Period 1 单元词汇表(Words and Expressions)
1．________ n．名誉；名声 2．________ n．地位；级别；行列 vt．& vi．把……分等级；使排成行 3．________ vt．购买；采购 n．购买；购买的东西 4．subjective adj．________ 5．________ adj．喜爱 6．visual adj．________ 7．________ adj．永久的；永恒的；长久的 8．criticise vi．& vt．________ 9．________ n．& v．减少；下降；衰落 10．________ vt．保证；确保；肯定……必然发生 n．保证；保修单；担保物 11．________ adj．值得……的；有价值的 12．dimension n．________ 13．________ n．贵族成员；出身高贵的人 adj．崇高的；宏伟的；高贵的 14．________ vi．&vt．出现；浮现；暴露 1．You'd better go to comfort your daughter ________(criticise) by her teacher． 2．They are doing a monthly poll on the President，and clearly his popularity ________(decline) so far． 3．That is why I have always ________(purchase)these products． 4．His good qualities set him apart from others and he is ________ (rank) as the most kind-hearted person． 5．He offers some precise information on how to build a model in three ________ (dimension)． 6．Those ________ (noble) sought to increase their influence by building churches and roads． 7．He ________ (guarantee) to convey my apologies to her，but I was still worried． 8．A new order seems to be ________ (emerge)．
1．precise adj．准确的；精确的→________ adv．准确地；精确地；的确如此 2．real adj．真实的；真的；实际的→________ adj．现实的；逼真的→________ n．逼真；现实主义；务实作风→________ n．现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者 3．influence n．& v．影响→________ adj．有很大影响力的；有支配力的 4．invest vt．投入；投资→________ n．投资额；投资；(时间、精力的)投入 5．represent vt．代表；描绘；象征→________ adj．典型的；有代表性的 n．代表→________ n．表现；代表 6．exhibit v．展览；展出；表现；显示n．陈列品；证据→________ n．展览；(技能、感情或行为的)表演 7．enter vt．进入；开始参加；加入→________ n．加入；进入；参与→________ n．入口 8．recognise vt．承认；认出；赞誉→________ n．承认；认出；赞誉 9．expand v．扩张；扩展；扩大→________ n．扩张；扩展；扩大 1．I think it will help shape a ________(real) and serious attitude to life． 2．The meeting starts at 2 o'clock ________ (precise) every Friday afternoon． 3．In that situation，I had to look for an ________(influence) figure to help me out． 4．An ________(exhibit) marking the 90th anniversary of the founding of our school is being put on in our school hall． 5．After renovation and reconstruction the old port has changed beyond ________(recognise)． 6．The city wants to open the doors for more foreign ________(invest)． 7．The country is spending hundreds of billions of dollars on railway ________ (expand)． 8．She had a stressful job as a sales ________ (represent)．
1．________________ 尤其；特别 2．________________ 使与众不同；使突出；使优于…… 3．________________ 喜爱；喜欢 4．________________ 赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来 5．________________ 值得 1．As people often say，any exercise is better than none．Long-distance running ____________ has a lot of benefits． 2．He has great artistic talent and ____________ creating creative artworks since he was a child． 3．Luckily，an artist is trying to ________ this art back ________． 4．The book ________ well ________ his reputation． 5．His fluent English ________ him ________ other applicants during the job interview yesterday．
由新知联想已知
1．breakthrough n．重大进展；突破 [联想] “动词＋副词”型动词短语合成的名词： workout n．锻炼 comeback n．回归 makeup n．化妆品；性格 2．photography n．照相术；摄影 [联想] photo/photograph n．照片；相片 photographer n．摄影师 photocopy n．影印 3．subjective adj．主观的 [联想] objective adj．客观的 supportive adj．支持的 4．expansion n．扩张；扩展；扩大 [联想] extension n．扩大；延伸；延期 comprehension n．理解 5．be fond of喜爱；喜欢 [联想] 表示喜欢的动词或动词短语： like v．喜欢 enjoy v．喜欢，欣赏 prefer v．更喜欢 be into 喜欢
第一篇课文(Reading and Thinking)
①precise adj．准确的；精确的
precisely adv．准确地；精确地；的确如此
②definition n．定义
③Christianity n．基督教
④realistic adj．现实的；逼真的
realism n．逼真；现实主义；务实作风
realist n．现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者
⑤primitive adj．发展水平低的；原始的；远古的n．文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品)
⑥two-dimensional adj．二维的
dimension n．维；规模；范围
⑦in particular尤其；特别
⑧set apart from使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
⑨impact n．影响；效果
have an impact on对……有影响
⑩concentrate on集中精力于；全神贯注于
adopt vt．采取；接受；收养
humanistic adj．人文主义的
humanity n．人性；人道；(统称)人类
breakthrough n．重大进展；突破
make a breakthrough(in．．．)(在……方面)取得突破性进展
perspective n．透视图；观点；远景
influential adj．有很大影响力的；有支配力的
be influential in．．．在……方面有影响力
innovation n．创新；革新；新方法
reputation n．名誉；名声
gain a reputation as获得……名誉
shift from．．．to．．．从……转变到……
noble n．贵族成员；出身高贵的人adj．崇高的；宏伟的；高贵的
rank n．地位；级别；行列vt．& vi．把……分等级；使排成行
of high rank 级别高的
purchase vt．购买；采购n．购买；购买的东西
mythology n．神话；虚幻的想法
client n．委托人；当事人；客户
photography n．照相术；摄影
preserve vt．保存；保护；维持
hence adv．因此；今后
emerge vi．& vt．出现；浮现；暴露
emerge from从……中出现；(从困境中)摆脱出来
sunrise n．日出
sunset n．日落；傍晚
convey vt．表达；传递(思想、感情等)；传送
subjective adj．主观的
objective adj．客观的
seek to追求；争取；力图
outer adj．外表的；外边的；外围的
subsequent adj．随后的；后来的；之后的
analyse vt．分析；分解
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
What is Western art It is hard to give a precise① definition②．As there have been so many different styles of Western art[1]，it is impossible to describe them all in a short text[2]．Perhaps the best way to understand Western art[3] is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries[4]．
[1]“As there have been．．．styles of Western art”是as引导的原因状语从句，as意为“因为；由于”。
[2]“it is impossible to．．．in a short text”中的it为形式主语；“to describe them．．．”是动词不定式短语作真正的主语。
[3]“to understand Western art”为动词不定式短语作定语，修饰the best way。
[4]“to look at．．．centuries”为动词不定式短语作表语。
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)
During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity③．Thus，artists were not interested in painting realistic④ scenes．Their works were often primitive⑤ and two-dimensional⑥，and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else[5] to show their importance[6] ．This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267－1337)．While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment．In particular⑦，his paintings are set apart from⑧ other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact⑨．
[5]“the main characters were．．．than everyone else”为带有than的比较级句式。
[6]“to show their importance”为动词不定式短语作目的状语。
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages．As a result，painters concentrated less on⑩ religious themes．They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life．An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401－1428)．Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452－1519)，Michelangelo (1475－1564)，and Raphael (1483－1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio's innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen[7]．
[7]“that Europe had ever seen”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the greatest art。
Another innovation was the use of oil paints．With their deep colours and realism，some of the best oil paintings look like photographs．While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil[8]，this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606－1669)，who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light[9]．
[8]while引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”。
[9]who引导非限制性定语从句，且who在从句中作主语，修饰先行词Rembrandt。
In subject matter，the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us．Kings，nobles ，and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved．Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology [10]．Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at[11]．
[10]“showing．．．from mythology”为动词-ing形式短语作定语，修饰名词paintings。
[11]“that were beautiful and interesting to look at”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词paintings。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century．After that，paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like．Hence ，painters had to find a new way of looking at their art．From this，Impressionism emerged in France．The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840－1926) called Impression[12]，Sunrise ．In this work，Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement[13] in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him[14]—but not a detailed record of the scene itself．
[12]“called Impression”为过去分词短语作定语。
[13]“to convey the light and movement”为动词不定式短语作表语。
[14]“the scene gave him”为定语从句，前面省略了that，修饰先行词the subjective impression。
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life，others，such as Renoir (1841－1919)，focused on people．Unlike the cold，black-and-white photographs of that time period，Renoir's paintings are full of light，shadow，colour，and life．He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects，but their inner warmth and humanity as well[15]．
[15]本句为“not．．．but．．．”句型，意为“不是……而是……”。
Modern Art(from the 20th century to today)
After Impressionism，subsequent artists began to ask，“What do we do next？” Painters such as Picasso(1881－1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way，with Cubism[16]．Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality．Still others turned to abstract art．What they attempted to do[17] was no longer show reality，but instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
[16]“which．．．with Cubism”为which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the shapes。
[17]“What they attempted to do”为what引导的主语从句，看作第三人称单数形式。
西方绘画简史
什么是西方艺术？很难给出一个确切的定义。由于西方艺术有如此多的不同风格，在一篇简短的文章中把它们全部描述出来是不可能的。也许理解西方艺术的最好方法是看一看西方绘画在过去几个世纪中的发展。
中世纪(5世纪至15世纪)
在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，画家们对写实的绘画不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物常常被做得比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。这种情况在13世纪由乔托·迪·邦多纳(1267—1337)开始改变。虽然他的画仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的作品以其逼真的人物面孔和深刻的情感冲击力而区别于其他作品。
文艺复兴时期(14世纪至17世纪)
新观念和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的旧观念和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始对生活采取更人性化的态度。这一时期一个重要的突破是马萨乔(1401—1428)对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇(1452—1519)、米开朗琪罗(1475—1564)和拉斐尔(1483—1520)，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出一些欧洲前所未见的最伟大的艺术作品。
另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于它们的深颜色和现实主义，一些最好的油画看起来就像照片。尽管早在达·芬奇时代，一些画家们就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗(1606—1669)使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
在题材上，重点逐渐从宗教主题转向我们周围的人和世界。国王、贵族和地位高的人都想购买自己和所爱的人的精准照片。另一些人想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户都想要漂亮有趣的画作来看看。
印象主义(画派)(19世纪末至20世纪初)
直到19世纪中期摄影技术的发明，西方艺术的发展才开始放缓。从那以后，绘画就不再需要用来保存人和世界的样子了。因此，画家必须找到一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。从此，法国出现了印象主义画派。这个新运动的名字来自克劳德·莫奈(1840—1926)的画作《日出印象》。在这幅作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光线和运动——也就是场景给他的主观印象——而不是场景本身的详细描绘。
尽管许多印象派画家画的是自然或日常生活的场景，而其他人，如雷诺阿(1841—1919)，关注的是人。不同于那个时代冷冰冰的黑白照片，雷诺阿的绘画充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他不仅试图展示他的主题的外在形象，而且还试图展示他们内心的温暖和人性。
现代艺术(20世纪至今)
在印象主义(画派)之后，后来的艺术家开始问：“我们接下来要做什么？”像毕加索(1881—1973)这样的画家试图用一种新的方式“立体派”来分析存在于自然界中的图形。另一些人则赋予他们的画一种现实而梦幻的质感。还有一些人转向了抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是问这样一个问题：“什么是艺术？”
Period 1
速记·重点词汇——牢记词形和词义
1．reputation 2．rank 3．purchase 4．主观的 5．fond 6．视觉的；视力的 7．permanent 8．批评；指责；评价 9．decline 10．guarantee
11．worthy 12．维；规模；范围 13．noble
14．emerge
运用·语境填空——测试一下基本功
1．criticised 2．has declined 3．purchased
4．ranked 5．dimensions 6．nobles
7．guaranteed 8．emerging
速记·派生词汇——牢记词形和词义
1．precisely 2．realistic；realism；realist
3．influential 4．investment 5．representative；representation 6．exhibition 7．entry；entrance 8．recognition 9．expansion
运用·语境填空——测试一下基本功
1．realistic 2．precisely 3．influential
4．exhibition 5．recognition 6．investment
7．expansion 8．representative
速记·重点短语——记牢搭配和意义
1．in particular 2．set apart from 3．be fond of 4．bring...to life 5．be worthy of
运用·语境填空——测试一下基本功
1．in particular 2．has been fond of 3．bring；to life 4．is；worthy of 5．set；apart from
1 / 11(共45张PPT)
Period 1
UNIT 1 ART
主题语境
人与社会——绘画领域的代表性作品和人物
1．__________ n．名誉；名声
2．____ n．地位；级别；行列 vt．& vi．把……分等级；使排成行
3．________ vt．购买；采购 n．购买；购买的东西
4．subjective adj．________
5．_____ adj．喜爱
课时练案 单元词汇表(Words and Expressions)
reputation
rank
purchase
主观的
fond
6．visual adj．_______________
7．_________ adj．永久的；永恒的；长久的
8．criticise vi．& vt．_________________
9．_______ n．& v．减少；下降；衰落
10．_________ vt．保证；确保；肯定……必然发生 n．保证；保修单；担保物
11．_______ adj．值得……的；有价值的
视觉的；视力的
permanent
批评；指责；评价
decline
guarantee
worthy
12．dimension n．_______________
13．______ n．贵族成员；出身高贵的人 adj．崇高的；宏伟的；高贵的
14．_______ vi．&vt．出现；浮现；暴露
维；规模；范围
noble
emerge
1．You'd better go to comfort your daughter _________(criticise) by her teacher．
2．They are doing a monthly poll on the President，and clearly his popularity ___________(decline) so far．
3．That is why I have always _________(purchase)these products．
4．His good qualities set him apart from others and he is _______ (rank) as the most kind-hearted person．
criticised
has declined
purchased
ranked
5．He offers some precise information on how to build a model in three __________ (dimension)．
6．Those ______ (noble) sought to increase their influence by building churches and roads．
7．He __________ (guarantee) to convey my apologies to her，but I was still worried．
8．A new order seems to be ________ (emerge)．
dimensions
nobles
guaranteed
emerging
1．precise adj．准确的；精确的→_________ adv．准确地；精确地；的确如此
2．real adj．真实的；真的；实际的→_______ adj．现实的；逼真的→_______ n．逼真；现实主义；务实作风→_______ n．现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者
3．influence n．& v．影响→__________ adj．有很大影响力的；有支配力的
precisely
realistic
realism
realist
influential
4．invest vt．投入；投资→__________ n．投资额；投资；(时间、精力的)投入
5．represent vt．代表；描绘；象征→_____________ adj．典型的；有代表性的 n．代表→_____________ n．表现；代表
6．exhibit v．展览；展出；表现；显示n．陈列品；证据→__________ n．展览；(技能、感情或行为的)表演
investment
representative
representation
exhibition
7．enter vt．进入；开始参加；加入→_____ n．加入；进入；参与→________ n．入口
8．recognise vt．承认；认出；赞誉→__________ n．承认；认出；赞誉
9．expand v．扩张；扩展；扩大→_________ n．扩张；扩展；扩大
entry
entrance
recognition
expansion
1．I think it will help shape a ________(real) and serious attitude to life．
2．The meeting starts at 2 o'clock _________ (precise) every Friday afternoon．
3．In that situation，I had to look for an _________(influence) figure to help me out．
realistic
precisely
influential
4．An _________(exhibit) marking the 90th anniversary of the founding of our school is being put on in our school hall．
5．After renovation and reconstruction the old port has changed beyond ___________(recognise)．
6．The city wants to open the doors for more foreign ___________
(invest)．
7．The country is spending hundreds of billions of dollars on railway _________ (expand)．
8．She had a stressful job as a sales ____________ (represent)．
exhibition
recognition
investment
expansion
representative
1．___________尤其；特别
2．____________使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
3．__________ 喜爱；喜欢
4．____________赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来
5．____________值得
in particular
set apart from
be fond of
bring...to life
be worthy of
1．As people often say，any exercise is better than none．Long-distance running ___________ has a lot of benefits．
2．He has great artistic talent and _______________ creating creative artworks since he was a child．
3．Luckily，an artist is trying to _____ this art back ______．
4．The book __ well _________ his reputation．
5．His fluent English ___ him _________ other applicants during the job interview yesterday．
in particular
has been fond of
bring
to life
is
worthy of
set
apart from
1．breakthrough n．重大进展；突破
[联想] “动词＋副词”型动词短语合成的名词：
workout n．锻炼
comeback n．回归
makeup n．化妆品；性格
2．photography n．照相术；摄影
[联想] photo/photograph n．照片；相片
photographer n．摄影师
photocopy n．影印
词汇联想 由新知联想已知
3．subjective adj．主观的
[联想] objective adj．客观的
supportive adj．支持的
4．expansion n．扩张；扩展；扩大
[联想] extension n．扩大；延伸；延期
comprehension n．理解
5．be fond of 喜爱；喜欢
[联想] 表示喜欢的动词或动词短语：
like v．喜欢
enjoy v．喜欢，欣赏
prefer v．更喜欢
be into 喜欢
①precise adj．准确的；精确的
precisely adv．准确地；精确地；的确如此
②definition n．定义
③Christianity n．基督教
课下预习 第一篇课文(Reading and Thinking)
④realistic adj．现实的；逼真的
realism n．逼真；现实主义；务实作风
realist n．现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者
⑤primitive adj．发展水平低的；原始的；远古的n．文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品)
⑥two-dimensional adj．二维的
dimension n．维；规模；范围
⑦in particular 尤其；特别
⑧set apart from 使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
⑨impact n．影响；效果
have an impact on 对……有影响
⑩concentrate on 集中精力于；全神贯注于
adopt vt．采取；接受；收养
humanistic adj．人文主义的
humanity n．人性；人道；(统称)人类
breakthrough n．重大进展；突破
make a breakthrough(in...) (在……方面)取得突破性进展
perspective n．透视图；观点；远景
influential adj．有很大影响力的；有支配力的
be influential in... 在……方面有影响力
innovation n．创新；革新；新方法
reputation n．名誉；名声
gain a reputation as 获得……名誉
shift from...to... 从……转变到……
noble n．贵族成员；出身高贵的人adj．崇高的；宏伟的；高贵的
rank n．地位；级别；行列vt．& vi．把……分等级；使排成行
of high rank 级别高的
purchase vt．购买；采购n．购买；购买的东西
mythology n．神话；虚幻的想法
client n．委托人；当事人；客户
photography n．照相术；摄影
preserve vt．保存；保护；维持
hence adv．因此；今后
emerge vi．& vt．出现；浮现；暴露
emerge from 从……中出现；(从困境中)摆脱出来
sunrise n．日出
sunset n．日落；傍晚
convey vt．表达；传递(思想、感情等)；传送
subjective adj．主观的
objective adj．客观的
seek to 追求；争取；力图
outer adj．外表的；外边的；外围的
subsequent adj．随后的；后来的；之后的
analyse vt．分析；分解
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
What is Western art It is hard to give a precise① definition②．As there have been so many different styles of Western art[1]，it is impossible to describe them all in a short text[2]．Perhaps the best way to understand Western art[3] is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries[4]．
[1]“As there have been...styles of Western art”是as引导的原因状语从句，as意为“因为；由于”。
[2]“it is impossible to...in a short text”中的it为形式主语；“to describe them...”是动词不定式短语作真正的主语。
[3]“to understand Western art”为动词不定式短语作定语，修饰the best way。
[4]“to look at...centuries”为动词不定式短语作表语。
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)
During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity③．Thus，artists were not interested in painting realistic④ scenes．Their works were often primitive⑤ and two-dimensional⑥，and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else[5] to show their importance[6] ．This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267－1337)．While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed
real people in a real environment．In particular⑦，his paintings are set apart from⑧ other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact⑨．
[5]“the main characters were...than everyone else”为带有than的比较级句式。
[6]“to show their importance”为动词不定式短语作目的状语。
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages．As a result，painters concentrated less on⑩ religious themes．They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life．An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401－1428)．Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452－1519)，Michelangelo (1475－1564)，and Raphael (1483－1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio's innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen[7]．
[7]“that Europe had ever seen”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the greatest art。
Another innovation was the use of oil paints．With their deep colours and realism，some of the best oil paintings look like photographs．While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil[8]，this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606－1669)，who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light[9]．
[8]while引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”。
[9]who引导非限制性定语从句，且who在从句中作主语，修饰先行词Rembrandt。
In subject matter，the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us．Kings，nobles ，and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved．Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology [10]．Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at[11]．
[10]“showing...from mythology”为动词-ing形式短语作定语，修饰名词paintings。
[11]“that were beautiful and interesting to look at”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词paintings。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century．After that，paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like．Hence ，painters had to find a new way of looking at their art．From this，Impressionism emerged in France．The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840－1926) called Impression[12]，Sunrise ．In this work，Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement[13] in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him[14]—but not a detailed record of the scene itself．
[12]“called Impression”为过去分词短语作定语。
[13]“to convey the light and movement”为动词不定式短语作表语。
[14]“the scene gave him”为定语从句，前面省略了that，修饰先行词the subjective impression。
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life，others，such as Renoir (1841－1919)，focused on people．Unlike the cold，black-and-white photographs of that time period，Renoir's paintings are full of light，shadow，colour，and life．He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects，but their inner warmth and humanity as well[15]．
[15]本句为“not...but...”句型，意为“不是……而是……”。
Modern Art(from the 20th century to today)
After Impressionism，subsequent artists began to ask，“What do we do next？” Painters such as Picasso(1881－1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way，with Cubism[16]．Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality．Still others turned to abstract art．What they attempted to do[17] was no longer show reality，but instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
[16]“which...with Cubism”为which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the shapes。
[17]“What they attempted to do”为what引导的主语从句，看作第三人称单数形式。
西方绘画简史
什么是西方艺术？很难给出一个确切的定义。由于西方艺术有如此多的不同风格，在一篇简短的文章中把它们全部描述出来是不可能的。也许理解西方艺术的最好方法是看一看西方绘画在过去几个世纪中的发展。
中世纪(5世纪至15世纪)
在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，画家们对写实的绘画不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物常常被做得比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。这种情况在13世纪由乔托·迪·邦多纳(1267—1337)开始改变。虽然他的画仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的作品以其逼真的人物面孔和深刻的情感冲击力而区别于其他作品。
文艺复兴时期(14世纪至17世纪)
新观念和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的旧观念和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始对生活采取更人性化的态度。这一时期一个重要的突破是马萨乔(1401—1428)对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇(1452—1519)、米开朗琪罗(1475—1564)和拉斐尔(1483—1520)，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出一些欧洲前所未见的最伟大的艺术作品。
另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于它们的深邃的色彩和现实主义，一些最好的油画看起来就像照片。尽管早在达·芬奇时代，一些画家们就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗(1606—1669)使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
在题材上，重点逐渐从宗教主题转向我们周围的人和世界。国王、贵族和地位高的人都想购买自己和所爱的人的精准照片。另一些人想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户都想要那些看上去漂亮、有趣的画作。
印象主义(画派)(19世纪末至20世纪初)
直到19世纪中期摄影技术的发明，西方艺术的发展才开始放缓。从那以后，绘画就不再需要用来保存人和世界的样子了。因此，画家必须找到一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。从此，法国出现了印象主义画派。这个新运动的名字来自克劳德·莫奈(1840—1926)的画作《日出印象》。在这幅作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光线和运动——也就是场景给他的主观印象——而不是场景本身的详细描绘。
尽管许多印象派画家画的是自然或日常生活的场景，而其他人，如雷诺阿(1841—1919)，关注的是人。不同于那个时代冷冰冰的黑白照片，雷诺阿的绘画充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他不仅试图展示他的主题的外在形象，而且还试图展示他们内心的温暖和人性。
现代艺术(20世纪至今)
在印象主义(画派)之后，后来的艺术家开始问：“我们接下来要做什么？”像毕加索(1881—1973)这样的画家试图用一种新的方式“立体派”来分析存在于自然界中的图形。另一些人则赋予他们的画一种现实而梦幻的质感。还有一些人转向了抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是问这样一个问题：“什么是艺术？”
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