Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
非谓语动词作定语、状语和补足语
一、非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语
①被修饰的词是不定式的逻辑主语。
This is the best book on the subject to appear(＝that has appeared) this year．
这是今年出版的这个题材的最好的一本书。
②被修饰的词是不定式的逻辑宾语。
I have a lot of reading to complete(＝that I must complete) before the end of this term．
在这学期结束前，我有很多阅读任务要完成。
③被修饰的词与不定式是同位关系。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself．
表达想法的能力和想法本身一样重要。
2．过去分词作定语，被修饰的词是过去分词的逻辑主语
The players selected(＝that have been selected)from the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summer game．
从全国选拔出来的选手有望在这个夏季的比赛中给我们带来荣誉。
3．动词-ing形式作定语
①说明被修饰词的用途。
He may be in the reading room(＝a room that for people to read)．
他说不定在阅览室里。
②表示被修饰词发出的动作。
In the room we found a sleeping child(＝a child that was sleeping)．
在房间里，我们发现了一个正在睡觉的孩子。
[名师点津] 作定语时，不定式(短语)、过去分词(短语)和动词-ing形式(短语)放在被修饰词之后；单个的过去分词和动词-ing形式放在被修饰词之前。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①I am going to the shop because I have something ______ (buy)．
②Have you read the books _______ (write)by the young writer
③This is a ________ (defeat) army．
④The man ________ (break) the law was sentenced to death．
⑤Yesterday he bought his granny a _______ (walk)stick．
二、非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语，常表示原因、结果、条件、目的等。
He seemed surprised to meet us．
遇到我们，他好像很吃惊。
The boy is old enough to go to school．
这男孩到了上学的年龄了。
To hear him talk，you would think he owned the whole world．
听他讲话，你会认为他拥有了全世界。
I've come to ask if Tom can go swimming with me．
我来是要问一问汤姆能否与我一起去游泳。
[名师点津] 表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加only。
He hurried to the booking office only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out．
他匆匆赶到售票处，却被告知所有的票都卖完了。
2．过去分词作状语，可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。
Seen from the top of the tower，the park is more beautiful．
从塔顶上看，这个公园更漂亮。
Defeated，the whole team is in low spirits．
因为被打败了，全队都情绪低落。
Time，used correctly，is money in the bank．
时间，要是被恰当地利用，就是银行里的钱。
3．动词-ing形式作状语，常表示时间、伴随、原因、结果、条件等。当表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，要用完成形式having done。
Dina，having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency．
迪娜为了找一份服务员的工作苦苦挣扎了几个月，终于在当地一家广告公司找到了一份工作。
She was in the kitchen preparing lunch．
她在厨房里做午饭。
Not understanding its meaning he asked the teacher to explain the word．
因为不懂这个词的意思，他便请老师解释。
The boy's parents died，leaving him an orphan．
这男孩的父母双亡，使他成了孤儿。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐)，______ (make) it hard to produce labiodentals...
②________ (select) from collections throughout the world，it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years．
③For thousands of years，people have told fables (寓言) ________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom．
④_________ (realise) that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games．
⑤Film has a much shorter history，especially when ________ (compare) to such art forms as music and painting．
三、非谓语动词作补足语
1．过去分词作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的过去分词表示被动或完成意义。
Alexander tried to get this work recognized in the medical circles．
亚历山大试图使这项工作在医学界得到认可。
We found him greatly changed．
我们发现他变化很大。
2．动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式表示主动意义。
Listen！Do you hear someone calling for help
听！你听到有人在呼救吗？
I can't get the clock going again．
我无法让钟再走起来。
3．不定式作宾语补足语
(1)不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语
①用在see，hear，feel，watch，notice，observe等表示感觉的动词后。
Did you notice anyone come in
你注意到有人进来了吗？
The police observed the man open the window．
警察看到一个男子打开了窗户。
[名师点津] 上述“动词(notice，observe除外)＋宾语＋不带to 的不定式”结构变为被动语态时，不定式作主语补足语，其前要加上to。
②用在have，let ，make这三个表示“致使……”意义的动词后。
What would you have me do
你要让我干什么？
They won't let him leave the country．
他们不允许他离开这个国家。
Nothing will make me change my mind．
什么也不能使我改变主意。
[名师点津] “make＋宾语＋不带to 的不定式”结构变为被动语态时，不定式作主语补足语，其前要加上to。
(2)带to的不定式作宾语补足语
此类不定式用在advise，cause，allow，ask，beg，drive，encourage，expect，force，get，invite，permit，remind，teach，tell，trust，urge，want，warn等动词后。
His parents won't allow him to stay out late．
他父母不会允许他在外面待到很晚。
The notice warned us not to go into the fields．
警示牌告诫我们不要进入田地。
[名师点津] (1)have/get＋sb．/sth．＋doing sth．让某人/某物一直做某事/处于某种状态
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry．
他让灯亮了整晚，这使他父母很生气。
(2)have sb．doing sth．用于否定句中，常与can't，won't等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won't have you speaking to your dad like that．
我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
(3)have/get/make＋宾语＋done让……被……/遭遇某事(强调被动性动作)
I'll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow．
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home．
在他回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①The boy was made _____ (go) to bed early．
②I looked up and noticed a snake _______ (wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast．
③The doctor advised him _______ (stay)in bed for another few days．
④Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car ______ (wash)．
短文语境填空
1．____ (bear) in 1770，William Wordsworth was one of the 2．_______ (lead)poets of the Romantic movement in England． 3．_______ (grow) up in the beautiful Lake District，Wordsworth had a childhood that was perfect for a developing poet． 4．________ (educate) at Cambridge，Wordsworth received his degree in 1791．He spent a lot of time 5．_______ (tour) in Europe．
Travelling obviously provided Wordsworth with plenty of ideas for his poems．In 1795，he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the two talented young men became close friends．6．_______ (meet) Coleridge had a huge impact on Wordsworth．Lyrical Ballads，a collection of poems 7．_______ (write) together with Coleridge and 8．_________ (publish)in 1798，was Wordsworth's first great work，9．_______ (mark)the start of the Romantic era in poetry．Wordsworth explained that they wanted to write poetry that ordinary people could use 10．___________ (express)their feelings．Many of the poems in the collection were about returning to nature．Like other Romantics，Wordsworth preferred to live in the country rather than in the city．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①stillness n．静止；安静
②speak of提起
③puzzled adj．困惑的，无法理解的
④feeding stations饲养站
⑤backyard n．后院
⑥desert v．舍弃，离弃(某地方)；抛弃(某人)n．沙漠
[形近词]dessert n．(饭后)甜点，甜食
⑦moribund adj．垂死的，奄奄一息的
⑧tremble v．颤抖，发抖
⑨violently adv．强烈地；猛烈地
⑩throb v．生机勃勃；热闹
chorus n．合唱曲
scores of很多，大量
score n．20个；约20个
marsh n．沼泽，湿地
by profession就职业来说
fable n．寓言
aim to do sth．＝aim at
doing sth．力争做某事
be aimed at...针对……，对象是……；旨在……
alert v．提醒，使(某人)意识到
alert sb．to sth．使某人意识到某事
the scientific community科学界
the general public普通百姓，公众
knowingly adv．故意地
knowing adj．会意的，心照不宣的，知情的
cause harm to...对……造成危害
monitor v．监视，检查，跟踪调查
urge sb．to do sth．敦促某人做某事
detail v．详细说明，详述
dozens of几十，很多
dozen number一打；许多
thorough adj．仔细的；缜密的
thoroughly adv．彻底地，完全地
precise adj．精确的；一丝不苟的
precisely adv．精确地；准确地
alarming adj．使人惊恐的，令人惊慌的
environmental awareness环境意识
far-reaching adj．影响深远的，涉及广泛的
milestone n．重要事件，重要阶段，转折点，里程碑
launch n．推出，发起
posthumous adj．死后获得的
receive v．对……作出反应(通常用于被动语态)
positively adv．绝对地；赞成地
strong adj．难以辩驳的；确凿的
become a target for...成为……的对象
a marine biologist一位海洋生物学家
marine adj．海洋的
marine life海洋生物
reputation n．名誉，名声
stand by sth．坚持某事
stand by sb．支持，帮助，忠于某人
defend one's claims捍卫某人的主张
ring v．反复响起，不断回荡
difficult-to-understand adj．难理解的
elegance n．优美；简洁
elegant adj．优美的，文雅的；精美的；简洁的
deserve to be done＝deserve doing值得做……
passionate adj．感情强烈的
wake up to意识到，认识到
Silent Spring
There was a strange stillness①．The birds，for example—where had they gone？Many people spoke of②them，puzzled③and disturbed[1]．The feeding stations④in the backyards⑤were deserted⑥．The few birds seen anywhere[2] were moribund⑦；they trembled⑧violently⑨and could not fly．It was a spring without voices．On the mornings that had once throbbed⑩with the dawn chorus of robins，catbirds，doves，jays，wrens，and scores of other bird voices[3] there was now no sound；only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh ．
[1]形容词短语作状语，表示主语的状态。
[2]过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰The few birds。
[3]关系词that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the mornings。
Rachel Carson was a scientist by profession ，but these lines from the opening chapter of her 1962 book Silent Spring，“A Fable for Tomorrow”，show her talent as a writer．By imagining a world without birds，she aimed to alert not only the scientific community but also the general public to the damaging effects of human activity on natural ecosystems—in particular，to the harmful use of pesticides，such as DDT．[4] She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly causing harm to plants，animals and even humans，and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible，limited and carefully monitored way[5]．
[4]本句是较长的简单句。By imagining...birds是方式状语；not only...but also...连接并列的宾语。
[5]“see＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，过去分词短语used in...way作宾语补足语；过去分词monitored作定语修饰way。
Carson urged people to make themselves aware of the facts and do something about the situation．Silent Spring contains a lot of scientific research and case studies．The book details the gypsy moth eradication programme，which killed birds，in addition to gypsy moths．Another case study was the fire-ant programme that killed cows，but not fire ants．The book also gives dozens of other examples of eradication programmes that did nothing to reduce the problems they were originally designed to solve．The 50 or so pages at the end of the book list Carson's sources，showing how thorough and precise she was as a scientist[6]．
[6]动词-ing形式短语作状语，其中how thorough...scientist为how引导的宾语从句。
Carson's message was very alarming ，causing a great increase in environmental awareness [7]．Its impact was immediate and far-reaching ：the use of DDT was banned and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in the US．Silent Spring was therefore regarded as a milestone in the launch of the green movement in the Western world．It also earned Carson a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom and put her face on the 17-cent US stamp．
Silent Spring was not，however，received positively by everyone．Though Carson's research was strong and was supported by most scientists who reviewed her work[8]，the book quickly became a target for critics in the pesticide industry．They said that Carson did not understand the science behind her arguments because she was a marine biologist rather than a chemist．Some also said that her work was more emotional than scientific．These were attempts to damage Carson's reputation and stop her work from influencing public policy，but she remained determined to stand by her research．Carson appeared in public and on television to defend her claims —and today，more than 50 years after it was published[9]，the voice of Silent Spring is still ringing loud and clear [10]．
[8]though引导的让步状语从句，从句中又包含一个who引导的定语从句。
[9]此处为插入语，修饰today。
[10]此处意为“掷地有声，深远绵长”。
Personally，I enjoy Carson's book．She made a crucial but potentially difficult-to-understand subject interesting and accessible to millions of people[11]．This is not so much because of the quality of her arguments，strong though they are[12]，but because of the beauty and elegance of her writing．Her book not only changed the world；half a century later it remains a book that deserves to be reread today，so that we can once again feel ourselves warm to the fire of its passionate message[13]．For unless we do listen to Rachel Carson's warning[14]，one day we may wake up to the strange and quiet horror of another silent spring．
[11]“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，此处为形容词短语作宾语补足语。
[12]though引导的让步状语从句，此处使用了部分倒装语序。
[13]so that引导的结果状语从句。
[14]此处for作并列连词，表示因果关系；unless引导条件状语从句，从句中谓语用“do＋动词原形”的形式表示强调。
寂静的春天
“一片古怪的寂静笼罩着这里。小鸟都飞到哪里去了？许多人谈论着，茫然困惑、惴惴不安。后院的饲养站已经被遗弃，为数不多的几只鸟也奄奄一息；它们浑身打战，无法飞翔。这是一个寂静的春天。原本喧闹的清晨，再也没有了知更鸟、北美猫鸟、鸽子、松鸦、鹪鹩的奏鸣曲以及其他小鸟的鸣叫声；只留下一片寂静，笼罩在田野、树林和沼泽的上空。”
蕾切尔·卡森本是一位科学家，但是1962 年，她在《寂静的春天》一书的开篇章节“明天的寓言”中的这段描写，展现了她作为作家的天赋。通过想象一个没有鸟儿的世界，她想要警告科学界，提醒公众，人类活动已经对自然界生态系统造成了破坏性的后果，尤其是使用DDT之类的杀虫剂给自然界带来了严重的危害。她认为化学工业正在明目张胆地对动植物，甚至对人类本身造成伤害，她希望人们在使用杀虫剂时能够更加负责、节制，并且严加监管。
卡森敦促人们认清事实，并且为此做出努力。《寂静的春天》中含有大量的科学研究和真实案例。在灭除舞毒蛾项目这一案例中，她细致讲述了人们在消灭舞毒蛾的同时，也杀死了鸟类；另一个案例则是在开展消灭火蚁计划时，人们杀死的是奶牛，而非火蚁。书中还讲了几十个其他灭除计划的案例，都未能像预期那样解决问题。这本书最后的五十几页列出了卡森的资料来源，显示出她作为一名科学家的周密和严谨。
卡森所述的事实让人们十分担忧，大大提升了人们保护环境的意识。这本书的效果立竿见影，并且影响深远：DDT被禁用，环境保护署也在美国成立。《寂静的春天》因此被视为西方发起绿色运动的里程碑，这使作者在去世后获得了“总统自由勋章”的荣誉，美国17美分的邮票上也印上了她的头像。
但并不是所有人都支持《寂静的春天》。虽然卡森的研究很有说服力，而且得到多数审阅过这本书的科学家的支持，但是这本书很快成了杀虫剂行业批判的对象。他们说卡森并不理解她论证背后的科学原理，因为她是一位海洋生物学家，而非化学家。还有一些人说她的作品过于情感化，科学性并不强。他们想要通过破坏卡森的名声来削减她的作品对公共政策的影响，但卡森仍然坚持自己的研究，在公众面前、在电视节目中捍卫自己的观点。时至今日，《寂静的春天》已经出版五十多年了，但它的影响力依旧深远绵长。
而我个人也十分喜欢卡森的书。她把一个至关重要但十分复杂的问题用简单有趣的方式传达给了数百万人。这并不都是因为她书中高质量的论点是多么强有力，而是因为她美丽和高雅的文笔让读者喜欢。她的书不仅在当时改变了世界，就是在半个世纪后的今天，它仍然值得人们重新阅读，以感受她充满感情的文字带给我们如火焰般的温暖。因为如果我们不听从卡森的劝告，可能有一天在我们醒来之后，真的会面对一个古怪而又相当恐怖的寂静的春天。
Period 4
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①to buy ②written ③defeated ④breaking ⑤walking
[即时训练2]
①making ②Selected ③to teach ④Realising ⑤compared
[即时训练3]
①to go ②winding ③to stay ④washed
巩固落实
1．Born 2．leading 3．Growing 4．Educated 5．touring 6．Meeting 7．written 8．published 9．marking 10．to express
1 / 1(共50张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 6 Nature in words
主题语境
人与自然——人类生存与环境的关系
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
非谓语动词作定语、状语和补足语
一、非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语
①被修饰的词是不定式的逻辑主语。
This is the best book on the subject to appear(＝that has appeared) this year．
这是今年出版的这个题材的最好的一本书。
②被修饰的词是不定式的逻辑宾语。
I have a lot of reading to complete(＝that I must complete) before the end of this term．
在这学期结束前，我有很多阅读任务要完成。
③被修饰的词与不定式是同位关系。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself．
表达想法的能力和想法本身一样重要。
2．过去分词作定语，被修饰的词是过去分词的逻辑主语
The players selected(＝that have been selected)from the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summer game．
从全国选拔出来的选手有望在这个夏季的比赛中给我们带来荣誉。
3．动词-ing形式作定语
①说明被修饰词的用途。
He may be in the reading room(＝a room that for people to read)．
他说不定在阅览室里。
②表示被修饰词发出的动作。
In the room we found a sleeping child(＝a child that was sleeping)．
在房间里，我们发现了一个正在睡觉的孩子。
[名师点津] 作定语时，不定式(短语)、过去分词(短语)和动词-ing形式(短语)放在被修饰词之后；单个的过去分词和动词-ing形式放在被修饰词之前。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①I am going to the shop because I have something ______ (buy)．
②Have you read the books _______ (write)by the young writer
③This is a ________ (defeat) army．
④The man ________ (break) the law was sentenced to death．
⑤Yesterday he bought his granny a _______ (walk)stick．
to buy
written
defeated
breaking
walking
二、非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语，常表示原因、结果、条件、目的等。
He seemed surprised to meet us．
遇到我们，他好像很吃惊。
The boy is old enough to go to school．
这男孩到了上学的年龄了。
To hear him talk，you would think he owned the whole world．
听他讲话，你会认为他拥有了全世界。
I've come to ask if Tom can go swimming with me．
我来是要问一问汤姆能否与我一起去游泳。
[名师点津] 表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加only。
He hurried to the booking office only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out．
他匆匆赶到售票处，却被告知所有的票都卖完了。
2．过去分词作状语，可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。
Seen from the top of the tower，the park is more beautiful．
从塔顶上看，这个公园更漂亮。
Defeated，the whole team is in low spirits．
因为被打败了，全队都情绪低落。
Time，used correctly，is money in the bank．
时间，要是被恰当地利用，就是银行里的钱。
3．动词-ing形式作状语，常表示时间、伴随、原因、结果、条件等。当表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，要用完成形式having done。
Dina，having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency．
迪娜为了找一份服务员的工作苦苦挣扎了几个月，终于在当地一家广告公司找到了一份工作。
She was in the kitchen preparing lunch．
她在厨房里做午饭。
Not understanding its meaning he asked the teacher to explain the word．
因为不懂这个词的意思，他便请老师解释。
The boy's parents died，leaving him an orphan．
这男孩的父母双亡，使他成了孤儿。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐)，________ (make) it hard to produce labiodentals...
②________ (select) from collections throughout the world，it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years．
③For thousands of years，people have told fables (寓言) ________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom．
making
Selected
to teach
④_________ (realise) that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games．
⑤Film has a much shorter history，especially when ________ (compare) to such art forms as music and painting．
Realising
compared
三、非谓语动词作补足语
1．过去分词作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的过去分词表示被动或完成意义。
Alexander tried to get this work recognized in the medical circles．
亚历山大试图使这项工作在医学界得到认可。
We found him greatly changed．
我们发现他变化很大。
2．动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式表示主动意义。
Listen！Do you hear someone calling for help
听！你听到有人在呼救吗？
I can't get the clock going again．
我无法让钟再走起来。
3．不定式作宾语补足语
(1)不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语
①用在see，hear，feel，watch，notice，observe等表示感觉的动词后。
Did you notice anyone come in
你注意到有人进来了吗？
The police observed the man open the window．
警察看到一个男子打开了窗户。
[名师点津] 上述“动词(notice，observe除外)＋宾语＋不带to 的不定式”结构变为被动语态时，不定式作主语补足语，其前要加上to。
②用在have，let ，make这三个表示“致使……”意义的动词后。
What would you have me do
你要让我干什么？
They won't let him leave the country．
他们不允许他离开这个国家。
Nothing will make me change my mind．
什么也不能使我改变主意。
[名师点津] “make＋宾语＋不带to 的不定式”结构变为被动语态时，不定式作主语补足语，其前要加上to。
(2)带to的不定式作宾语补足语
此类不定式用在advise，cause，allow，ask，beg，drive，encourage，expect，force，get，invite，permit，remind，teach，tell，trust，urge，want，warn等动词后。
His parents won't allow him to stay out late．
他父母不会允许他在外面待到很晚。
The notice warned us not to go into the fields．
警示牌告诫我们不要进入田地。
[名师点津] (1)have/get＋sb．/sth．＋doing sth．让某人/某物一直做某事/处于某种状态
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry．
他让灯亮了整晚，这使他父母很生气。
(2)have sb．doing sth．用于否定句中，常与can't，won't等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won't have you speaking to your dad like that．
我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
(3)have/get/make＋宾语＋done让……被……/遭遇某事(强调被动性动作)
I'll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow．
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home．
在他回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①The boy was made _____ (go) to bed early．
②I looked up and noticed a snake _______ (wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast．
③The doctor advised him _______ (stay)in bed for another few days．
④Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car ______ (wash)．
to go
winding
to stay
washed
短文语境填空
1．________ (bear) in 1770，William Wordsworth was one of the 2．_________ (lead)poets of the Romantic movement in England．
3．_________ (grow) up in the beautiful Lake District，Wordsworth had a childhood that was perfect for a developing poet． 4．________ (educate) at Cambridge，Wordsworth received his degree in 1791．He spent a lot of time 5．_______ (tour) in Europe．
Born
leading
Growing
Educated
touring
Travelling obviously provided Wordsworth with plenty of ideas for his poems．In 1795，he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the two talented young men became close friends．6．_______ (meet) Coleridge had a huge impact on Wordsworth．Lyrical Ballads，a collection of poems 7．_______ (write) together with Coleridge and 8．_________ (publish)in 1798，was Wordsworth's first great work，9．_______ (mark)the start of the Romantic era in poetry．Wordsworth explained that they wanted to write poetry that ordinary people could use
Meeting
written
published
marking
10．___________ (express)their feelings．Many of the poems in the collection were about returning to nature．Like other Romantics，Wordsworth preferred to live in the country rather than in the city．
to express
①stillness n．静止；安静
②speak of提起
③puzzled adj．困惑的，无法理解的
④feeding stations饲养站
⑤backyard n．后院
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑥desert v．舍弃，离弃(某地方)；抛弃(某人)n．沙漠
[形近词]dessert n．(饭后)甜点，甜食
⑦moribund adj．垂死的，奄奄一息的
⑧tremble v．颤抖，发抖
⑨violently adv．强烈地；猛烈地
⑩throb v．生机勃勃；热闹
chorus n．合唱曲
scores of很多，大量
score n．20个；约20个
marsh n．沼泽，湿地
by profession就职业来说
fable n．寓言
aim to do sth．＝aim at
doing sth．力争做某事
be aimed at...针对……，对象是……；旨在……
alert v．提醒，使(某人)意识到
alert sb．to sth．使某人意识到某事
the scientific community科学界
the general public普通百姓，公众
knowingly adv．故意地
knowing adj．会意的，心照不宣的，知情的
cause harm to...对……造成危害
monitor v．监视，检查，跟踪调查
urge sb．to do sth．敦促某人做某事
detail v．详细说明，详述
dozens of几十，很多
dozen number一打；许多
thorough adj．仔细的；缜密的
thoroughly adv．彻底地，完全地
precise adj．精确的；一丝不苟的
precisely adv．精确地；准确地
alarming adj．使人惊恐的，令人惊慌的
environmental awareness环境意识
far-reaching adj．影响深远的，涉及广泛的
milestone n．重要事件，重要阶段，转折点，里程碑
launch n．推出，发起
posthumous adj．死后获得的
receive v．对……作出反应(通常用于被动语态)
positively adv．绝对地；赞成地
strong adj．难以辩驳的；确凿的
become a target for...成为……的对象
a marine biologist一位海洋生物学家
marine adj．海洋的
marine life海洋生物
reputation n．名誉，名声
stand by sth．坚持某事
stand by sb．支持，帮助，忠于某人
defend one's claims捍卫某人的主张
ring v．反复响起，不断回荡
difficult-to-understand adj．难理解的
elegance n．优美；简洁
elegant adj．优美的，文雅的；精美的；简洁的
deserve to be done＝deserve doing值得做……
passionate adj．感情强烈的
wake up to意识到，认识到
Silent Spring
There was a strange stillness①．The birds，for example—where had they gone？Many people spoke of ②them，puzzled③and disturbed[1]．The feeding stations④in the backyards⑤were deserted⑥．The few birds seen anywhere[2] were moribund ⑦；they trembled⑧violently⑨and could not fly．It was a spring without voices．On the mornings that had once throbbed⑩with the dawn chorus of robins，catbirds，doves，jays，wrens，and scores of other bird voices[3] there was now no sound；only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh ．
[1]形容词短语作状语，表示主语的状态。
[2]过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰The few birds。
[3]关系词that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the mornings。
Rachel Carson was a scientist by profession ，but these lines from the opening chapter of her 1962 book Silent Spring，“A Fable for Tomorrow”，show her talent as a writer．By imagining a world without birds，she aimed to alert not only the scientific community but also the general public to the damaging effects of human activity on natural ecosystems—in particular，to the harmful use of pesticides，such as DDT．[4] She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly causing harm to plants，animals and even humans，and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible，limited and carefully monitored way[5]．
[4]本句是较长的简单句。By imagining...birds是方式状语；not only...but also...连接并列的宾语。
[5]“see＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，过去分词短语used in...way作宾语补足语；过去分词monitored作定语修饰way。
Carson urged people to make themselves aware of the facts and do something about the situation．Silent Spring contains a lot of scientific research and case studies．The book details the gypsy moth eradication programme，which killed birds，in addition to gypsy moths．Another case study was the fire-ant programme that killed cows，but not fire ants．The book also gives dozens of other examples of eradication programmes that did nothing to reduce the problems they were originally designed to solve．The 50 or so pages at the end of the book list Carson's sources，showing how thorough and precise she was as a scientist[6]．
[6]动词-ing形式短语作状语，其中how thorough...scientist为how引导的宾语从句。
Carson's message was very alarming ，causing a great increase in environmental awareness [7]．Its impact was immediate and far-reaching ：the use of DDT was banned and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in the US．Silent Spring was therefore regarded as a milestone in the launch of the green movement in the Western world．It also earned Carson a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom and put her face on the 17-cent US stamp．
Silent Spring was not，however，received positively by everyone．Though Carson's research was strong and was supported by most scientists who reviewed her work[8]，the book quickly became a target for critics in the pesticide industry．They said that Carson did not understand the science behind her arguments because she was a marine biologist rather than a chemist．Some also said that her work was more emotional than scientific．These were attempts to damage Carson's reputation and stop her work from influencing public policy，but she remained determined to stand by her research．Carson appeared in public and on television to defend her claims —and today，more than 50 years after it was published[9]，the voice of Silent Spring is still ringing loud and clear [10]．
[8]though引导的让步状语从句，从句中又包含一个who引导的定语从句。
[9]此处为插入语，修饰today。
[10]此处意为“掷地有声，深远绵长”。
Personally，I enjoy Carson's book．She made a crucial but potentially difficult-to-understand subject interesting and accessible to millions of people[11]．This is not so much because of the quality of her arguments，strong though they are[12]，but because of the beauty and elegance of her writing．Her book not only changed the world；half a century later it remains a book that deserves to be reread today，so that we can once again feel ourselves warm to the fire of its passionate message[13]．For unless we do listen to Rachel Carson's warning[14]，one day we may wake up to the strange and quiet horror of another silent spring．
[11]“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，此处为形容词短语作宾语补足语。
[12]though引导的让步状语从句，此处使用了部分倒装语序。
[13]so that引导的结果状语从句。
[14]此处for作并列连词，表示因果关系；unless引导条件状语从句，从句中谓语用“do＋动词原形”的形式表示强调。
寂静的春天
“一片古怪的寂静笼罩着这里。小鸟都飞到哪里去了？许多人谈论着，茫然困惑、惴惴不安。后院的饲养站已经被遗弃，为数不多的几只鸟也奄奄一息；它们浑身打战，无法飞翔。这是一个寂静的春天。原本喧闹的清晨，再也没有了知更鸟、北美猫鸟、鸽子、松鸦、鹪鹩的奏鸣曲以及其他小鸟的鸣叫声；只留下一片寂静，笼罩在田野、树林和沼泽的上空。”
蕾切尔·卡森本是一位科学家，但是1962 年，她在《寂静的春天》一书的开篇章节“明天的寓言”中的这段描写，展现了她作为作家的天赋。通过想象一个没有鸟儿的世界，她想要警告科学界，提醒公众，人类活动已经对自然界生态系统造成了破坏性的后果，尤其是使用DDT之类的杀虫剂给自然界带来了严重的危害。她认为化学工业正在明目张胆地对动植物，甚至对人类本身造成伤害，她希望人们在使用杀虫剂时能够更加负责、节制，并且严加监管。
卡森敦促人们认清事实，并且为此做出努力。《寂静的春天》中含有大量的科学研究和真实案例。在灭除舞毒蛾项目这一案例中，她细致讲述了人们在消灭舞毒蛾的同时，也杀死了鸟类；另一个案例则是在开展消灭火蚁计划时，人们杀死的是奶牛，而非火蚁。书中还讲了几十个其他灭除计划的案例，都未能像预期那样解决问题。这本书最后的五十几页列出了卡森的资料来源，显示出她作为一名科学家的周密和严谨。
卡森所述的事实让人们十分担忧，大大提升了人们保护环境的意识。这本书的效果立竿见影，并且影响深远：DDT被禁用，环境保护署也在美国成立。《寂静的春天》因此被视为西方发起绿色运动的里程碑，这使作者在去世后获得了“总统自由勋章”的荣誉，美国17美分的邮票上也印上了她的头像。
但并不是所有人都支持《寂静的春天》。虽然卡森的研究很有说服力，而且得到多数审阅过这本书的科学家的支持，但是这本书很快成了杀虫剂行业批判的对象。他们说卡森并不理解她论证背后的科学原理，因为她是一位海洋生物学家，而非化学家。还有一些人说她的作品过于情感化，科学性并不强。他们想要通过破坏卡森的名声来削减她的作品对公共政策的影响，但卡森仍然坚持自己的研究，在公众面前、在电视节目中捍卫自己的观点。时至今日，《寂静的春天》已经出版五十多年了，但它的影响力依旧深远绵长。
而我个人也十分喜欢卡森的书。她把一个至关重要但十分复杂的问题用简单有趣的方式传达给了数百万人。这并不都是因为她书中高质量的论点是多么强有力，而是因为她美丽和高雅的文笔让读者喜欢。她的书不仅在当时改变了世界，就是在半个世纪后的今天，它仍然值得人们重新阅读，以感受她充满感情的文字带给我们如火焰般的温暖。因为如果我们不听从卡森的劝告，可能有一天在我们醒来之后，真的会面对一个古怪而又相当恐怖的寂静的春天。
THANKS
