2026届高考英语二轮复习：破解长难句 课件（共19张PPT）
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| 名称 | 2026届高考英语二轮复习：破解长难句 课件（共19张PPT） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-08-23 14:54:00 | ||
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(共19张PPT)
长难句考情
分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加。词汇量对于读懂文章固然重要，但句子太长或者句子结构复杂也会成为学生高考取得高分的绊脚石。无论是阅读理解、完形填空还是语法填空都需要辨清句子的主干和修饰成分。英语中长难句的特点往往是结构复杂，逻辑层次多，通常是在主干成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而使句子变长。在高考试题中，英语句子常常以长难句形式出现。
长难句的组成
主干
主干（trunk）：是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。
修饰成分
修饰成分(modifier)：在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用。这些修饰语有：介词短语、非谓语动词短语、从句等。
修饰成分
（1）介词短语
【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如: at home、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、to the destination
【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。
【例句】(After the long day of work), she returned home, took off her coat and collapsed (onto the couch) (in the living room).
修饰成分
（2）三大从句
【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。
【定义】 从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although， after, before…等关系词引导
① 到句尾终止，如：Li Hua is a boy (who excels in mathematics).
② 到句中的逗号终止，如：(When I arrived home), it began to rain.
③ 到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will visit Beijing (which is rich in history and culture) with my family. (with my family是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止)
④ 到下一个谓语动词终止，如Beijing (which is rich in history and culture) always attracts visitors with its rich history and culture.
修饰成分
（3）非谓语动词短语
【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词 doing或过去分词 done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。
【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。
①到尾终止，如: Li Hua is a boy (exceling in mathematics).
②到句中的逗号终止，如:(To enhance my language skills), I regularly participate in language exchange meetups.
③到下一个修饰成分终止，如: They doubted his ability (to solve complex problems) in the first place. ( in the first place是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故非谓语的标记在此处终止)
④到下一个谓语动词终止，如: They, (laughing and dancing), enjoyed the evening around t he campfire.
如何快速读懂长难句
“一划 二括 三会意”
一划：划出句子主干（主谓宾、主系表）；
二括：括出修饰成分（介词短语、非谓语动词和从句等）；
三会意：抓主题，去修饰，按照逻辑理顺句意。
句子的类型
句子可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句、复合句。
Having suffered a number of health problems, former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona.
We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for them.
The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options.
简单句
并列句
复合句
Example：(2021·全国乙卷) These days, safety regulations—not to mention the modern sports fan’s desire for a good view and a comfortable seat—tend to keep stadium capacities slightly lower.
翻译：现在，由于安全规定，体育馆的容量有所减少，更不用说现代体育爱好者希望有良好的视野和舒适的座椅。
长难句的类型及突破
主干：These days, safety regulations tend to keep stadium capacities slightly lower.
【Tip 1】 在理解含有分隔结构的句子时，先理解插入语以外的内容，再理解插入语， 即“先读两端， 再读中间”。多数插入语都位于双逗号或双破折号之间， 和句子其他部分显性地隔离开来。
Type1：简单句（含有分隔结构）
Type2：简单句（介词短语、非谓语、从句等多种成分修饰）
Example 1：(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) The reasons relate to a variety of factors, ①including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask ②while consuming digital content.
翻译：这些原因涉及多种因素，包括注意力下降、娱乐心态以及在消费数字内容时一心多用的倾向。
主干：（主+谓+宾）The reasons relate to a variety of factors.
①非谓语；②while+非谓语的省略结构
Example 2：(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions（排放）from transporting plants from soil to salad.
翻译：此外，在食用植物的同一栋建筑里有一个系统，意味着将植物从土壤运输到沙拉的零排放（排放）。
主干：Moreover, having a system means zero emissions...
where引导的定语从句，修饰building
【Tip 2】 找主干，去枝叶。分清句子附属成分和主要成分。确定主干成分，分析分词功能，再分析从句。
Type2：简单句（介词短语、非谓语、从句等多种成分修饰）
动名词做主语
Example 1:（2024新课标Ⅱ卷）In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code（代码）that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.
翻译：如果处理不当，这本书可能会像人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔拥有二十多年的专业经验，可以将枯燥的内容转化为通俗易懂的内容。
主干： such a book could prove as complicated as the computer code but Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience
But连接的并列分句
that引导定语从句
Type3：并列句
现在分词做后置定语修饰experiencde
Example 2:(2024年新课标I卷) According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,which are often not so serious ,and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
翻译：根据这一理论，人们在阅读数字文本时，会以一种适合社交媒体的心态去阅读，因为社交媒体通常并不那么严肃，人们在阅读时所花费的心力也比阅读印刷品时要少。
主干：people approach digital texts with a mindset（主+谓+宾）... and devote less mental effort ...
which引导的非限制定语从句，修饰social media
suited to过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰mindset
when引导的状语从句
Type3：并列句
【Tip 3】先找并列连词 (and, but, yet, or, for, so, while, whether…or; neither…not, not only …but also …)，确定并列成分；然后将长句分解成多个分句， 理清各分句的内部结构和句意，再综合考虑全句， 即可明确整句话想表达的意思。
Example 1:(2024年新课标Ⅰ卷) However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
翻译：然而，为了最大限度地提高学习效果，在需要集中精力和思考的情况下，教育者不应认为所有媒体都是一样的，即使它们包含相同的文字。
主干：However,for maximizing learning,educators shouldn't assume ...
省略了that 的宾语从句，assume（that）
when引导的状语从句
Type 4：主从复合句（多个从句; 从句套从句）
where引导的定语从句,修饰learning
Example 2:（2023年新课标Ⅰ卷）The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
翻译：该研究的关键发现在于，当人群被进一步细分为较小的“群体”，并允许他们讨论时，较小群体的平均值比同等数量独立个体的平均值更准确。
When引导时间状语从句
That引导表语从句
主干： The key finding of the study was that…
that引导定语从句，修饰先行词groups
【Tip 4】先主句，后从句。首先找出从属连词并确定主句，接着按照简单句的分析方法，梳理各分句的结构和意义，然后确定各从句的性质，也就是明确每个从句在句中分别修饰哪些词语或结构， 最后综合考虑全句大意。
Example:（2024新课标I卷）These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable
翻译：随着科技的发展，人们很容易借助移动应用程序对不同物种进行观察。既然我们越来越多地利用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些数据是否可用吗？
定语从句
since引导让步状语从句
宾语从句
主干：These observations outnumber the data and I wanted to know ….
Type 5：并列句和主从复合句并存
【Tip 5】先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句。
Example 1: (2024年新课标I卷）“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.
翻译:政府一直在努力想出措施来解决这个问题，特别是在伏尔加河以东的贫困农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，并扩大财政援助计划，以激励医生在克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等国家偏远地区行医。
主干：The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem...
介词短语
介词短语
介词短语做状语
定语从句
Type 6：多种句式结构并存
Example 2:（2024年全国甲卷）The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
政府一直在努力想出措施来解决这个问题，特别是在伏尔加河以东的贫困农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，并扩大财政援助计划，以激励医生在克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等国家偏远地区行医。
主干：The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem...
including引导的状语，修饰measures
插入语
不定式作目的状语
不定式做定语
【Tip 6】灵活运用上面的tips。按照“读-划-析-译”的思路，逐个击破。
长难句考情
分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加。词汇量对于读懂文章固然重要，但句子太长或者句子结构复杂也会成为学生高考取得高分的绊脚石。无论是阅读理解、完形填空还是语法填空都需要辨清句子的主干和修饰成分。英语中长难句的特点往往是结构复杂，逻辑层次多，通常是在主干成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而使句子变长。在高考试题中，英语句子常常以长难句形式出现。
长难句的组成
主干
主干（trunk）：是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。
修饰成分
修饰成分(modifier)：在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用。这些修饰语有：介词短语、非谓语动词短语、从句等。
修饰成分
（1）介词短语
【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如: at home、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、to the destination
【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。
【例句】(After the long day of work), she returned home, took off her coat and collapsed (onto the couch) (in the living room).
修饰成分
（2）三大从句
【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。
【定义】 从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although， after, before…等关系词引导
① 到句尾终止，如：Li Hua is a boy (who excels in mathematics).
② 到句中的逗号终止，如：(When I arrived home), it began to rain.
③ 到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will visit Beijing (which is rich in history and culture) with my family. (with my family是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止)
④ 到下一个谓语动词终止，如Beijing (which is rich in history and culture) always attracts visitors with its rich history and culture.
修饰成分
（3）非谓语动词短语
【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词 doing或过去分词 done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。
【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。
①到尾终止，如: Li Hua is a boy (exceling in mathematics).
②到句中的逗号终止，如:(To enhance my language skills), I regularly participate in language exchange meetups.
③到下一个修饰成分终止，如: They doubted his ability (to solve complex problems) in the first place. ( in the first place是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故非谓语的标记在此处终止)
④到下一个谓语动词终止，如: They, (laughing and dancing), enjoyed the evening around t he campfire.
如何快速读懂长难句
“一划 二括 三会意”
一划：划出句子主干（主谓宾、主系表）；
二括：括出修饰成分（介词短语、非谓语动词和从句等）；
三会意：抓主题，去修饰，按照逻辑理顺句意。
句子的类型
句子可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句、复合句。
Having suffered a number of health problems, former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona.
We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for them.
The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options.
简单句
并列句
复合句
Example：(2021·全国乙卷) These days, safety regulations—not to mention the modern sports fan’s desire for a good view and a comfortable seat—tend to keep stadium capacities slightly lower.
翻译：现在，由于安全规定，体育馆的容量有所减少，更不用说现代体育爱好者希望有良好的视野和舒适的座椅。
长难句的类型及突破
主干：These days, safety regulations tend to keep stadium capacities slightly lower.
【Tip 1】 在理解含有分隔结构的句子时，先理解插入语以外的内容，再理解插入语， 即“先读两端， 再读中间”。多数插入语都位于双逗号或双破折号之间， 和句子其他部分显性地隔离开来。
Type1：简单句（含有分隔结构）
Type2：简单句（介词短语、非谓语、从句等多种成分修饰）
Example 1：(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) The reasons relate to a variety of factors, ①including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask ②while consuming digital content.
翻译：这些原因涉及多种因素，包括注意力下降、娱乐心态以及在消费数字内容时一心多用的倾向。
主干：（主+谓+宾）The reasons relate to a variety of factors.
①非谓语；②while+非谓语的省略结构
Example 2：(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions（排放）from transporting plants from soil to salad.
翻译：此外，在食用植物的同一栋建筑里有一个系统，意味着将植物从土壤运输到沙拉的零排放（排放）。
主干：Moreover, having a system means zero emissions...
where引导的定语从句，修饰building
【Tip 2】 找主干，去枝叶。分清句子附属成分和主要成分。确定主干成分，分析分词功能，再分析从句。
Type2：简单句（介词短语、非谓语、从句等多种成分修饰）
动名词做主语
Example 1:（2024新课标Ⅱ卷）In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code（代码）that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.
翻译：如果处理不当，这本书可能会像人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔拥有二十多年的专业经验，可以将枯燥的内容转化为通俗易懂的内容。
主干： such a book could prove as complicated as the computer code but Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience
But连接的并列分句
that引导定语从句
Type3：并列句
现在分词做后置定语修饰experiencde
Example 2:(2024年新课标I卷) According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,which are often not so serious ,and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
翻译：根据这一理论，人们在阅读数字文本时，会以一种适合社交媒体的心态去阅读，因为社交媒体通常并不那么严肃，人们在阅读时所花费的心力也比阅读印刷品时要少。
主干：people approach digital texts with a mindset（主+谓+宾）... and devote less mental effort ...
which引导的非限制定语从句，修饰social media
suited to过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰mindset
when引导的状语从句
Type3：并列句
【Tip 3】先找并列连词 (and, but, yet, or, for, so, while, whether…or; neither…not, not only …but also …)，确定并列成分；然后将长句分解成多个分句， 理清各分句的内部结构和句意，再综合考虑全句， 即可明确整句话想表达的意思。
Example 1:(2024年新课标Ⅰ卷) However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
翻译：然而，为了最大限度地提高学习效果，在需要集中精力和思考的情况下，教育者不应认为所有媒体都是一样的，即使它们包含相同的文字。
主干：However,for maximizing learning,educators shouldn't assume ...
省略了that 的宾语从句，assume（that）
when引导的状语从句
Type 4：主从复合句（多个从句; 从句套从句）
where引导的定语从句,修饰learning
Example 2:（2023年新课标Ⅰ卷）The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
翻译：该研究的关键发现在于，当人群被进一步细分为较小的“群体”，并允许他们讨论时，较小群体的平均值比同等数量独立个体的平均值更准确。
When引导时间状语从句
That引导表语从句
主干： The key finding of the study was that…
that引导定语从句，修饰先行词groups
【Tip 4】先主句，后从句。首先找出从属连词并确定主句，接着按照简单句的分析方法，梳理各分句的结构和意义，然后确定各从句的性质，也就是明确每个从句在句中分别修饰哪些词语或结构， 最后综合考虑全句大意。
Example:（2024新课标I卷）These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable
翻译：随着科技的发展，人们很容易借助移动应用程序对不同物种进行观察。既然我们越来越多地利用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些数据是否可用吗？
定语从句
since引导让步状语从句
宾语从句
主干：These observations outnumber the data and I wanted to know ….
Type 5：并列句和主从复合句并存
【Tip 5】先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句。
Example 1: (2024年新课标I卷）“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.
翻译:政府一直在努力想出措施来解决这个问题，特别是在伏尔加河以东的贫困农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，并扩大财政援助计划，以激励医生在克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等国家偏远地区行医。
主干：The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem...
介词短语
介词短语
介词短语做状语
定语从句
Type 6：多种句式结构并存
Example 2:（2024年全国甲卷）The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
政府一直在努力想出措施来解决这个问题，特别是在伏尔加河以东的贫困农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，并扩大财政援助计划，以激励医生在克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等国家偏远地区行医。
主干：The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem...
including引导的状语，修饰measures
插入语
不定式作目的状语
不定式做定语
【Tip 6】灵活运用上面的tips。按照“读-划-析-译”的思路，逐个击破。