Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
主谓一致(2)
1．分数或百分数修饰单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果修饰的是复数名词，谓语动词就用复数形式；如果修饰的是集合名词，谓语动词也多用复数形式。
Two thirds of the land is covered with forests．
三分之二的土地被森林覆盖。
Two thirds of the students have passed the examinations．
三分之二的学生通过了考试。
2．先行词为one of...结构时，定语从句一般视为修饰复数名词，从句谓语动词一般用复数形式；如果先行词是the one of...或者the only one of...结构，定语从句则视为修饰单数名词，从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。
Mr Green is one of the foreign experts who are working in China．
格林先生是在中国工作的外国专家之一。
Mr Green is the only one of the foreign experts who is working in China．
格林先生是外国专家中唯一在中国工作的人。
3．a number of...作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of...作主语时，谓语动用单数形式。a group of...作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。
The number of the students is decreasing．
学生数量在下降。
A number of students came to look for you this morning．
今天上午不少学生来找过你。
A group of us is/are going to the theatre this evening．
我们有一帮人今晚要去看戏。
4．a great deal of...，a large amount of...，a quantity of...作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式；large amounts of...，large quantities of...作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
A large quantity of coal is needed in our school this winter．
这个冬天我们学校需要大量的煤。
Large quantities of vegetables have been sent to Beijing by train．
大量的蔬菜通过火车运到了北京。
A large amount of medicine was indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area．
＝Large amounts of medicine were indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area．
地震灾区确实需要大量的药品。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ____ (be) previously unprotected．
②Up to now，a great deal of money ______________ (spend) on the project．
③Two fifths of the land in that district __(be) covered with trees now，about 80% of which ____________ (plant) in the 1990s．
④A group of dogs ____________ (know) as “Therapy Dogs”．
⑤She is the only one of the youngest girls who _____ (play) in the band．
5．and连接的两个名词作主语，表示两个人或事物时，谓语动词用复数形式；指同一个人、同一物、同一件事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The teacher and the writer are going to give us a talk．
那个老师和那个作家将给我们作报告。
The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk．
那个老师兼作家将给我们作报告。
6．each...and each...或every...and every...作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl was congratulated yesterday．
昨天每个男生和女生都被祝贺了。
Every flower and every bush is to be cut down．
每一株花和灌木都要齐根砍倒。
7．“all/half/some/a lot/plenty/any/part/the rest/most等＋of...”作主语时，谓语动词要与of后面的名词的数保持一致。of后面是单数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；of后面是复数可数名词，谓语动词要用复数形式。
All of my colleagues were invited yesterday．
昨天我的所有同事都被邀请了。
All of the work has been done．
所有的工作都做完了。
[名师点津] 当all/some/a lot/plenty/the rest/the most等单独作主语(即不跟of...)时，要根据它们表示的单复数意义确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
All is ready for the reception．
招待会的一切都准备完毕。
All are eager to reach an agreement．
所有的人都急于达成一项协议。
8．population作主语时，通常看作单数，若population前有分数、百分数，the greater part，the greatest part时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
The population of the country is very large，and about 50% of its population are farmers．
这个国家的人口很多，其中大约50%是农民。
9．当一些由两部分组成一体的表示衣物或工具的名词(如chopsticks，glasses，gloves，scissors，shoes，trousers等)作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但当它们由a kind of，a pair of，a series of等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
Her trousers are beautiful indeed．
她的裤子确实好看。
A pair of gloves is a welcome present．
一副手套是一件受欢迎的礼物。
10．“this kind of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式；“复数名词＋of this kind”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
This kind of man/men is very dangerous．
这种人很危险。
Men of this kind are very dangerous．
这类人很危险。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①All that can be done _____________ (do)．
②War and peace __ (be) a constant theme in history．
③The greatest part of the population ____ (be) illiterate then．
④Two thirds of the students will go home during the summer vacation and the rest ___ (be) going to travel．
⑤Until now a series of pre-recorded tapes _________________ (prepare) for language laboratory use．
[名师点津] 强调句及倒装句的主谓一致：
(1)如果被强调的成分是原来句子的主语，引导词that/who后面谓语的数与被强调的成分保持一致。
I am a doctor．
→It is I who am a doctor．
He has read the book．
→It is he who has read the book．
(2)倒装句中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致，即谓语动词后面的主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；谓语动词后面的主语是复数，谓语动词就用复数形式。
A building stands in front of us．
→In front of us stands a building．
Rows of fruit trees were on either side．
→On either side were rows of fruit trees．
短文语境填空
The number of teachers and students in our school 1．__ (be) about 2，000 and two thirds of the students in my class 2．___ (be) girls．All 3．__ (be) going on well in my class and every boy and every girl 4．__ (be) ready to help others．Li Lin is the only one of my best friends who 5．_____ (come) from Guangzhou，and the rest 6．___ (be) locals．Politics 7．__ (be) my favourite subject and listening to music 8．__ (be) what I often do in my spare time．Whether I can be admitted to a university 9．__ (be) still unknown，but what I need to do now 10．__ (be) not to waste any valuable time．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①crater n．(物体坠落、炸弹爆炸等在地上造成的)坑
②go through经历/经过某过程
③agile adj．敏捷的，灵活的
④slope v．倾斜，成斜坡n．斜坡
⑤keep sb．from doing sth．阻止某人做某事
from不可省略。
prevent/stop sb．(from) doing sth．阻止某人做某事
此时from可省略，但在被动语态中不可省略。
⑥hop n．跳跃
⑦nonexistent adj．不存在的
⑧squeak v．发出吱吱声
⑨outrace v．(在速度上)超过
前缀out-有两类含义：一是表示“超过，过度”；二是表示“出去，过时”。例如：outdo胜过，优于；outlive比……活得长；outside在外面，向外面
⑩tendon n．腱
trip v．将……绊倒
wavelength n．波长
“名词＋名词”的复合词是由两个名词连起来写而形成的。例如：
bookshop书店；
penfriend笔友；
sunglasses太阳镜
mechanical adj．机械的
mechanic n．技工，机械师
imitation n．仿制品；模仿，仿效
imitate v．模仿，仿效
mutt n．杂种狗
frown v．皱眉
positronic adj．正电子的
programme v．预调，预设(机器)
hold out伸出，递出
in one bound一跃，一跳
bound n．蹦跳；
跳跃adj．可能的
be bound to很有可能，肯定会
adjust v．调节，调整；适应
adjust to...适应……
adjust oneself
to...使某人自己适应……
adjustable adj．可调节的
tightly adv．紧紧地
hold sth．tightly紧紧抱住/抓住某物
desperate adj．拼命的，绝望的
desperately adv．拼命地，非常(特别是在谈论困难或恶劣情况时)
count v．重要
A Boy's Best Friend
Mr Anderson said，“Where's Jimmy，dear？”“Out on the crater①，”said Mrs Anderson．“Robutt is with him．Did he arrive？”“Yes．He's at the rocket station，going through②the tests[1]．I haven't really seen one since I left Earth 15 years ago．”
“Jimmy has never seen one，”said Mrs Anderson．
“Because he's Moon-born and can't visit Earth．That's why I'm bringing one here．[2]I think it's the first one ever on the Moon．”
[2]“That's why...”句型表示“那就是为什么……”。
Jimmy was out on the crater，as his mother had said[3]．His arms and legs were long and agile③．He looked thicker and stubbier with his spacesuit on[4]，but he could handle the lunar gravity as no Earth-born human being could[5]．The outer side of the crater sloped④southward and the Earth，which was low in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater-slope was brightly lit[6]．The slope was a gentle one and even the weight of the spacesuit couldn't keep Jimmy from racing up⑤it in a floating hop⑥that made the gravity seem nonexistent⑦．
[3]as引导非限制性定语从句，as指代前面主句的内容。
[4]“with＋n．＋adv．”结构。
[5]as引导比较状语从句。
[6]so that引导结果状语从句。
“Come on，Robutt，”he shouted．Robutt，who could hear him by radio，squeaked⑧and bounded after．
Jimmy，expert though he was[7]，couldn't outrace⑨Robutt，who didn't need a spacesuit，and had four legs and tendons⑩of steel．Jimmy couldn't go wrong while Robutt was around，tripping him when he was too near a rock，or jumping on him to show how much he loved him，or circling around and squeaking low and scared when Jimmy hid behind a rock[8]，when all the time Robutt knew well enough where he was．
[7]此处是让步状语从句的倒装形式，作表语的名词提到了句首，名词前的冠词要省略。
[8]并列的动词-ing形式(短语)作状语。
He heard his father's voice on his private wavelength ．“Jimmy，come back．I have something to tell you．”
Mr Anderson was smiling．“We have something for you，Jimmy．It's at the rocket station now，but we'll have it tomorrow after all the tests are over．”
“From Earth，Dad？”
“A dog from Earth，son．The first dog on the Moon．You won't need Robutt any more．We can't keep them both，and some other boy or girl will have Robutt．”He seemed to be waiting for Jimmy to say something，then he said，“You know what a dog is，Jimmy．It's the real thing．Robutt's only a mechanical imitation ，a robot-mutt ．That's how he got his name．”
Jimmy frowned ．“Robutt isn't an imitation，Dad．”
“Robutt's just steel and wiring and a simple positronic brain．”
“He does everything I want him to do[9]，Dad．He understands me．”
“No，son．Robutt is just a machine．It's just programmed to act the way [10]it does．A dog is alive．You'll see the difference once he gets here．”
Jimmy looked at Robutt，who was squeaking again，a very low，slow squeak that seemed frightened．Jimmy held out his arms and Robutt was in them in one bound ．
Jimmy said，“What will the difference be between Robutt and the dog？”
“It's hard to explain，”said Mr Anderson，“but it will be easy to see．The dog will really love you．Robutt is just adjusted to act as though it loves you[11]．”
[11]as though引导方式状语从句，表示“好像”。
“But，Dad，we don't know what's inside the dog，or what his feelings are．Maybe it's just acting，too．”
Mr Anderson frowned．“Jimmy，you'll know the difference when you experience the love of a living thing．”
Jimmy held Robutt tightly ．He was frowning，too，and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn't change his mind．He said，“But what's the difference how they act？How about how I feel？I love Robutt and that's what counts [12]．”
[12]what引导表语从句，what在该从句中作主语。
And the little robot-mutt，which had never been held so tightly in all its existence，squeaked high and rapid squeaks—happy squeaks．
(Adaptation of excerpts from“A Boy's Best Friend”by Isaac Asimov)
男孩的挚友
安德森先生问：“亲爱的，吉米在哪儿？”“在外面的环形山上。”安德森太太回答道，“罗布特跟吉米在一起。它到了吗？”“是的，在火箭站，正在接受测试。自从15年前我离开地球后，就从没见过真正的狗了。”
“吉米从来没见过狗。”安德森太太说。
“因为吉米是在月球上出生的，他不能去地球。所以我要带过来一只。我觉得这应该是月球上有史以来的第一只狗。”
正如吉米妈妈所说，他在外面的环形山上。吉米手长脚长，行动灵活。穿着太空服的吉米虽看起来臃肿矮胖了一些，但他能承受月球引力，而在地球出生的人是不能承受这种引力的。环形山外侧向南倾斜，南面天空下方的地球全部显现出来，因此整个环形山山坡明亮了起来。山坡非常平缓，即使吉米穿着厚重的太空服，也不能阻碍他跳着跃向山坡，就好像引力不存在一样。
“快过来，罗布特。”他大喊。靠电波辨认声音的罗布特发出叫声，跳着跑向吉米。
论速度，吉米虽然是个能手，但他比不过罗布特，因为它有四条腿和钢铁做的肌腱，还不用穿太空服。只要有罗布特相伴，吉米就没有危险。当吉米过于靠近一块岩石时，它会扑倒他；罗布特还会扑向他，以表达爱意；当吉米藏在岩石后面时，罗布特就原地打转，低吼，战战兢兢，不论什么时候，罗布特都对吉米的位置了如指掌。
吉米通过自己的专属波长接收到了爸爸的声音，“吉米，回来一下。我有事情要和你说。”
安德森先生面带微笑，“吉米，我们有东西要给你，它现在就在火箭站，但是要等到明天所有测试结束后，我们才能接到它。”
“是从地球来的吗，爸爸？”
“是从地球来的小狗，儿子，是月球上的第一只狗。你将不再需要罗布特了。我们不能同时要两只，其他的孩子会收养罗布特。”他好像在等吉米说点什么，接着又说：“你会知道什么才是真正的狗，吉米。狗是有生命的。罗布特仅仅是机械仿制品，是一只机器狗罢了。所以它才叫罗布特。”
吉米皱皱眉头，“爸爸，罗布特不是仿制品。”
“罗布特只是用钢铁和电线制造的，只有一个简单的正电子大脑。”
“爸爸，我想让它做什么，它都能做到，它懂我。”
“不是这样的，儿子。罗布特只是一个机器。它的反应只不过是按照编好的程序去做而已。真正的狗是有生命的。等小狗来了，你就会明白二者的不同之处了。”
吉米看着又在吼叫的罗布特，它的叫声非常低沉缓慢，好像受到了惊吓。吉米伸出双臂，罗布特一跃跳了上去。
吉米问：“那罗布特和真正的小狗有什么不一样呢？”
“这很难解释。”安德森先生说，“但用眼睛看的话，会很容易。小狗会真的爱你，而罗布特只是设定好，假装很爱你。”
“但是，爸爸，我们并不知道小狗真正想的是什么，它是什么感觉。可能它也只是在假装。”
安德森先生眉头一皱，“吉米，如果你体验过一个生命体对你的爱时，你就会明白其中的不同。”
吉米紧紧抱着罗布特。他也皱着眉头，脸上的坚定表明他不愿改变心意。他说：“那它们在行为上有什么不一样？那我的想法呢？我爱罗布特，我觉得这是最重要的。”
小小的机器狗自出现以来从未被抱得那么紧，它发出尖细且急促的叫声，那是快乐的叫声。
(节选自艾萨克·阿西莫夫的《男孩的挚友》)
Period 5 课文整体教学(Developing ideas)
1．What's the text mainly about
A．Jimmy and his parents．
B．The relationship between Jimmy and Robutt．
C．The life on the Moon．
D．The dog from Earth．
2．What can we learn from paragraph 4
A．Jimmy was thicker and stubbier than Earth-born human beings．
B．Jimmy was well adapted to the gravity on the Moon．
C．The spacesuit was too light，and its gravity was nonexistent．
D．The entire crater was brightly lit by the nearly full Earth．
3．From the conversation between the father and the son，what can we conclude about Robutt
A．Robutt was a real dog from Earth．
B．Robutt was a real dog living on the Moon．
C．Robutt was a mechanical dog．
D．Robutt was the first real dog on the Moon．
4．What can we learn from the passage
A．Jimmy's father didn't like Robutt．
B．Robutt is completely different from a real dog．
C．Jimmy is much lighter than Earth-born humans．
D．Despite his father's advice，Jimmy would keep Robutt．
[答案] 1－4 BBCD
1．go through经历；检查，浏览；穿过；(法律、合同等正式)通过
①(教材P58)He's at the rocket station，going through the tests． __
②Before handing in my essay，I went through it again． _____
③Go through this gate，and you'll see the house on your left． __
④The bill didn't go through in the congress． __
2．slope v．倾斜，成斜坡 n．斜坡
①(教材P58)The outer side of the crater sloped southward and the Earth，which was low in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater-slope was brightly lit． ________
②The street must have been on a slope． ____
1．(学会断句)The outer side/of the crater/sloped southward and the Earth，which was low/in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater-slope was brightly lit．
[分析] 此句是and连接的____句。第二个分句中which 引导______从句，先行词为_________；so that 引导____从句。
[翻译] _________________________________________
2．(学会断句)Jimmy，expert though he was，couldn't outrace Robutt，who didn't need a spacesuit，and had four legs/and tendons of steel．
[分析] 此句是______句。expert though he was 是让步状语从句的倒装结构，相当于though he was an expert；who 引导______从句，对______ 进行补充说明。
[翻译] _____________________________________________
3．(学会断句)Jimmy couldn't go wrong/while Robutt was around，tripping him/when he was too near a rock，or jumping on him to show/how much he loved him，or circling around and squeaking low and scared/when Jimmy hid behind a rock，when all the time Robutt knew well enough/where he was．
[分析] 此句是____句。while引导的是____从句；tripping...jumping...circling...squeaking...是动词-ing形式短语作__状语；when he was too near a rock和when Jimmy hid behind a rock 是两个____从句；how much he loved him是__从句；when all the time...he was是____从句，when 意为“__”。
[翻译] _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．(学会断句)Jimmy looked at Robutt，who was squeaking again，a very low，slow squeak/that seemed frightened．
[分析] 此句是一个__句。who引导的是______从句，对______进行补充说明；that引导的是_____从句，修饰______；a very low，slow squeak是Robutt的___。
[翻译] ________________________________
1．(续写佳句)Robutt，who could hear him by radio，squeaked and bounded after．
靠电波辨认声音的罗布特发出叫声，跳着跑向吉米。
2．(续写佳句)Jimmy looked at Robutt，who was squeaking again，a very low，slow squeak that seemed frightened．Jimmy held out his arms and Robutt was in them in one bound．
吉米看着又在吼叫的罗布特，它的叫声非常低沉缓慢，好像受到了惊吓。吉米伸出双臂，罗布特一跃，跳了上去。
3．(续写佳句)Jimmy held Robutt tightly．He was frowning，too，and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn't change his mind．
吉米紧紧抱着罗布。他也皱着眉头，脸上的坚定表明他不愿改变心意。
1．desperate adj．拼命的，绝望的；非常需要的
(1)be desperate for sth． 渴望某物
be desperate to do sth． 渴望做某事
in desperate need of... 迫切需要……
(2)desperation n． 绝望；拼命；铤而走险
in desperation 在绝望中；拼命地
(3)desperately adv． 拼命地，绝望地；极度地
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①After several years of hard study，he was desperate _______ (pass)the College Entrance Examination and enter an ideal university．
②It was a hummingbird，___________ (desperate) trying to escape．
③The children are in desperate need __ love and attention．
④In ___________ (desperate)，they jumped out of the window to escape the fire．
⑤(应用文之申请信)我渴望有机会成为一名志愿者，我的确希望您给我这个宝贵的机会。
_____________ the chance to be a volunteer，I do hope you can offer me the precious opportunity．
2．in shock吃惊地；处于极度震惊状态
(1)shock n． 休克；吃惊，震惊；令人震惊的事
v． 使震惊
a (great) shock to... 让……(非常)震惊
It is/was a shock to hear/find/discover that...
听说/发现……很震惊。
(2)shocked adj． 震惊的，惊愕的；十分厌恶的
be shocked at/by sb．/sth． 对……感到震惊；对……感到十分厌恶
be shocked to do sth． 做某事很吃惊
(3)shocking adj． 令人震惊的；令人气愤的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I was shocked _______ (hear) that the old castle had been destroyed．
②It's ________ (shock) that they involved children in the crime．
③All of us were shocked _____ the news that many deaths had been caused by the heavy rain．
④For a moment，neither of us moved，we were still __ shock．
⑤(应用文之情绪描写)这个消息让这个可怜的女孩震惊了，她开始哭了起来。
The news was ______________________________ and she started to cry．
3．faulty adj．有故障的，有缺陷的
fault n． 过错；缺点；故障
find fault with... 对……不满/挑剔
be at fault 有过错的；有责任的
It is/was one's fault that...
……是某人的错。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①This iron is guaranteed for a year against ______ (fault) workmanship．
②When a quarrel happens in a family，it is very hard to say who is __ fault．
③Life can be great when you are not busy finding fault ____ it．
④(读后续写之动作及心理描写)露比低下了头，感到遗憾和羞愧，因为她意识到是她的错让他们陷入了这种境地。
Hanging her head down，Ruby felt so regretful and shameful because she realized _____________________ put them into such a situation．
4．make a comment/comments on对……作出评论
comment n． 评论
v． 评论；表达意见
no comment 无可奉告
comment on/upon... 对……评论
comment that... 评论……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①The official declined to comment _______ the matter．
②He commented ____ the two essays were rather similar．
③The tutor's ________ (comment) on my work were very apt and to the point．
④Facing the reporter's question，he declined to make comments____the event．
⑤评论别人的外貌是不礼貌的。
a．It is impolite to __________ others' appearance．(comment v．)
b．It is impolite to ________________ others' appearance．(comment n．)
5．consistent adj．一贯的，一致的；始终如一的
(1)be consistent with 与……一致/吻合
be consistent in 在……方面一致
(2)consist vi． 由……组成/构成；在于
consist in 在于；存在于
consist of＝be made up of 由……组成
(3)consistently adv． 一贯地，一致地；始终如一地
consistency n． 一致性，连贯性
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Life mainly consists __ happiness and sorrow while happiness consists __ struggle．
②It's important to show some ___________ (consistent) in your work．
③It's not what we do once in a while that shapes our lives，but what we do ____________ (consistent)．
④(应用文之建议信)总之，你说的应该和你做的一致，否则别人不会相信你。
In summary，what you say ______________________________________otherwise others will not believe in you．
1．though引导让步状语从句
(教材P59)Jimmy，expert though he was，couldn't outrace Robutt，who didn't need a spacesuit，and had four legs and tendons of steel．
论速度，吉米虽然是个能手，但他比不过罗布特，因为它有四条腿和钢铁做的肌腱，还不用穿太空服。
[句式分析] 此句中 though意为“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句，将表语提前，构成部分倒装。
Unsatisfied though he was with the payment，he took the job just to get some work experience．
虽然他对报酬不满意，但他接受这份工作只是为了获得一些工作经验。
(1)though/as引导让步状语从句时可把表语、状语或谓语动词提前，构成部分倒装。提前的名词前不带冠词。
(2)as引导让步状语从句时必须倒装；though 可倒装，也可使用正常语序；although引导让步状语从句时不能倒装。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/句型转换
①Child _________ he was，he had the capacity to tell what was the right thing to do．
②On the way，_______________ some students fell behind，they kept running to the finishing line．
③Although she was tired and exhausted，she managed to make a flag with her yellow blouse．
→_____________________________________，she managed to make a flag with her yellow blouse．(倒装句)
2．强调句型：It is/was not until...that...
(教材P62)It was not until an hour later that he noticed that Carolyn had left her emergency call device on the breakfast table．
直到一个小时后，他才注意到卡罗琳把她的紧急呼叫装置忘在早餐桌上了。
[句式分析] 本句为强调句型，句型结构为：It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋句子其他成分。
It was not until the 1970s that Tu Youyou succeeded in discovering qinghaosu．
直到20世纪70年代，屠呦呦才成功地发现了青蒿素。
(1)not...until...直到……才……
(2)not until置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/句式升级
①It was not until I followed this feeling to its source ____ I discovered I had a passion for writing．
②I didn't really realize the value of friends _____ I left my hometown．
③I wasn't aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened until I experienced the accident．
→_____________________________________________________ bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened．(倒装句)
→________________________________________________ I was aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened．(强调句型)
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．At the sight of Mr Willow，Jack and Frey froze __ shock．
2．Not until he went _______ real hardship did he realise the love we have for our families is important．
3．Some people are desperate ___ friends but don't want to pay out．
4．If your behaviour is not consistent ____ your words，you're bound to lose your friends．
5．After watching the movie，she made _ positive comment on it．
Ⅱ．完成句子
1．他感到好像跑了一场马拉松似的。
It felt _______________________ a marathon．
2．虽然我们很累，但我们精神很好。
_______________________，we were in high spirits．
3．直到几年后，我才意识到这份礼物真正的重要性。
_________________________________________ I realised the real importance of the gift．
4．汤姆仍然对生活满怀希望，如同十年前一样。
Tom is still hopeful about his life _______________________．
5．不用的时候关掉水龙头，这样可以节省很多水。
Turn off the taps when they're not in use _______________________________．
Ⅲ．课文语法填空
Jimmy，whose arms and legs were long and agile，was Moon-born．He could handle the lunar gravity 1．__ no Earth-born human being could．However，he couldn't visit Earth，so his father，2．___ had left Earth 15 years ago，3．_______ (bring) a real dog for him，though he had a mechanical dog，Robutt．
Jimmy's father explained to him what 4．_ real dog was and some other boy or girl would keep Robutt．Jimmy frowned．He said that Robutt understood 5．___ (he)．His father continued to talk about the 6．__________ (differ) between Robutt and the dog，7．______ (say) that the dog would really love him while Robutt was just adjusted 8．______ (act) as though it loved him．
Jimmy held Robutt 9．_______ (tight) and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn't change his mind．He said，“I love Robutt and that's what 10．______ (count)．”
Period 4
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①were ②has been spent ③is；were planted ④are/is known ⑤plays
[即时训练2]
①has been done ②is ③were ④are ⑤has been prepared
巩固落实
1．is 2．are 3．is 4．is 5．comes 6．are 7．is 8．is 9．is
10．is
1 / 1(共47张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 4 A glimpse of the future
主题语境
人与社会——科技发展与信息技术创新
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
主谓一致(2)
1．分数或百分数修饰单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果修饰的是复数名词，谓语动词就用复数形式；如果修饰的是集合名词，谓语动词也多用复数形式。
Two thirds of the land is covered with forests．
三分之二的土地被森林覆盖。
Two thirds of the students have passed the examinations．
三分之二的学生通过了考试。
2．先行词为one of...结构时，定语从句一般视为修饰复数名词，从句谓语动词一般用复数形式；如果先行词是the one of...或者the only one of...结构，定语从句则视为修饰单数名词，从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。
Mr Green is one of the foreign experts who are working in China．
格林先生是在中国工作的外国专家之一。
Mr Green is the only one of the foreign experts who is working in China．
格林先生是外国专家中唯一在中国工作的人。
3．a number of...作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of...作主语时，谓语动用单数形式。a group of...作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。
The number of the students is decreasing．
学生数量在下降。
A number of students came to look for you this morning．
今天上午不少学生来找过你。
A group of us is/are going to the theatre this evening．
我们有一帮人今晚要去看戏。
4．a great deal of...，a large amount of...，a quantity of...作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式；large amounts of...，large quantities of...作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
A large quantity of coal is needed in our school this winter．
这个冬天我们学校需要大量的煤。
Large quantities of vegetables have been sent to Beijing by train．
大量的蔬菜通过火车运到了北京。
A large amount of medicine was indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area．
＝Large amounts of medicine were indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area．
地震灾区确实需要大量的药品。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that _______ (be) previously unprotected．
②Up to now，a great deal of money ______________ (spend) on the project．
③Two fifths of the land in that district __(be) covered with trees now，about 80% of which ____________ (plant) in the 1990s．
④A group of dogs ____________ (know) as “Therapy Dogs”．
⑤She is the only one of the youngest girls who _____ (play) in the band．
were
has been spent
is
were planted
are/is known
plays
5．and连接的两个名词作主语，表示两个人或事物时，谓语动词用复数形式；指同一个人、同一物、同一件事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The teacher and the writer are going to give us a talk．
那个老师和那个作家将给我们作报告。
The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk．
那个老师兼作家将给我们作报告。
6．each...and each...或every...and every...作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl was congratulated yesterday．
昨天每个男生和女生都被祝贺了。
Every flower and every bush is to be cut down．
每一株花和灌木都要齐根砍倒。
7．“all/half/some/a lot/plenty/any/part/the rest/most等＋of...”作主语时，谓语动词要与of后面的名词的数保持一致。of后面是单数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；of后面是复数可数名词，谓语动词要用复数形式。
All of my colleagues were invited yesterday．
昨天我的所有同事都被邀请了。
All of the work has been done．
所有的工作都做完了。
[名师点津] 当all/some/a lot/plenty/the rest/the most等单独作主语(即不跟of...)时，要根据它们表示的单复数意义确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
All is ready for the reception．
招待会的一切都准备完毕。
All are eager to reach an agreement．
所有的人都急于达成一项协议。
8．population作主语时，通常看作单数，若population前有分数、百分数，the greater part，the greatest part时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
The population of the country is very large，and about 50% of its population are farmers．
这个国家的人口很多，其中大约50%是农民。
9．当一些由两部分组成一体的表示衣物或工具的名词(如chopsticks，glasses，gloves，scissors，shoes，trousers等)作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但当它们由a kind of，a pair of，a series of等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
Her trousers are beautiful indeed．
她的裤子确实好看。
A pair of gloves is a welcome present．
一副手套是一件受欢迎的礼物。
10．“this kind of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式；“复数名词＋of this kind”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
This kind of man/men is very dangerous．
这种人很危险。
Men of this kind are very dangerous．
这类人很危险。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①All that can be done _____________ (do)．
②War and peace __ (be) a constant theme in history．
③The greatest part of the population ____ (be) illiterate then．
④Two thirds of the students will go home during the summer vacation and the rest ___ (be) going to travel．
⑤Until now a series of pre-recorded tapes _________________ (prepare) for language laboratory use．
has been done
is
were
are
has been prepared
[名师点津] 强调句及倒装句的主谓一致：
(1)如果被强调的成分是原来句子的主语，引导词that/who后面谓语的数与被强调的成分保持一致。
I am a doctor．
→It is I who am a doctor．
He has read the book．
→It is he who has read the book．
(2)倒装句中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致，即谓语动词后面的主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；谓语动词后面的主语是复数，谓语动词就用复数形式。
A building stands in front of us．
→In front of us stands a building．
Rows of fruit trees were on either side．
→On either side were rows of fruit trees．
短文语境填空
The number of teachers and students in our school 1．__ (be) about 2，000 and two thirds of the students in my class 2．___ (be) girls．All 3．__ (be) going on well in my class and every boy and every girl 4．__ (be) ready to help others．Li Lin is the only one of my best friends who 5．_______ (come) from Guangzhou，and the rest 6．___ (be) locals．Politics 7．__ (be) my favourite subject and listening to music 8．__ (be) what I often do in my spare time．Whether I can be admitted to a university 9．__ (be) still unknown，but what I need to do now 10．__ (be) not to waste any valuable time．
is
are
is
is
comes
are
is
is
is
is
①crater n．(物体坠落、炸弹爆炸等在地上造成的)坑
②go through经历/经过某过程
③agile adj．敏捷的，灵活的
④slope v．倾斜，成斜坡n．斜坡
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑤keep sb．from doing sth．阻止某人做某事
from不可省略。
prevent/stop sb．(from) doing sth．阻止某人做某事
此时from可省略，但在被动语态中不可省略。
⑥hop n．跳跃
⑦nonexistent adj．不存在的
⑧squeak v．发出吱吱声
⑨outrace v．(在速度上)超过
前缀out-有两类含义：一是表示“超过，过度”；二是表示“出去，过时”。例如：outdo胜过，优于；outlive比……活得长；outside在外面，向外面
⑩tendon n．腱
trip v．将……绊倒
wavelength n．波长
“名词＋名词”的复合词是由两个名词连起来写而形成的。例如：
bookshop书店；
penfriend笔友；
sunglasses太阳镜
mechanical adj．机械的
mechanic n．技工，机械师
imitation n．仿制品；模仿，仿效
imitate v．模仿，仿效
mutt n．杂种狗
frown v．皱眉
positronic adj．正电子的
programme v．预调，预设(机器)
hold out伸出，递出
in one bound一跃，一跳
bound n．蹦跳；
跳跃adj．可能的
be bound to很有可能，肯定会
adjust v．调节，调整；适应
adjust to...适应……
adjust oneself
to...使某人自己适应……
adjustable adj．可调节的
tightly adv．紧紧地
hold sth．tightly紧紧抱住/抓住某物
desperate adj．拼命的，绝望的
desperately adv．拼命地，非常(特别是在谈论困难或恶劣情况时)
count v．重要
A Boy's Best Friend
Mr Anderson said，“Where's Jimmy，dear？”“Out on the crater①，”said Mrs Anderson．“Robutt is with him．Did he arrive？”“Yes．He's at the rocket station，going through②the tests[1]．I haven't really seen one since I left Earth 15 years ago．”
“Jimmy has never seen one，”said Mrs Anderson．
“Because he's Moon-born and can't visit Earth．That's why I'm bringing one here．[2]I think it's the first one ever on the Moon．”
[2]“That's why...”句型表示“那就是为什么……”。
Jimmy was out on the crater，as his mother had said[3]．His arms and legs were long and agile③．He looked thicker and stubbier with his spacesuit on[4]，but he could handle the lunar gravity as no Earth-born human being could[5]．The outer side of the crater sloped④southward and the Earth，which was low in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater-slope was brightly lit[6]．The slope was a gentle one and even the weight of the spacesuit couldn't keep Jimmy from racing up⑤it in a floating hop⑥that made the gravity seem nonexistent⑦．
[3]as引导非限制性定语从句，as指代前面主句的内容。
[4]“with＋n．＋adv．”结构。
[5]as引导比较状语从句。
[6]so that引导结果状语从句。
“Come on，Robutt，”he shouted．Robutt，who could hear him by radio，squeaked⑧and bounded after．
Jimmy，expert though he was[7]，couldn't outrace⑨Robutt，who didn't need a spacesuit，and had four legs and tendons⑩of steel．Jimmy couldn't go wrong while Robutt was around，tripping him when he was too near a rock，or jumping on him to show how much he loved him，or circling around and squeaking low and scared when Jimmy hid behind a rock[8]，when all the time Robutt knew well enough where he was．
[7]此处是让步状语从句的倒装形式，作表语的名词提到了句首，名词前的冠词要省略。
[8]并列的动词-ing形式(短语)作状语。
He heard his father's voice on his private wavelength ．“Jimmy，come back．I have something to tell you．”
Mr Anderson was smiling．“We have something for you，Jimmy．It's at the rocket station now，but we'll have it tomorrow after all the tests are over．”
“From Earth，Dad？”
“A dog from Earth，son．The first dog on the Moon．You won't need Robutt any more．We can't keep them both，and some other boy or girl will have Robutt．”He seemed to be waiting for Jimmy to say something，then he said，“You know what a dog is，Jimmy．It's the real thing．Robutt's only a mechanical imitation ，a robot-mutt ．That's how he got his name．”
Jimmy frowned ．“Robutt isn't an imitation，Dad．”
“Robutt's just steel and wiring and a simple positronic brain．”
“He does everything I want him to do[9]，Dad．He understands me．”
“No，son．Robutt is just a machine．It's just programmed to act the way [10]it does．A dog is alive．You'll see the difference once he gets here．”
Jimmy looked at Robutt，who was squeaking again，a very low，slow squeak that seemed frightened．Jimmy held out his arms and Robutt was in them in one bound ．
Jimmy said，“What will the difference be between Robutt and the dog？”
“It's hard to explain，”said Mr Anderson，“but it will be easy to see．The dog will really love you．Robutt is just adjusted to act as though it loves you[11]．”
[11]as though引导方式状语从句，表示“好像”。
“But，Dad，we don't know what's inside the dog，or what his feelings are．Maybe it's just acting，too．”
Mr Anderson frowned．“Jimmy，you'll know the difference when you experience the love of a living thing．”
Jimmy held Robutt tightly ．He was frowning，too，and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn't change his mind．He said，“But what's the difference how they act？How about how I feel？I love Robutt and that's what counts [12]．”
[12]what引导表语从句，what在该从句中作主语。
And the little robot-mutt，which had never been held so tightly in all its existence，squeaked high and rapid squeaks—happy squeaks．
(Adaptation of excerpts from“A Boy's Best Friend”by Isaac Asimov)
男孩的挚友
安德森先生问：“亲爱的，吉米在哪儿？”“在外面的环形山上。”安德森太太回答道，“罗布特跟吉米在一起。它到了吗？”“是的，在火箭站，正在接受测试。自从15年前我离开地球后，就从没见过真正的狗了。”
“吉米从来没见过狗。”安德森太太说。
“因为吉米是在月球上出生的，他不能去地球。所以我要带过来一只。我觉得这应该是月球上有史以来的第一只狗。”
正如吉米妈妈所说，他在外面的环形山上。吉米手长脚长，行动灵活。穿着太空服的吉米虽看起来臃肿矮胖了一些，但他能承受月球引力，而在地球出生的人是不能承受这种引力的。环形山外侧向南倾斜，南面天空下方的地球全部显现出来，因此整个环形山山坡明亮了起来。山坡非常平缓，即使吉米穿着厚重的太空服，也不能阻碍他跳着跃向山坡，就好像引力不存在一样。
“快过来，罗布特。”他大喊。靠电波辨认声音的罗布特发出叫声，跳着跑向吉米。
论速度，吉米虽然是个能手，但他比不过罗布特，因为它有四条腿和钢铁做的肌腱，还不用穿太空服。只要有罗布特相伴，吉米就没有危险。当吉米过于靠近一块岩石时，它会扑倒他；罗布特还会扑向他，以表达爱意；当吉米藏在岩石后面时，罗布特就原地打转，低吼，战战兢兢，不论什么时候，罗布特都对吉米的位置了如指掌。
吉米通过自己的专属波长接收到了爸爸的声音，“吉米，回来一下。我有事情要和你说。”
安德森先生面带微笑，“吉米，我们有东西要给你，它现在就在火箭站，但是要等到明天所有测试结束后，我们才能接到它。”
“是从地球来的吗，爸爸？”
“是从地球来的小狗，儿子，是月球上的第一只狗。你将不再需要罗布特了。我们不能同时要两只，其他的孩子会收养罗布特。”他好像在等吉米说点什么，接着又说：“你会知道什么才是真正的狗，吉米。狗是有生命的。罗布特仅仅是机械仿制品，是一只机器狗罢了。所以它才叫罗布特。”
吉米皱皱眉头，“爸爸，罗布特不是仿制品。”
“罗布特只是用钢铁和电线制造的，只有一个简单的正电子大脑。”
“爸爸，我想让它做什么，它都能做到，它懂我。”
“不是这样的，儿子。罗布特只是一个机器。它的反应只不过是按照编好的程序去做而已。真正的狗是有生命的。等小狗来了，你就会明白二者的不同之处了。”
吉米看着又在吼叫的罗布特，它的叫声非常低沉缓慢，好像受到了惊吓。吉米伸出双臂，罗布特一跃跳了上去。
吉米问：“那罗布特和真正的小狗有什么不一样呢？”
“这很难解释。”安德森先生说，“但用眼睛看的话，会很容易。小狗会真的爱你，而罗布特只是设定好，假装很爱你。”
“但是，爸爸，我们并不知道小狗真正想的是什么，它是什么感觉。可能它也只是在假装。”
安德森先生眉头一皱，“吉米，如果你体验过一个生命体对你的爱时，你就会明白其中的不同。”
吉米紧紧抱着罗布特。他也皱着眉头，脸上的坚定表明他不愿改变心意。他说：“那它们在行为上有什么不一样？那我的想法呢？我爱罗布特，我觉得这是最重要的。”
小小的机器狗自出现以来从未被抱得那么紧，它发出尖细且急促的叫声，那是快乐的叫声。
(节选自艾萨克·阿西莫夫的《男孩的挚友》)
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