Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．give an account of 描述
take...into account＝take account of 把……考虑在内
on account of 因为，由于
on no account 决不(置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装)
account for 解释，说明，(数量、比例上)占
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①She did very well on the test when you take account how little she studied．
②We had to put off the sports meet account of the bad weather．
③How do you account making so many mistakes in your homework
④他详细描述了在那个灾难性的夜晚他的财物被偷的经过。
He his possessions stolen on the fateful night．
2．on the whole 基本上，大体上；总的来说
进行总结时用以引出自己的观点或理由的表达，常见的有：
as a whole 总的来说
in general 通常，总的来说
to sum up 总之，概括地说
in short 简言之，总之
in summary 总之，概括起来
in a word 总之，简言之
in conclusion 总之，最后
in brief 简言之
to conclude 最后，总之
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①When I look back on my life，what strikes me is that I have been a whole a very lucky man，above all，lucky in my friends．
② short，changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience．
③基本上，人们都渴望享受休闲时光的机会。
，people are eager for the opportunity to enjoy leisure．
复习状语从句
一、时间状语从句
1．when，while和as引导时间状语从句
(1)when从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生，从句谓语动词为延续性动词或非延续性动词。
When I lived there，I used to go to the seashore on Sundays．
我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。
(2)while从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，从句的谓语动词为延续性动词。
Please don't talk so loud while others are working．
别人工作时，请别高声谈话。
(3)as从句的动作与主句动作交替进行或同时发生，可翻译为“随着；一边……一边……”。
He hurried home，looking behind as he went．
他匆忙回家去，一边走一边回头望。
As time went on，it's getting warmer and warmer．
随着时间的推移，天越来越暖和了。
2．before和since引导时间状语从句
(1)before本意为“在……之前”，还可引申为“还未……就……，不到……就……；趁……；还没来得及……就……”。before引导时间状语从句的常用句型：
①It was＋时间段＋before从句(一般过去时) 过了多久才……
②It will be ＋时间段＋before从句(一般现在时) 要过多久才……
He had put the broken vase away before his mother came back．
他趁妈妈还没回来就把打碎的花瓶收拾好了。
It was some time before we realized the truth．
过了一段时间我们才意识到真相。
It will be half a year before I come back．
半年之后我才回来。
(2)since意为“自从……以来”，主句用完成时。since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，常理解为某一状态的终止；若用延续性动词或状态动词，则理解为某一动作的开始。since引导时间状语从句的常用句型：It is/has been＋时间段＋since...自从……以来多久了
He has written to me frequently since I got sick．
自从我病了以后，他经常给我写信。
It is three years since he came to our school．
他来我们学校已经三年了。
3．till和until引导时间状语从句
在肯定句中主句谓语动词应是延续性的，而在否定句中主句谓语动词应是非延续性的；till不可位于句首，而until则可以。
You may stay here till/until the rain stops．
你可以待在这里直到雨停。
I won't see him till/until his anger has cooled down．
等他怒气消了，我再去看他。
Until you told me，I had no idea of it．
直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。
[名师点津] not until置于句首时主句要用部分倒装。
Not until nine o'clock yesterday evening did we finish the work．
直到昨晚九点，我们才完成这项工作。
4．引导时间状语从句的名词词组
一些表示时间的名词词组，如the moment/minute/instant，every time，each time，the first time，the last time，the next time，by the time等可以起连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。
Every time I was in trouble，he would come to help me．
每次我处于困境，他就会来帮助我。
By the time we got there，the rain had stopped．
等我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。
5．表示“一……就……”的名词词组和连词
the moment/minute/instant等名词词组以及 as soon as，immediately，directly， no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...等连词都可引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”。
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother．
这个男孩一看到他妈妈就放声大哭。
[名师点津] no sooner...than...，hardly...when...结构中，no sooner与hardly置于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left．
我们一到车站，火车就离站了。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空/完成句子
① they heard the news，they were very surprised．
② you grow older，you'll know better and better about yourself．
③My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor I was packing them up．
④ he had finished his homework，he took a short rest．
⑤Mother asked me to make a wish I blew out all the candles．
⑥I have heard lots of good things about you I came back from abroad．
⑦I didn't begin to like our houseparents something happened one night．
⑧ moment I saw her，I knew there was something wrong．
⑨我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。
He left me a good impression ．
⑩他一到家就开始抱怨。
Hardly he began to complain．
二、地点状语从句和条件状语从句
1．地点状语从句
where，wherever可引导地点状语从句。
We must camp where we can get water．
我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。
2．条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词有：if，unless，as/so long as，supposing (that)(倘若；如果)，provided/providing (that)(倘若；如果)，on condition that(条件是)，in case(万一)等。
You'll fail the exam unless you study hard．
除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。
We can overcome the difficulties as long as we are organized．
只要我们组织起来，我们就能克服困难。
You can use this room supposing that you keep it clean and tidy．
如果你能保持房间干净整洁，你就可以用这间房子。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①If you happen to get lost in the wild，you'd better stay you are and wait for help．
② we don't stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone．
③Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion he wants their support．
④ (provide) that he doesn't come，what shall we do
⑤只要一个人给别人的生活带来价值，那么他的生命就有价值。
One's life has value ．
⑥万一你需要帮助的话，这是我的电话号码。
，here is my telephone number．
三、原因状语从句
1．because/as/since/now(that)引导的原因状语从句
because 语气最强，表示直接的理由。可用来回答why 引导的问句，可用于强调句型 从句常放在主句后
as 语气较弱，较口语化，表示较明显的原因或已知的事实 从句常放在主句前
since/ now (that) 语气较弱，所表示的原因为人们已知的事实。常译为“既然” 常可互换，但now (that)可用来说明一种新情况，然后加以推理
I was late for school because I missed the first bus．
我上学迟到是因为我错过了头班车。
As he was in a hurry，he left his bag home．
由于他太匆忙才把包丢在了家里。
Since/Now that the rain has stopped，let's go home at once．
既然雨已停了，我们马上回家吧。
[名师点津] for“因为”后跟句子时，不是从属连词而是并列连词，是用来说明、补充解释或表示一种推理，所以for跟从句时不能置于句首。
The day breaks，for the birds are singing．
天亮了，因为鸟儿都在叫了。
2．seeing(that)(鉴于，由于)，considering(that)(考虑到)，in that (因为)引导的原因状语从句
The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history．
这本书不同于那本，因为这本是关于化学的，而那本是关于历史的。
They have made remarkable progress，considering that they only started last week．
考虑到他们是上周才开始的，他们已经取得了相当大的进步。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It was he was late for class that he was scolded by the teacher．
②She was fortunate in she had many friends to help her．
③因为我的英语口语很流利，我认为我适合这项工作。
，I think I am very suitable for this job．
④既然你有机会，就该充分利用。
，you might as well make full use of it．
四、目的状语从句和结果状语从句
1．目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的常用从属连词有so (that)，in order that，for fear (that)，in case等。
My father began to study computer knowledge at the age of sixty so that/in order that he might keep up with times．
我的父亲六十岁时开始学习电脑知识，以便跟上时代。
Sometimes we are not satisfied with what our friend does，but we will not point it out for fear that we might lose that friend．
有时我们对朋友的所作所为并不满意，但我们不会指出来，唯恐失去那个朋友。
2．结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的常用从属连词有so...that...，such...that...等。在非正式语体中，其中的that可以省略。
(1)这类从句的具体结构：
so＋
such＋
Mike is such an honest worker that(＝so honest a worker that) we all believe in him．
迈克是一个很诚实的工人，我们都信任他。
It is such good weather that we all want to go to the park．
天气非常好，我们都想去公园。
These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer them．
这些问题很难，我们没人能回答。
He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family．
他挣这么少的钱养不起家。
(2)为了强调形容词和副词，当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。
So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions．
他是一个非常聪明的学生，能够解出所有的难题。
[名师点津] 除引导目的状语从句外，so (that)也可引导结果状语从句，并常有逗号和主句隔开。引导的目的状语从句中常有can，could，might，may等情态动词。试比较：
He turned up the radio，so that everyone heard the song．
他把收音机的音量调高了，结果每个人都听到了那首歌。(结果状语从句)
He turned up the radio so that everyone could hear the song．
他把收音机的音量调高，目的是每个人都能听见那首歌。(目的状语从句)
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It was a hot day that they wanted to go swimming．
②The wind was strong that he could hardly move forward．
③He has made great progress that the teachers are pleased with him．
④他伤得很重，不得不被送往医院。
So badly he had to be sent to the hospital．
⑤我们的老师讲得很慢，以便我们都能听懂。
Our teacher spoke slowly ．
⑥我们很早就朝车站出发了，唯恐错过火车。
We set off for the station early ．
五、让步状语从句
1．引导让步状语从句的连词有：although，though，while(尽管，虽然)，even if/though，whether...or...，疑问词＋-ever与no matter＋疑问词等。
Although/Though/While he may be troubled，he always presents a calm smiling face．
尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。
Even if it should rain tomorrow，we will continue our work．
即使明天下雨，我们也要继续工作。
We'll go on with the work，whether we can find the necessary tools or not．
不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。
Whatever/No matter what you want to do，please look before you leap．
不管你想做什么事，请三思而后行。
2．as引导的让步状语从句需采用部分倒装，有时though引导的让步状语从句也采用部分倒装。
Try as he might，he couldn't solve the problem．
尽管他尝试了，但还是无法解决这个问题。
Child as he is，he knows a lot of the history of China．
虽然他只是个孩子，但他懂得许多中国历史方面的知识。(注意child前不用冠词)
Young though he is，he knows how to deal with such a thing．
他虽然年轻，但懂得如何处理这件事。
[即时训练5] 单句语法填空/完成句子
① I've tried hard，none of my books have been published．
②Hard she tries，she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework．
③无论遇到什么样的困难，他都要继续推行他的计划。
，he will carry on his plan．
④即使我们会遇到困难，为实现梦想而吃苦也是值得的。
It is worthwhile to suffer for our dreams， ．
⑤清洁工不得不整天在街上工作，无论是阳光暴晒还是天降大雪。
Cleaners have to work all day on the street ．
六、比较状语从句和方式状语从句
1．比较状语从句由as...as，not as/so...as，than引导。
She is as good an actress as she is a singer．
她当演员和当歌手一样出色。
Nobody understand the situation better than you (do)．
谁也不如你了解情况。
2．方式状语从句通常由as，as if，as though引导。
They did as I had asked．
他们是按我的要求做的。
He behaved as if/as though nothing had happened．
他表现得若无其事。
[即时训练6] 完成句子
①她不如她姐姐外向。
She is her sister．
②你应该按照老师告诉你的去做。
You should do ．
用适当的从属连词填空
1． I was a little girl，my family moved to a tiny town at the bottom of a big mountain．One day after school，2． I was exploring the green woods of this magnificent mountain，I almost fell on a set of stairs．What could these steps lead to Curiosity got the best of me 3． I knew it would be starting to get dark soon．I started climbing up those strangely mysterious steps．
I climbed and climbed，4． there was nothing but just green bushes and these steps．I had to reach the top! However，it was now getting really dark．My mum would be worried sick 5． I didn't come home soon．Tired and scared 6． I was，I ran back home almost in the dark．
I was so anxious 7． I went to bed dreaming about what I would find at the top of this magical mountain．Could there be a castle up there Maybe I would find a monster 8． there are green woods．Maybe I was taking the risk of never coming back home．Or，maybe all I would find was absolutely nothing! However，9． I would encounter，I was going to climb that mountain at all cost．And it was not a long time 10． I tried this adventure again．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①be familiar to 为……所熟悉
be familiar with sth．通晓……，熟悉……
②Sinologist n．汉学家
-ist后缀是名词性后缀，主要用于表示信仰者、专家、从事某种活动的人或具有某种特征或性质的物品。如dentist指的是牙医，artist指的是艺术家。
③translator n．翻译，译员
translate v．翻译
translation n．翻译
④fall in love with 爱上
fall into ruin(因无人照料而)衰落，败落
⑤be amazed by 对……感到惊讶
be amazed to see/find/learn/discover惊讶地发现……
⑥tune n．曲调，旋律
theme tune 主题曲
⑦inspire v．激励，鼓舞；赋予灵感
inspiration n．灵感
inspiring adj．鼓舞人心的；激励的；启发灵感的
⑧academic major 学术专业
major v．主修 n．专业；主修生 adj．主要的；重要的
⑨prior adj．先前的；较早的
prior to 在……之前，先于……
priority n．优先事项；最重要的事；首要事情
a top priority当务之急
⑩be exposed to 接触；暴露于；面临
encounter n．相遇，邂逅
a chance encounter偶然相遇
encounter sb．/sth．偶然碰到或意外地遇见某人或某物
genius n．天才，天赋
have a profound effect on...对……有深远的影响
profound adj． 巨大的；深切的；深远的；知识渊博的；理解深刻的；深邃的
passion n．热情；激情
passionate adj． 热诚的；狂热的
passionately adv． 热诚地；狂热地
stimulating adj．激励人心的； 趣味盎然的
stimulate v．促进；激发；激励
particularly adv．尤其，特别
particular adj．不寻常的；格外的；特别的
in particular尤其；特别
be particular about sth．对……挑剔
be determined to do...决心做……
translate...into...把……翻译成……
respected adj．受人尊敬的
respect n．& v．尊敬
respectable adj．可敬的
in addition 除……以外(还)
go with 伴随；与……相伴而生
keep a close eye on 密切关注
best-seller 畅销品；畅销书
publish v．出版
publisher n．出版人(或机构)
publishing n．出版(业)，发行(业)
on the whole从整体上说
limited adj．有限的
significance n．意义，重要性
significant adj．重要的
be highly thought of 被高度赞扬
reflect v．反映
be closely connected 联系密切
have...in common 有相同之处
strike a chord 引起共鸣；打动心弦
READING CHINA
The world of Chinese literature is one that is familiar to① us all．But have you ever stopped to wonder what works are read outside of China and how they are received Today，four Sinologists② and translators③share their experience of Chinese literature with us．They are：
Petko，aged 43 from Bulgaria
Annelous，aged 34 from the Netherlands
Joachim，aged 25 from France
Mai，aged 28 from Egypt
Q1：How did you get interested in Chinese literature
Petko：[1] It all started with a movie I watched when I was a boy—The Shaolin Temple． That movie gave me so many reasons to fall in love with④ China．I was amazed by⑤ Chinese kung fu，of course—everyone loves kung fu，don't they I also thought the Chinese language sounded so beautiful，and I found that I liked Chinese music，too—I just loved the movie's theme tune⑥， Song of the Shepherd．
[1] 本句为复合句，I watched为省略了that或which的定语从句，修饰先行词a movie；when I was a boy 为时间状语从句。
Annelous：I became interested in languages at a young age．When I started high school，I began reading books about Chinese history and culture，and this inspired⑦ me to choose Chinese Studies as my academic major⑧ at university．
Joachim：When I was 15 years old，my mother bought me a copy of the classic Shi Ji，or Records of the Grand Historian．Prior⑨ to that，the only great historical works I had been exposed to⑩ were Homer's epic poems．Records of the Grand Historian was my first encounter with Chinese classical literature．After reading it，I realised the true genius of China's “Grand Historian”， Sima Qian．His writing had a profound effect on me，and I have this to thank for my passion for Chinese literature．
Mai：I gradually fell in love with Chinese literature when I started working as a translator．Most of the translated works of literature in Egypt are from the English-speaking world，so reading Chinese literature was a stimulating and inspiring experience．
Q2：How do you select works to translate
Petko：I particularly like classical Chinese literature，especially works from the Ming and Qing dynasties．[2] I fell in love with Dream of the Red Chamber the first time I read it，and was determined to translate it into Bulgarian．[3] Now that this dream has come true，my next goal is to translate The Romance of the Three Kingdoms．
[2]本句为复合句，the first time 引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次……”。
[3]本句为复合句，now that 引导原因状语从句，意为“由于，因为，既然”。
Annelous：[4] In the Netherlands，the decision as to which works of Chinese literature get translated is largely influenced by the opinions of respected Sinologists． In addition ，publishing houses tend to look to other countries to see which Chinese works have sold well there．I've so far translated the writings of several young Chinese authors，and I'm looking forward to their new works．
[4]本句为复合句，which works of Chinese literature get translated为which引导的名词性从句，作as to 的宾语。
Joachim：I just go with what I like and what I am interested in．I've translated some poems by Dai Wangshu．Right now，I'm doing research into popular literature in Shanghai at the start of the 20th century．
Mai: I don't care if a writer is popular or not．What interests me most is the work itself．I've translated some works by authors such as Xi Murong and Bi Shumin．I also keep a close eye on what's being self-published online by new，young authors—they have some good ideas．
Q3：Which works by Chinese writers are popular in your country
Petko: Thirty-six Stratagems has sold more than 1，000 copies in Bulgaria．[5] When you consider that here the best a writer can usually hope for is to sell a few hundred copies of their work，Thirty-six Stratagems is a best-seller in Bulgaria!
[5]本句为复合句，when引导时间状语从句；that 引导宾语从句；a writer can usually hope for为省略了that的定语从句，修饰先行词the best；to sell a few hundred copies of their work为动词不定式短语作表语。
Annelous：[6] Each year sees more works by Chinese writers published in the Netherlands，and they are well-received．The people that buy and read these books do so because they want to learn more about Chinese culture and everyday life in China．On the whole ， I do have to admit that here，people's knowledge of Chinese literature is rather limited ．
[6]本句为简单句，主语为each year，为无生命名词作主语。
Joachim：Many works by modern writers such as Lu Xun and Shen Congwen have been translated into French． And the novels of some contemporary writers also sell quite well in France．Literature has a lot of significance to the French，and Chinese literary works tend to be highly thought of ．
Mai：Egyptians like literature that reflects human nature and experience．A couple of good examples of this are “Fond Memories of Autumn” by Shi Tiesheng and “Street Scene” by Zhou Guoping．I think Egypt and China are closely connected and both have a lot in common ．Because of this，Chinese literary works really strike a chord in the hearts of Egyptian readers．
解读中国
我们都对中国文学再熟悉不过了。可你有没有想过，在中国以外的地方，人们都读过哪些中国文学作品？这些作品受到怎样的评价？今天，四位汉学家、翻译家将给我们分享他们有关中国文学的经历。他们是：
佩特科，43岁，来自保加利亚
安妮鲁斯，34岁，来自荷兰
若阿基姆，25岁，来自法国
马伊，28岁，来自埃及
问题1：你是怎么对中国文学产生兴趣的？
佩特科：一切都要从我小时候看的一部叫《少林寺》的电影说起。那部电影给了我很多让我爱上中国的理由。我当然为中国功夫所叹服——人人都喜欢功夫，不是吗？我还觉得中文听起来那么美，我发现我也喜欢中国的音乐——我特别喜欢这部电影的主题曲《牧羊曲》。
安妮鲁斯：我从小就对语言感兴趣。上高中的时候，我开始读中国历史和文化方面的书，这激励我在大学选择了汉学专业。
若阿基姆：我15岁的时候，妈妈给我买了一本经典名著《史记》。在此之前，我唯一接触过的历史巨作是《荷马史诗》。《史记》是我接触的第一部中国的经典文学作品。通过阅读《史记》，我领略了中国“太史公”司马迁的才华。他的文章对我影响很大，激发了我对中国文学的热情。
马伊：我开始从事翻译工作后，渐渐对中国文学产生了兴趣。埃及大多数文学译作来自英语国家，所以读中国文学作品使人兴奋，也鼓舞人心。
问题2：你是如何选择作品来翻译的？
佩特科：我特别喜欢中国古典文学，尤其是明清时期的作品。我第一次读《红楼梦》时就喜欢上了它，并决心把它译成保加利亚语。现在这个梦想已经实现了，我的下一个目标就是翻译《三国演义》。
安妮鲁斯：在荷兰，声望高的汉学家的意见很大程度上影响翻译作品的选择。此外，出版社往往会参考其他国家哪些中国作品畅销。到目前为止，我已经翻译了一些年轻中国作家的作品，我也期待他们新的作品。
若阿基姆：我只是随着喜好和兴趣走。我翻译了戴望舒的一些诗。现在，我正在研究20世纪初上海的流行文学。
马伊：我不在乎一个作家是否受欢迎。我最感兴趣的是作品本身。我翻译过席慕蓉和毕淑敏等作家的作品。我还密切关注新的年轻作者自己在网上发表的作品——他们有一些不错的想法。
问题3：中国哪些作家的作品在贵国较受欢迎？
佩特科：《三十六计》在保加利亚卖出了一千多本。在保加利亚，作者通常最期待的是自己的作品卖几百本，《三十六计》在保加利亚是畅销书！
安妮鲁斯：每年都有更多中国作家的作品在荷兰出版，它们很受欢迎。购买和阅读这些书籍的人想要更多地了解中国文化和日常生活。总的来说，我不得不承认，在荷兰，人们对中国文学的了解相当有限。
若阿基姆：鲁迅、沈从文等现代作家的许多作品已被翻译成法语。而且一些当代作家的小说在法国也卖得相当好。文学对法国人来说意义重大，中国的文学作品往往获得很高评价。
马伊：埃及人喜欢反映人性和人生经历的文学。其中，史铁生的《秋天的怀念》和周国平的《街头即景》就是很好的例子。我认为埃及和中国联系紧密，有许多共同之处。正因为如此，中国文学作品才真正引起了埃及读者的共鸣。
Period 4
核心词汇
1．①into ②on ③for ④gave a detailed account of
2．①as ②In ③On the whole
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①When ②As ③when/while ④When/After ⑤before ⑥since ⑦until/till ⑧The ⑨the first time I met him ⑩had he come home when
[即时训练2]
①where ②If ③unless ④Provided/Providing ⑤as long as one brings value to the life of others ⑥In case you need my help
[即时训练3]
①because ②that ③Because my spoken English is fluent ④Since/Now (that) you've got a chance
[即时训练4]
①such ②so ③such ④was he injured that ⑤so that/in order that all of us could understand him ⑥for fear that we would miss the train
[即时训练5]
①Although/Though/While ②as/though ③Whatever/No matter what difficulties he meets with ④even if/though we may encounter difficulties ⑤whether the sun shines strongly or it snows heavily
[即时训练6]
①not so/as outgoing as ②as the teacher tells you to do
巩固落实
用适当的从属连词填空
1．When 2．while 3．even if/though 4．although/though 5．if 6．as/though 7．that 8．where 9．whatever 10．before
1 / 16(共74张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 3 The world meets China
主题语境
人与社会——物质与非物质文化遗产
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
take...into account＝take account of
把……考虑在内
on account of 因为，由于
on no account 决不(置于句首时，句子要用
部分倒装)
account for 解释，说明，(数量、比例上)占
1．give an account of 描述
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①She did very well on the test when you take ____ account how little she studied．
②We had to put off the sports meet ___ account of the bad weather．
③How do you account ___ making so many mistakes in your homework
④他详细描述了在那个灾难性的夜晚他的财物被偷的经过。
He _______________________ his possessions stolen on the fateful night．
into
on
for
gave a detailed account of
进行总结时用以引出自己的观点或理由的表达，常见的有：
as a whole 总的来说
in general 通常，总的来说
to sum up 总之，概括地说
in short 简言之，总之
in summary 总之，概括起来
in a word 总之，简言之
in conclusion 总之，最后
in brief 简言之
to conclude 最后，总之
2．on the whole 基本上，大体上；总的来说
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①When I look back on my life，what strikes me is that I have been __ a whole a very lucky man，above all，lucky in my friends．
②__ short，changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience．
③基本上，人们都渴望享受休闲时光的机会。
____________，people are eager for the opportunity to enjoy leisure．
as
In
On the whole
复习状语从句
一、时间状语从句
1．when，while和as引导时间状语从句
(1)when从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生，从句谓语动词为延续性动词或非延续性动词。
When I lived there，I used to go to the seashore on Sundays．
我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。
(2)while从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，从句的谓语动词为延续性动词。
Please don't talk so loud while others are working．
别人工作时，请别高声谈话。
(3)as从句的动作与主句动作交替进行或同时发生，可翻译为“随着；一边……一边……”。
He hurried home，looking behind as he went．
他匆忙回家去，一边走一边回头望。
As time went on，it's getting warmer and warmer．
随着时间的推移，天越来越暖和了。
2．before和since引导时间状语从句
(1)before本意为“在……之前”，还可引申为“还未……就……，不到……就……；趁……；还没来得及……就……”。before引导时间状语从句的常用句型：
①It was＋时间段＋before从句(一般过去时)
过了多久才……
②It will be ＋时间段＋before从句(一般现在时) 要过多久才……
He had put the broken vase away before his mother came back．
他趁妈妈还没回来就把打碎的花瓶收拾好了。
It was some time before we realized the truth．
过了一段时间我们才意识到真相。
It will be half a year before I come back．
半年之后我才回来。
(2)since意为“自从……以来”，主句用完成时。since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，常理解为某一状态的终止；若用延续性动词或状态动词，则理解为某一动作的开始。since引导时间状语从句的常用句型：It is/has been＋时间段＋since...自从……以来多久了
He has written to me frequently since I got sick．
自从我病了以后，他经常给我写信。
It is three years since he came to our school．
他来我们学校已经三年了。
3．till和until引导时间状语从句
在肯定句中主句谓语动词应是延续性的，而在否定句中主句谓语动词应是非延续性的；till不可位于句首，而until则可以。
You may stay here till/until the rain stops．
你可以待在这里直到雨停。
I won't see him till/until his anger has cooled down．
等他怒气消了，我再去看他。
Until you told me，I had no idea of it．
直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。
[名师点津] not until置于句首时主句要用部分倒装。
Not until nine o'clock yesterday evening did we finish the work．
直到昨晚九点，我们才完成这项工作。
4．引导时间状语从句的名词词组
一些表示时间的名词词组，如the moment/minute/instant，every time，each time，the first time，the last time，the next time，by the time等可以起连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。
Every time I was in trouble，he would come to help me．
每次我处于困境，他就会来帮助我。
By the time we got there，the rain had stopped．
等我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。
5．表示“一……就……”的名词词组和连词
the moment/minute/instant等名词词组以及 as soon as，immediately，directly， no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...等连词都可引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”。
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother．
这个男孩一看到他妈妈就放声大哭。
[名师点津] no sooner...than...，hardly...when...结构中，no sooner与hardly置于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left．
我们一到车站，火车就离站了。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①_____ they heard the news，they were very surprised．
②___ you grow older，you'll know better and better about yourself．
③My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor ___________ I was packing them up．
④___________ he had finished his homework，he took a short rest．
⑤Mother asked me to make a wish ______ I blew out all the candles．
⑥I have heard lots of good things about you _____ I came back from abroad．
When
As
when/while
When/After
before
since
⑦I didn't begin to like our houseparents ________ something happened one night．
⑧___ moment I saw her，I knew there was something wrong．
⑨我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。
He left me a good impression _____________________．
⑩他一到家就开始抱怨。
Hardly ______________________ he began to complain．
until/till
The
the first time I met him
had he come home when
二、地点状语从句和条件状语从句
1．地点状语从句
where，wherever可引导地点状语从句。
We must camp where we can get water．
我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。
2．条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词有：if，unless，as/so long as，supposing (that)(倘若；如果)，provided/providing (that)(倘若；如果)，on condition that(条件是)，in case(万一)等。
You'll fail the exam unless you study hard．
除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。
We can overcome the difficulties as long as we are organized．
只要我们组织起来，我们就能克服困难。
You can use this room supposing that you keep it clean and tidy．
如果你能保持房间干净整洁，你就可以用这间房子。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①If you happen to get lost in the wild，you'd better stay _____ you are and wait for help．
②__ we don't stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone．
③Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion ______ he wants their support．
where
If
unless
④_________________ (provide) that he doesn't come，what shall we do
⑤只要一个人给别人的生活带来价值，那么他的生命就有价值。
One's life has value _______________________________________．
⑥万一你需要帮助的话，这是我的电话号码。
______________________，here is my telephone number．
Provided/Providing
as long as one brings value to the life of others
In case you need my help
三、原因状语从句
1．because/as/since/now(that)引导的原因状语从句
because 语气最强，表示直接的理由。可用来回答why 引导的问句，可用于强调句型 从句常放在主句后
as 语气较弱，较口语化，表示较明显的原因或已知的事实 从句常放在主句前
I was late for school because I missed the first bus．
我上学迟到是因为我错过了头班车。
As he was in a hurry，he left his bag home．
由于他太匆忙才把包丢在了家里。
since/ now(that) 语气较弱，所表示的原因为人们已知的事实。常译为“既然” 常可互换，但now (that)可用来说明一种新情况，然后加以推理
Since/Now that the rain has stopped，let's go home at once．
既然雨已停了，我们马上回家吧。
[名师点津] for“因为”后跟句子时，不是从属连词而是并列连词，是用来说明、补充解释或表示一种推理，所以for跟从句时不能置于句首。
The day breaks，for the birds are singing．
天亮了，因为鸟儿都在叫了。
2．seeing(that)(鉴于，由于)，considering(that)(考虑到)，in that (因为)引导的原因状语从句
The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history．
这本书不同于那本，因为这本是关于化学的，而那本是关于历史的。
They have made remarkable progress，considering that they only started last week．
考虑到他们是上周才开始的，他们已经取得了相当大的进步。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It was _______ he was late for class that he was scolded by the teacher．
②She was fortunate in ______she had many friends to help her．
③因为我的英语口语很流利，我认为我适合这项工作。
_______________________________，I think I am very suitable for this job．
④既然你有机会，就该充分利用。
________________________________，you might as well make full use of it．
because
that
Because my spoken English is fluent
Since/Now (that) you've got a chance
四、目的状语从句和结果状语从句
1．目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的常用从属连词有so (that)，in order that，for fear (that)，in case等。
My father began to study computer knowledge at the age of sixty so that/in order that he might keep up with times．
我的父亲六十岁时开始学习电脑知识，以便跟上时代。
Sometimes we are not satisfied with what our friend does，but we will not point it out for fear that we might lose that friend．
有时我们对朋友的所作所为并不满意，但我们不会指出来，唯恐失去那个朋友。
2．结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的常用从属连词有so...that...，such...that...等。在非正式语体中，其中的that可以省略。
(1)这类从句的具体结构：
so＋
such＋
Mike is such an honest worker that(＝so honest a worker that) we all believe in him．
迈克是一个很诚实的工人，我们都信任他。
It is such good weather that we all want to go to the park．
天气非常好，我们都想去公园。
These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer them．
这些问题很难，我们没人能回答。
He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family．
他挣这么少的钱养不起家。
(2)为了强调形容词和副词，当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。
So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions．
他是一个非常聪明的学生，能够解出所有的难题。
[名师点津] 除引导目的状语从句外，so (that)也可引导结果状语从句，并常有逗号和主句隔开。引导的目的状语从句中常有can，could，might，may等情态动词。试比较：
He turned up the radio，so that everyone heard the song．
他把收音机的音量调高了，结果每个人都听到了那首歌。(结果状语从句)
He turned up the radio so that everyone could hear the song．
他把收音机的音量调高，目的是每个人都能听见那首歌。(目的状语从句)
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It was ____ a hot day that they wanted to go swimming．
②The wind was __ strong that he could hardly move forward．
③He has made ____ great progress that the teachers are pleased with him．
④他伤得很重，不得不被送往医院。
So badly ________________ he had to be sent to the hospital．
such
so
such
was he injured that
⑤我们的老师讲得很慢，以便我们都能听懂。
Our teacher spoke slowly ______________________________________
______．
⑥我们很早就朝车站出发了，唯恐错过火车。
We set off for the station early _______________________________．
so that/in order that all of us could understand
him
for fear that we would miss the train
五、让步状语从句
1．引导让步状语从句的连词有：although，though，while(尽管，虽然)，even if/though，whether...or...，疑问词＋-ever与no matter＋疑问词等。
Although/Though/While he may be troubled，he always presents a calm smiling face．
尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。
Even if it should rain tomorrow，we will continue our work．
即使明天下雨，我们也要继续工作。
We'll go on with the work，whether we can find the necessary tools or not．
不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。
Whatever/No matter what you want to do，please look before you leap．
不管你想做什么事，请三思而后行。
2．as引导的让步状语从句需采用部分倒装，有时though引导的让步状语从句也采用部分倒装。
Try as he might，he couldn't solve the problem．
尽管他尝试了，但还是无法解决这个问题。
Child as he is，he knows a lot of the history of China．
虽然他只是个孩子，但他懂得许多中国历史方面的知识。(注意child前不用冠词)
Young though he is，he knows how to deal with such a thing．
他虽然年轻，但懂得如何处理这件事。
[即时训练5] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①_____________________ I've tried hard，none of my books have been published．
②Hard __________ she tries，she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework．
③无论遇到什么样的困难，他都要继续推行他的计划。
___________________________________________，he will carry on his plan．
Although/Though/While
as/though
Whatever/No matter what difficulties he meets with
④即使我们会遇到困难，为实现梦想而吃苦也是值得的。
It is worthwhile to suffer for our dreams，________________________
____________________．
⑤清洁工不得不整天在街上工作，无论是阳光暴晒还是天降大雪。
Cleaners have to work all day on the street ________________________
__________________________．
even if/though we may
encounter difficulties
whether the sun shines
strongly or it snows heavily
六、比较状语从句和方式状语从句
1．比较状语从句由as...as，not as/so...as，than引导。
She is as good an actress as she is a singer．
她当演员和当歌手一样出色。
Nobody understand the situation better than you (do)．
谁也不如你了解情况。
2．方式状语从句通常由as，as if，as though引导。
They did as I had asked．
他们是按我的要求做的。
He behaved as if/as though nothing had happened．
他表现得若无其事。
[即时训练6] 完成句子
①她不如她姐姐外向。
She is ____________________ her sister．
②你应该按照老师告诉你的去做。
You should do _________________________．
not so/as outgoing as
as the teacher tells you to do
用适当的从属连词填空
1．_____ I was a little girl，my family moved to a tiny town at the bottom of a big mountain．One day after school，2．_____ I was exploring the green woods of this magnificent mountain，I almost fell on a set of stairs．What could these steps lead to Curiosity got the best of me 3．_____________ I knew it would be starting to get dark soon．I started climbing up those strangely mysterious steps．
When
while
even if/though
I climbed and climbed，4．_______________ there was nothing but just green bushes and these steps．I had to reach the top! However，it was now getting really dark．My mum would be worried sick 5．__ I didn't come home soon．Tired and scared 6．__________ I was，I ran back home almost in the dark．
although/though
if
as/though
I was so anxious 7．____ I went to bed dreaming about what I would find at the top of this magical mountain．Could there be a castle up there Maybe I would find a monster 8．_____ there are green woods．Maybe I was taking the risk of never coming back home．Or，maybe all I would find was absolutely nothing! However，9．________ I would encounter，I was going to climb that mountain at all cost．And it was not a long time 10．______ I tried this adventure again．
that
where
whatever
before
①be familiar to 为……所熟悉
be familiar with sth．通晓……，熟悉……
②Sinologist n．汉学家
-ist后缀是名词性后缀，主要用于表示信仰者、专家、从事某种活动的人或具有某种特征或性质的物品。如dentist指的是牙医，artist指的是艺术家。
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
③translator n．翻译，译员
translate v．翻译
translation n．翻译
④fall in love with 爱上
fall into ruin(因无人照料而)衰落，败落
⑤be amazed by对……感到惊讶
be amazed to see/find/learn/discover惊讶地发现……
⑥tune n．曲调，旋律
theme tune 主题曲
⑦inspire v．激励，鼓舞；赋予灵感
inspiration n．灵感
inspiring adj．鼓舞人心的；激励的；启发灵感的
⑧academic major 学术专业
major v．主修 n．专业；主修生 adj．主要的；重要的
⑨prior adj．先前的；较早的
prior to 在……之前，先于……
priority n．优先事项；最重要的事；首要事情
a top priority当务之急
⑩be exposed to 接触；暴露于；面临
encounter n．相遇，邂逅
a chance encounter偶然相遇
encounter sb．/sth．偶然碰到或意外地遇见某人或某物
genius n．天才，天赋
have a profound effect on...对……有深远的影响
profound adj． 巨大的；深切的；深远的；知识渊博的；理解深刻的；深邃的
passion n．热情；激情
passionate adj． 热诚的；狂热的
passionately adv． 热诚地；狂热地
stimulating adj．激励人心的； 趣味盎然的
stimulate v．促进；激发；激励
particularly adv．尤其，特别
particular adj．不寻常的；格外的；特别的
in particular尤其；特别
be particular about sth．对……挑剔
be determined to do...决心做……
translate...into...把……翻译成……
respected adj．受人尊敬的
respect n．& v．尊敬
respectable adj．可敬的
in addition 除……以外(还)
go with 伴随；与……相伴而生
keep a close eye on 密切关注
best-seller 畅销品；畅销书
publish v．出版
publisher n．出版人(或机构)
publishing n．出版(业)，发行(业)
on the whole从整体上说
limited adj．有限的
significance n．意义，重要性
significant adj．重要的
be highly thought of 被高度赞扬
reflect v．反映
be closely connected 联系密切
have...in common 有相同之处
strike a chord 引起共鸣；打动心弦
READING CHINA
The world of Chinese literature is one that is familiar to① us all．But have you ever stopped to wonder what works are read outside of China and how they are received Today，four Sinologists② and translators③share their experience of Chinese literature with us．They are：
Petko，aged 43 from Bulgaria
Annelous，aged 34 from the Netherlands
Joachim，aged 25 from France
Mai，aged 28 from Egypt
Q1：How did you get interested in Chinese literature
Petko：[1] It all started with a movie I watched when I was a boy—The Shaolin Temple． That movie gave me so many reasons to fall in love with④ China．I was amazed by⑤ Chinese kung fu，of course—everyone loves kung fu，don't they I also thought the Chinese language sounded so beautiful，and I found that I liked Chinese music，too—I just loved the movie's theme tune⑥， Song of the Shepherd．
[1] 本句为复合句，I watched为省略了that或which的定语从句，修饰先行词a movie；when I was a boy 为时间状语从句。
Annelous：I became interested in languages at a young age．When I started high school，I began reading books about Chinese history and culture，and this inspired⑦ me to choose Chinese Studies as my academic major⑧ at university．
Joachim：When I was 15 years old，my mother bought me a copy of the classic Shi Ji，or Records of the Grand Historian．Prior⑨ to that，the only great historical works I had been exposed to⑩ were Homer's epic poems．Records of the Grand Historian was my first encounter with Chinese classical literature．After reading it，I realised the true genius of China's “Grand Historian”， Sima Qian．His writing had a profound effect on me，and I have this to thank for my passion for Chinese literature．
Mai：I gradually fell in love with Chinese literature when I started working as a translator．Most of the translated works of literature in Egypt are from the English-speaking world，so reading Chinese literature was a stimulating and inspiring experience．
Q2：How do you select works to translate
Petko：I particularly like classical Chinese literature，especially works from the Ming and Qing dynasties．[2] I fell in love with Dream of the Red Chamber the first time I read it，and was determined to translate it into Bulgarian．[3] Now that this dream has come true，my next goal is to translate The Romance of the Three Kingdoms．
[2]本句为复合句，the first time 引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次……”。
[3]本句为复合句，now that 引导原因状语从句，意为“由于，因为，既然”。
Annelous：[4] In the Netherlands，the decision as to which works of Chinese literature get translated is largely influenced by the opinions of respected Sinologists． In addition ，publishing houses tend to look to other countries to see which Chinese works have sold well there．I've so far translated the writings of several young Chinese authors，and I'm looking forward to their new works．
[4]本句为复合句，which works of Chinese literature get translated为which引导的名词性从句，作as to 的宾语。
Joachim：I just go with what I like and what I am interested in．I've translated some poems by Dai Wangshu．Right now，I'm doing research into popular literature in Shanghai at the start of the 20th century．
Mai: I don't care if a writer is popular or not．What interests me most is the work itself．I've translated some works by authors such as Xi Murong and Bi Shumin．I also keep a close eye on what's being self-published online by new，young authors—they have some good ideas．
Q3：Which works by Chinese writers are popular in your country？
Petko: Thirty-six Stratagems has sold more than 1，000 copies in Bulgaria．[5] When you consider that here the best a writer can usually hope for is to sell a few hundred copies of their work，Thirty-six Stratagems is a best-seller in Bulgaria!
[5]本句为复合句，when引导时间状语从句；that 引导宾语从句；a writer can usually hope for为省略了that的定语从句，修饰先行词the best；to sell a few hundred copies of their work为动词不定式短语作表语。
Annelous：[6] Each year sees more works by Chinese writers published in the Netherlands，and they are well-received．The people that buy and read these books do so because they want to learn more about Chinese culture and everyday life in China．On the whole ， I do have to admit that here，people's knowledge of Chinese literature is rather limited ．
[6]本句为简单句，主语为each year，为无生命名词作主语。
Joachim：Many works by modern writers such as Lu Xun and Shen Congwen have been translated into French． And the novels of some contemporary writers also sell quite well in France．Literature has a lot of significance to the French，and Chinese literary works tend to be highly thought of ．
Mai：Egyptians like literature that reflects human nature and experience．A couple of good examples of this are “Fond Memories of Autumn” by Shi Tiesheng and “Street Scene” by Zhou Guoping．I think Egypt and China are closely connected and both have a lot in common ．Because of this，Chinese literary works really strike a chord in the hearts of Egyptian readers．
解读中国
我们都对中国文学再熟悉不过了。可你有没有想过，在中国以外的地方，人们都读过哪些中国文学作品？这些作品受到怎样的评价？今天，四位汉学家、翻译家将给我们分享他们有关中国文学的经历。他们是：
佩特科，43岁，来自保加利亚
安妮鲁斯，34岁，来自荷兰
若阿基姆，25岁，来自法国
马伊，28岁，来自埃及
问题1：你是怎么对中国文学产生兴趣的？
佩特科：一切都要从我小时候看的一部叫《少林寺》的电影说起。那部电影给了我很多让我爱上中国的理由。我当然为中国功夫所叹服——人人都喜欢功夫，不是吗？我还觉得中文听起来那么美，我发现我也喜欢中国的音乐——我特别喜欢这部电影的主题曲《牧羊曲》。
安妮鲁斯：我从小就对语言感兴趣。上高中的时候，我开始读中国历史和文化方面的书，这激励我在大学选择了汉学专业。
若阿基姆：我15岁的时候，妈妈给我买了一本经典名著《史记》。在此之前，我唯一接触过的历史巨作是《荷马史诗》。《史记》是我接触的第一部中国的经典文学作品。通过阅读《史记》，我领略了中国“太史公”司马迁的才华。他的文章对我影响很大，激发了我对中国文学的热情。
马伊：我开始从事翻译工作后，渐渐对中国文学产生了兴趣。埃及大多数文学译作来自英语国家，所以读中国文学作品使人兴奋，也鼓舞人心。
问题2：你是如何选择作品来翻译的？
佩特科：我特别喜欢中国古典文学，尤其是明清时期的作品。我第一次读《红楼梦》时就喜欢上了它，并决心把它译成保加利亚语。现在这个梦想已经实现了，我的下一个目标就是翻译《三国演义》。
安妮鲁斯：在荷兰，声望高的汉学家的意见很大程度上影响翻译作品的选择。此外，出版社往往会参考其他国家哪些中国作品畅销。到目前为止，我已经翻译了一些年轻中国作家的作品，我也期待他们新的作品。
若阿基姆：我只是随着喜好和兴趣走。我翻译了戴望舒的一些诗。现在，我正在研究20世纪初上海的流行文学。
马伊：我不在乎一个作家是否受欢迎。我最感兴趣的是作品本身。我翻译过席慕蓉和毕淑敏等作家的作品。我还密切关注新的年轻作者自己在网上发表的作品——他们有一些不错的想法。
问题3：中国哪些作家的作品在贵国较受欢迎？
佩特科：《三十六计》在保加利亚卖出了一千多本。在保加利亚，作者通常最期待的是自己的作品卖几百本，《三十六计》在保加利亚是畅销书！
安妮鲁斯：每年都有更多中国作家的作品在荷兰出版，它们很受欢迎。购买和阅读这些书籍的人想要更多地了解中国文化和日常生活。总的来说，我不得不承认，在荷兰，人们对中国文学的了解相当有限。
若阿基姆：鲁迅、沈从文等现代作家的许多作品已被翻译成法语。而且一些当代作家的小说在法国也卖得相当好。文学对法国人来说意义重大，中国的文学作品往往获得很高评价。
马伊：埃及人喜欢反映人性和人生经历的文学。其中，史铁生的《秋天的怀念》和周国平的《街头即景》就是很好的例子。我认为埃及和中国联系紧密，有许多共同之处。正因为如此，中国文学作品才真正引起了埃及读者的共鸣。
THANKS
