译林版高中英语必修第一册Unit 4 Looking good，feeling good Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage学案

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
[教材示例]
分析下列加黑部分，并体会它们的语法功能
1．In a society where being thin is often seen as being beautiful，teenagers sometimes turn to extreme methods to slim down quickly.
2．It is normal for teenagers to be slightly overweight and there is no reason why they should be worried.
3．They are still growing，and night is the time when their bodies grow faster.
4．Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where body development slows down，and their health suffers.
[我的发现]
(1)句1、4中关系副词where引导定语从句并在从句中作地点状语。
(2)句2中关系副词why引导定语从句并在从句中作原因状语。
(3)句3中关系副词when引导定语从句并在从句中作时间状语。
一、关系副词的指代及功能
关系副词 在从句中所作成分 先行词
when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语 表时间的名词：time，moment，day，month，year，period等
where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语 表地点的名词：place，house，city，country，world，street等及一些表示抽象地点的名词，如 point，case，position，condition，situation等
why 指原因或理由，在从句中作原因状语 表原因的名词：reason，excuse等
I can not forget the day when I first saw you.
我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。
This is the house where they lived a week ago.
这是一个星期前他们住过的房子。
The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.
我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。
二、关系副词引导的定语从句注意事项
1．表示时间、地点及原因的名词作先行词时，定语从句可用关系副词引导，也可用关系代词引导。若先行词在定语从句中作状语时，应用关系副词；若先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，则应用关系代词。
2．关系副词when，where，why相当于“介词＋which”结构：
when＝on (in，at，during ...)＋which
where＝in (at，on...)＋which
why＝for which This is the town where/in which I was born.
这就是我出生的城镇。
He will always remember the day when/on which his father returned from Beijing.
他将永远记得父亲从北京返回的那一天。
The main reason why/for which he lost his job was that he often drank.
他失去工作的主要原因是他经常酗酒。
in the short/long term 从短期/长期看
(教材原句)In the long term，they may be at increased risk of having a poor memory，being overweight and suffering a heart attack.
从长远来看，他们记忆力差、超重和心脏病发作的风险可能会增加。
(1)in the short/long term＝in the short/long run
从短期/长期看
(2)in terms of... 就……来说；从……角度
(3)be on good/bad terms with... 和……关系好/不好
[佳句背诵]　The agreement should have very positive results in the long term.
从长远来看，这个协议将会产生非常积极的影响。
◎基础练透——单句语法填空
①My parents have been on good terms with the neighbors.
②In terms of salary，the job is good，but it has some disadvantages.
◎能力提升——微写作
③In the short term/run we will lose money，but in the long term/run we will make a profit.
从短期看，我们赔了钱，可是从长远看来，我们会赚钱的。
attack n．发作；攻击；抨击 vt. & vi.攻击；侵袭；抨击
(1)under attack 遭到攻击；遭到抨击
make an attack on/upon 向……发动进攻/攻击
(2)be attacked with... 患……病
[佳句背诵]　The enemy attacked the village at night.
敌人夜袭了村庄。
◎基础练透——单句语法填空
①When an animal is under attack，it can run away or fight back.
②They made an attack on/upon the invaders at midnight.
◎能力提升——微写作
③He has been attacked with toothache for a long time.
他得牙疼已经很长时间了。
amount n．数量
(教材原句)Everyone knows that the amount of quality sleep that we get is important to us.每个人都知道，我们获得的高质量睡眠的量对我们很重要。
(1)the amount of＋不可数名词 ……的数量
(2)a large amount of＋不可数名词 大量的……(作主语时谓语动词用单数)
large amounts of＋不可数名词 大量的……(作主语时谓语动词用复数)
(3)amount to 合计；等于
[佳句背诵]　He spent a large amount of time in New York.
他在纽约待了好长时间。
◎基础练透——单句语法填空
①The amount of sleep that we need varies (vary) from person to person.
②The total cost of repairs amounted to $100.
③A large amount of money was spent (spend) on the new building last year.
◎能力提升——同义句转换
④A large amount of money was invested into the bridge.
→Large amounts of money were invested into the bridge.
schedule n．日程安排，工作计划；时间表
(教材原句)Try to stick to your sleep schedule at the weekend too，even though weekends are probably the time when you feel like a lie-in.
周末也要坚持你的睡眠计划，尽管周末可能是你想躺在床上的时候。
(1)on schedule 按预定时间
behind schedule 落后于预定计划
ahead of schedule 提前
(2)be scheduled to do sth. 计划做某事
be scheduled for sth. 预定某时间；为某事安排时间
[佳句背诵]　The new bridge has been finished two years ahead of schedule.
新桥提前两年落成。
◎基础练透——单句语法填空
①The plane didn't arrive on schedule because of the heavy fog.
②The meeting has been scheduled for tomorrow afternoon.
③She is scheduled to give (give) a speech on global warming tonight.
◎能力提升——微写作
④It will be completed several weeks behind schedule．
这将比原计划晚几个星期完成。
addition n．增加，添加；加法
(教材原句)In addition，Miss Edwards says the surgery makes her look unnatural and that she is unable to make certain facial expressions.
此外，爱德华兹小姐说，手术让她看起来不自然，她无法做出某些面部表情。
(1)additional adj. 附加的，额外的，外加的
(2)in addition 此外，除此之外(在句中作状语)
in addition to 除……之外还有(＝as well as/besides)
[佳句背诵]　They have just had an addition to the family.
他们家里刚刚添了一口人。
◎基础练透——单句语法填空
①You should pay additional (addition) money if you need more food and drinks.
②In addition to these arrangements，extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight.
◎能力提升——选词填空：in addition，in addition to
③In addition，the computer is also very helpful for study and work.
④In addition to English，he has learned to use two other foreign languages.
维度一　单词拼写
1．Under pressure(压力)from the public，he apologized for what he had done.
2．She even had plastic surgery(外科手术)to change the shape of her nose.
3．It was his negative(消极的)attitude that finally cost him his job.
4．They have so tight a schedule(日程安排)that they almost have no time to eat.
5．The style of the campus(校园)is quite different from that of most Chinese universities.
维度二　单句语法填空
1．It is generous of him to contribute so much money to the charity every year.
2．The seriously injured workers need immediate treatment (treat).
3．You should study hard in the new school.In addition，you should make some friends.
4．It was really a memorable (memory) experience and a great way to learn about local traditions and customs.
5．I was attacked (attack) by a fierce dog on my way home when I was five years old.
维度三　语法与写作
1．The agreement should have very positive results in the long term．
从长远来看，这个协议将会产生非常积极的影响。
2．After graduation he returned to the small town where he grew up.
毕业以后，他回到那个他长大的小镇上。
3．Those days when we had nothing to eat are gone.
我们没有东西吃的日子一去不复返了。
课时精练(十四)　Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
[基础达标]
维度一　单句语法填空
1．This is the roomwhere the famous writer Lao She once lived.
2．China is the only country in the world where wild pandas can be found.
3．The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way.
4．He wanted to know the reason that/which I told the manager for my mistake.
5．I still remember the happy days when I lived in the countryside.
6．The school that/which I referred to just now was three kilometers away from my home.
7．I'll never forget the day when I joined the League.
8．We visited the car factory where my uncle once worked three years ago.
9．The photo reminded me of the days when I played hide-and-seek with my sisters.
10．One of the reasons why he was refused in the interview was that his spoken English was terrible.
维度二　用含有关系副词引导的定语从句合并下列句子
1．I'll never forget the days.We prepared for the exam together in those days.
→I'll never forget the days when we prepared for the exam.
2．Give me one good reason.I should help you for the reason.
→Give me one good reason why I should help you.
3．She is going to live in ChinA．She has some close friends in ChinA．
→She is going to live in China where she has some close friends.
4．Gone are the days.Farmers lived in the poor houses in those days.
→Gone are the days when farmers lived in the poor houses.
5．The house has been rebuilt.I lived in the house ten years ago.
→The house where I lived ten years ago has been rebuilt.
维度三　完成句子
1．This is the hospital where I was born．
这是我出生的那家医院。
2．The reason why he couldn't attend the meeting was that he was ill in bed.
他不能参加会议的原因是他卧病在床。
3．The reason that/which he told me is reasonable.
他告诉我的理由是合理的。
4．I will never forget the day when we moved into our new house.
我永远不会忘记我们搬进新居的那一天。
5．This is the place where I lived five years ago．
这是我五年前住过的地方。
[素能提升]
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
For most people，growing older means getting weaker.But this is far from the case of this 83-year-old woman Ernestine Shepherd，one of the world's oldest female bodybuilders.Born in 1936，she is still exercising and working out，keeping up her strength，and looking absolutely fit!
Her journey to fitness all began when she turned 56.“I seldom worked out—you couldn't get me away from chocolate cake.But that day，my sister and I went shopping for swimsuits.I looked in the changing room mirror and realized that I was getting out of shape and needed to start exercising，” she told BBC.
She started with simple training and eventually shifted to bodybuilding and weight lifting.She then decided that she should try to get into the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest bodybuilder on the planet.
Though the idea seemed big，it was something that was worth working towards.Ernestine trained harder.At the age of 71，she took part in her first bodybuilding competition and won the top prize! Her dream finally came true—Guinness contacted her and officially honored her as the world's oldest female bodybuilder.A year later，she lost the title but remained to be one of the world's oldest female bodybuilders.
She is now retired from competing but she is still into bodybuilding.Her extraordinary diet includes egg，chicken，and turkey.She has inspired so many people with her journey，and many come up to her and ask for advice.She also started working as a personal trainer and has published her own book，“Determined，Dedicated，Disciplined To Be Fit”．Ernestine is living proof that it is never too late for anyone to achieve their goals!
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了83岁的Ernestine Shepherd生于1936年，至今仍在锻炼和健身，保持体力，本文讲述了她开始健身锻炼的起因、经过，以及她所取得的一些成就。
1．What do the underlined words “getting out of shape” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Putting on weight. B．Losing balance.
C．Becoming weak. D．Turning strong.
A　[词义猜测题。根据第二段中“I seldom worked out—you couldn't get me away from chocolate cake.”可知，Ernestine Shepherd几乎从不锻炼，无法远离巧克力蛋糕；根据画线词后文“and needed to start exercising”可知，Ernestine Shepherd意识到自己需要开始锻炼了。故画线词意思是“体重增加，长胖”，故选A项。]
2．When did Guinness get in touch with Ernestine Shepherd
A．When she turned 56.
B．As soon as she started training.
C．After she won the prize.
D．One year after her first competition.
C　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“she took part in her first bodybuilding competition and won the top prize！...Guinness contacted her...”可知，Guinness是在Ernestine Shepherd获奖后联系上了她，故选C项。]
3．What can we infer about Ernestine Shepherd
A．She is the oldest female bodybuilder.
B．She began bodybuilding thanks to her sister.
C．Her habit of living was once unhealthy.
D．She took up exercise before she was 56.
C　[推理判断题。根据第二段中“I seldom worked out—you couldn't get me away from chocolate cake.”可推知，Ernestine Shepherd的生活习惯曾经是不健康的，故选C项。根据第四段中“Guinness contacted her and officially honored her as the world's oldest female bodybuilder.A year later，she lost the title...”可知，Ernestine Shepherd曾经是世界上年龄最大的女性健身者，但一年后她丢了这个称号，故A项错误。]
4．What does the passage want to tell us
A．Exercise makes one young and happy.
B．It's never too old to achieve a goal.
C．We should be positive about ourselves.
D．A thousand-mile journey begins with the first step.
B　[写作目的题。根据最后一段中“Ernestine is living proof that it is never too late for anyone to achieve their goals！”可知，Ernestine证明了，任何人实现目标都不会太迟！故选B项。]
B
Parents can cut the chances of their children getting fat simply by keeping them longer at table.Just three minutes extra at a family mealtime could help prevent child obesity.Research found that among poor families，the extra minutes at mealtimes made great improvement of a normal weight for the youth.The factors are likely to be communication and the importance of a scheduled mealtime.
Dr Barbara Fiese said，“Children，whose families have a 20-minute meal over four times a week，weigh less than kids who leave the table after 15 to 17 minutes.Over time，those extra minutes per meal add up and become really powerful.”
The researchers studied 200 family mealtimes，testing the effects of factors and mealtime behavior of families with children in primary school.They found that families，who said that shared mealtimes were an important part of family life and had special meaning for them，were less likely to have an obese child.Similarly，families，who talked more together and interacted more positively during the meal，were more likely to have healthy-weight children.
Teaching low-income families how to make the most of family mealtimes was a wise ideA．Dr Fiese said，“This is something we can target and teach.” She added，“It's also important to recognize the increasing differences of families and their sometimes complex living arrangements that may challenge their abilities to plan ahead and arrange a single time to communicate with each other.”
Families in poorer US neighborhoods faced a lot of problems，including poor access to healthy food.But even so，regular high quality family mealtimes made a difference to the children's weight.Dr Fiese said，“Three to four extra minutes per meal will make a healthy weight more possible.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了吃饭的用时问题。吃饭时适当延长20分钟对孩子们有好处，可保持健康，预防肥胖。
5．According to the passage，to have a healthy-weight child，parents should ．
A．limit the food for each meal
B．increase their eating time
C．shorten the mealtime
D．make them eat healthy food
B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“Parents can cut the chances of their children getting fat simply by keeping them longer at table.Just three minutes extra at a family mealtime could help prevent child obesity.”可知，父母适当延长孩子们吃饭的时间，可保持他们的健康，预防肥胖。故选B项。]
6．How much time is reasonable for one meal according to the passage
A．About 15 minutes. B．About 17 minutes.
C．About 20 minutes. D．About 30 minutes.
C　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“Dr Barbara Fiese said，‘Children，whose families have a 20-minute meal over four times a week，weigh less than kids who leave the table after 15 to 17 minutes.’”可知，吃饭时间最好为20分钟，故选C项。]
7．Why does a longer mealtime make a difference to a normal weight
A．Because people can have a good rest as they eat meals.
B．Because people can have time to choose what they like.
C．Because people can use mealtimes to do other things.
D．Because people can communicate more in the scheduled time.
D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“The factors are likely to be communication and the importance of a scheduled mealtime.”可知，吃饭的时候人们可以交流，较长的用餐时间会对正常体重产生影响，故选D项。]
8．What does Dr Fiese suggest to us
A．Parents should not communicate during mealtime.
B．It's better to add three to four extra minutes to one meal.
C．Four meals a day will make a difference to the children's weight.
D．Twenty extra minutes per meal make a healthy weight.
B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Three to four extra minutes per meal will make a healthy weight more possible.”可知，为了保持一个健康的体重，Dr Fiese建议大家可适当延长3－4分钟的吃饭时间。]
C
Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city In order to answer this question，we must first examine whether people really want to preserve(保留)the historic feel of an areA．Not all historical buildings are attractive.However，there may be other reasons—for example，economic reasons—why they should be preserved.So，let's assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people.What should we do then if a new building is needed
In my view，new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style.Indeed，there are many examples in my own hometown where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings.As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not affect its surroundings too much，it often improves attractiveness of the areA．
It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt(破坏)the area they are in，but the same can be said of some old buildings too.Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas.I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative(保守的)and do not like change.
Although we have to respect people's feelings as fellow users of the buildings，I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward．If we always reproduced what was there before，we would all still be living in caves.Thus，I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different，though that might be the more risky choice.
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了现代的建筑是否应该和古老的历史建筑在一起，在作者看来历史建筑应该保存，但是我们的建筑风格也应该改变，不能因为历史建筑破坏我们的生活。
9．What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph
A．Some of them are not attractive.
B．Most of them are too expensive to preserve.
C．They are more pleasing than modern buildings.
D．They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an areA．
A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“Not all historical buildings are attractive.”可知，并不是所有的历史建筑都有吸引力，故选A项。]
10．Which of the following is TRUE according to the author
A．We should reproduce the same old buildings.
B．Buildings should not dominate their surroundings.
C．Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in.
D．No one understands why people speak against new buildings.
C　[推理判断题。根据第三段中“It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt(破坏)the area they are in，but the same can be said of some old buildings too.”可知，一些新建筑的确破坏了它们所在的区域，但一些老建筑也同样将他们生活的地方破坏了，故选C项。]
11．What does the phrase “move things forward” in the last paragraph probably mean
A．destroy old buildings
B．put things in a different place
C．choose new architectural styles
D．respect people's feeling for historical buildings
C　[词义猜测题。根据后句“If we always reproduced what was there before，we would all still be living in caves.”可知，如果我们总是复制以前的东西，我们现在还住在山洞里面。此处，“reproduced what was there before”指的就是不改变建筑风格。故画线词“move things forward”指的就是选择新的建筑风格，故选C项。]
12．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To explain why people dislike change.
B．To warn that we could end up living in caves.
C．To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.
D．To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.
D　[写作目的题。根据第一段中“Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city？”可知，作者提出问题：我们是否应该让现代建筑建在城市历史地段的老建筑旁边？并对此展开论证；根据最后一段中“Thus，I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different，though that might be the more risky choice.” 可知作者得出结论，认为现代建筑可以建在历史区域。故本文的写作目的是论证现代建筑可以建在历史区域，故选D项。]
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Why play sports You might say “to get exercise” and you would be right.To have fun That's true，too.But there's more. 1 According to the Women's Sports Foundation，girls who play sports get a lot more than just fit.
Girls who play sports do better in school.You might think that athletics will take up all your study time. 2 Exercise improves learning，memory，and concentration，which can give active girls an advantage in the classroom.
Girls who play sports learn teamwork and goal-setting skills. 3 When working with coaches，trainers ，and teammates to win games and achieve goals，you're learning how to be successful.Those skills will serve you well at work and in family life.
Sports are good for a girl's health.In addition to being fit and keeping a healthy weight，girls who play sports are also less likely to smoke.And later in life，girls who exercise are less likely to get breast cancer or osteoporosis(骨质疏松症).
Playing sports improves self-confidence. 4 Why It builds confidence when you know you can practice，improve，and achieve your goals.Sports are also a feel-good activity because they help girls get in shape，keep a healthy weight，and make new friends.
5 Playing sports can reduce stress and help you feel a little happier.How The brain chemicals released during exercise improve a person's mood.Friends are another mood-lifter.And being in a team creates tight bonds between friends.It's good to know your teammates will support you both on and off the field!
A．Exercise cuts the pressure.
B．Sports teach valuable life skills.
C．Regular exercise increases quality of life.
D．In fact，there are at least five more reasons.
E．Girls who play sports feel better about themselves.
F．Playing sports offers children more than just physical benefits.
G．But research shows that girls who play sports do better in school than those who don't.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了参加体育运动对于女孩的益处。
1．D　[根据上文“Why play sports ”及下文“girls who play sports get a lot more than just fit.”可知，D项(事实上，至少还有五个原因。)承接上下文。 D项中five more reasons呼应下文的各个小标题。]
2．G　[根据段落中心句“Girls who play sports do better in school.”可知，参加体育运动的女孩在学校表现更好。G项(但研究表明，参加体育运动的女孩比不参加体育运动的女孩在学校表现更好。)符合段意，并和空前句“ You might think that athletics will take up all your study time”形成转折关系。]
3．B　[ 根据段落中心句“Girls who play sports learn teamwork and goal-setting skills.”可知，参加体育运动的女孩能学习团队合作和目标设定技巧。根据空后句“Those skills will serve you well at work and in family life.”可知，这些技能对你的工作和家庭生活都有好处。B项(运动会教会有用的生活技巧。)符合本段段意。B项中valuable life skills指的就是空后句中的Those skills。]
4．E　[根据上文“Playing sports improves self-confidence.”可知，本空要介绍运动对女孩的自信心的好处，E项(喜欢运动的女孩自我感觉更好。)切题。]
5．A　[本句为段落中心句。根据下文“Playing sports can reduce stress and help you feel a little happier.”可知，(运动可以减少压力，帮助你感觉更快乐。)A项(运动减少压力。)切题。]
Ⅲ.语法填空
There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt.This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界)1. a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side 2. (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required 3. (process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.When fat and salt 4. (remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.As 5. result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even 6. (bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.Fast food 7. (be)full of fat and salt；by 8. (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心)between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However，be 9. (care) not to go to extremes.Like anything，it is possible to have too much of both，10. is not good for the health.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为了应对肥胖和心脏病，医学界鼓励大家食用低脂肪、少盐的食物。但是如果过于极端的话，也会适得其反。
1．解析：　as　考查介词。医学界将其作为一种对抗心脏病的方法。as在此处作介词，意为“作为”。
2．解析：　effects　 考查名词的单复数。这种趋势有些非计划的副作用，如超重和心脏病。side effect表示“副作用”，为可数名词，根据such as overweight and heart disease可知，副作用有多种，故填复数形式。
3．解析：　to process　考查非谓语动词。根据require sth. to do sth.(需要某物做某事)以及其被动形式可知此处填动词不定式结构。
4．解析：　are removed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。结合语境可知，状语从句中用一般现在时态，fat and salt作主语，与remove之间为被动关系，故用被动语态，谓语动词用复数。
5．解析：　a　考查冠词。句意：结果，人们会吃更多的东西来努力弥补所缺的东西。as a result结果。
6．解析：　worse　考查形容词的比较级。句意：更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的量会上升。even worse更糟的是，此处与上句中提到的“eat more food”相比较，故用比较级。
7．解析：　is　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据上下文可知，此处用一般现在时，主语为fast food，故系动词用is。
8．解析：　eating　考查非谓语动词。by在此处为介词，表示方式，故后面接动词-ing形式。
9．解析：　careful　考查词性转换。句意：然而，小心不要走极端。设空处在系动词be后，作表语，故用形容词。
10．解析：　which　考查定语从句。句意：和其他东西一样，两者都有可能食用过多，这对健康是没有好处的。设空处指代前面的一句话，引导非限制性定语从句，故填which。
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