Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语
一、非谓语动词作主语
(一)动词-ing形式(短语)作主语
1．表示一般行为或抽象动作。
Reading is my favourite pastime．
读书是我最喜欢的消遣。
Collecting information is very important to businessmen．
搜集信息对于商人来说是非常重要的。
2．可以用it作形式主语，将动词-ing形式(短语)后置。
It's a waste of time waiting here．
在这里等是浪费时间。
(二)不定式作主语
1．表示具体某一次的行为。
In my opinion，to win the game is possible．
我认为，赢得这场比赛是可能的。
2．如果主语太长，通常用it作形式主语，将不定式后置。
It is necessary to learn English well．
有必要学好英语。
[名师点津] (1)当表语是动词-ing形式时，主语也常用动词-ing形式；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。
Seeing is believing．眼见为实。
To teach is to learn．教即是学。
(2)在It's no use/no good/a waste of time ...句型中一般用动词-ing形式(短语)作真正的主语。
It is no good keeping this secret．
此事不公开没有什么好处。
(3)在It is＋adj．＋ for/of sb．＋to do sth．句型中只能用不定式。
It is important for you to learn English well．
对你来说学好英语很重要。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①It is no good ________ (learn) without practice．
②_______ (read) is learning．
③It was nice of them _________ (invite) all of us．
④___________ (be) here is a great pleasure．
二、非谓语动词作表语
(一)动词-ing形式(短语)作表语
Doing it properly makes considerable demands on our time．
把这件事做得到位，要花我们相当多的时间。
Her job is teaching English．
她的工作是教英语。
[名师点津] 动词-ing形式(短语)作表语与现在进行时的区别：
(1)句子为现在进行时，主语是动词-ing形式的执行者；否则就是动词-ing形式(短语)作表语。
He is cleaning the street．
他正在打扫大街。(现在进行时)
His job is cleaning the street．
他的工作是打扫大街。[动词-ing形式(短语)作表语]
(2)动词-ing形式(短语)作表语能与主语互换位置， 现在进行时中的动词-ing形式(短语)则不能。
The most difficult problem is building the bridge base．
＝Building the bridge base is the most difficult problem．
最困难的事情是建造桥基。[动词-ing形式(短语)作表语]
They are building the bridge base．
他们正在建造桥基。(现在进行时)
Building the bridge are they．(×)
(二)不定式作表语
不定式作表语常用一般式，可表示目的、结果、征求意见、安排、命令、劝告及意愿等情况，常指将来的情况或尚未发生的动作。
The sports meeting is to take place on Friday morning．
运动会将于星期五上午举行。
Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends．
也许最难熬的挑战，就是生活中孤独无友。
(三)过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语时，常表示主语(多为人)所处的状态。
She looked disappointed．
她看上去挺失望。
He seemed quite delighted at the good news．
听到这个好消息，他似乎很开心。
[名师点津] 过去分词作表语(系表结构)与被动语态的区别：
被动语态表示动作，句子的主语是动作的承受者；系表结构中的过去分词已基本上失去了动词的意义，只起到一个形容词的作用，在句子中作表语，表明主语的性质，或具有的特征或所处的状态。
This book is well written．
这本书写得很好。(系表结构)
This book was written by a soldier．
这本书是一位战士写的。(被动语态)
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①What she likes is ________ (watch) children play．
②His ambition is _____ (go) to Harvard University．
③My job is ________ (clean) the house three times a week．
④It remains __________ (see) whether the newly-formed committee's policy can be put into practice．
三、非谓语动词作宾语
(一)动词-ing形式(短语)作宾语
1．作动词(短语)宾语
mind，avoid，enjoy，escape，mention，suggest，appreciate，practise，delay，imagine，finish，miss，feel like，look forward to，can't help，get down to，be used to，be worth，put off，have difficulty in，give up 等动词(短语)后可跟动词-ing形式(短语)作宾语。
He suggested going out for a walk．
他建议出去走走。
I wouldn't mind telling people my age．
我不会介意告诉人们我的年龄。
Let's get down to repairing the machine．
让我们开始修理机器吧。
[名师点津] (1)有些动词不能直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，而需用it作形式宾语，动词-ing形式后置。常见的动词有：find，make，feel，think，consider，suppose等。
We found it no good making fun of others．
我们发现取笑他人不好。
Do you consider it any good trying again
你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？
(2)有些动词(短语)后既可跟不定式也可跟动词-ing形式，但意义不同：动词-ing形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式(doing)代替完成式(having done)，而不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后。比较：
①stop doing sth．“停止正在做的事情”；stop to do sth．“停下来去做某事”。
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in．
当老师进来时学生停止了讲话。
He stopped to say hello to me．
他停下来跟我打招呼。
②forget to do sth．“忘记去做某事”，指尚未发生的动作；forget doing sth．“忘记曾经做过某事”，表示已经发生了的动作。
He forgot locking the door．
他忘记已把门锁上了。(门锁上了，但是他忘记了)
He forgot to lock the door．
他忘记锁门了。(门没有锁)
③try doing sth．“试着做某事(看看是否有作用)”；try to do sth．“努力/尽力去做某事”。
He tried to pretend to share the pleasure with his friend．
他尽力假装要与朋友分享欢乐。
She tried reading a novel，but that couldn't make her forget her sorrow．
她试着看看小说，但那并不能使她忘记伤心事。
④regret doing sth．(regret having done sth．)“后悔做了某事”；regret to do sth．“很遗憾要做某事”。
I regret having told you the truth．
我后悔把真相告诉了你。
I regret to say that you have failed the exam．
我很遗憾地告诉你，你没有通过考试。
⑤remember doing sth．“记得做过某事”；remember to do sth．“记住要去做某事”。
I don't remember meeting him．
我不记得见过他。
Remember to write to us when you get there．
当你到那里时记得给我们写信。
⑥mean doing sth．“意味着(必须要做某事或导致某种结果)”，其主语通常是指事物的词；mean to do sth．“打算或企图做某事”，其主语通常是表示人的名词或代词。
This new order will mean working overtime．
新订单就意味着(我们)得加班加点。
I didn't mean to break it—it was an accident．
我不是故意打碎它的——这是个意外。
⑦be afraid of doing sth．“担心/害怕去做某事”；be afraid to do sth．“不敢做某事”。
He was afraid of making mistakes．
他担心会犯错误。
He was afraid to tell the truth．
他不敢把实情讲出来。
⑧go on doing sth．“(停顿以后)继续做原来做的事”；go on to do sth．“接着做另一件事”，指接下去做与原来不同的事。
Now let's go on reading lesson 1．
现在让我们继续读第一课。
After reading the text，the students went on to listen to the teacher carefully．
读完课文以后，学生们接着认真听老师讲课。
(3)need，want，require表示“需要”时，后跟动词-ing形式的主动式或不定式的被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing/to be required．
这台洗衣机需要修理。
The present situation required studying/to be studied．
现在的形势需要研究。
2．作介词宾语
He apologised to the teacher for being late．
他因为来晚向老师道歉。
Her family are all proud of having such a splendid house．
她的家人为拥有这么壮观的房子而骄傲。
[名师点津] admit to，devote oneself to，be equal to，lead to，look forward to，pay attention to，stick to，be used to，turn to等动词短语中的to都是介词。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①He got well-prepared for the job interview，for he couldn't risk ______ (lose) the good opportunity．
②I avoided __________ (mention) the subject in case he should be offended．
③It's quite hot today．Do you feel like _____ (go) for a swim
④Was she worried how I would react or that I would stop ______ (buy) the groceries if I found out
⑤What a poor memory！I forgot _________ (borrow)money from him yesterday．And today I forgot _________ (return) the money to him．
(二)不定式作宾语
1．英语中有些及物动词只能接不定式作宾语。此类动词有：afford，agree，aim，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，undertake，wish等。
The school wished to write a letter of thanks to the driver．
学校希望给司机写一封感谢信。
We decided to make some changes in our plan．
我们决定对我们的计划做一些改动。
They expect to finish the work by Friday．
他们希望到周五能完成这项工作。
2．如果作宾语的不定式还带有自己的补足语，要先用it作形式宾语，而把不定式放在补足语之后，构成“动词(find，think，make，consider，feel等)＋it＋adj．/n＋to do”结构。
I find it difficult to know when and where the meeting will be held．
我发现很难知道这次会议将在何时何地举行。
He counts it a great honour to serve the people．
他认为为人民服务很光荣。
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空
①We agreed _______ (meet)here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
②She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting ____________ (serve)．
③John really upset Granny，but I'm sure he did not mean _____ (do) that．
④I'll make it my business _______ (help) him．
⑤While reading don't always stop _______ (look) up new words．
短文语境填空
It is usual for young people and old people not 1．________ (agree) with each other about life，work and play．But in one special program in New York State，the adults and the teenagers live in peace．Each summer，200 teenagers and 50 adults keep 2．______ (live) for eight weeks as members of a special work group．Some teenagers work in the woods or on the farms near the villages．Some learn 3．_______ (make) furniture and 4．________ (build)houses．The adults are 5．_________ (delight) to teach them these skills．Everyone has several free hours every day and is completely free on weekends，too．During the free hours some teenagers enjoy photographing or 6．________ (paint)．
It is necessary 7．_______ (make) rules when people live together．In this program the teenagers and the adults make the rules together．When someone breaks the rules，the group will discuss the problem．After the program，one of the teenagers said，“This program has taught me that I should stop 8．________ (think) only about myself．I am 9．_________ (think) about the whole group．”
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①superficially adv．表面(上)地
superficial adj．表面的；肤浅的
②polar opposites截然相反
polar adj．完全相反的；截然对立的
opposite n．对立的人(或物)；对立面；反面
③intense adj．很大的；十分强烈的；有强烈感情(或意见，想法)的；热切的
④a respect for对……的尊重
⑤an influential figure有影响力的人物
⑥dramatic transformations巨大的改变
transformation n．(彻底的)变化，改观，转变，改革
transformation from...to/into...从……到……的转变
⑦reconnect with与……重新联系/连接
⑧conflicted adj．因心理冲突而不知所措的
be/feel conflicted about/over sth．对某事感到困惑
conflict v．(两种思想、信仰、说法等)冲突，抵触n．冲突，争执，争论；抵触，矛盾，不一致
⑨for good (and all)永久地
⑩bow v．鞠躬
in return for作为对……的回报
work the land耕种土地
rural adj．农村的，乡村的
urban adj．城市的，都市的
arduous adj．艰苦的；困难的
contentment n．满足
content adj．满意的，满足的
simplicity n．质朴，淳朴；简单(性)
for the sake of simplicity为了方便起见
a reaction to...对……的反应/回应
reaction n．反应，回应
be opposed to反对
opposed adj．强烈反对，截然不同
decent adj．可接受的，相当好的
decently adv．得体地，合宜地
cottage n．乡村小屋
deliberately adv．不慌不忙地，从容不迫地
front v．面向，朝；在……前面
withdraw from...从……中退出
withdraw v．退出
contemporary adj．当代的，属同时期的
seek a harmonious relationship with...寻求与……的和谐关系
harmonious adj．(关系等)友好和睦的，和谐的
domestic adj．驯养的；家养的
in contrast to... 与……形成对照
critical of...批评/批判……
depressive adj．抑郁的
reluctant adj．不愿意的；勉强的
be reluctant to do sth．不情愿地做某事
depart v．离开
depart from从……出发
depart for动身去……
lane n．(乡间的)小路
winding country lanes蜿蜒的乡间小路
atop prep．在……顶上
mulberry n．桑葚；桑树
emphasise the beauty and purity of...强调……的美丽和纯洁
emphasise v．强调，重视，着重
purity n．纯洁；洁净
pure adj．纯的，纯净的，纯粹的
convince sb．that/of ...使某人相信……
resign oneself to听任，只好接受，顺从
botanical medicines草药
botanical adj．植物(学)的
considerable adj．相当多(或大、重要等)的
reject v．拒绝接受
reflective adj．沉思的，深思的，内省的
reflect v．认真思考，沉思
reflection n．沉思，深思，审慎的思考
at ease with不拘束，放松
ease n．舒适，悠闲
take sb．a step closer to使某人更接近……
attain v．得到，获得
attainment n．达到，获得；成就，造诣
well-being n．安康，幸福
fulfilment n．满足(感)
Back to Nature
Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets，but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America．Superficially①，these two men，whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1，500 years，were polar opposites②．And yet they shared an intense③respect for④nature，which made them each an influential figure⑤of their time[1]．
[1]which 引导非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语。
Both men made dramatic transformations⑥to their lives in order to reconnect with⑦nature．As an official in the Eastern Jin Dynasty，Tao felt conflicted⑧over life at court．In 405，he quit the service of the court for good⑨，expressing his unhappiness in the now famous line that he would not“bow⑩like a servant in return for five dou of grain”[2]．He spent the next 22 years until his death，working the land in a poor，rural area．From his poetry，we can learn that although his life was arduous ，he succeeded in finding contentment in its simplicity and in drawing pleasure from nature．
[2]动词-ing形式短语作状语，其中含有that引导的同位语从句，对先行词line进行解释说明。
While Tao's return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to [3]，Thoreau's was a personal decision to transform the way he lived．He had a decent quality of life，but he wanted to live in a simpler way．For two years，two months and two days，he lived in a cottage in the forest on the edge of Walden Pond，focusing on himself and his writing[4]．He explained his reason for doing so in Walden：“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately ，to front only the essential facts of life[5]．”Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life，seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives．
[3]While为并列连词，连接两个并列分句，表示“(对比两件事物)……而……然而”。
[4]动词-ing形式短语作状语，focus与其逻辑主语he之间为主谓关系。
[5]两个并列的不定式短语作wished的宾语。
Although Tao and Thoreau do not treat nature in quite the same way，their works show its beauty and value．Tao's nature is a place of fields and villages，in other words，rural，and his animals are domestic ones，such as chickens and dogs．The calm and peaceful life he wrote about is in contrast to and critical of the depressive court life：
Beyond the dark and distance lies a village[6]，
The smoke above reluctant to depart ．
A dog is barking somewhere down the lane ，
And chickens sit atop the mulberry tree．
[6]表示地点的介词短语位于句首，句子使用全部倒装，其正常语序为A village lies beyond the dark and distance。
Thoreau's descriptions of nature emphasised the beauty and purity of the wild areas around him．Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena，he recorded his detailed findings in his journals．Thoreau's writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper，as we do[7]．We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature's gifts，as he describes in his journals：
Live in each season as it passes；breathe the air，drink the drink，taste the fruit，and resign yourself to the influences of each．Let them be your only diet，drink and botanical medicines ．
[7]as引导方式状语从句，as在此表示“像……，就像……”。
It takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature[8]，as both Tao and Thoreau did．Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with fewer material desires．In today's modern world，their ideas about living simply and being at ease with nature may take us a step closer to attaining personal well-being and fulfilment ．
回归大自然
陶渊明和亨利·大卫·梭罗都是诗人，但是一位生活在古代中国，另一位生活在19 世纪的美国。表面上看，这两个人生活在不同的时代，相隔近一千五百年，迥然不同。然而，他们都非常尊重自然，这使得他们在各自的时代都成为有影响力的人物。
为了重归自然，两人的生活都发生了戏剧性的转变。陶渊明是东晋的官员，但是对官场生活感到困惑。公元405年，陶渊明辞去了官职，以表达他对仕途的不满，用今天的一句名言形容就是“不为五斗米折腰”。在之后的22年里，直到生命的尽头，他躬耕于田野，生活在清贫的农村。我们可以从他的诗歌中看出，尽管生活艰苦，但他从这种简单的生活中成功获得了满足感，并从大自然中获得了乐趣。
陶渊明回归大自然是对自己反对的生活方式做出的一种反应，而梭罗则是出于个人的决定而改变自己的生活方式。虽然梭罗过着体面的生活，但他希望活得更简单些。两年两个月零两天，他住在瓦尔登湖边森林里的一间小屋里，专注于自身和写作。他在《瓦尔登湖》中解释了这样做的原因：“我步入丛林，是因为我希望自由地生活，只面对生活中的基本事实。”两个人都乐于从当下的生活中抽身而退，在平静的生活中寻求与自然和谐的关系。
尽管陶渊明和梭罗对待自然的方式不同，但他们的作品都展现了自然的美丽和价值。陶渊明的自然是田野和村庄，换句话说，是田园。他的动物们都是家养的，比如鸡和狗。他描写的平静祥和的生活，与压抑的官场生活形成鲜明对比，是对压抑的官场生活的批判：
暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。
狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。
梭罗在描述自然时，重点描绘了他周围原野的美丽与纯粹。他全身心投入到观察自然现象中，并在日记中详细地记录了自己的发现。梭罗的写作意在使人们信服，动物和植物就像我们人类一样都有生存和繁荣的权利。我们应该与它们和谐共处，享受大自然的恩赐，正如他在日记中描述的那样：
好好度过每一个季节，呼吸新鲜的空气，畅饮美酒，品尝水果，尽情享受这一切。让生活中只有饮食和草药。
像陶渊明和梭罗那样，拒绝简单熟悉的事物，转而尝试亲近大自然，这需要相当大的勇气。他们的选择使他们过上了平静而沉思的生活，物质欲望减少了。在今天这个现代世界，他们关于简单生活和与自然和谐相处的想法，可能会让我们离获得个人幸福和满足感更近一步。
Period 4
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①learning ②Reading ③to invite ④To be/Being
[即时训练2]
①watching ②to go ③cleaning ④to be seen
[即时训练3]
①losing ②mentioning ③going ④buying ⑤borrowing；to return
[即时训练4]
①to meet ②to be served ③to do ④to help ⑤to look
巩固落实
1．to agree 2．living 3．to make 4．to build 5．delighted 6．painting 7．to make 8．thinking 9．to think
1 / 1(共61张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 5 Learning from nature
主题语境
人与社会——建筑领域的代表性作品
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语
一、非谓语动词作主语
(一)动词-ing形式(短语)作主语
1．表示一般行为或抽象动作。
Reading is my favourite pastime．
读书是我最喜欢的消遣。
Collecting information is very important to businessmen．
搜集信息对于商人来说是非常重要的。
2．可以用it作形式主语，将动词-ing形式(短语)后置。
It's a waste of time waiting here．
在这里等是浪费时间。
(二)不定式作主语
1．表示具体某一次的行为。
In my opinion，to win the game is possible．
我认为，赢得这场比赛是可能的。
2．如果主语太长，通常用it作形式主语，将不定式后置。
It is necessary to learn English well．
有必要学好英语。
[名师点津] (1)当表语是动词-ing形式时，主语也常用动词-ing形式；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。
Seeing is believing．眼见为实。
To teach is to learn．教即是学。
(2)在It's no use/no good/a waste of time ...句型中一般用动词-ing形式(短语)作真正的主语。
It is no good keeping this secret．
此事不公开没有什么好处。
(3)在It is＋adj．＋ for/of sb．＋to do sth．句型中只能用不定式。
It is important for you to learn English well．
对你来说学好英语很重要。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①It is no good ________ (learn) without practice．
②_______ (read) is learning．
③It was nice of them _________ (invite) all of us．
④___________ (be) here is a great pleasure．
learning
Reading
to invite
To be/Being
二、非谓语动词作表语
(一)动词-ing形式(短语)作表语
Doing it properly makes considerable demands on our time．
把这件事做得到位，要花我们相当多的时间。
Her job is teaching English．
她的工作是教英语。
[名师点津] 动词-ing形式(短语)作表语与现在进行时的区别：
(1)句子为现在进行时，主语是动词-ing形式的执行者；否则就是动词-ing形式(短语)作表语。
He is cleaning the street．
他正在打扫大街。(现在进行时)
His job is cleaning the street．
他的工作是打扫大街。[动词-ing形式(短语)作表语]
(2)动词-ing形式(短语)作表语能与主语互换位置， 现在进行时中的动词-ing形式(短语)则不能。
The most difficult problem is building the bridge base．
＝Building the bridge base is the most difficult problem．
最困难的事情是建造桥基。[动词-ing形式(短语)作表语]
They are building the bridge base．
他们正在建造桥基。(现在进行时)
Building the bridge are they．(×)
(二)不定式作表语
不定式作表语常用一般式，可表示目的、结果、征求意见、安排、命令、劝告及意愿等情况，常指将来的情况或尚未发生的动作。
The sports meeting is to take place on Friday morning．
运动会将于星期五上午举行。
Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends．
也许最难熬的挑战，就是生活中孤独无友。
(三)过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语时，常表示主语(多为人)所处的状态。
She looked disappointed．
她看上去挺失望。
He seemed quite delighted at the good news．
听到这个好消息，他似乎很开心。
[名师点津] 过去分词作表语(系表结构)与被动语态的区别：
被动语态表示动作，句子的主语是动作的承受者；系表结构中的过去分词已基本上失去了动词的意义，只起到一个形容词的作用，在句子中作表语，表明主语的性质，或具有的特征或所处的状态。
This book is well written．
这本书写得很好。(系表结构)
This book was written by a soldier．
这本书是一位战士写的。(被动语态)
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①What she likes is ________ (watch) children play．
②His ambition is _____ (go) to Harvard University．
③My job is ________ (clean) the house three times a week．
④It remains __________ (see) whether the newly-formed committee's policy can be put into practice．
watching
to go
cleaning
to be seen
三、非谓语动词作宾语
(一)动词-ing形式(短语)作宾语
1．作动词(短语)宾语
mind，avoid，enjoy，escape，mention，suggest，appreciate，practise，delay，imagine，finish，miss，feel like，look forward to，can't help，get down to，be used to，be worth，put off，have difficulty in，give up 等动词(短语)后可跟动词-ing形式(短语)作宾语。
He suggested going out for a walk．
他建议出去走走。
I wouldn't mind telling people my age．
我不会介意告诉人们我的年龄。
Let's get down to repairing the machine．
让我们开始修理机器吧。
[名师点津] (1)有些动词不能直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，而需用it作形式宾语，动词-ing形式后置。常见的动词有：find，make，feel，think，consider，suppose等。
We found it no good making fun of others．
我们发现取笑他人不好。
Do you consider it any good trying again
你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？
(2)有些动词(短语)后既可跟不定式也可跟动词-ing形式，但意义不同：动词-ing形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式(doing)代替完成式(having done)，而不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后。比较：
①stop doing sth．“停止正在做的事情”；stop to do sth．“停下来去做某事”。
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in．
当老师进来时学生停止了讲话。
He stopped to say hello to me．
他停下来跟我打招呼。
②forget to do sth．“忘记去做某事”，指尚未发生的动作；forget doing sth．“忘记曾经做过某事”，表示已经发生了的动作。
He forgot locking the door．
他忘记已把门锁上了。(门锁上了，但是他忘记了)
He forgot to lock the door．
他忘记锁门了。(门没有锁)
③try doing sth．“试着做某事(看看是否有作用)”；try to do sth．“努力/尽力去做某事”。
He tried to pretend to share the pleasure with his friend．
他尽力假装要与朋友分享欢乐。
She tried reading a novel，but that couldn't make her forget her sorrow．
她试着看看小说，但那并不能使她忘记伤心事。
④regret doing sth．(regret having done sth．)“后悔做了某事”；regret to do sth．“很遗憾要做某事”。
I regret having told you the truth．
我后悔把真相告诉了你。
I regret to say that you have failed the exam．
我很遗憾地告诉你，你没有通过考试。
⑤remember doing sth．“记得做过某事”；remember to do sth．“记住要去做某事”。
I don't remember meeting him．
我不记得见过他。
Remember to write to us when you get there．
当你到那里时记得给我们写信。
⑥mean doing sth．“意味着(必须要做某事或导致某种结果)”，其主语通常是指事物的词；mean to do sth．“打算或企图做某事”，其主语通常是表示人的名词或代词。
This new order will mean working overtime．
新订单就意味着(我们)得加班加点。
I didn't mean to break it—it was an accident．
我不是故意打碎它的——这是个意外。
⑦be afraid of doing sth．“担心/害怕去做某事”；be afraid to do sth．“不敢做某事”。
He was afraid of making mistakes．
他担心会犯错误。
He was afraid to tell the truth．
他不敢把实情讲出来。
⑧go on doing sth．“(停顿以后)继续做原来做的事”；go on to do sth．“接着做另一件事”，指接下去做与原来不同的事。
Now let's go on reading lesson 1．
现在让我们继续读第一课。
After reading the text，the students went on to listen to the teacher carefully．
读完课文以后，学生们接着认真听老师讲课。
(3)need，want，require表示“需要”时，后跟动词-ing形式的主动式或不定式的被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing/to be required．
这台洗衣机需要修理。
The present situation required studying/to be studied．
现在的形势需要研究。
2．作介词宾语
He apologised to the teacher for being late．
他因为来晚向老师道歉。
Her family are all proud of having such a splendid house．
她的家人为拥有这么壮观的房子而骄傲。
[名师点津] admit to，devote oneself to，be equal to，lead to，look forward to，pay attention to，stick to，be used to，turn to等动词短语中的to都是介词。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①He got well-prepared for the job interview，for he couldn't risk ______ (lose) the good opportunity．
②I avoided __________ (mention) the subject in case he should be offended．
③It's quite hot today．Do you feel like _____ (go) for a swim
④Was she worried how I would react or that I would stop ______ (buy) the groceries if I found out
⑤What a poor memory！I forgot _________ (borrow)money from him yesterday．And today I forgot _________ (return) the money to him．
losing
mentioning
going
buying
borrowing
to return
(二)不定式作宾语
1．英语中有些及物动词只能接不定式作宾语。此类动词有：afford，agree，aim，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，undertake，wish等。
The school wished to write a letter of thanks to the driver．
学校希望给司机写一封感谢信。
We decided to make some changes in our plan．
我们决定对我们的计划做一些改动。
They expect to finish the work by Friday．
他们希望到周五能完成这项工作。
2．如果作宾语的不定式还带有自己的补足语，要先用it作形式宾语，而把不定式放在补足语之后，构成“动词(find，think，make，consider，feel等)＋it＋adj．/n＋to do”结构。
I find it difficult to know when and where the meeting will be held．
我发现很难知道这次会议将在何时何地举行。
He counts it a great honour to serve the people．
他认为为人民服务很光荣。
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空
①We agreed _______ (meet)here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
②She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting ____________ (serve)．
③John really upset Granny，but I'm sure he did not mean _____ (do) that．
④I'll make it my business _______ (help) him．
⑤While reading don't always stop _______ (look) up new words．
to meet
to be served
to do
to help
to look
短文语境填空
It is usual for young people and old people not 1．________ (agree) with each other about life，work and play．But in one special program in New York State，the adults and the teenagers live in peace．Each summer，200 teenagers and 50 adults keep 2．______ (live) for eight weeks as members of a special work group．Some teenagers work in the woods or on the farms near the villages．Some learn 3．_______ (make)
to agree
living
to make
furniture and 4．________ (build)houses．The adults are 5．_________ (delight) to teach them these skills．Everyone has several free hours every day and is completely free on weekends，too．During the free hours some teenagers enjoy photographing or 6．________ (paint)．
to build
delighted
painting
It is necessary 7．_______ (make) rules when people live together．In this program the teenagers and the adults make the rules together．When someone breaks the rules，the group will discuss the problem．After the program，one of the teenagers said，“This program has taught me that I should stop 8．________ (think) only about myself．I am 9．_________ (think) about the whole group．”
to make
thinking
to think
①superficially adv．表面(上)地
superficial adj．表面的；肤浅的
②polar opposites截然相反
polar adj．完全相反的；截然对立的
opposite n．对立的人(或物)；对立面；反面
③intense adj．很大的；十分强烈的；有强烈感情(或意见，想法)的；热切的
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
④a respect for对……的尊重
⑤an influential figure有影响力的人物
⑥dramatic transformations巨大的改变
transformation n．(彻底的)变化，改观，转变，改革
transformation from...to/into...从……到……的转变
⑦reconnect with与……重新联系/连接
⑧conflicted adj．因心理冲突而不知所措的
be/feel conflicted about/over sth．对某事感到困惑
conflict v．(两种思想、信仰、说法等)冲突，抵触n．冲突，争执，争论；抵触，矛盾，不一致
⑨for good (and all)永久地
⑩bow v．鞠躬
in return for作为对……的回报
work the land耕种土地
rural adj．农村的，乡村的
urban adj．城市的，都市的
arduous adj．艰苦的；困难的
contentment n．满足
content adj．满意的，满足的
simplicity n．质朴，淳朴；简单(性)
for the sake of simplicity为了方便起见
a reaction to...对……的反应/回应
reaction n．反应，回应
be opposed to反对
opposed adj．强烈反对，截然不同
decent adj．可接受的，相当好的
decently adv．得体地，合宜地
cottage n．乡村小屋
deliberately adv．不慌不忙地，从容不迫地
front v．面向，朝；在……前面
withdraw from...从……中退出
withdraw v．退出
contemporary adj．当代的，属同时期的
seek a harmonious relationship with...寻求与……的和谐关系
harmonious adj．(关系等)友好和睦的，和谐的
domestic adj．驯养的；家养的
in contrast to... 与……形成对照
critical of...批评/批判……
depressive adj．抑郁的
reluctant adj．不愿意的；勉强的
be reluctant to do sth．不情愿地做某事
depart v．离开
depart from从……出发
depart for动身去……
lane n．(乡间的)小路
winding country lanes蜿蜒的乡间小路
atop prep．在……顶上
mulberry n．桑葚；桑树
emphasise the beauty and purity of...强调……的美丽和纯洁
emphasise v．强调，重视，着重
purity n．纯洁；洁净
pure adj．纯的，纯净的，纯粹的
convince sb．that/of ...使某人相信……
resign oneself to听任，只好接受，顺从
botanical medicines草药
botanical adj．植物(学)的
considerable adj．相当多(或大、重要等)的
reject v．拒绝接受
reflective adj．沉思的，深思的，内省的
reflect v．认真思考，沉思
reflection n．沉思，深思，审慎的思考
at ease with不拘束，放松
ease n．舒适，悠闲
take sb．a step closer to使某人更接近……
attain v．得到，获得
attainment n．达到，获得；成就，造诣
well-being n．安康，幸福
fulfilment n．满足(感)
Back to Nature
Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets，but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America．Superficially①，these two men，whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1，500 years，were polar opposites②．And yet they shared an intense③respect for④nature，which made them each an influential figure⑤of their time[1]．
[1]which 引导非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语。
Both men made dramatic transformations⑥to their lives in order to reconnect with⑦nature．As an official in the Eastern Jin Dynasty，Tao felt conflicted⑧over life at court．In 405，he quit the service of the court for good⑨，expressing his unhappiness in the now famous line that he would not“bow⑩like a servant in return for five dou of grain”[2]．He spent the next 22 years until his death，working the land in a poor，rural area．From his poetry，we can learn that although his life was arduous ，he succeeded in finding contentment in its simplicity and in drawing pleasure from nature．
[2]动词-ing形式短语作状语，其中含有that引导的同位语从句，对先行词line进行解释说明。
While Tao's return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to [3]，Thoreau's was a personal decision to transform the way he lived．He had a decent quality of life，but he wanted to live in a simpler way．For two years，two months and two days，he lived in a cottage in the forest on the edge of Walden Pond，focusing on himself and his writing[4]．He explained his reason for doing so in Walden：“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately ，to front only the essential facts of life[5]．”Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life，seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives．
[3]While为并列连词，连接两个并列分句，表示“(对比两件事物)……而……然而”。
[4]动词-ing形式短语作状语，focus与其逻辑主语he之间为主谓关系。
[5]两个并列的不定式短语作wished的宾语。
Although Tao and Thoreau do not treat nature in quite the same way，their works show its beauty and value．Tao's nature is a place of fields and villages，in other words，rural，and his animals are domestic ones，such as chickens and dogs．The calm and peaceful life he wrote about is in contrast to and critical of the depressive court life：
Beyond the dark and distance lies a village[6]，
The smoke above reluctant to depart ．
A dog is barking somewhere down the lane ，
And chickens sit atop the mulberry tree．
[6]表示地点的介词短语位于句首，句子使用全部倒装，其正常语序为A village lies beyond the dark and distance。
Thoreau's descriptions of nature emphasised the beauty and purity of the wild areas around him．Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena，he recorded his detailed findings in his journals．Thoreau's writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper，as we do[7]．We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature's gifts，as he describes in his journals：
Live in each season as it passes；breathe the air，drink the drink，taste the fruit，and resign yourself to the influences of each．Let them be your only diet，drink and botanical medicines ．
[7]as引导方式状语从句，as在此表示“像……，就像……”。
It takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature[8]，as both Tao and Thoreau did．Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with fewer material desires．In today's modern world，their ideas about living simply and being at ease with nature may take us a step closer to attaining personal well-being and fulfilment ．
回归大自然
陶渊明和亨利·大卫·梭罗都是诗人，但是一位生活在古代中国，另一位生活在19 世纪的美国。表面上看，这两个人生活在不同的时代，相隔近一千五百年，迥然不同。然而，他们都非常尊重自然，这使得他们在各自的时代都成为有影响力的人物。
为了重归自然，两人的生活都发生了戏剧性的转变。陶渊明是东晋的官员，但是对官场生活感到困惑。公元405年，陶渊明辞去了官职，以表达他对仕途的不满，用今天的一句名言形容就是“不为五斗米折腰”。在之后的22年里，直到生命的尽头，他躬耕于田野，生活在清贫的农村。我们可以从他的诗歌中看出，尽管生活艰苦，但他从这种简单的生活中成功获得了满足感，并从大自然中获得了乐趣。
陶渊明回归大自然是对自己反对的生活方式做出的一种反应，而梭罗则是出于个人的决定而改变自己的生活方式。虽然梭罗过着体面的生活，但他希望活得更简单些。两年两个月零两天，他住在瓦尔登湖边森林里的一间小屋里，专注于自身和写作。他在《瓦尔登湖》中解释了这样做的原因：“我步入丛林，是因为我希望自由地生活，只面对生活中的基本事实。”两个人都乐于从当下的生活中抽身而退，在平静的生活中寻求与自然和谐的关系。
尽管陶渊明和梭罗对待自然的方式不同，但他们的作品都展现了自然的美丽和价值。陶渊明的自然是田野和村庄，换句话说，是田园。他的动物们都是家养的，比如鸡和狗。他描写的平静祥和的生活，与压抑的官场生活形成鲜明对比，是对压抑的官场生活的批判：
暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。
狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。
梭罗在描述自然时，重点描绘了他周围原野的美丽与纯粹。他全身心投入到观察自然现象中，并在日记中详细地记录了自己的发现。梭罗的写作意在使人们信服，动物和植物就像我们人类一样都有生存和繁荣的权利。我们应该与它们和谐共处，享受大自然的恩赐，正如他在日记中描述的那样：
好好度过每一个季节，呼吸新鲜的空气，畅饮美酒，品尝水果，尽情享受这一切。让生活中只有饮食和草药。
像陶渊明和梭罗那样，拒绝简单熟悉的事物，转而尝试亲近大自然，这需要相当大的勇气。他们的选择使他们过上了平静而沉思的生活，物质欲望减少了。在今天这个现代世界，他们关于简单生活和与自然和谐相处的想法，可能会让我们离获得个人幸福和满足感更近一步。
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