Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．check out 调查，检查；了解……的情况；结账离开；(从图书馆等)借出
[一词多义] 写出下列句中check out的含义
①The engineer checked out all the machines before they were put to use． _______
②According to regulations of this hotel，guests should check out of their rooms by noon． ________
③The library allows you to check out six books at a time． ______
④We'll have to check him out before we employ him． _________
check in 登记，报到
check up on 核对；检验
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
⑤Check up the facts before you write your report．
⑥布莱恩在办理登机手续前需要见一个叫托尼的朋友。
Brain needed to meet a friend named Tony before he for his flight．
2．set out动身踏上(漫长的)旅途；开始，着手
(1)set out for 动身去某处
set out to do sth．＝set about doing sth． 着手做某事
(2)set aside 存储；留出
set up 建立；创立
set down 放下；记下
set off 动身，出发；启程；燃放(烟火等)；引发
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①We can set early so that we'll have more time to read and select books．
②His company is developing so rapidly that he has set several branches in other big cities．
③I try to set a few minutes each day to do some exercise．
④在政府的帮助下，人们开始创建他们的新家园。
a．People with the help of the government．(set out)
b．People with the help of the government．(set about)
3．throw oneself into积极投入到……中去
throw away 抛弃；扔掉
throw off 脱去
throw up 举起；呕吐
throw out 抛出；扔出去
throw oneself on 扑倒在……上；完全依赖
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①If you throw yourself the job，you'll finish it by this evening．
②People are recycling many things which they would have thrown in the past．
③Trembling with fear，he threw himself the bed and covered his head with the quilt．
④很多年轻人积极投身于医院的志愿工作。
A lot of young people the voluntary work in hospitals actively．
There is no need (for sb．)to do sth．
(教材原句)While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations，we should always look into things first and consider our options．
虽然我们没有必要回避新的情况，但我们应该总是先看问题，并考虑我们的选择。
[句式分析] there is no need for sb．to do sth．意为“对某人来说做某事是没有必要的”。
There is no need for us to discuss the problem again since it has already been solved．
既然这个问题已经解决了，我们就没有必要再讨论了。
There is no trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth．
做某事没有困难。
There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问……
There is no sense/point (in) doing sth． 做某事没有道理/意义。
There is no chance/possibility to do/of doing sth．
没有做某事的机会/可能性。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①As long as we try our best，there's no need for us (feel) regretful for these failures．
②There is no doubt China has made great progress in space exploration．
③没必要为此担心，因为政府正在尽一切努力提供更多的工作岗位。
as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs．
复习名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫作名词性从句。名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、名词性从句连接词的用法
1．连接词that，whether和if的用法。
(1)连接词that在从句中没有词义，只起连接作用，不作任何成分。
That the heavy haze is harming our health is quite apparent．
浓重的雾霾正在危害我们的健康，这是很明显的。
(2)连接词whether，if意为“是否”，只起连接作用，不作任何成分。若在两者之间二选一，应选择whether。
Whether they will have the meeting hasn't been decided yet．
他们是否要开会还没有定下来。
2．连接代词who(m)，whose，what，which，who(m)ever，whatever，whichever在从句中都有词义，既起连接作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
Only by reading books are we able to realize what happened centuries ago．
只有通过读书，我们才能了解几个世纪前发生的事情。
Whoever breaks the rule should be punished．
不论谁违反了规则都要受到惩罚。
3．连接副词when，where，why，how在从句中都有词义，既起连接作用，又在从句中作状语。
She has decided how she should settle the matter．
她已作出决定如何来解决这件事。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
① he said at the meeting described a bright future for the company．
②Then she asked me the restaurant was on the fifth floor．
③ we understand things has a lot to do with we feel．
④The best moment for the football star was he scored the winning goal．
⑤Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming weekend．
二、主语从句
1．主语从句在复合句中作主语。
Who will win the match is still unknown．
谁将赢得这场比赛还有待分晓。
Whether we will go there tomorrow depends on the weather．
我们明天是否去那里取决于天气。
[名师点津] 单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。
Where and when he was born has not been found．
他出生的地点和时间还没有被找到。
When he will come and how he will come are still unknown．
他什么时候来，怎么来，现在还不清楚。
2．有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句，即真正的主语，放在后面。
It is necessary that a person should provide against a raining day．
一个人应该居安思危、未雨绸缪。
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake．
她犯了这样一个错误，真是遗憾。
If a person dose his best，it doesn't matter what people think of him．
如果一个人尽了他最大的努力，那么人们如何评价他并没关系。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
① I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents．
②It remains to be seen the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice．
③ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather later on．
④It doesn't matter you wear，so long as you look neat and tidy．
⑤ he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all．
三、宾语从句
1．宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。在口语或非正式的文体中，引导宾语从句的that可以省略。
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year．
他告诉我他明年将去上大学。
I'm thinking of whether we should go to see the film．
我正在考虑我们是否应该去看这部电影。
2．it作形式宾语
(1)动词find，consider，think，feel，believe，make等后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置。
I've made it clear that I won't accept this job．
我已表明我不会接受这份工作。
(2)有些动词(短语)，如enjoy，love，like，hate，appreciate，see to，depend/rely on等后接宾语从句时，习惯在从句前加形式宾语it。
Yon may depend on it that we will support you．
你相信好了，我们会支持你的。
3．宾语从句的时态
当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，从句的谓语动词通常用相应的过去时。但如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管从句的谓语动词是何种时态，从句都要用一般现在时。
They made up their mind that they would buy a new house soon．
他们下定决心很快就买所新房子。
The teacher told us that failure is the mother of success．
老师告诉我们失败是成功之母。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①He has made it clear he will not give up taking part in the activity．
②I wonder you can give me some advice on how to make friends．
③I can't understand you are so prejudiced against us．
④Why don't you bring to his attention that you're too ill to work on
⑤Do not let any failures discourage you，for you can never tell close you may be to victory．
四、表语从句
1．表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。除了前面列举的连接词外，还包括as if/though，because等。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel．
问题是他什么时候可以到达酒店。
It looks as if we shall stay the night here after all．
看来我们不得不在这里过夜了。
2．当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。
The reason why he is absent from school is that he is sick．
他没来上学的理由是他生病了。
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空
①My doubt is they can complete the task on time．
②The reason why I admire him is he starts every day with a smile．
③To practice as much as possible is the secret lies，which is true．
④Everything keeps changing，and that's we should see the world．
五、同位语从句
1．在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。它一般位于fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词做进一步的解释，或说明前面名词的具体含义。同位语从句可由that，whether，what，when，where等引导。
We must face the fact that the war has killed many people．
我们必须正视战争已经夺取了许多人的生命这一事实。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there．
他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
2．分隔式同位语从句
有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句。
Word came that our football team had won the match．
消息传来，我们的足球队赢了比赛。
[名师点津] 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句是对前面的名词做进一步解释，引导词只起引导作用，不可省略；定语从句是对前面的名词进行修饰、限制，在句子作一定的成分。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school．
他们赢得比赛的消息很快传遍了整个校园。(同位语从句)
The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing．
你昨天告诉我的那个消息真令人失望。(定语从句)
[即时训练5] 单句语法填空
①I have no idea he will come．
②They are faced with the problem they should continue the work．
③I followed his advice I should enrich myself by doing things like reading and writing．
④The question should be in charge of the meeting has not yet been settled．
用适当的名词性从句的引导词填空
1． worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2． she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill．She has some doubts 3． she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar．Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can't sleep well these days．Maybe this is 4． she becomes fatter these days，she thinks．5． she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task．So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions．But 6． will give her better advice also puzzle her．It is her parents' suggestion 7． she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital．Professor Wang suggests 8． she keep a balanced diet first．She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein．What's more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day．Mary asked Professor Wang 9． she should take exercise．Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o'clock in the afternoon．That is 10． she will have more time to do sports．It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①shipwreck n．失事的船；沉船
②represent v．代表
③unexplored adj．无人涉足的
④given prep．鉴于
⑤archaeological adj．考古学的；考古的
⑥find n．发现
⑦shallow adj．浅的
⑧beneath the waves在海浪下
⑨ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟
⑩remaining adj．剩下的，余下的
extreme adj．极度的，极端的
depth n．深处；深度
fragment n．碎片；片段
biological adj．生物的；生物学的
at the rate of 以……的速度
transparent adj．透明的
trench n．海沟
be equivalent to相当于，等于
stack v．(使)整齐地堆起；摞起
capacity n．能力，承受力
notable adj．显要的；显著的；值得注意的
substance n．物质
hold the record 保持纪录
conduct v．实施，执行
identify v．确定；找到，发现
a tough
environment 恶劣的环境
enormous adj．巨大的
intense adj．十分强烈的，极度的
beyond the reach of 无法达到；超出……的能力
cooperation n．合作
mission n．任务，使命
frontier n．边疆；(学科或活动的)尖端，边缘
DIVING DEEP
Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks①．All of them represent② attempts over the centuries to explore Earth's furthest corners．[1] Among these is the Esmeralda，the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia．Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little — if any — land on our planet left unexplored③．We have more detailed maps of the Moon，and even of Venus and Mars，than we do of Earth's own sea bed．
[1]本句为完全倒装句。the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia为 Esmeralda的同位语。
[2]Given④ our limited knowledge，it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields．As with the discovery of the Esmeralda，many archaeological⑤ finds⑥ are made in shallow⑦ waters near the coast．These may sometimes include whole cities buried beneath the waves⑧．One such find is the ancient Roman city of Neápolis，discovered off the coast of Tunisia．Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD，the ruins⑨ of Neápolis are almost 2，000 years old．The remaining⑩ streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history．However，we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure，darkness and extreme cold at vast depths ．Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be discovered．
[2]句中that引导主语从句，it作形式主语。
Amazing biological discoveries are also being made．The dark zones of the oceans may contain up to 90 per cent of the planet's fish．[3] In these waters，more than 200 metres deep，where light cannot reach，are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction．Imagine bone－white coral 6，000 metres below the ocean's surface，growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year．Some of these could be 4，000 years old．Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye，a strange fish with eyes that can look upwards through its transparent forehead．In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than 8，000 metres below the surface，the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another．Yet there is still life to be found，even around the deep－sea volcanic openings．These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet，even in the most extreme circumstances．
[3]本句为表示地点的介词短语位于句首的倒装句；where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词waters；that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词creatures；as if引导表语从句。
[4]Furthermore，the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources，some of which are completely new to us．Most notable of these is China's discovery of an ice－like substance ，known as “fire ice”， under the South China Sea．In addition，China's underwater vessels，such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi，have been exploring waters at depths of thousands of metres．The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine，at 7，062 metres，giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers．[5] The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was formed，as well as helping identify areas for deep－sea drilling，taking deep－sea exploration into a whole new era．
[4]本句为复合句。some of which...为“代词＋介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。
[5]本句为复合句。句子主干为The research is giving scientists a greater understanding of...as well as helping...；conducted by these vessels为过去分词短语作后置定语；how the sea bed was formed为how引导的宾语从句。
Being a tough environment of complete darkness，enormous pressure and intense cold，the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration．However，through closer international scientific，economic and cultural cooperation ，we are all becoming part of a global mission to open up our planet's final frontier ．Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery，and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today．
潜入深海
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸，每艘都代表了若干世纪以来探索地球最远端的努力尝试。其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉达号”，它是欧洲国家探索亚洲时代留下的最早的残骸。如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。然而，我们手中关于地球自身海底的地图，甚至比不上关于月球乃至金星、火星的天体图详尽。
基于我们有限的认知，探索海洋可以带来许多科学领域的新发现，这也许就显得不足为奇了。就像发现“埃斯梅拉达号”的残骸一样，很多考古学发现都发生在近海岸的浅水水域。这些发现有时会包括埋在海浪下的整座城市，其中之一便是在突尼斯近海发现的古罗马城市奈阿波利斯。据悉，在公元4世纪，奈阿波利斯被一场海啸淹没，其废墟至今已有近2 000年的历史。存留下来的街道、建筑为我们打开了一扇窗，让我们得以窥见那段精彩的历史。然而，我们才刚刚开始克服广袤的海洋深处的压强、黑暗和极寒所带来的挑战。过去的碎片仍深藏在大洋底部，等待被发现。
生物学领域也有惊人的发现。海洋的黑暗区域里或许生存着地球上多达90%的鱼类。在200多米以下，阳光照不到的深水水域里，住着一些看起来就像是直接从科幻小说中走出来的奇异生物。想象一下，在海平面下6 000米深处，骨白色的珊瑚以每年仅一到两毫米的速度缓慢生长着，它们中有些已经存活了4 000年。漆黑的深海里管眼鱼游来游去，这是种奇特的鱼，其眼睛可以透过透明的前额向上看。在海平面以下8 000多米处最深的海沟里，压强相当于50架飞机堆叠在一起。然而这里仍有生命的存在，甚至在深海海底的火山口周围也有生命。这些深海发现帮助我们理解地球上生命的承受力，甚至是在最极端的环境下的承受力。
此外，海洋还包含着珍贵的自然资源，其中一些对我们来说完全是新的资源。最值得一提的便是中国在南海发现的被称为“可燃冰”的冰状物质。此外，中国的水下舰艇如“蛟龙号”和“深海勇士号”，一直在数千米深的水域探索。“蛟龙号”甚至保持着载人潜舰的最深下潜纪录7 062米，使中国跻身于世界顶级海洋探索国之列。借助这些潜水器所完成的研究有利于科学家进一步了解海床的形成过程，帮助确定深海钻探区域，将深海勘探带入一个崭新的时代。
深海区域环境恶劣，完全黑暗、压强极大、极度寒冷，长期以来都是人类探索无法企及的区域。然而，通过更紧密的国际科学、经济以及文化合作，我们都在成为开拓地球最后疆域这一全球使命的参与者。人类正走向海洋发现的新时代，或许有朝一日，我们会像熟悉脚下的土地一样熟悉那海浪下的世界。
Period 4
核心词汇
1．①检查 ②结账离开 ③(从图书馆等)借出 ④了解……的情况 ⑤on ⑥checked in
2．①out/off ②up ③aside ④set out to build their new homes；set about building their new homes
3．①into ②away ③on ④throw themselves into
句法句式
①to feel ②that ③There is no need to worry about it
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①What ②whether/if ③How；what ④when ⑤that
[即时训练2]
①What ②that ③When ④what ⑤That
[即时训练3]
①that ②whether/if ③why ④it ⑤how
[即时训练4]
①whether ②that ③where ④how
[即时训练5]
①when ②whether ③that ④who
巩固落实
用适当的名词性从句的引导词填空
1．What 2．that 3．whether 4．why 5．How 6．who 7．that 8．that 9．when 10．because
1 / 12(共54张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 5 Into the unknown
主题语境
人与社会——社会进步与人类文明
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
[一词多义] 写出下列句中check out的含义
①The engineer checked out all the machines before they were put to use． ____
②According to regulations of this hotel，guests should check out of their rooms by noon． ________
1．check out 调查，检查；了解……的情况；结账离开；(从图书馆等)借出
检查
结账离开
③The library allows you to check out six books at a time．
________________
④We'll have to check him out before we employ him．
______________
check in 登记，报到
check up on 核对；检验
(从图书馆等)借出
了解……的情况
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
⑤Check up __ the facts before you write your report．
⑥布莱恩在办理登机手续前需要见一个叫托尼的朋友。
Brain needed to meet a friend named Tony before he ___________ for his flight．
on
checked in
(1)set out for 动身去某处
set out to do sth．＝set about doing sth．
着手做某事
(2)set aside 存储；留出
set up 建立；创立
set down 放下；记下
set off 动身，出发；启程；燃放(烟火 等)；引发
2．set out动身踏上(漫长的)旅途；开始，着手
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①We can set ________ early so that we'll have more time to read and select books．
②His company is developing so rapidly that he has set __ several branches in other big cities．
③I try to set _____ a few minutes each day to do some exercise．
out/off
up
aside
④在政府的帮助下，人们开始创建他们的新家园。
a．People ___________________________ with the help of the government．(set out)
b．People _______________________________ with the help of the government．(set about)
set out to build their new homes
set about building their new homes
throw away 抛弃；扔掉
throw off 脱去
throw up 举起；呕吐
throw out 抛出；扔出去
throw oneself on 扑倒在……上；完全依赖
3．throw oneself into积极投入到……中去
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①If you throw yourself ____ the job，you'll finish it by this evening．
②People are recycling many things which they would have thrown ____ in the past．
③Trembling with fear，he threw himself __ the bed and covered his head with the quilt．
④很多年轻人积极投身于医院的志愿工作。
A lot of young people ___________________ the voluntary work in hospitals actively．
into
away
on
throw themselves into
(教材原句)While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations，we should always look into things first and consider our options．
虽然我们没有必要回避新的情况，但我们应该总是先看问题，并考虑我们的选择。
There is no need (for sb．)to do sth．
[句式分析] there is no need for sb．to do sth．意为“对某人来说做某事是没有必要的”。
There is no need for us to discuss the problem again since it has already been solved．
既然这个问题已经解决了，我们就没有必要再讨论了。
There is no trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth．
做某事没有困难。
There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问……
There is no sense/point (in) doing sth．
做某事没有道理/意义。
There is no chance/possibility to do/of doing sth．
没有做某事的机会/可能性。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①As long as we try our best，there's no need for us ________(feel) regretful for these failures．
②There is no doubt ____ China has made great progress in space exploration．
③没必要为此担心，因为政府正在尽一切努力提供更多的工作岗位。
_____________________________ as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs．
to feel
that
There is no need to worry about it
复习名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫作名词性从句。名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、名词性从句连接词的用法
1．连接词that，whether和if的用法。
(1)连接词that在从句中没有词义，只起连接作用，不作任何成分。
That the heavy haze is harming our health is quite apparent．
浓重的雾霾正在危害我们的健康，这是很明显的。
(2)连接词whether，if意为“是否”，只起连接作用，不作任何成分。若在两者之间二选一，应选择whether。
Whether they will have the meeting hasn't been decided yet．
他们是否要开会还没有定下来。
2．连接代词who(m)，whose，what，which，who(m)ever，whatever，whichever在从句中都有词义，既起连接作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
Only by reading books are we able to realize what happened centuries ago．
只有通过读书，我们才能了解几个世纪前发生的事情。
Whoever breaks the rule should be punished．
不论谁违反了规则都要受到惩罚。
3．连接副词when，where，why，how在从句中都有词义，既起连接作用，又在从句中作状语。
She has decided how she should settle the matter．
她已作出决定如何来解决这件事。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①____ he said at the meeting described a bright future for the company．
②Then she asked me ___________ the restaurant was on the fifth floor．
③____ we understand things has a lot to do with ____ we feel．
④The best moment for the football star was _____ he scored the winning goal．
⑤Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming weekend．
What
whether/if
How
what
when
that
二、主语从句
1．主语从句在复合句中作主语。
Who will win the match is still unknown．
谁将赢得这场比赛还有待分晓。
Whether we will go there tomorrow depends on the weather．
我们明天是否去那里取决于天气。
[名师点津] 单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。
Where and when he was born has not been found．
他出生的地点和时间还没有被找到。
When he will come and how he will come are still unknown．
他什么时候来，怎么来，现在还不清楚。
2．有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句，即真正的主语，放在后面。
It is necessary that a person should provide against a raining day．
一个人应该居安思危、未雨绸缪。
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake．
她犯了这样一个错误，真是遗憾。
If a person dose his best，it doesn't matter what people think of him．
如果一个人尽了他最大的努力，那么人们如何评价他并没关系。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①_____ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents．
②It remains to be seen ____ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice．
③_____ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather later on．
④It doesn't matter ____ you wear，so long as you look neat and tidy．
⑤____ he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all．
What
that
When
what
That
三、宾语从句
1．宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。在口语或非正式的文体中，引导宾语从句的that可以省略。
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year．
他告诉我他明年将去上大学。
I'm thinking of whether we should go to see the film．
我正在考虑我们是否应该去看这部电影。
2．it作形式宾语
(1)动词find，consider，think，feel，believe，make等后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置。
I've made it clear that I won't accept this job．
我已表明我不会接受这份工作。
(2)有些动词(短语)，如enjoy，love，like，hate，appreciate，see to，depend/rely on等后接宾语从句时，习惯在从句前加形式宾语it。
Yon may depend on it that we will support you．
你相信好了，我们会支持你的。
3．宾语从句的时态
当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，从句的谓语动词通常用相应的过去时。但如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管从句的谓语动词是何种时态，从句都要用一般现在时。
They made up their mind that they would buy a new house soon．
他们下定决心很快就买所新房子。
The teacher told us that failure is the mother of success．
老师告诉我们失败是成功之母。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①He has made it clear ____ he will not give up taking part in the activity．
②I wonder ___________ you can give me some advice on how to make friends．
③I can't understand ___ you are so prejudiced against us．
④Why don't you bring __ to his attention that you're too ill to work on
⑤Do not let any failures discourage you，for you can never tell ____ close you may be to victory．
that
whether/if
why
it
how
四、表语从句
1．表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。除了前面列举的连接词外，还包括as if/though，because等。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel．
问题是他什么时候可以到达酒店。
It looks as if we shall stay the night here after all．
看来我们不得不在这里过夜了。
2．当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。
The reason why he is absent from school is that he is sick．
他没来上学的理由是他生病了。
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空
①My doubt is _______ they can complete the task on time．
②The reason why I admire him is ____ he starts every day with a smile．
③To practice as much as possible is _____ the secret lies，which is true．
④Everything keeps changing，and that's ____ we should see the world．
whether
that
where
how
五、同位语从句
1．在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。它一般位于fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词做进一步的解释，或说明前面名词的具体含义。同位语从句可由that，whether，what，when，where等引导。
We must face the fact that the war has killed many people．
我们必须正视战争已经夺取了许多人的生命这一事实。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there．
他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
2．分隔式同位语从句
有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句。
Word came that our football team had won the match．
消息传来，我们的足球队赢了比赛。
[名师点津] 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句是对前面的名词做进一步解释，引导词只起引导作用，不可省略；定语从句是对前面的名词进行修饰、限制，在句子作一定的成分。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school．
他们赢得比赛的消息很快传遍了整个校园。(同位语从句)
The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing．
你昨天告诉我的那个消息真令人失望。(定语从句)
[即时训练5] 单句语法填空
①I have no idea _____ he will come．
②They are faced with the problem _______ they should continue the work．
③I followed his advice ____ I should enrich myself by doing things like reading and writing．
④The question_____should be in charge of the meeting has not yet been settled．
when
whether
that
who
用适当的名词性从句的引导词填空
1．_____ worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2．____ she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill．She has some doubts 3．_______ she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar．Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can't sleep well these days．Maybe this is 4．____ she becomes fatter these days，she thinks．5．____ she becomes slimmer
What
that
whether
why
How
and healthier has been her main task．So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions．But 6．____ will give her better advice also puzzle her．It is her parents' suggestion 7．_____ she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital．Professor Wang suggests 8．____ she keep a balanced diet first．She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein．What's more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day．Mary asked Professor Wang 9．_____ she
who
that
that
when
should take exercise．Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o'clock in the afternoon．That is 10．_______ she will have more time to do sports．It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now．
because
①shipwreck n．失事的船；沉船
②represent v．代表
③unexplored adj．无人涉足的
④given prep．鉴于
⑤archaeological adj．考古学的；考古的
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑥find n．发现
⑦shallow adj．浅的
⑧beneath the waves在海浪下
⑨ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟
⑩remaining adj．剩下的，余下的
extreme adj．极度的，极端的
depth n．深处；深度
fragment n．碎片；片段
biological adj．生物的；生物学的
at the rate of 以……的速度
transparent adj．透明的
trench n．海沟
be equivalent to相当于，等于
stack v．(使)整齐地堆起；摞起
capacity n．能力，承受力
notable adj．显要的；显著的；值得注意的
substance n．物质
hold the record 保持纪录
conduct v．实施，执行
identify v．确定；找到，发现
a tough environment 恶劣的环境
enormous adj．巨大的
intense adj．十分强烈的，极度的
beyond the reach of 无法达到；超出……的能力
cooperation n．合作
mission n．任务，使命
frontier n．边疆；(学科或活动的)尖端，边缘
DIVING DEEP
Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks①．All of them represent② attempts over the centuries to explore Earth's furthest corners．[1] Among these is the Esmeralda，the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia．Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little—if any—land on our planet left unexplored③．We have more detailed maps of the Moon，and even of Venus and Mars，than we do of Earth's own sea bed．
[1]本句为完全倒装句。the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia为 Esmeralda的同位语。
[2]Given④ our limited knowledge，it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields．As with the discovery of the Esmeralda，many archaeological⑤ finds⑥ are made in shallow⑦ waters near the coast．These may sometimes include whole cities buried beneath the waves⑧．One such find is the ancient Roman city of Neápolis，
discovered off the coast of Tunisia．Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD，the ruins⑨ of Neápolis are almost 2，000 years old．The remaining⑩ streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history．However，we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure，darkness and extreme cold at vast depths ．Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be discovered．
[2]句中that引导主语从句，it作形式主语。
Amazing biological discoveries are also being made．The dark zones of the oceans may contain up to 90 per cent of the planet's fish．[3] In these waters，more than 200 metres deep，where light cannot reach，are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction．Imagine bone-white coral 6，000 metres below the ocean's surface，growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year．Some of these could be 4，000 years old．Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye，a strange
fish with eyes that can look upwards through its transparent forehead．In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than
8，000 metres below the surface，the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another．Yet there is still life to be found，even around the deep-sea volcanic openings．These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet，even in the most extreme circumstances．
[3]本句为表示地点的介词短语位于句首的倒装句；where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词waters；that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词creatures；as if引导表语从句。
[4]Furthermore，the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources，some of which are completely new to us．Most notable of these is China's discovery of an ice-like substance ，known as “fire ice”， under the South China Sea．In addition，China's underwater vessels，such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi，have been
exploring waters at depths of thousands of metres．The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine，at
7，062 metres，giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers．[5] The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was formed，as well as helping identify areas for deep-sea drilling，taking deep-sea exploration into a whole new era．
[4]本句为复合句。some of which...为“代词＋介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。
[5]本句为复合句。句子主干为The research is giving scientists a greater understanding of...as well as helping...；conducted by these vessels为过去分词短语作后置定语；how the sea bed was formed为how引导的宾语从句。
Being a tough environment of complete darkness，enormous pressure and intense cold，the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration．However，through closer international scientific，economic and cultural cooperation ，we are all becoming part of a global mission to open up our planet's final frontier ．Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery，and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today．
潜入深海
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸，每艘都代表了若干世纪以来探索地球最远端的努力尝试。其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉达号”，它是欧洲国家探索亚洲时代留下的最早的残骸。如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。然而，我们手中关于地球自身海底的地图，甚至比不上关于月球乃至金星、火星的天体图详尽。
基于我们有限的认知，探索海洋可以带来许多科学领域的新发现，这也许就显得不足为奇了。就像发现“埃斯梅拉达号”的残骸一样，很多考古学发现都发生在近海岸的浅水水域。这些发现有时会包括埋在海浪下的整座城市，其中之一便是在突尼斯近海发现的古罗马城市奈阿波利斯。据悉，在公元4世纪，奈阿波利斯被一场海啸淹没，其废墟至今已有近2 000年的历史。存留下来的街道、建筑为我们打开了一扇窗，让我们得以窥见那段精彩的历史。然而，我们才刚刚开始克服广袤的海洋深处的压强、黑暗和极寒所带来的挑战。过去的碎片仍深藏在大洋底部，等待被发现。
生物学领域也有惊人的发现。海洋的黑暗区域里或许生存着地球上多达90%的鱼类。在200多米以下，阳光照不到的深水水域里，住着一些看起来就像是直接从科幻小说中走出来的奇异生物。想象一下，在海平面下6 000米深处，骨白色的珊瑚以每年仅一到两毫米的速度缓慢生长着，它们中有些已经存活了4 000年。漆黑的深海里管眼鱼游来游去，这是种奇特的鱼，其眼睛可以透过透明的前额向上看。在海平面以下8 000多米处最深的海沟里，压强相当于50架飞机堆叠在一起。然而这里仍有生命的存在，甚至在深海海底的火山口周围也有生命。这些深海发现帮助我们理解地球上生命的承受力，甚至是在最极端的环境下的承受力。
此外，海洋还包含着珍贵的自然资源，其中一些对我们来说完全是新的资源。最值得一提的便是中国在南海发现的被称为“可燃冰”的冰状物质。此外，中国的水下舰艇如“蛟龙号”和“深海勇士号”，一直在数千米深的水域探索。“蛟龙号”甚至保持着载人潜舰的最深下潜纪录7 062米，使中国跻身于世界顶级海洋探索国之列。借助这些潜水器所完成的研究有利于科学家进一步了解海床的形成过程，帮助确定深海钻探区域，将深海勘探带入一个崭新的时代。
深海区域环境恶劣，完全黑暗、压强极大、极度寒冷，长期以来都是人类探索无法企及的区域。然而，通过更紧密的国际科学、经济以及文化合作，我们都在成为开拓地球最后疆域这一全球使命的参与者。人类正走向海洋发现的新时代，或许有朝一日，我们会像熟悉脚下的土地一样熟悉那海浪下的世界。
THANKS
