高考英语解题思路
专题二 七选五解题
目 录
一、整体分析 1
二、考点分析 2
三、解题示例 3
(一)内容的一致性 3
(二)形式的一致性 4
四、设空类型 6
五、双向奔赴匹配法 9
流程一 篇章主旨提取 10
流程二 选项题眼提取 12
流程三 空格前后分析 14
流程四 筛选匹配,验证答案 17
1.逻辑一致性 17
2.内容一致性 18
一、整体分析
“新课标”要求学生具备两项主要的能力:用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力;逐步获取运用英语思维的能力。因此,七选五在命题时要求学生把握篇章的逻辑和内容,甚至是对句段间诸如连贯性、一致性等特征也要有较强的意识。此题型是对语言能力和阅读能力的综合考查,其主要特征如下:
篇幅 总计300词左右
考查方式 补全型阅读,文中5个部分缺失
七个选项(A—G) 部分选项内容相近,相互干扰性强;多余选项内容与文章相关,干扰性强
语篇特征 说明文为主,较少记叙文
二、考点分析
形式 句子与上下文的逻辑一致性
内容 句子与上下文的内容一致性
精髓提炼 形式与内容统一,偏重形式(逻辑)一致性
七选五的设空句并非独立存在,而是与其上下句之间存在一定的逻辑,具体表现为使用逻辑关系词的外部逻辑,或使用语义衔接的内部逻辑。而在内容上,设空句通常与其上下句、段落主旨,甚至全文主旨存在主题的一致性。以下面的例子来具体展现:
主题 背景前提 逻辑一致性
夏日外出或居家的倾向 今天天气很热 A:但是,我就想待在家里。×(天气热理应待在家里,无需转折逻辑) B:但是,我就想出去逛一逛。√(天气热,但外出欲望强烈) C:所以,我想待在家里。√(天气热,理应居家避暑) D:家里的空调坏了,但是我就想待在家里。√(家里虽然热,但仍想居家)
形式和内容既是七选五的考点,也是解题关键。但总的来说,英语是形合语言,其句间逻辑通常需要借助逻辑词才能体现。而逻辑词包括逻辑关系词和代词,其显著特征是通常仅含有一两个单词,且常位于句首,逻辑显而易见。但是,内容一致性则侧重通过词义和句意(通常是中心词或整句话)体现,内容藏于句中。为了达到更快的解题效率,七选五的解题策略偏重形式的一致性。
三、解题示例
(一)内容的一致性
高考真题链接(2023·全国乙卷C篇)
提示:以下段落取自C篇末段,1题为后续推衍题,即考查“根据前文内容,推测后文内容”。
The UK's obsession(痴迷)with food is reflected through television scheduling.Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before.With an increasing number of male chefs on TV,it's no longer“uncool”for boys to like cooking.
1.What might the author continue talking about
A.The art of cooking in other countries.
B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
选项 原文
Male chefs Cookery,male chefs,boys
TV programmes television scheduling,shows,documentaries,TV
内容分析:B选项与原文多有对应,其前后主题一致,内容一致性最强,故选B。
【注意】后续推衍题与七选五的解题策略既有相似又有不同。后续推衍题只需考虑内容,即前后主题的一致性。而七选五除了内容一致外,还要保证上下文逻辑通顺,语意连贯。因此,七选五的解题策略是内容和逻辑相辅相成,缺一不可。
(二)形式的一致性
高考真题链接(2024·北京模拟卷)
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed.37 While the validity of the idea is still being assessed,the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure.Similarly,according to researchers,listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels,through the lowering of stress and anxiety.
A.This feeling can also result in many other health problems.
B.Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud.
C.This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing.
D.They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep.
E.The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive.
F.It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety.
G.Interestingly,the more cheerful the music was,the faster their heart rates were.
原文 选项A 选项B 选项C 选项D 选项E 选项F 选项G
relaxing music feeling music — calming music stress and anxiety music
bed — — sleep — —
内容分析:除C选项无关联外,其余各选项与原文主旨句中的中心调皆有联系,无法准确排除。其中,D选项的内容一致性最强。此时,可以利用逻辑进行交义验证D选项。
设空位置 段中空,位于段落主旨句后,与其存在“总—分”关系
选项逻辑词 They指代前文复数名词;it指代单数名词、不可数名词或集一事件
匹配原文 They→Many people;it→事件:人们在夜晚唾前喜欢听歌放松
形式(逻辑)分析:D选项中的两个逻辑词在段落首句中存在对应指代,故选D。
【小结】内容的一致性可以判断选项与原文的关联程度,大多数选项关联程度相似,因此无法准确排除。而针对相似选项,还应识别选项中的逻辑关系词和代词,通过逻辑的一致性辅助判断。
四、设空类型
由于设空位置不同,设空句所承担的句子功能不同,其表达的逻辑关系也不尽相同。因此,匹配合适的选项时,需要参考设空位置所需的逻辑关系。判断设空句前后的逻辑关系需要结合上下句的逻辑词或句意,而选项所含的逻辑关系则通过句中的逻辑词来体现。
设空位置 逻辑关系 选项特征
标题空 段落主旨 常以短句或祈使句的形式出现,与对应段主旨呼应
段首空 段落主旨(总—分) 常以祈使句的形式出现,较标题表达更具体
段中空 并列关系 (含递进关系) 设空句与空格上下某一句或三者逻辑并列,常含有并列逻辑词
设空句与空格上下某一句逻辑递进,常含有递进逻辑词
转折关系 设空句与空格上下某一句逻辑相反,常含有转折逻辑词
解释说明 例证关系 设空句与空格上下某一句逻辑例证,常含有例证逻辑词
因果关系 设空句与空格上下某一句因果例证,常含有因果逻辑词
段尾空 并列关系 设空句与上句并列
解释关系 设空句解释上句
总结关系 设空句总结对应段或全文,常含有总结逻辑词
提示:除段中空外,标题空、段首空和段尾空的逻辑关系较为清晰,因此可优先解答这三类题。
【示例】高考真题链接(2024·天津模拟卷)
...
Before you open the book,make sure that you are comfortable.…
●38 Look at the table of contents,the preface,the chapter heading,etc.This will help you to decide whether you really need to read the whole book or only certain parts of it.Ten minutes spent in this way could save you quite a lot of time in the long run.
●If you decide that you need to read the whole book,decide how much you can read at a time....
●Always keep a pencil and paper beside you....
A.Stop to have a rest now and then.
B.Spend a few minutes looking through the book.
C.This depends on the type of book you are reading.
D.Here are some tips to help improve your reading speed.
E.Make a note of any page which is of special importance.
F.You may find yourself having to learn something by heart.
G.Keep the room cool rather than warm to avoid feeling sleepy.
原文 选项A 选项B 选项E 选项G
contents book rest book note room
preface
chapter heading
形式(逻辑)分析:各段首句中,主句部分均为祈使句。因此,按照一般的写作习惯,38题所对应的选项也应是祈使句。筛选选项后,仅有A、B、E和G选项符合要求。备选项有四个,还需借助“内容一致性”排除干扰项。
内容分析:设空句的下句中,三个中心词contents,preface和chapter heading均与书籍相关。筛选选项后,仅有B选项存在“内容一致性”。代入B选项“花几分钟浏览这本书”,上下文逻辑一致,语意连贯,故选B。
【注意】内容和逻辑相辅相成,无固定使用顺序,可以根据具体的题目特征,有选择性地使用这两个解题工具!
五、双向奔赴匹配法
01文章-篇章主旨提取→02选项-选项题眼提取→03空格-空格前后分析→04选项与空格-筛选匹配,验证答案
七选五解题的基本原则:
①无需按题号顺序答题:综合考虑设空位置和空格上下句的难易程度,由简到难。
②无需逐词精读:选取题眼,对应原文,利用排除法解题。
③转变阅读方法:利用内容与逻辑的一致性解题。
流程一 篇章主旨提取
有效提取篇章主旨对解题事半功倍。段首空多符合文章主旨;段中空多符合对应段落的主旨。
主旨提取点
文章主旨 文章标题、小标题(汇总)、首段/总起段(首尾句)、文章主旨词(高频复现词)
段落主旨 各段小标题、各段首句
提示:文章是“总—分—总”结构时,末段呼应总起段,应阅读首尾句;文章是“总—分”结构时,末段呈现段落主旨,阅读首句即可。
【解题示例】
(1)篇章主旨提取
高考真题链接(2022·全国甲卷)
提示:为全面展示解题流程,后面例题采用同一篇真题示范。
Important Things to Know When Dining Out(文章标题)
Cultural dining etiquette(礼节)might surprise you with some of its important rules.36 .Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world.
Chopstick Rules(小标题1)
The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.When you put them down between bites,always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.37 .
Hands or Utensils(餐具)(小标题2)
In India and the Middle East,it's considered very rude to eat with your left hand.
People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand.38 ,instead,preferring to use their hands.In Chile,you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons.
Making Requests(小标题3)
39 .In Portugal,this would be a serious mistake,because it shows the chef that you don't like their seasoning skills.Similarly,in Italy,never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.
Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange,but they are important in various countries.40 ,the more comfortable you'll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.
分析:阅读文章标题以及汇总小标题可知,文章主旨是外出就餐的不同文化礼节及各国文化礼节间的差异。
【注意】总览全文时,仅需提取篇章主题即可。篇章主题的提取点较多时,阅读文章标题和小标题(汇总),既简单易懂又节省时间。因此,当文章有标题时,阅读标题为首选方式。
流程二 选项题眼提取
八大特殊点 典例示范
逻辑词(逻辑关系词) (承上/启下;一致/相反) 选项特征:A.But it is not that easy to implement.…提示线索;空前找正面信息
组合短语或组合词 选项特征;A,Setting a time limit not only contributes to productiveness提示线索;空后找but(also)…
逻辑词(代词指代) 选项特征;A.This newly constructed building…提示线索;空前找建筑物
特殊符号(问号、感叹号) 选项特征:A.… 提示线索;空后找答案
态度词 选项特征;A,积极正面 提示线索;空格附近找积极信息
数字 选项特征:A.出现数字相关的描述等 提示线索:空格附近找数字
祈使句 选项特征:A.动词原形开头,如:Never…或Don't…等 提示线索:找开头(尤其是段落首句)或小标题
名词短语/小短句 选项特征:A.the importance of setting a goal 提示线索:找开头(尤其是段落首句)或小标题
选项题眼提取的高阶要求——判断句子功能
①细节阐述(e.g.举例):若选项阐述的内容比较详细,可以匹配段中空。
②过渡启下:选项能连贯上下段的内容,可以匹配段首空。
③总结概括:选项能总结某段或全文主旨,可以匹配标题空、段首空或段尾空。
④建议措施:选项内容为建议措施,常为短句或祈使句,可以匹配标题空或段首空。
【注意】七选五解题实用技巧:对于两个近似度极高的选项,其中一个为正确选项,另一个为多余选项。如2022年全国甲卷中:A.The more friends you make in your lifetime
B.The more time you spend in any given country
提示:技巧用于快速筛选选项,缩小备选项的范围,正确选项还需内容和逻辑的交叉验证。若七选五解题无“八大特殊点”,则提取句中有具体含义的关键名词(短语)。
(2)选项题眼提取
A.The more friends you make in your lifetime
组合短语 名词
B.The more time you spend in any given country
组合短语 名词 名词
C.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils
名词 态度词 名词
D.Don't get caught making an cmbarrassing mistake at a restaurant
名词短语 名词
E.It's a good sign for the chef if you make a mess around your plate
态度词 名词 名词 名词
F.Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them
代词 代词 代词
G.It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal名词 名词 名词 名词
【注意】
各选项仅择取八大特殊点中最具特征的1~2个即可。如果特殊点在各个选项中重复出现,则不再作为特殊点。如上面的示例中,you,it和your等是代词,但不具唯一性。
流程三 空格前后分析
空格类型 标题空、段首空、段中空、段尾空
空格前后逻辑 空前有引出下文的句型:There are many kinds of ancient marine animals now still alive..提示线索:空格内需要填入海洋生物 空后有承接上文的逻辑词: .However,the amount of investment in school equipment is not enough.提示线索:空格内讲投资金额
空格后有指代 .This method will encourage you to learn with joy.提示线索:空格内讲某种方法
空格前后有组合短语或组合词 XXX not only.. 提示线索:空格后填but(also)…
空格前有问号 XXX 提示线索:空格后回答问题
空格前后分析
Important Things to Know When Dining Out Cultural dining etiquette(礼节)might surprise you with some of its important rules.36 .Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world. Chopstick Rules The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.When you put them down between bites,always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.37 . Hands or Utensils(餐具) In India and the Middle East,it's considered very rude to eat with your left hand.People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand.38 ,instead preferring to use their hands.In Chile,you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons. Making Requests 39 .In Portugal,this would be a serious mistake,because it shows the chef that you don't like their seasoning skills.Similarly,in Italy,never ask for extra cheese to add to your food. Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange,but they are important in various countries.40 ,the more comfortable you'll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. 36.段中空,位于总起段,设空句与文章主旨一致。 37.段尾空,设空句承接上句,呼应本段小标题。 38.段中空,空格后有转折逻辑词,设空句与转折词后内容相反。 39.段首空,设空句与本段小标题呼应。 40.段中空,空格后有组合短语。
流程四 筛选匹配,验证答案
1.逻辑一致性
设空位置 逻辑关系 逻辑关系词(短语)
标题空 段落主旨 ——
段首空 段落主旨(总-分) ——
段中空 并列关系 (含递进关系) 并列:and;[first(ly),second(ly)...];[first/to begin with,then/next];[some.…,others...];[for one thing,for another thing];[then/next,finally/last]等
递进:too;also;besides;further;furthermore;moreover; likewise;similarly;what's more;in addition;as well;to make matters worse;not…but…;not only..but also等
转折关系 but;however;yet;while/though/although;or/otherwise;on the contrary;instead等
解释 说明 例证关系 for example;for instance;in fact/as a matter of fact;actually;in other words/that is to say等
因果关系 so;therefore;thus;consequently; as a result;so/such…that.;so that…等
段尾空 并列关系 参考段中空
解释关系 that is to say,in other words等
总结关系 in conclusion;all in all;to summarize;to sum up;in a word;in short等
2.内容一致性
(1)原词
设空句中的某些词汇在上句或下句中有原词对应,此为原词复现。如:
上句 设空句
I like eating apples. And the apple in the basket is fresh.
(2)同/近义词或反义词
设空句中的某些词汇在上句或下句中有同/近义词或反义词,此为同/近义复现或反义复现。如:
上句 设空句
He has a big house, The building is large.
She was happy yesterday. But today she is sad.
(3)上下义词(范畴词)
设空句中的某些词汇在上句或下句中有上下义词或同范畴词,此为范畴一致。如:
上句 设空句 下句
There are many cars on the road The bus is coming. The truck is very big.
(4)语境相关词
设空句中的某些词汇在上句或下句中有同语境词,此为语境一致。如:
上句 设空句
The final score is 3:2. He wants to win the game but he loses in the end.
提示:有时,同根词也可以作为线索词,即设空句中的某个或某些词汇在上句或下句中有同根词,此为词根一致。
上句 设空句
We need to create a new plan. His creation is amazing.
The creator of this work is famous.