Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．submit v．提交；顺从，屈服
(1)submit...to... 把……提交给……
submit to... 顺从于……(to是介词)
submit oneself to... 使自己顺从于……(to是介词)
(2)submission n． 提交；屈服
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The report (submit) to the manager yesterday was being discussed at the meeting．
②No country would submit to (control) by another country in the world．
③The final date for the (submit) of proposals is March 14．
④对这次夏令营感兴趣的人必须在5月15日前提交申请书和相关资料。
Those who are interested in the summer camp must by May 15．
2．sign up (for) 报名参加(……)
(1)sign in/out 签到/签退
sign to sb．to do sth． 打手势(让某人)做某事
(2)a sign of... ……的标志/迹象
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①If you are interested，sign on our school website before August 10．
②He was desperately signing to me not (mention) anything about him．
③In communication，a smile is usually strong sign of a friendly and open attitude．
④我们班一些同学一听到消息，就马上分小组报名参加。
Hardly had they got the news when some of my classmates immediately．
复习情态动词
1．can和could
(1)表示能力。can表示现在的能力，could表示过去一般的能力。
My grandmother can do some shopping on the Internet，but she couldn't last year．
我奶奶会网购了，但是去年她还不会。
[名师点津] was/were able to表示有能力并且成功地做成了某事。
The fire spread through the building very quickly，but everyone was able to get out．
尽管这场大火迅速蔓延了整个大楼，但是每个人都逃了出去。
(2)can用于肯定句中，表示理论上的可能性，意为“有时候可能会”。
Everything can happen，everything is possible and probable．
任何事情都有可能发生，没有什么是不可能的。
(3)表示请求和允许。could表示更委婉的语气，回答时只能用can。
—Could/Can I use your bike
——我可以用你的自行车吗？
—Of course you can．
——当然可以。
(4)表示推测，常用于疑问句和否定句。
What can they be doing there
他们可能正在那里干什么？
He can't be in the classroom，for the light has been turned off．
他不可能在教室，因为灯已经关了。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Parents are doing all they to help their children achieve their ambitions．
②She asked the clerk if she arrange the examination at about ten the next day．
③以我来看，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。
In my opinion，a person without friends ．
④只有通过面对面交谈我们才有机会说服他改变主意。
Only by talking face to face to persuade him to change his mind．
2．may和might
(1)表示请求或许可。在疑问句中，might比may语气更委婉；给予许可时肯定回答用may而不用might，否定回答一般用mustn't/can't。
—May/Might I play the computer games after supper
——晚饭后我可以玩电脑游戏吗？
—Yes，you may．/No，you mustn't/can't．
——是的，可以。/不，不行。
(2)表示推测，意为“可能，或许”。
We may go to the cinema tonight，but we are not sure yet．
我们今晚或许去看电影，但还未确定。
(3)用于祈使句中，表示祝愿。
May you be happy every day and succeed in your work!
祝你每天都过得开心且工作顺利！
(4)“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好，倒不如”。
There is nothing to do，so I may/might as well go to bed．
没什么事可做，我还是上床睡觉好了。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Life is unpredictable；even the poorest become the richest．
②They be having a meeting，but I'm not sure．
③当我有不同的观点时，我或许会选择把它放弃而尊重大多数人的观点。
When I have a different opinion，I and respect the opinion of the majority．
④我们倒不如利用这次机会来提高我们的口语水平。
We to improve our oral English．
3．must和have to
(1)表示“必须；应该”，must一般指主观，而have to指客观上表示“不得不”。
We must do everything step by step．
我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
I have to go now for I've a meeting 15 minutes later．
我必须走了，因为15分钟后有个会。
(2)表示推测，意为“一定会”，此时只能用在肯定句中。
You have worked hard all day．You must be tired．
辛苦工作了一整天，你一定累了。
(3) mustn't表禁止，而have to的否定式意为“不必”。
You mustn't play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself．
你千万不要玩刀，否则会伤到自己的。
We don't have to take it too seriously—just for fun．
我们不必把它看得太认真——只是为了玩耍。
(4)表示偏执、固执，意为“偏要，硬要”。
If you must play，please go out．
如果你硬要玩，那就出去吧。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I'm sorry，but you go wrong．There's no such man here．
②If you go and play football，at least wait until school is over．
③最后一班公共汽车开走了，他只好步行回家。
The last bus had gone，so he ．
④你不可以在这里停车！这是紧急出口。
You ！ It's an emergency exit．
4．will和would
(1)表示意志、意愿和决心。用于各种人称，will指现在，would指过去。
We will never give up working，whatever happens．
无论发生什么事，我们都不会放弃工作。
They said that they would fight against the haze．
他们说要与雾霾作斗争。
(2)表示请求、建议。用于第二人称的疑问句，would比will更委婉。
Will/Would you please take a message for me
你能帮我捎个口信吗？
(3)表示习惯。will指现在，would指过去。
She will listen to music for hours．
她总是听音乐一听就是几个小时。
We would sit around Grandpa after supper，listening to his stories．
过去，晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围，听他讲故事。
[名师点津] would与used to两者均表示“过去常常”，但would表示过去重复、习惯性动作；而used to则强调过去与现在的对比。
He would take a walk near the forest in the evening．
以前，他晚间常在森林附近散步。
He used to spend all his money on food and drink；now he lives a simple life．
他过去把钱都花在吃喝上；现在可节省了。
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①When he lived in the countryside，he go fishing every day．
② you tell me something about local customs
③我过去常常开车上班，但是现在我骑自行车上班。
I ，but now I go to work by bike．
④我们永远不会放弃努力实现梦想。
We trying to make our dreams come true．
5．shall和should
(1)shall用于第一和第三人称的疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
Shall I buy some picture books for the children
要我给孩子们买些图画书吗？
(2)shall用于第二和第三人称的陈述句，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁；此外，当颁布法律、规定时也用shall。
You shall finish your homework first before you go out and play．
你得先做完作业再出去玩。
No reader shall remove a book from the library without permission．
未经许可，读者不可以把书带出图书馆。
(3)should表示劝告和建议，意为“应该”。此时ought to比should语气要强。
You should/ought to put more effort into your work．
你应该更加努力地工作。
(4)should表示预测可能性，意为“按道理应该会”。
He left Paris in the morning．So he should arrive here by supper time．
他早上离开巴黎。因此他晚饭前应该能到。
(5)should表示惊讶、意外等情绪，意为“竟然”。
It is strange that such things should happen in our school．
真奇怪，这样的事情竟然在我们学校发生了。
[即时训练5] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①You be punished for what you have done．
②You can't imagine that a well－behaved gentleman be so rude to a lady．
③你犯了那么多错。下次应该认真。
You have made so many mistakes．You ．
④我们有一条规定，那就是每个学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
One of our rules is that every student while at school．
6．need和dare
(1)need既可作实义动词，也可作情态动词。作情态动词时，后跟动词原形，表示“需要，有必要”，无人称和数的变化，多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。
Tony has known the good news，so you needn't tell it to him．
托尼已经知道了这个好消息，因此你不必再告诉他了。
Need I pay the whole amount now
我必须现在全部付清吗？
[名师点津] 由need开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答常用must；否定回答常用needn't或don't have to。
—Need I answer the question
——我需要回答那个问题吗？
—Yes，you must．/No，you needn't/don't have to．
——是的，你得回答。/不，不必了。
(2)dare既可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。作情态动词时多用于疑问句、否定句、条件状语从句以及表示怀疑的名词性从句中，表示“敢……”。
I dare not walk through the wood at night．
夜间，我不敢在小树林里走。
How dare you talk to me like that
你竟敢那样对我说话？
[即时训练6] 完成句子
①他吓得不敢动。
He was so frightened that he ．
②如果你有什么重要的事要做的话，今晚的会议就不要参加了。
You this afternoon if you have something important to do．
7．情态动词＋have done
(1)must have done表示对过去发生的事情十分肯定的推测，意为“想必/准是/一定做过某事。”
From what you said，she must have told you all about it．
从你所说的来看，她一定把一切都告诉你了。
(2)can/could have done用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，意为“不可能已经……”或“可能已经……了吗？”；用在肯定句中，表示对过去没有实现的可能性的遗憾，意为“本来能做……实际上却未做”。
Mr Smith can't have gone to Beijing，for I saw him in the library just now．
史密斯先生不可能去了北京，因为我刚才还在图书馆看见他了。
You could have done better，but you didn't try your best．
你本来能做得更好，但你没尽全力。
(3)should/ought to have done表示“过去本应该做某事而(实际上)没有做”，含有责备或遗憾的语气；其否定形式表示“某种行为不该发生却发生了”。
You should have done more exercise before．
以前你应该多进行锻炼的。
I was really anxious about you．You shouldn't have left home without a word．
我真的为你担心。你本不该不打声招呼就离开家。
(4)need have done表示“本需要做某事而实际未做”；needn't have done表示“本不必做某事而实际做了”。
As it turned out to be a small family party，we needn't have dressed up so formally．
由于这是一个小型的家庭聚会，我们本来没必要穿得那么正式。
(5)may/might have done表示对过去发生的事情的推测，意思是“也许已经做了某事，可能已经做了某事”，多用在肯定句中。
He might have said so at the meeting，but I'm not sure．
他或许在会上说过这样的话，但我说不准。
[即时训练7] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He needn't (water) the flowers，but he needed to do something to kill time．
②他本可以通过这次考试的，可是他太粗心了。
He ，but he was too careless．
③你很熟悉这个城市；你一定在这里待了很长时间。
You are very familiar with the city；you ．
④他们不应该走那么早。瞧，经理正在发火。
They ．Look，the manager is losing his temper．
用适当的情态动词填空
Hi，Elisa，
Do you remember that writing competition I told you about Well，my teacher suggested I go in for it，so I think I 1． ．I think the hardest thing for me will be the fact that I 2． write more than 600 words．Once I start writing I just can't stop，so I 3． control myself if I want to keep within the limit．
The good thing is that I 4． write about any specific topic—I 5． choose that myself．But I think I 6． write about something I'm familiar with．I 7． base it around a fishing trip or a tennis match．
I 8． send it in by the end of the month，so I'd better start writing soon，as I 9． go skiing on the 19th．
Wish me luck!
Tim
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①source of fascination 魅力源泉
②archeological adj．考古的
③in reality 事实上，实际上
④the naked eye 肉眼
⑤investigate v．调查，研究
⑥dramatically adv．巨大地；戏剧性地
⑦telescope n．望远镜
⑧angle v．斜置
⑨galaxy n．星系
⑩the Milky Way 银河系
cosmic adj．宇宙的
launch v．发射
breathtakingly adv．惊人地
image n．形象，影像
conceivably adv．可以相信地；可想象地
at an ever－increasing speed 以越来越快的速度
be engaged in从事于；忙于
advanced telescope 先进的望远镜
be composed of 由……组成/构成
subatomic particle 亚原子粒子
subatomic adj．亚原子的；原子内的
particle n．粒子
invisible adj．看不见的
construct v．建造，创建
quest for 探求，探索
EYES UPON THE NIGHT
The night sky has been an endless source of fascination① since the start of human history．For example，the mysterious large-eyed，bronze statues of the ancient Shu Kingdom，discovered at the Chinese archeological② site at Sanxingdui，were believed to have been able to look across great distances into the stars．In reality③， humans can see very little of the night sky with the naked eye④．And，for a long while，people were unable to understand what they could see．[1] Not knowing what the stars were，people in ancient times used their imaginations to create a world in the sky．
[1]not knowing what the stars were为动词-ing形式短语的否定形式，在句中作状语；what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作表语。
[2]Our power to investigate⑤ and thus understand space changed dramatically⑥ when the first telescope⑦ was angled⑧ at the night sky，increasing as it did the power of the human eye and enabling us to understand that the universe is far larger than was previously imaginable．The planets were seen to be worlds similar to our own，many of them even having their own moons．Soon，it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy⑨ we call the Milky Way⑩．Some 300 years later，we learnt that the Milky Way itself was just one galaxy among billions of others，spread across the blackness of space like great islands of light and matter floating in a vast cosmic ocean．
[2]本句句子主干为our power to investigate and thus understand space changed dramatically，主语中心词为our power，动词不定式作后置定语；when引导时间状语从句；第二个and连接并列的结果状语。
Almost 400 years after the first Earth-based telescope was invented，the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit，giving astronomers—indeed all of us—the first breathtakingly beautiful images of our universe taken from beyond Earth．Nothing in history has allowed us to see so much over such great distances，[3]from enormous clouds of gas where stars are being born，to huge black holes，and even to new planets where we might conceivably find life．Not only that—it has also helped us to work out the age and nature of the universe，and [4]discover the incredible fact that the universe is expanding at an ever-increasing speed ．
[3]句中的两个where引导的从句均为定语从句，分别修饰gas和planets。
[4]句中that引导同位语从句。
To see even further into the universe，many countries are now engaged in building ever more advanced telescopes ．Currently，China operates the world's largest and most powerful radio telescope，the FAST telescope，completed in 2016．The 500-metre dish of the “Eye of Heaven”，as it is known，is being used in the search for dark matter，thought to be composed of subatomic particles invisible to ordinary telescopes．This vast dish also has the ability to explore regions of space billions of light years away，right at the edge of the visible universe．
The Hubble and the space telescopes constructed after it will allow us to see further and further into space．We will view stars and galaxies billions of light years away and look back at a past that was billions of years ago．Using ever-larger radio telescopes as our eyes，we will one day be able to look back to a time in the very early universe，before the existence of light．But the human quest for knowledge reaches even beyond that．So much of the universe remains unexplored that we are still close to the start of this incredible journey of discovery．
眺望夜空的眼睛
从人类有史以来，夜空就一直是让人浮想联翩的不竭源头。例如在中国考古遗址三星堆发掘的古蜀国神秘的巨目铜像，古时的人们认为它能够看到遥远的星空。事实上，人类仅凭肉眼只能看到夜空很小的一部分。并且在很长一段时间里，人们都无法理解他们所看到的事物。古时的人们并不知道星星到底是什么，所以他们便凭着想象去创造了一个空中世界。
当第一台望远镜对准夜空时，我们探索进而理解太空的能力就发生了巨大变化，它不仅增强了人类肉眼观测的能力，而且也让我们明白宇宙要比之前想象的大得多。每个行星都可以被视为和我们地球类似的星球，其中许多行星甚至有它们自己的卫星。很快，我们明白太阳只不过是银河系中数十亿计的恒星中的一颗。大约300年后，我们又得知，银河系只是数十亿个散落在黑色太空中的星系之一，就像漂浮在宇宙汪洋中的一座光与物质组成的大型岛屿。
第一个地基望远镜问世将近400年之后，哈勃空间望远镜发射入轨，不仅让天文学家，事实上还让我们所有人，都看见了来自地球之外令人叹为观止的宇宙美景。它让我们史无前例地看到了如此遥远的景观——从星体诞生的巨大气体云团，到巨型黑洞，甚至到可能会发现生命迹象的新行星。不仅如此，它还帮助我们测算宇宙的年龄并分析宇宙的本质，且发现了惊人的事实——宇宙正在以不断增加的速度扩大。
为了能更加深入地观察宇宙，很多国家开始投入研发更先进的望远镜。近来，中国研发了世界最大、功能最强的射电望远镜——FAST望远镜，于2016年建成。众所周知，这个被称为“天眼”的500米口径巨盘用于探寻暗物质。暗物质被认为由亚原子粒子组成，一般望远镜是观测不到的。这个巨盘还能探索数十亿光年之外的太空领域，那里是看得到的宇宙的边界。
哈勃望远镜以及在它之后建成的太空望远镜将使我们能看见更加遥远的太空。我们将能观察几十亿光年外的星体和星系，回看数十亿年之前的过去。终将有一天，我们会使用更巨大的射电望远镜当作人类之眼，回看在光产生之前的宇宙的最早时期。但人类对知识的渴望不止于此。宇宙还有很多的未知领域，我们才刚刚接近这段奇幻发现之旅的起点。
Period 4
核心词汇
1．①submitted ②being controlled ③submission ④submit the applications and relevant materials
2．①up ②to mention ③a ④signed up (for it) in groups
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①can ②could ③can never be happy ④can we have the chance
[即时训练2]
①may/might ②may ③may choose to give it up ④might/may as well take advantage of the opportunity
[即时训练3]
①must ②must ③had to go home on foot ④mustn't park here
[即时训练4]
①would ②Would/Will ③used to go to work by car
④will never give up
[即时训练5]
①shall ②should ③should/ought to be careful next time ④shall wear school uniforms
[即时训练6]
①dared not move/didn't dare to move ②needn't/don't need to come to the meeting
[即时训练7]
①have watered ②could have passed the exam ③must have stayed here for a long time ④shouldn't have left so early
巩固落实
用适当的情态动词填空
1．will 2．shall/should/must 3．need 4．needn't 5．can
6．should/ought to 7．could/can 8．have to 9．will
1 / 12(共57张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 6 Space and beyond
主题语境
人与自然——宇宙奥秘探索
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
(1)submit...to... 把……提交给……
submit to... 顺从于……(to是介词)
submit oneself to... 使自己顺从于……(to是介词)
(2)submission n． 提交；屈服
1．submit v．提交；顺从，屈服
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The report _________(submit) to the manager yesterday was being discussed at the meeting．
②No country would submit to _______________(control) by another country in the world．
③The final date for the __________(submit) of proposals is March 14．
submitted
being controlled
submission
④对这次夏令营感兴趣的人必须在5月15日前提交申请书和相关资料。
Those who are interested in the summer camp must_________________
____________________________ by May 15．
submit the
applications and relevant materials
(1)sign in/out 签到/签退
sign to sb．to do sth． 打手势(让某人)做某事
(2)a sign of... ……的标志/迹象
2．sign up (for) 报名参加(……)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①If you are interested，sign ___ on our school website before August 10．
②He was desperately signing to me not ___________(mention) anything about him．
③In communication，a smile is usually __ strong sign of a friendly and open attitude．
④我们班一些同学一听到消息，就马上分小组报名参加。
Hardly had they got the news when some of my classmates ___________
________________ immediately．
up
to mention
a
signed up
(for it) in groups
复习情态动词
1．can和could
(1)表示能力。can表示现在的能力，could表示过去一般的能力。
My grandmother can do some shopping on the Internet，but she couldn't last year．
我奶奶会网购了，但是去年她还不会。
[名师点津] was/were able to表示有能力并且成功地做成了某事。
The fire spread through the building very quickly，but everyone was able to get out．
尽管这场大火迅速蔓延了整个大楼，但是每个人都逃了出去。
(2)can用于肯定句中，表示理论上的可能性，意为“有时候可能会”。
Everything can happen，everything is possible and probable．
任何事情都有可能发生，没有什么是不可能的。
(3)表示请求和允许。could表示更委婉的语气，回答时只能用can。
—Could/Can I use your bike
——我可以用你的自行车吗？
—Of course you can．
——当然可以。
(4)表示推测，常用于疑问句和否定句。
What can they be doing there
他们可能正在那里干什么？
He can't be in the classroom，for the light has been turned off．
他不可能在教室，因为灯已经关了。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Parents are doing all they ___ to help their children achieve their ambitions．
②She asked the clerk if she _____ arrange the examination at about ten the next day．
③以我来看，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。
In my opinion，a person without friends _____________________．
④只有通过面对面交谈我们才有机会说服他改变主意。
Only by talking face to face ______________________ to persuade him to change his mind．
can
could
can never be happy
can we have the chance
2．may和might
(1)表示请求或许可。在疑问句中，might比may语气更委婉；给予许可时肯定回答用may而不用might，否定回答一般用mustn't/can't。
—May/Might I play the computer games after supper
——晚饭后我可以玩电脑游戏吗？
—Yes，you may．/No，you mustn't/can't．
——是的，可以。/不，不行。
(2)表示推测，意为“可能，或许”。
We may go to the cinema tonight，but we are not sure yet．
我们今晚或许去看电影，但还未确定。
(3)用于祈使句中，表示祝愿。
May you be happy every day and succeed in your work!
祝你每天都过得开心且工作顺利！
(4)“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好，倒不如”。
There is nothing to do，so I may/might as well go to bed．
没什么事可做，我还是上床睡觉好了。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Life is unpredictable；even the poorest __________ become the richest．
②They ____ be having a meeting，but I'm not sure．
③当我有不同的观点时，我或许会选择把它放弃而尊重大多数人的观点。
When I have a different opinion，I _____________________ and respect the opinion of the majority．
may/might
may
may choose to give it up
④我们倒不如利用这次机会来提高我们的口语水平。
We ____________________________________________ to improve our oral English．
might/may as well take advantage of the opportunity
3．must和have to
(1)表示“必须；应该”，must一般指主观，而have to指客观上表示“不得不”。
We must do everything step by step．
我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
I have to go now for I've a meeting 15 minutes later．
我必须走了，因为15分钟后有个会。
(2)表示推测，意为“一定会”，此时只能用在肯定句中。
You have worked hard all day．You must be tired．
辛苦工作了一整天，你一定累了。
(3) mustn't表禁止，而have to的否定式意为“不必”。
You mustn't play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself．
你千万不要玩刀，否则会伤到自己的。
We don't have to take it too seriously—just for fun．
我们不必把它看得太认真——只是为了玩耍。
(4)表示偏执、固执，意为“偏要，硬要”。
If you must play，please go out．
如果你硬要玩，那就出去吧。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I'm sorry，but you ____ go wrong．There's no such man here．
②If you ____ go and play football，at least wait until school is over．
③最后一班公共汽车开走了，他只好步行回家。
The last bus had gone，so he ______________________．
④你不可以在这里停车！这是紧急出口。
You ________________ It's an emergency exit．
must
must
had to go home on foot
mustn't park here
4．will和would
(1)表示意志、意愿和决心。用于各种人称，will指现在，would指过去。
We will never give up working，whatever happens．
无论发生什么事，我们都不会放弃工作。
They said that they would fight against the haze．
他们说要与雾霾作斗争。
(2)表示请求、建议。用于第二人称的疑问句，would比will更委婉。
Will/Would you please take a message for me
你能帮我捎个口信吗？
(3)表示习惯。will指现在，would指过去。
She will listen to music for hours．
她总是听音乐一听就是几个小时。
We would sit around Grandpa after supper，listening to his stories．
过去，晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围，听他讲故事。
[名师点津] would与used to两者均表示“过去常常”，但would表示过去重复、习惯性动作；而used to则强调过去与现在的对比。
He would take a walk near the forest in the evening．
以前，他晚间常在森林附近散步。
He used to spend all his money on food and drink；now he lives a simple life．
他过去把钱都花在吃喝上；现在可节省了。
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①When he lived in the countryside，he _____ go fishing every day．
②___________ you tell me something about local customs
③我过去常常开车上班，但是现在我骑自行车上班。
I _______________________，but now I go to work by bike．
④我们永远不会放弃努力实现梦想。
We ________________ trying to make our dreams come true．
would
Would/Will
used to go to work by car
will never give up
5．shall和should
(1)shall用于第一和第三人称的疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
Shall I buy some picture books for the children
要我给孩子们买些图画书吗？
(2)shall用于第二和第三人称的陈述句，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁；此外，当颁布法律、规定时也用shall。
You shall finish your homework first before you go out and play．
你得先做完作业再出去玩。
No reader shall remove a book from the library without permission．
未经许可，读者不可以把书带出图书馆。
(3)should表示劝告和建议，意为“应该”。此时ought to比should语气要强。
You should/ought to put more effort into your work．
你应该更加努力地工作。
(4)should表示预测可能性，意为“按道理应该会”。
He left Paris in the morning．So he should arrive here by supper time．
他早上离开巴黎。因此他晚饭前应该能到。
(5)should表示惊讶、意外等情绪，意为“竟然”。
It is strange that such things should happen in our school．
真奇怪，这样的事情竟然在我们学校发生了。
[即时训练5] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①You _____ be punished for what you have done．
②You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ______ be so rude to a lady．
shall
should
③你犯了那么多错。下次应该认真。
You have made so many mistakes．You __________________________
______．
④我们有一条规定，那就是每个学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
One of our rules is that every student ________________________ while at school．
should/ought to be careful next
time
shall wear school uniforms
6．need和dare
(1)need既可作实义动词，也可作情态动词。作情态动词时，后跟动词原形，表示“需要，有必要”，无人称和数的变化，多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。
Tony has known the good news，so you needn't tell it to him．
托尼已经知道了这个好消息，因此你不必再告诉他了。
Need I pay the whole amount now
我必须现在全部付清吗？
[名师点津] 由need开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答常用must；否定回答常用needn't或don't have to。
—Need I answer the question
——我需要回答那个问题吗？
—Yes，you must．/No，you needn't/don't have to．
——是的，你得回答。/不，不必了。
(2)dare既可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。作情态动词时多用于疑问句、否定句、条件状语从句以及表示怀疑的名词性从句中，表示“敢……”。
I dare not walk through the wood at night．
夜间，我不敢在小树林里走。
How dare you talk to me like that
你竟敢那样对我说话？
[即时训练6] 完成句子
①他吓得不敢动。
He was so frightened that he ________________________________．
②如果你有什么重要的事要做的话，今晚的会议就不要参加了。
You _____________________________________ this afternoon if you have something important to do．
dared not move/didn't dare to move
needn't/don't need to come to the meeting
7．情态动词＋have done
(1)must have done表示对过去发生的事情十分肯定的推测，意为“想必/准是/一定做过某事。”
From what you said，she must have told you all about it．
从你所说的来看，她一定把一切都告诉你了。
(2)can/could have done用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，意为“不可能已经……”或“可能已经……了吗？”；用在肯定句中，表示对过去没有实现的可能性的遗憾，意为“本来能做……实际上却未做”。
Mr Smith can't have gone to Beijing，for I saw him in the library just now．
史密斯先生不可能去了北京，因为我刚才还在图书馆看见他了。
You could have done better，but you didn't try your best．
你本来能做得更好，但你没尽全力。
(3)should/ought to have done表示“过去本应该做某事而(实际上)没有做”，含有责备或遗憾的语气；其否定形式表示“某种行为不该发生却发生了”。
You should have done more exercise before．
以前你应该多进行锻炼的。
I was really anxious about you．You shouldn't have left home without a word．
我真的为你担心。你本不该不打声招呼就离开家。
(4)need have done表示“本需要做某事而实际未做”；needn't have done表示“本不必做某事而实际做了”。
As it turned out to be a small family party，we needn't have dressed up so formally．
由于这是一个小型的家庭聚会，我们本来没必要穿得那么正式。
(5)may/might have done表示对过去发生的事情的推测，意思是“也许已经做了某事，可能已经做了某事”，多用在肯定句中。
He might have said so at the meeting，but I'm not sure．
他或许在会上说过这样的话，但我说不准。
[即时训练7] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He needn't _____________(water) the flowers，but he needed to do something to kill time．
②他本可以通过这次考试的，可是他太粗心了。
He _________________________，but he was too careless．
have watered
could have passed the exam
③你很熟悉这个城市；你一定在这里待了很长时间。
You are very familiar with the city；you __________________________
___________．
④他们不应该走那么早。瞧，经理正在发火。
They _________________________．Look，the manager is losing his temper．
must have stayed here for a
long time
shouldn't have left so early
用适当的情态动词填空
Hi，Elisa，
Do you remember that writing competition I told you about Well，my teacher suggested I go in for it，so I think I 1．____．I think the hardest thing for me will be the fact that I 2．________________ write more than 600 words．Once I start writing I just can't stop，so I 3．____ control myself if I want to keep within the limit．
will
shall/should/must
need
The good thing is that I 4．_______ write about any specific topic—I 5．____ choose that myself．But I think I 6．______________ write about something I'm familiar with．I 7．__________ base it around a fishing trip or a tennis match．
I 8．________ send it in by the end of the month，so I'd better start writing soon，as I 9．____ go skiing on the 19th．
Wish me luck!
Tim
needn't
can
should/ought to
could/can
have to
will
①source of fascination 魅力源泉
②archeological adj．考古的
③in reality 事实上，实际上
④the naked eye 肉眼
⑤investigate v．调查，研究
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑥dramatically adv．巨大地；戏剧性地
⑦telescope n．望远镜
⑧angle v．斜置
⑨galaxy n．星系
⑩the Milky Way 银河系
cosmic adj．宇宙的
launch v．发射
breathtakingly adv．惊人地
image n．形象，影像
conceivably adv．可以相信地；可想象地
at an ever-increasing speed 以越来越快的速度
be engaged in从事于；忙于
advanced
telescope 先进的望远镜
be composed of 由……组成/构成
subatomic particle 亚原子粒子
subatomic adj．亚原子的；原子内的
particle n．粒子
invisible adj．看不见的
construct v．建造，创建
quest for 探求，探索
EYES UPON THE NIGHT
The night sky has been an endless source of fascination① since the start of human history．For example，the mysterious large-eyed，bronze statues of the ancient Shu Kingdom，discovered at the Chinese archeological② site at Sanxingdui，were believed to have been able to look across great distances into the stars．In reality③， humans can see very little of the night sky with the naked eye④．And，for a long while，people were unable to understand what they could see．[1] Not knowing
what the stars were，people in ancient times used their imaginations to create a world in the sky．
[1]not knowing what the stars were为动词-ing形式短语的否定形式，在句中作状语；what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作表语。
[2]Our power to investigate⑤ and thus understand space changed dramatically⑥ when the first telescope⑦ was angled⑧ at the night sky，increasing as it did the power of the human eye and enabling us to understand that the universe is far larger than was previously imaginable．The planets were seen to be worlds similar to our own，many of them even having their own moons．Soon，it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy⑨ we call the Milky Way⑩．Some 300 years later，we learnt that the Milky Way itself was just one galaxy among billions of others，spread across the blackness of space like great islands of light and matter floating in a vast cosmic ocean．
[2]本句句子主干为our power to investigate and thus understand space changed dramatically，主语中心词为our power，动词不定式作后置定语；when引导时间状语从句；第二个and连接并列的结果状语。
Almost 400 years after the first Earth-based telescope was invented，the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit，giving astronomers—indeed all of us—the first breathtakingly beautiful images of our universe taken from beyond Earth．Nothing in history has allowed us to see so much over such great distances，[3]from enormous clouds of gas where stars are being born，to huge black holes，and even to new planets where we might conceivably find life．Not only that—it has also helped us to work out the age and nature of the universe，and [4]discover the incredible fact that the universe is expanding at an ever-increasing speed ．
[3]句中的两个where引导的从句均为定语从句，分别修饰gas和planets。
[4]句中that引导同位语从句。
To see even further into the universe，many countries are now engaged in building ever more advanced telescopes ．Currently，China operates the world's largest and most powerful radio telescope，the FAST telescope，completed in 2016．The 500-metre dish of the “Eye of Heaven”，as it is known，is being used in the search for dark matter，thought to be composed of subatomic particles invisible to ordinary telescopes．This vast dish also has the ability to explore regions of space billions of light years away，right at the edge of the visible universe．
The Hubble and the space telescopes constructed after it will allow us to see further and further into space．We will view stars and galaxies billions of light years away and look back at a past that was billions of years ago．Using ever-larger radio telescopes as our eyes，we will one day be able to look back to a time in the very early universe，before the existence of light．But the human quest for knowledge reaches even beyond that．So much of the universe remains unexplored that we are still close to the start of this incredible journey of discovery．
眺望夜空的眼睛
从人类有史以来，夜空就一直是让人浮想联翩的不竭源头。例如在中国考古遗址三星堆发掘的古蜀国神秘的巨目铜像，古时的人们认为它能够看到遥远的星空。事实上，人类仅凭肉眼只能看到夜空很小的一部分。并且在很长一段时间里，人们都无法理解他们所看到的事物。古时的人们并不知道星星到底是什么，所以他们便凭着想象去创造了一个空中世界。
当第一台望远镜对准夜空时，我们探索进而理解太空的能力就发生了巨大变化，它不仅增强了人类肉眼观测的能力，而且也让我们明白宇宙要比之前想象的大得多。每个行星都可以被视为和我们地球类似的星球，其中许多行星甚至有它们自己的卫星。很快，我们明白太阳只不过是银河系中数十亿计的恒星中的一颗。大约300年后，我们又得知，银河系只是数十亿个散落在黑色太空中的星系之一，就像漂浮在宇宙汪洋中的一座光与物质组成的大型岛屿。
第一个地基望远镜问世将近400年之后，哈勃空间望远镜发射入轨，不仅让天文学家，事实上还让我们所有人，都看见了来自地球之外令人叹为观止的宇宙美景。它让我们史无前例地看到了如此遥远的景观——从星体诞生的巨大气体云团，到巨型黑洞，甚至到可能会发现生命迹象的新行星。不仅如此，它还帮助我们测算宇宙的年龄并分析宇宙的本质，且发现了惊人的事实——宇宙正在以不断增加的速度扩大。
为了能更加深入地观察宇宙，很多国家开始投入研发更先进的望远镜。近来，中国研发了世界最大、功能最强的射电望远镜——FAST望远镜，于2016年建成。众所周知，这个被称为“天眼”的500米口径巨盘用于探寻暗物质。暗物质被认为由亚原子粒子组成，一般望远镜是观测不到的。这个巨盘还能探索数十亿光年之外的太空领域，那里是看得到的宇宙的边界。
哈勃望远镜以及在它之后建成的太空望远镜将使我们能看见更加遥远的太空。我们将能观察几十亿光年外的星体和星系，回看数十亿年之前的过去。终将有一天，我们会使用更巨大的射电望远镜当作人类之眼，回看在光产生之前的宇宙的最早时期。但人类对知识的渴望不止于此。宇宙还有很多的未知领域，我们才刚刚接近这段奇幻发现之旅的起点。
THANKS
