Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．make up one's mind做出决定，拿定主意
make up one's mind to do sth． 下定决心做某事
change one's mind 改变主意
bear/keep...in mind 记住……
come into one's mind 进入某人的脑海
read one's mind 看出某人的心思
fix one's mind on/upon 全神贯注于
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I think it's high time that you made up your mind (choose) a career．
②We should keep mind that protecting the ocean is protecting ourselves．
③一旦他下定决心，什么都不能使他改变主意。他将全神贯注于他正在做的事情直到实现目标。
Once he has ，nothing can ．He will
what he is doing until he achieves his goal．
2．pass up 放过，放弃，错过(机会)
pass by 经过(……旁边)
pass sth．on to sb． 把某物传递给某人
pass through 穿过；通过
pass down 世代相传，流传
pass away 亡故
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I noticed the girl was crying when I passed just now．
②The unique form of Chinese culture will be passed from generation to generation．
③如果你对中国的古代史感兴趣，你一定不要错过这个好机会。
If you are interested in the ancient history of China，you mustn't ．
④我多么渴望有这个好机会来把知识和技能传递给我的学生，这肯定会对他们以后的生活有帮助。
How I long for the great chance to my students，which will surely be of great help in their later life．
3．put off推迟……，使……延期
put off doing sth． 推迟做某事
put forward 提出(意见、建议)
put on 穿上；上演
put away 将……收起；储存
put up with 容忍，忍受
put down 放下；写下；镇压
put aside 储存……备用；把……放在一边
put out 扑灭
put up 搭建；提高；张贴
put through 接通(电话)；完成
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①We will have to put off (go) on vacation until you are better．
②You'd better put the mask to protect yourself from the infectious disease．
③To make space in the bedroom，she put her winter clothes and took them to the storeroom．
④我们将把公园里的野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能会好些。
We will ，when the weather may be better．
4．participation n．参加，参与
(1)participate v． 参与，参加
participate in (doing) sth．(with sb．) (和某人一起)参与(做)某事
(2)participant n． 参加者，参与者
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He is a warm-hearted man and has been an active (participate) in the discussion．
②The scheme aims to encourage increased (participate) in sporting activities．
③了解到你非常喜欢汉语，我写信邀请你参加外国留学生汉语演讲比赛。
Learning that you have a great affection for the Chinese language，I'm writing the Chinese Speech Contest for foreign students．
复习时态
本单元复习的时态是：现在完成时、将来进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时、过去进行时和现在完成进行时。
一、现在完成时
1．构成：have/has＋过去分词。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示动作发生在过去，但对现在造成一定的影响或产生的结果，常与already，yet，never，before，so far，up to now等连用。
I have already made a plan for my study ahead of time．
我已经提前制订了我的学习计划。
(2)表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，也许还会继续下去。常用的时间状语有：for＋时间段，since＋过去的时间点，recently，lately，this week，this month，this year，these days，during/in the last/past few years等。
We have learned English for eight years．
我们学英语八年了。
(3)在“It/This is the first/second...last time＋从句”与“It/This is the＋序数词或形容词最高级＋名词＋that从句”这两个句型中，从句中的谓语动词要用现在完成时。
It is the first time I have driven a car．
这是我第一次开车。
This is the most interesting film that he has made．
这是他拍的最有趣的电影。
(4)用在状语从句中代替将来完成时，这时从句的动作早于主句的动作。
I'll go to the party as soon as I have finished my homework．
我一完成家庭作业就去参加聚会。
二、将来进行时
1．构成：shall/will be＋动词-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示将来某一时间段内或某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，this evening，this time tomorrow，next year，in two days等。
This time tomorrow they will be sitting in the cinema to see a film．
明天这个时候他们将会坐在电影院里看电影。
(2)表示已经安排好要发生的动作。
Tom will be seeing his friend off at the airport tomorrow．
汤姆明天将在机场为他的朋友送行。
[即时训练1] 完成句子
①明天上午十点他们将正在练习跳舞。
At ten o'clock tomorrow morning，they ．
②明天的这个时候我将正在海南享受温暖的阳光。
I in Hainan at this time tomorrow．
③我还没看完这本书，所以不能把它还给图书馆。
I ，so I can't return it to the library．
④她三年前毕业，从那以后一直当老师。
She left school three years ago and ．
⑤这是我看过的最好的影片，值得再看一遍。
It's and it's worth seeing a second time．
三、过去将来时
1．构成：would＋动词原形；was/were going to＋动词原形；was/were about to＋动词原形；was/were to＋动词原形。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示从过去的某一时间或过去的观点看将要发生的动作或将要呈现的状态，多用在宾语从句中。
I thought I would take a trip to Africa someday．
我曾想我有朝一日会去非洲旅行。
(2)was/were going to＋动词原形，表示过去将要做的事，也可以是没有做成的事。
Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained．
上个星期天我们原本打算去野餐的，但是下雨了。
(3)was/were about to＋动词原形，常与when连用。
I was about to enter the cave when Tom stopped me．
我正要进山洞，这时汤姆拦住了我。
(4)was/were to＋动词原形，表示按计划、安排将发生的过去将来的动作。
As I was to leave the next day，I went to bed early．
由于第二天要走，我便早早地上床睡觉了。
四、过去完成时
1．构成：had＋过去分词。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示在过去某一时间或动作以前就完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。过去某一时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过上下文来表示。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining．
我醒来时，雨已经停了。
(2)表示从过去的某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
She said that she had made much progress since she came here．
她说自从来到这里以来她已经取得了很多进步。
(3)有些动词如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose，plan等，用过去完成时表示“原来打算做而未做的事”。
He had planned to go abroad，but he changed his mind after finding a good job．
他本来打算出国，但找到一份好工作之后他又改变了主意。
(4)用于某些固定句型中，如It was the first/second/...time that sb．had done...；Hardly/Scarcely...when...；No sooner...than...等。后面的两个结构中，when/than前的分句通常用过去完成时，when/than后的分句通常用一般过去时。
It was the first time that I had left home．
这是我第一次离开家。
Hardly had we reached the foot of the mountain when it began to rain．
我们刚走到山脚下，就开始下雨了。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①I (plan) to go on a trip to Beijing but I couldn't afford the time．
②By the time he was fourteen，the boy (establish) a small company of his own．
③It was the second time that I (see) the same person in the store．
④He was unhappy when he (sell) the guitar．After all，he (have) it for a long time．
⑤They made up their mind that they (buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs．
⑥We (be) to have a picnic the next day but the heavy rain stopped our plan．
五、过去进行时
1．构成：was/were＋动词-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行或某一段时间内持续进行的动作，常和then，at that(this) time，last night，the whole night，those days，from one to five yesterday等时间状语连用，表示过去某时正在进行的动作或持续的状态。
What were you doing at this time last week
上周这个时候你在干什么？
(2)表示委婉语气，只限于want，hope，wonder等动词，用以提出请求。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift．
我不知你能否让我搭乘你的车。
(3)表示的感彩与现在进行时相似，它也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感彩，也通常与always，forever，continually等副词连用。
The boy was continually asking questions．
这个男孩不断地问问题。
六、现在完成进行时
1．构成：have/has been＋动词-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示从过去开始到现在(没有停止)且还将继续进行下去的动作，常与all this time，this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently，since＋时间点，for＋时间段等时间状语连用。
I have been reading this book for two weeks．
两周来我一直在读这本书。
(2)表示在一段持续的时间内动作的多次重复，而该动作在说话时并不一定在进行。
They have been discussing the matter several times this year．
他们今年已经数次讨论这件事了。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He (break) a glass while he (clean) up the table yesterday．
②She (phone) someone，so I nodded to her and went away．
③The thief tried to break away from the policeman who (hold) him but failed．
④Shirley (make) a gift last night but I don't know whether he has finished it．
⑤她从八岁以来一直打网球。
She since she was eight．
⑥我们已经等了他两个小时，不想再等了。
We ，and we don't want to wait any longer．
短文语境填空
With the holiday approaching，my colleagues said that they 1． (spend) their holiday abroad．They were so excited that they 2． (talk) about the schedules all the day．As for me，it 3． (be) ten years since I graduated from high school．I 4． (miss) my best friend Jane for the past years．Having booked the ticket to her city，I told her I 5． (visit) her soon．She said that she 6． (finish) her paper by last month and could afford the time．I 7． (make) a plan for the coming reunite．I thought we 8． (be) quite excited when we saw each other．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①diverge v．(两条路)岔开，分开
②undergrowth n．(长在大树下或周边的)下木层，下层灌木丛
③claim n．声明；断言
④sigh n．叹息
⑤quote v．引用，引述
⑥of all kinds各种各样的
⑦be set to为……谱曲；给……配乐
⑧numerous adj．许多的，很多的
⑨of all time有史以来
⑩thoughtful adj．认真思考的，深思的
insight into洞悉，了解
symbolize v．象征，代表
symbol n．象征
progress v．进步，改进，进展
a visual
representation视觉体现
alternative n．可供选择的事物
on a daily basis每天
range from...to...
从……到……变化/不同
dilemma n．进退两难的境地，困境
arise v．(由……)引起
arise from产生于，起因于
moral adj．道德的，道义上的
result in导致
have in common有相同之处
specific consequences特定的结果
circumstance n．情况，情形
in most circumstances在大多数情况下
consider v．考虑
consider doing sth．考虑做某事
understandable adj．可以理解的
understand v．理解，明白
what if...要是……怎么办？
unknowingly adv．未意识到地，不知不觉地
turn down拒绝
find out发现，找出，查明
mixture n．混合；混合体
a mixture of... ……的混合物/混合体
look back on回顾，回首
unusual adj．非同寻常的，罕见的，独特的
usual adj．普通的，寻常的
lead to导致
adventure n．冒险，奇遇
nonetheless adv．尽管如此
make the most of充分利用
with regret 遗憾地
The Road Not Taken
Two roads diverged① in a yellow wood，
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler，long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth②；
Then took the other，as just as fair，
And having perhaps the better claim③，
Because it was grassy and wanted wear；
Though as for that，the passing there
Had worn them really about the same，
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black．
Oh，I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way，
I doubted if I should ever come back．
I shall be telling this with a sigh④
Somewhere ages and ages hence：
Two roads diverged in a wood，and I —
I took the one less traveled by，
And that has made all the difference．
Lines from the poem The Road Not Taken are often quoted⑤ in speeches of all kinds⑥．The poem has been set to⑦ music by a number of artists and used in numerous⑧television commercials．[1] It has in fact become one of the most famous American poems of all time⑨， not only because of its natural style，but also because of its thoughtful⑩ insights into human nature．
[1]not only...but also...连接并列的原因状语。
[2] When reading The Road Not Taken，one cannot help but see in one's mind images of a peaceful wood deep within the countryside． Paths in the woods are often used to symbolize how our lives progress and change．The lines “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood，/And sorry I could not travel both” give us a visual representation of the choices that we face and the decisions that we need to make．Life throws many alternatives at us on a daily basis ．These range from the basic “What should I wear today？”to the key issues of what subject to study at university or what job to do after graduation．Of course，the greatest dilemmas arise from moral problems，when we are uncertain which choice results in doing the right thing．
[2]When引导时间状语从句，When后省略了“主语(one)＋系动词(is)”；cannot help but see为“cannot help but do sth．”结构，意为“忍不住做某事”。
[3] Whether big or small，what all our choices have in common is that they lead to specific consequences ．Once we make a decision，in most circumstances ， there is no going back．Although the writer of the poem considers taking the other path another day，he knows it's unlikely that he will ever have the opportunity to do so．[4] Like the writer，all we can do is look backwards “with a sigh” and imagine what could have been．
[3]本句中what引导主语从句；that引导表语从句。whether...or...意为“是……还是……；无论……”。
[4]all作主句主语，其后的定语从句中含有实义动词do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略不定式符号to。
This sigh，this wondering whether we made the right choice，is understandable ．Although we may be free to choose which path to take，this choice isn't easy when those two paths look similar．[5] Presented with two job offers，for instance，we may wonder exactly what it is we're choosing between．What if ，in choosing one，we are unknowingly turning down other future opportunities Will we ever even find out [6] whether we made the right choice
[5]Presented with two job offers为过去分词短语作时间状语； what it is we're choosing between作wonder的宾语。
[6]whether引导宾语从句。
Ultimately，the road ahead — the road through our lives — is a mixture of choice and chance．And when we are approaching the end of that road，how will we remember the journey How will we look back on our lives In the poem，the writer doubts his choice，thinking that in the future “ages and ages hence”， he may claim that he took the “less traveled” road．[7] Some of us do take a more unusual path through life，and while it may be a harder one to follow，it can also lead to new adventures and experiences．Nonetheless ，part of the art of decision-making is learning to make the most of our decisions．Instead of looking back with regret ，we should be facing our future with energy and optimism，for the choices are ours，and ours only．
[7]本句为and连接的并列句。在第一个分句的Some of us do take a more unusual path中，“do＋动词原形”对谓语动词进行强调；在第二个分句中，while引导让步状语从句。
未选择的路
金黄色林中两条路各奔一方，
可惜我无法兼顾，
身在旅途，我久久伫立，
极目望向一条路的尽头，
它蜿蜒拐进远方的灌木丛；
但我却选了另外一条路，公正公平，
抑或有更佳理由，
它荒草萋萋，诱人涉足；
即便如此，旅人的足迹
让两条路看起来相差无几，
那天清晨落叶满地，
两条路都未经脚印污染。
啊，我留下第一条路改日再探！
明知道路径延绵，
我不确定是否还能回到这里。
也许多年之后在某个地方，
我会回顾往事轻声叹息：
树林中有两条路，而我——
我选择了人迹较少的那一条，
从此，它为我带来了全新的人生轨迹。
《未选择的路》这首诗中的诗句常常在各种演讲中被引用。许多艺术家为这首诗谱了曲，它还被运用于大量的电视广告之中。事实上，它已经成为美国历史上最著名的诗歌之一，这不仅是因为其自然的风格，还因为其对人性的深刻洞察。
阅读《未选择的路》总会让人脑海中不禁浮现出乡村深处静谧的树林。林间小路往往象征我们人生中的进步和变化。“金黄色林中两条路各奔一方，可惜我无法兼顾”这两句话生动地展现了我们面临的选择以及需要做出的决定。生活每天都会向我们抛出许多选择，不仅包括“我今天应该穿什么？”这样的小问题，也包括大学应该学什么专业或者毕业后应该做什么工作这样的重大问题。当然，最大的困境往往源于道德问题，因为我们不确定哪个选择才是正确的。
无论我们的选择是大是小，它们都有一个共同点，那就是它们都会带来某种结果。在大多数情况下，一旦我们做了选择，就没有退路。虽然这首诗的作者考虑改天再探索另一条路，但是他也知道获得这种机会的可能性微乎其微。就像作者一样，我们能做的只有在回首往事时“轻声叹息”，幻想事情本可以成为什么样子。
这一声叹息，以及我们对是否做出了正确选择的顾虑都是可以理解的。虽然我们可以自由地选择走哪一条路，但是当两条路看起来大同小异时，其实很难做选择。比如当我们同时面对两个工作机会时，我们可能会思索到底我们是在什么当中选择。如果我们选择了一份工作而在不知不觉中放弃了其他未来的机会，那该怎么办？而我们又甚至能否发现自己是否做出了正确的选择呢？
最后，前方的路，也就是我们的人生之路，其实是由选择和机会交织而成的。当我们快走到尽头时，我们会如何铭记这段旅途？我们会如何回顾自己的一生？在这首诗中，作者质疑了自己的选择，在“多年之后”的未来，他可能会承认自己选择了一条“人迹较少”的路。生活中确实会有一些人选择不寻常的道路，虽然路途更加艰难，但也会带来新的奇遇和经历。尽管如此，就做决定的艺术而言，一部分就在于学会充分利用我们的决定。我们应该积极乐观地面对未来，而非带着遗憾回顾过去，因为选择在于我们自己，而且它们只属于我们自己。
Period 4
核心词汇
1．①to choose ②in ③made up his mind；change his mind；fix his mind on/upon
2．①by ②down ③pass up this excellent opportunity ④pass my knowledge and skills on to
3．①going ②on ③away ④put off the picnic in the park until next week
4．①participant ②participation ③to invite you to participate in
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①will be practising dancing ②will be enjoying the warm sunshine ③haven't finished reading the book yet ④has worked as a teacher since then ⑤the best film I have ever seen
[即时训练2]
①had planned ②had established ③had seen ④sold；had had ⑤would buy ⑥were
[即时训练3]
①broke；was cleaning ②was phoning ③was holding ④was making ⑤has been playing tennis ⑥have been waiting for him for two hours
巩固落实
短文语境填空
1．would spend 2．were talking 3．has been 4．have been missing 5．would visit 6．had finished 7．have made 8．would be
1 / 14(共60张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 1 Looking forwards
主题语境
人与自我——未来规划
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
make up one's mind to do sth． 下定决心做某事
change one's mind 改变主意
bear/keep...in mind 记住……
come into one's mind 进入某人的脑海
read one's mind 看出某人的心思
fix one's mind on/upon 全神贯注于
1．make up one's mind做出决定，拿定主意
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I think it's high time that you made up your mind __________(choose) a career．
②We should keep ___ mind that protecting the ocean is protecting ourselves．
to choose
in
③一旦他下定决心，什么都不能使他改变主意。他将全神贯注于他正在做的事情直到实现目标。
Once he has _________________，nothing can _______________．He will ___________________ what he is doing until he achieves his goal．
made up his mind
change his mind
fix his mind on/upon
pass by 经过(……旁边)
pass sth．on to sb． 把某物传递给某人
pass through 穿过；通过
pass down 世代相传，流传
pass away 亡故
2．pass up 放过，放弃，错过(机会)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I noticed the girl was crying when I passed __ just now．
②The unique form of Chinese culture will be passed _____ from generation to generation．
③如果你对中国的古代史感兴趣，你一定不要错过这个好机会。
If you are interested in the ancient history of China，you mustn't ______________________________．
by
down
pass up this excellent opportunity
④我多么渴望有这个好机会来把知识和技能传递给我的学生，这肯定会对他们以后的生活有帮助。
How I long for the great chance to_______________________________
my students，which will surely be of great help in their later life．
pass my knowledge and skills on to
put off doing sth． 推迟做某事
put forward 提出(意见、建议)
put on 穿上；上演
put away 将……收起；储存
put up with 容忍，忍受
put down 放下；写下；镇压
put aside 储存……备用；把……放在一边
put out 扑灭
put up 搭建；提高；张贴
put through 接通(电话)；完成
3．put off 推迟……，使……延期
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①We will have to put off _____(go) on vacation until you are better．
②You'd better put ___ the mask to protect yourself from the infectious disease．
③To make space in the bedroom，she put _____ her winter clothes and took them to the storeroom．
④我们将把公园里的野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能会好些。
We will ____________________________________，when the weather may be better．
going
on
away
put off the picnic in the park until next week
(1)participate v． 参与，参加
participate in (doing) sth．(with sb．)
(和某人一起)参与(做)某事
(2)participant n． 参加者，参与者
4．participation n．参加，参与
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He is a warm-hearted man and has been an active___________
(participate) in the discussion．
②The scheme aims to encourage increased _____________(participate) in sporting activities．
③了解到你非常喜欢汉语，我写信邀请你参加外国留学生汉语演讲比赛。
Learning that you have a great affection for the Chinese language，I'm writing _________________________ the Chinese Speech Contest for foreign students．
participant
participation
to invite you to participate in
复习时态
本单元复习的时态是：现在完成时、将来进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时、过去进行时和现在完成进行时。
一、现在完成时
1．构成：have/has＋过去分词。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示动作发生在过去，但对现在造成一定的影响或产生的结果，常与already，yet，never，before，so far，up to now等连用。
I have already made a plan for my study ahead of time．
我已经提前制订了我的学习计划。
(2)表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，也许还会继续下去。常用的时间状语有：for＋时间段，since＋过去的时间点，recently，lately，this week，this month，this year，these days，during/in the last/past few years等。
We have learned English for eight years．
我们学英语八年了。
(3)在“It/This is the first/second...last time＋从句”与“It/This is the＋序数词或形容词最高级＋名词＋that从句”这两个句型中，从句中的谓语动词要用现在完成时。
It is the first time I have driven a car．
这是我第一次开车。
This is the most interesting film that he has made．
这是他拍的最有趣的电影。
(4)用在状语从句中代替将来完成时，这时从句的动作早于主句的动作。
I'll go to the party as soon as I have finished my homework．
我一完成家庭作业就去参加聚会。
二、将来进行时
1．构成：shall/will be＋动词-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示将来某一时间段内或某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，this evening，this time tomorrow，next year，in two days等。
This time tomorrow they will be sitting in the cinema to see a film．
明天这个时候他们将会坐在电影院里看电影。
(2)表示已经安排好要发生的动作。
Tom will be seeing his friend off at the airport tomorrow．
汤姆明天将在机场为他的朋友送行。
[即时训练1] 完成句子
①明天上午十点他们将正在练习跳舞。
At ten o'clock tomorrow morning，they _______________________．
②明天的这个时候我将正在海南享受温暖的阳光。
I _____________________________ in Hainan at this time tomorrow．
will be practising dancing
will be enjoying the warm sunshine
③我还没看完这本书，所以不能把它还给图书馆。
I _________________________________，so I can't return it to the library．
④她三年前毕业，从那以后一直当老师。
She left school three years ago and ____________________________．
⑤这是我看过的最好的影片，值得再看一遍。
It's __________________________ and it's worth seeing a second time．
haven't finished reading the book yet
has worked as a teacher since then
the best film I have ever seen
三、过去将来时
1．构成：would＋动词原形；was/were going to＋动词原形；was/were about to＋动词原形；was/were to＋动词原形。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示从过去的某一时间或过去的观点看将要发生的动作或将要呈现的状态，多用在宾语从句中。
I thought I would take a trip to Africa someday．
我曾想我有朝一日会去非洲旅行。
(2)was/were going to＋动词原形，表示过去将要做的事，也可以是没有做成的事。
Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained．
上个星期天我们原本打算去野餐的，但是下雨了。
(3)was/were about to＋动词原形，常与when连用。
I was about to enter the cave when Tom stopped me．
我正要进山洞，这时汤姆拦住了我。
(4)was/were to＋动词原形，表示按计划、安排将发生的过去将来的动作。
As I was to leave the next day，I went to bed early．
由于第二天要走，我便早早地上床睡觉了。
四、过去完成时
1．构成：had＋过去分词。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示在过去某一时间或动作以前就完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。过去某一时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过上下文来表示。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining．
我醒来时，雨已经停了。
(2)表示从过去的某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
She said that she had made much progress since she came here．
她说自从来到这里以来她已经取得了很多进步。
(3)有些动词如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose，plan等，用过去完成时表示“原来打算做而未做的事”。
He had planned to go abroad，but he changed his mind after finding a good job．
他本来打算出国，但找到一份好工作之后他又改变了主意。
(4)用于某些固定句型中，如It was the first/second/...time that sb．had done...；Hardly/Scarcely...when...；No sooner...than...等。后面的两个结构中，when/than前的分句通常用过去完成时，when/than后的分句通常用一般过去时。
It was the first time that I had left home．
这是我第一次离开家。
Hardly had we reached the foot of the mountain when it began to rain．
我们刚走到山脚下，就开始下雨了。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①I ____________(plan) to go on a trip to Beijing but I couldn't afford the time．
②By the time he was fourteen，the boy ______________(establish) a small company of his own．
③It was the second time that I _________(see) the same person in the store．
had planned
had established
had seen
④He was unhappy when he ____(sell) the guitar．After all，he ________(have) it for a long time．
⑤They made up their mind that they __________ (buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs．
⑥We ______(be) to have a picnic the next day but the heavy rain stopped our plan．
sold
had had
would buy
were
五、过去进行时
1．构成：was/were＋动词-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行或某一段时间内持续进行的动作，常和then，at that(this)time，last night，the whole night，those days，from one to five yesterday等时间状语连用，表示过去某时正在进行的动作或持续的状态。
What were you doing at this time last week
上周这个时候你在干什么？
(2)表示委婉语气，只限于want，hope，wonder等动词，用以提出请求。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift．
我不知你能否让我搭乘你的车。
(3)表示的感彩与现在进行时相似，它也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感彩，也通常与always，forever，continually等副词连用。
The boy was continually asking questions．
这个男孩不断地问问题。
六、现在完成进行时
1．构成：have/has been＋动词-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示从过去开始到现在(没有停止)且还将继续进行下去的动作，常与all this time，this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently，since＋时间点，for＋时间段等时间状语连用。
I have been reading this book for two weeks．
两周来我一直在读这本书。
(2)表示在一段持续的时间内动作的多次重复，而该动作在说话时并不一定在进行。
They have been discussing the matter several times this year．
他们今年已经数次讨论这件事了。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He _____(break) a glass while he _____________(clean) up the table yesterday．
②She ____________(phone) someone，so I nodded to her and went away．
③The thief tried to break away from the policeman who __________
(hold) him but failed．
broke
was cleaning
was phoning
was holding
④Shirley ___________(make) a gift last night but I don't know whether he has finished it．
⑤她从八岁以来一直打网球。
She _____________________ since she was eight．
⑥我们已经等了他两个小时，不想再等了。
We ___________________________________，and we don't want to wait any longer．
was making
has been playing tennis
have been waiting for him for two hours
短文语境填空
With the holiday approaching，my colleagues said that they 1．____________(spend) their holiday abroad．They were so excited that they 2．_____________(talk) about the schedules all the day．As for me，it 3．_________(be) ten years since I graduated from high school．I 4．_________________(miss) my best friend Jane for the past years．Having booked the ticket to her city，I told her I 5．__________ (visit) her soon．She said that she 6．____________ (finish) her paper
would spend
were talking
has been
have been missing
would visit
had finished
by last month and could afford the time．I 7．__________(make) a plan for the coming reunite．I thought we 8．_________(be) quite excited when we saw each other．
have made
would be
①diverge v．(两条路)岔开，分开
②undergrowth n．(长在大树下或周边的)下木层，下层灌木丛
③claim n．声明；断言
④sigh n．叹息
⑤quote v．引用，引述
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑥of all kinds各种各样的
⑦be set to为……谱曲；给……配乐
⑧numerous adj．许多的，很多的
⑨of all time有史以来
⑩thoughtful adj．认真思考的，深思的
insight into洞悉，了解
symbolize v．象征，代表
symbol n．象征
progress v．进步，改进，进展
a visual
representation视觉体现
alternative n．可供选择的事物
on a daily basis每天
range from...to...从……到……变化/不同
dilemma n．进退两难的境地，困境
arise v．(由……)引起
arise from产生于，起因于
moral adj．道德的，道义上的
result in导致
have in common有相同之处
specific consequences特定的结果
circumstance n．情况，情形
in most circumstances在大多数情况下
consider v．考虑
consider doing sth．考虑做某事
understandable adj．可以理解的
understand v．理解，明白
what if...要是……怎么办？
unknowingly adv．未意识到地，不知不觉地
turn down拒绝
find out发现，找出，查明
mixture n．混合；混合体
a mixture of... ……的混合物/混合体
look back on回顾，回首
unusual adj．非同寻常的，罕见的，独特的
usual adj．普通的，寻常的
lead to导致
adventure n．冒险，奇遇
nonetheless adv．尽管如此
make the most of充分利用
with regret 遗憾地
The Road Not Taken
Two roads diverged① in a yellow wood，
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler，long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth②；
Then took the other，as just as fair，
And having perhaps the better claim③，
Because it was grassy and wanted wear；
Though as for that，the passing there
Had worn them really about the same，
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black．
Oh，I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way，
I doubted if I should ever come back．
I shall be telling this with a sigh④
Somewhere ages and ages hence：
Two roads diverged in a wood，and I —
I took the one less traveled by，
And that has made all the difference．
Lines from the poem The Road Not Taken are often quoted⑤ in speeches of all kinds⑥．The poem has been set to⑦ music by a number of artists and used in numerous⑧television commercials．[1] It has in fact become one of the most famous American poems of all time⑨， not only because of its natural style，but also because of its thoughtful⑩ insights into human nature．
[1]not only...but also...连接并列的原因状语。
[2] When reading The Road Not Taken，one cannot help but see in one's mind images of a peaceful wood deep within the countryside． Paths in the woods are often used to symbolize how our lives progress and change．The lines “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood，/And sorry I could not travel both” give us a visual representation of the choices that we face and the decisions that we need to make．Life throws many alternatives at us on a daily basis ．These range from the basic “What should I wear today？”to the key issues of what subject to study at university or what job to do
after graduation．Of course，the greatest dilemmas arise from moral problems，when we are uncertain which choice results in doing the right thing．
[2]When引导时间状语从句，When后省略了“主语(one)＋系动词(is)”；cannot help but see为“cannot help but do sth．”结构，意为“忍不住做某事”。
[3] Whether big or small，what all our choices have in common is that they lead to specific consequences ．Once we make a decision，in most circumstances ， there is no going back．Although the writer of the poem considers taking the other path another day，he knows it's unlikely that he will ever have the opportunity to do so．[4] Like the writer，all we can do is look backwards “with a sigh” and imagine what could have been．
[3]本句中what引导主语从句；that引导表语从句。whether...or...意为“是……还是……；无论……”。
[4]all作主句主语，其后的定语从句中含有实义动词do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略不定式符号to。
This sigh，this wondering whether we made the right choice，is understandable ．Although we may be free to choose which path to take，this choice isn't easy when those two paths look similar．[5] Presented with two job offers，for instance，we may wonder exactly what it is we're choosing between．What if ，in choosing one，we are unknowingly turning down other future opportunities Will we ever even find out [6] whether we made the right choice
[5]Presented with two job offers为过去分词短语作时间状语； what it is we're choosing between作wonder的宾语。
[6]whether引导宾语从句。
Ultimately，the road ahead—the road through our lives—is a mixture of choice and chance．And when we are approaching the end of that road，how will we remember the journey How will we look back on our lives In the poem，the writer doubts his choice，thinking that in the future “ages and ages hence”， he may claim that
he took the “less traveled” road．[7] Some of us do take a more unusual path through life，and while it may be a harder one to follow，it can also lead to new adventures and experiences．Nonetheless ，part of the art of decision-making is learning to make the most of our decisions．Instead of looking back with regret ，we should be facing our future with energy and optimism，for the choices are ours，and ours only．
[7]本句为and连接的并列句。在第一个分句的Some of us do take a more unusual path中，“do＋动词原形”对谓语动词进行强调；在第二个分句中，while引导让步状语从句。
未选择的路
金黄色林中两条路各奔一方，
可惜我无法兼顾，
身在旅途，我久久伫立，
极目望向一条路的尽头，
它蜿蜒拐进远方的灌木丛；
但我却选了另外一条路，公正公平，
抑或有更佳理由，
它荒草萋萋，诱人涉足；
即便如此，旅人的足迹
让两条路看起来相差无几，
那天清晨落叶满地，
两条路都未经脚印污染。
啊，我留下第一条路改日再探！
明知道路径延绵，
我不确定是否还能回到这里。
也许多年之后在某个地方，
我会回顾往事轻声叹息：
树林中有两条路，而我——
我选择了人迹较少的那一条，
从此，它为我带来了全新的人生轨迹。
《未选择的路》这首诗中的诗句常常在各种演讲中被引用。许多艺术家为这首诗谱了曲，它还被运用于大量的电视广告之中。事实上，它已经成为美国历史上最著名的诗歌之一，这不仅是因为其自然的风格，还因为其对人性的深刻洞察。
阅读《未选择的路》总会让人脑海中不禁浮现出乡村深处静谧的树林。林间小路往往象征我们人生中的进步和变化。“金黄色林中两条路各奔一方，可惜我无法兼顾”这两句话生动地展现了我们面临的选择以及需要做出的决定。生活每天都会向我们抛出许多选择，不仅包括“我今天应该穿什么？”这样的小问题，也包括大学应该学什么专业或者毕业后应该做什么工作这样的重大问题。当然，最大的困境往往源于道德问题，因为我们不确定哪个选择才是正确的。
无论我们的选择是大是小，它们都有一个共同点，那就是它们都会带来某种结果。在大多数情况下，一旦我们做了选择，就没有退路。虽然这首诗的作者考虑改天再探索另一条路，但是他也知道获得这种机会的可能性微乎其微。就像作者一样，我们能做的只有在回首往事时“轻声叹息”，幻想事情本可以成为什么样子。
这一声叹息，以及我们对是否做出了正确选择的顾虑都是可以理解的。虽然我们可以自由地选择走哪一条路，但是当两条路看起来大同小异时，其实很难做选择。比如当我们同时面对两个工作机会时，我们可能会思索到底我们是在什么当中选择。如果我们选择了一份工作而在不知不觉中放弃了其他未来的机会，那该怎么办？而我们又甚至能否发现自己是否做出了正确的选择呢？
最后，前方的路，也就是我们的人生之路，其实是由选择和机会交织而成的。当我们快走到尽头时，我们会如何铭记这段旅途？我们会如何回顾自己的一生？在这首诗中，作者质疑了自己的选择，在“多年之后”的未来，他可能会承认自己选择了一条“人迹较少”的路。生活中确实会有一些人选择不寻常的道路，虽然路途更加艰难，但也会带来新的奇遇和经历。尽管如此，就做决定的艺术而言，一部分就在于学会充分利用我们的决定。我们应该积极乐观地面对未来，而非带着遗憾回顾过去，因为选择在于我们自己，而且它们只属于我们自己。
THANKS
