the soldiers had died for ．[4]Now it was up to the living to remove not only the divisions between North and South，but the boundaries between black and white，and work step by step towards the equality of humankind．
[3]本句是主从复合句。其中“what the...should be”为what引导的宾语从句，作of的宾语，what在从句中作表语；“based on...before”为过去分词短语，在句中作状语；“set down by...before”为过去分词短语，在句中作后置定语，修饰the ideals。
[4]本句中it为形式主语，不定式短语“to remove...humankind”为真正的主语；“not only...South，but...white”为“not only...but (also)...”连接的并列成分，作remove的宾语。
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth ，upon this continent，a new nation，[5]conceived in Liberty ，and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal．
[5]“conceived in Liberty”为过去分词短语， “dedicated to...equal”为形容词短语，二者并列作后置定语；“that all...equal”为that引导的同位语从句，作the proposition的同位语。
Now we are engaged in a great civil war，[6]testing whether that nation，or any nation，so conceived，and so dedicated，can long endure ．We are met here on a great battlefield of that war．We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those [7]who here gave their lives that that nation might live．It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this．
[6]此处为动词-ing形式短语作伴随状语。其中“whether that...endure”为whether引导的宾语从句。
[7]此处为who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰those；that that nation might live是so that引导的目的状语从句，so已省略，第二个that为指示代词。
But in a larger sense ，we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate —we can not hallow this ground．The brave men，living and dead，who struggled here，have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract ．The world will little note，nor long remember，what we say here，but can never forget what they did here．[8]It is for us，the living，rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have，thus far ，so nobly carried on．It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task [9]remaining before
us—[10]that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ； that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people，by the people，for the people，shall not perish from the earth．
(“The Gettysburg Address” by Abraham Lincoln)
[8]本句是“It is for sb．to do sth．”句型，意为“应该由某人做某事”。“which they...on”为which引导的限制性定语从句，修饰the unfinished work。
[9]此处是动词-ing形式短语作后置定语，修饰the great task。
[10]“that from...of devotion”“that we here...in vain”“that this nation...of freedom”和“that this government of...from the earth”都是由连接词that引导的同位语从句，均对the great task的内容进行解释。在第一个that引导的同位语从句中，“for which...of devotion”为“介词＋关系代词which”引导的限制性定语从句，修饰that cause；在第二个that引导的同位语从句中，“that these dead...in vain”为that引导的宾语从句，作resolve的宾语。
改变了一个国家的演说
1863年11月19日，一个天空灰蒙蒙的下午，宾夕法尼亚州葛底斯堡的一块空地上，一个高大瘦削的男人登上了演讲台，开始演说。就在不久前，这里曾是一片战场，数千名士兵牺牲于此。这个人是美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯，他来到这里悼念已逝的战士。他的演说只有268个词，时长两分钟，但却改变了民众的想法，甚至帮助塑造了整个国家。
在那时，美国分崩离析。两年来，美国人民深陷内战之中，一方是拥护奴隶制的南部邦联，另一方是拥护“自由”的北方联盟。最残酷的战斗持续了三天，就发生在1863年的葛底斯堡。北方联盟取得了胜利，但代价惨重。五万多名士兵死伤，人们失去了希望和目标。遭受这些苦难究竟是为了什么呢？
林肯理解民众的感受。他的演说给了民众希望、信念以及展望未来的理由。他给予了美国人民一个新的愿景，那就是依照87年前开国元勋的理念，美利坚合众国本应成为的样子。那也是已故的将士为之献出生命的原因。现在，责任落到了生者身上，不仅要消除南北之间的分歧，还要打破黑人与白人之间的界限，一步一步朝着实现人类平等而努力。
87年前，我们的先辈在这块大陆上创立了一个新的国家，它孕育于自由之中，献身于人人生而平等的理想。
当下我们正深陷于一场大规模的内战之中，它考验着这个国家，或者任何一个生于自由、对上述理想深信不疑的国家，能否长久生存下去。现在我们聚集在这场内战的一个重要战场上，我们来到这里，是为了把这里的一部分土地献给那些为了国家存续而献出自己生命的人，作为他们最终的安息之地。我们这样做是完全应当且非常恰当的。
但是，从更广泛的意义上来说，我们不能献出——不能圣化——不能神化这块土地，因为在这里勇敢抗争的人们，不论生死，已经圣化了这片土地，这远不是我们渺小的力量所能增减的。世界不会留意，也不会铭记我们在这里说了什么，但它永远不会忘记他们在这里做的事情。他们英勇地坚持至今，现在是我们这些生者献身于这未完成的事业的时候了。我们应该把自己奉献于在我们面前的伟大事业——从这些光荣的逝者身上汲取更多的信仰，来投身于他们为之竭尽最后一丝力量的事业——我们在这里下最大的决心，不让逝者白白失去生命，要让国家获得自由的新生，要使民有、民治、民享的政府永存。
(《葛底斯堡演讲》——亚伯拉罕·林肯)
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