(共29张PPT)
Period 4
UNIT 4 ADVERSITY AND COURAGE
主题语境
人与自我——优秀品行
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Learning About Language)
现在完成进行时
一、现在完成进行时的构成及用法
1．构成：have/has＋been＋doing
2．用法
(1)现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。这个
时态多用于延续性动词，如live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等，并常和all this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently等时间状语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用(与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去)。
I have been waiting for an hour and he still hasn't turned up．
我已经等了一个小时了，可他还没来。
I've been writing letters all this morning．
整个上午我一直在写信。
(2)有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。这时现在完成进行时可用于瞬间动词。
He's been learning since last year．
他从去年开始就一直学习。
You have been saying for a year that you will study abroad．
整整一年你都在说要出国学习。
(3)现在完成进行时在上下文清楚时也可不与时间状语连用。这时现在完成进行时多指“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续，并往往含有一种直接的结果。
You've been working too hard．
你工作太辛苦了。(直接结果可能是你一定很累了。)
We have been waiting for you for half an hour．
我们已经等你半个钟头了。(暗含人还没到，还会继续等。)
(4)现在完成进行时和其他进行时态一样，也可以带有感彩。
I have been wanting to meet you for a long time．
和你见面是我盼望已久的事。
Too much has been happening today．
今天发生太多事了。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①The dollar ________________ (climb) steadily all week．
②I ________________ (wait) for an hour and a half．
③Jim ________________ (phone) Jenny every night for the past week．
④—You are a great swimmer．
—Thanks．It's because I __________________ (practise) a lot these days．
has been climbing
have been waiting
has been phoning
have been practising
二、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时 现在完成时
强调过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果 √
强调动作的延续性 √
强调动作重复 √
表达生动，含有感彩 √
说明一个事实、一种影响或结果 √
They have been widening the road．(尚未完成)
他们在加宽马路。
They have widened the road．(已经完成)
他们加宽了马路。
Have you been meeting him recently？(强调动作重复)
你最近一直遇见他吗？
Have you met him recently？(表示结果)
你最近遇见过他吗？
Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere．(表示不满)
你到哪里去了？我们在到处找你。
We have looked for him，but haven't found him．(无感彩)
我们找过他，但没有找到。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and _____________ (remain) around that level ever since．
②He ________________ (listen) to English programs since he came to the US, so he _________ (make) great progress．
③Although many measures _______________ (take), the economy in that country is still going down．
has remained
has been listening
has made
have been taken
④The little boy is dirty from head to toe because he ________________
(play) in the mud all morning．
⑤I'm sorry, but Mr． Smith ________ (leave) for Beijing, so if you want to contact him, telephone him．
has been playing
has left
短文语境填空
My wish is 1．______ (go) to a key university．I 2．___________
_________ (study) for many years．But I have been poor at English since I 3．_____(go) to junior high school．My English teacher told me to insist on 4．________ (listen) and writing．I 5．________________
(learn) English every morning to improve it．Because I 6．__________
(waste) a lot of time, it was hard to catch up with other students． After
to go
have been
studying
went
listening
have been learning
have wasted
7．______ (go) to high school, I 8．________________ (stay)up late into the night and 9．________________ (get) up early in the morning．
I 10．_________________ (write) two compositions every day．I think I should spare no effort to improve my English and achieve my dream．
going
have been staying
have been getting
have been writing
①What if...？如果……将会怎样？
②delay v．延期；(使)耽搁；推迟
③There is/was nothing like 什么也比不上
④cheer sb．up 使某人振作起来
⑤regular adj．有规律的
regulation n．章程；规章制度
课下预习 第二篇课文(Using Language)
⑥make fire 生火
⑦fat n．脂肪；肥肉
⑧give off 放出(热、光、气味或气体)
⑨starve vi．& vt．使饿死；使挨饿
⑩chef n．厨师
vary v．变更；改变
variation n．变化；变体；变奏曲
discipline n．自制力；纪律；学科
vt．自我控制；管教；处罚
optimistic adj．乐观的；乐观主义的
be optimistic about sth．对某事乐观
deal with 处理
in a positive and successful way 以积极和成功的方式
episode n．(人生的)一段经历；(小说的)片段；插曲
relief n．救济；减轻；解除；安慰
pay back 偿还；报答
commitment n．承诺；保证；奉献
THE REWARD FOR PERSEVERANCE
We watched as Shackleton and the boat sailed away from Elephant Island．It was easy to imagine the danger ahead of them．Would they ever return to find us What might happen to them？What if① they were delayed② We felt so alone and desperate．But it was not for long．There was nothing like③ a good dinner and some music to cheer us up④．
Life fell into a regular⑤ pattern．Staying alive took all our time and energy．For example，we needed water，and Elephant Island had none．We found that we could melt ice from the ocean and drink the water from it．But how could we make fire⑥？ There were no trees growing on Antarctica[1] and no oil，so the only fuel we could use was animal fat⑦[2]．This gave off⑧oily，black smoke，but it stayed burning even in strong winds．
[1]“growing on Antarctica”为动词-ing形式短语作定语，修饰名词trees。
[2]so连接并列句，其中“we could use”为省略了that的定语从句，修饰先行词the only fuel。
Food was also a problem，as we did not find any vegetables or fruit on the island．One of our group members，Lionel Greenstreet，noted in his diary about how bored he was with the meals[3]：“The food now is pretty well all meat of sea creatures．” If it weren't for sea animals，we would all starve⑨．As a chef⑩，it was my duty to cook，so I tried to vary the meals in whatever way I could[4]．But it was difficult．
[3]how引导宾语从句，作介词about的宾语。
[4]so连接并列句，whatever引导宾语从句，作介词in的宾语。
We had to be careful not to go outside too often，as the changing temperatures could make us ill．It was almost as dangerous to become too hot from wearing too many clothes as to become too cold from wearing too few[5]．The sweat could freeze very quickly．Many of us also became ill from the black smoke of the animal fat we burnt for our fires．It damaged our eyes and burnt our lungs．
[5]本句为“as…as…”结构。
The twenty-two of us lived like this in the cold for four months．Our discipline and team spirit kept us optimistic and helped us deal with our fears in a positive and successful way ．We also celebrated our birthdays，festivals，and even the times when we caught a sea animal．This was an episode in my life that I would never forget．
When we were finally rescued，we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears．[6]We were at last free to go home to warm beds，good food，and the care of our family and friends．Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive．And he paid us back by his commitment to save us from a slow but painful death．
[6]when引导时间状语从句，such...that...引导结果状语从句。
对坚持不懈的奖赏
我们看着沙克尔顿和小船驶离象岛。很容易想象他们面前的危险。他们还会回来找我们吗？他们会怎么样呢？如果他们被耽搁了怎么办？我们感到如此孤独和绝望。但它很快消失了。没有什么比得上一顿好饭和一点儿音乐能让我们振作起来了。
生活有了规律。活下去消耗了我们所有的时间和精力。例如，我们需要水，而象岛上没有。我们发现，我们可以融化海里的冰，喝下冰融化成的水。但是我们怎么生火呢？南极洲没有树木生长，也没有石油，所以我们唯一能使用的燃料就是动物脂肪。燃烧脂肪释放出油乎乎的黑烟，但它甚至在强风中仍能燃烧。
食物也是个问题，因为我们在岛上没有找到任何蔬菜和水果。我们小组的一名成员莱昂内尔·格林斯特里特在他的日记中记录了他对这些食物的厌倦：“现在的食物基本上都是海洋生物的肉。”如果没有海洋生物，我们都会饿死。作为一名厨师，做饭是我的职责，所以我试着用任何可能的方式使食物多样化。但这很困难。
我们必须小心，不要经常出去，因为变化的温度会使我们生病。穿太多衣服而变得太热和穿太少而变得太冷几乎是同样危险的。汗水很快就会冻结。我们中的许多人因为燃烧动物脂肪的黑烟而生病。它损害了我们的眼睛，灼伤了我们的肺。
我们二十二个人就这样在寒冷中生活了四个月。我们的纪律和团队精神使我们保持乐观，并帮助我们以积极和成功的方式应对我们的恐惧。我们也庆祝我们的生日、节日，甚至当我们抓住一只海洋生物的时候。这是我生命中的一段经历，我永远都不会忘记。
当我们最终获救时，我们感到如此欣慰和快乐，以至于我们中的许多人掩藏不住泪水。我们终于可以自由地回家，睡温暖的床，吃美味的食物，享受我们的家人和朋友的照顾。我们对沙克尔顿的乐观和信心帮助我们坚持活下去。他回报了我们，他承诺要把我们从缓慢而痛苦的死亡中拯救出来。
THANKSPeriod 4 单元语法讲练(Learning About Language)
现在完成进行时
一、现在完成进行时的构成及用法
1．构成：have/has＋been＋doing
2．用法
(1)现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。这个时态多用于延续性动词，如live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等，并常和all this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently等时间状语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用(与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去)。
I have been waiting for an hour and he still hasn't turned up．
我已经等了一个小时了，可他还没来。
I've been writing letters all this morning．
整个上午我一直在写信。
(2)有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。这时现在完成进行时可用于瞬间动词。
He's been learning since last year．
他从去年开始就一直学习。
You have been saying for a year that you will study abroad．
整整一年你都在说要出国学习。
(3)现在完成进行时在上下文清楚时也可不与时间状语连用。这时现在完成进行时多指“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续，并往往含有一种直接的结果。
You've been working too hard．
你工作太辛苦了。(直接结果可能是你一定很累了。)
We have been waiting for you for half an hour．
我们已经等你半个钟头了。(暗含人还没到，还会继续等。)
(4)现在完成进行时和其他进行时态一样，也可以带有感彩。
I have been wanting to meet you for a long time．
和你见面是我盼望已久的事。
Too much has been happening today．
今天发生太多事了。
[即时训练1]——单句语法填空
①The dollar ____________ (climb) steadily all week．
②I ____________ (wait) for an hour and a half．
③Jim ____________ (phone) Jenny every night for the past week．
④—You are a great swimmer．
—Thanks．It's because I ____________ (practise) a lot these days．
二、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时 现在完成时
强调过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果 √
强调动作的延续性 √
强调动作重复 √
表达生动，含有感彩 √
说明一个事实、一种影响或结果 √
They have been widening the road．(尚未完成)
他们在加宽马路。
They have widened the road．(已经完成)
他们加宽了马路。
Have you been meeting him recently？(强调动作重复)
你最近一直遇见他吗？
Have you met him recently？(表示结果)
你最近遇见过他吗？
Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere．(表示不满)
你到哪里去了？我们在到处找你。
We have looked for him，but haven't found him．(无感彩)
我们找过他，但没有找到。
[即时训练2]——单句语法填空
①The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ____________ (remain) around that level ever since．
②He ____________ (listen) to English programs since he came to the US, so he ________ (make) great progress．
③Although many measures ____________ (take), the economy in that country is still going down．
④The little boy is dirty from head to toe because he ____________ (play) in the mud all morning．
⑤I'm sorry, but Mr． Smith ________ (leave) for Beijing, so if you want to contact him, telephone him．
短文语境填空
My wish is 1．________ (go) to a key university．I 2．__________ (study) for many years．But I have been poor at English since I 3．________(go) to junior high school．My English teacher told me to insist on 4．________ (listen) and writing．I 5．________(learn) English every morning to improve it．Because I 6．________ (waste) a lot of time, it was hard to catch up with other students． After 7．________ (go) to high school, I 8．________ (stay)up late into the night and 9．________ (get) up early in the morning．I 10．________ (write) two compositions every day．I think I should spare no effort to improve my English and achieve my dream．
第二篇课文(Using Language)
①What if．．．？如果……将会怎样？
②delay v．延期；(使)耽搁；推迟
③There is/was nothing like什么也比不上
④cheer sb．up使某人振作起来
⑤regular adj．有规律的
regulation n．章程；规章制度
⑥make fire生火
⑦fat n．脂肪；肥肉
⑧give off放出(热、光、气味或气体)
⑨starve vi．& vt．使饿死；使挨饿
⑩chef n．厨师
vary v．变更；改变
variation n．变化；变体；变奏曲
discipline n．自制力；纪律；学科
vt．自我控制；管教；处罚
optimistic adj．乐观的；乐观主义的
be optimistic about sth．对某事乐观
deal with处理
in a positive and successful way以积极和成功的方式
episode n．(人生的)一段经历；(小说的)片段；插曲
relief n．救济；减轻；解除；安慰
pay back偿还；报答
commitment n．承诺；保证；奉献
THE REWARD FOR PERSEVERANCE
We watched as Shackleton and the boat sailed away from Elephant Island．It was easy to imagine the danger ahead of them．Would they ever return to find us What might happen to them？What if① they were delayed② We felt so alone and desperate．But it was not for long．There was nothing like③ a good dinner and some music to cheer us up④．
Life fell into a regular⑤ pattern．Staying alive took all our time and energy．For example，we needed water，and Elephant Island had none．We found that we could melt ice from the ocean and drink the water from it．But how could we make fire⑥？ There were no trees growing on Antarctica[1] and no oil，so the only fuel we could use was animal fat⑦[2]．This gave off⑧oily，black smoke，but it stayed burning even in strong winds．
[1]“growing on Antarctica”为动词-ing形式短语作定语，修饰名词trees。
[2]so连接并列句，其中“we could use”为省略了that的定语从句，修饰先行词the only fuel。
Food was also a problem，as we did not find any vegetables or fruit on the island．One of our group members，Lionel Greenstreet，noted in his diary about how bored he was with the meals[3]：“The food now is pretty well all meat of sea creatures．” If it weren't for sea animals，we would all starve⑨．As a chef⑩，it was my duty to cook，so I tried to vary the meals in whatever way I could[4]．But it was difficult．
[3]how引导宾语从句，作介词about的宾语。
[4]so连接并列句，whatever引导宾语从句，作介词in的宾语。
We had to be careful not to go outside too often，as the changing temperatures could make us ill．It was almost as dangerous to become too hot from wearing too many clothes as to become too cold from wearing too few[5]．The sweat could freeze very quickly．Many of us also became ill from the black smoke of the animal fat we burnt for our fires．It damaged our eyes and burnt our lungs．
[5]本句为“as．．．as．．．”结构。
The twenty-two of us lived like this in the cold for four months．Our discipline and team spirit kept us optimistic and helped us deal with our fears in a positive and successful way ．We also celebrated our birthdays，festivals，and even the times when we caught a sea animal．This was an episode in my life that I would never forget．
When we were finally rescued，we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears．[6]We were at last free to go home to warm beds，good food，and the care of our family and friends．Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive．And he paid us back by his commitment to save us from a slow but painful death．
[6]when引导时间状语从句，such．．．that．．．引导结果状语从句。
对坚持不懈的奖赏
我们看着沙克尔顿和小船驶离象岛。很容易想象他们面前的危险。他们还会回来找我们吗？他们会怎么样呢？如果他们被耽搁了怎么办？我们感到如此孤独和绝望。但它很快消失了。没有什么比得上一顿好饭和一点儿音乐能让我们振作起来了。
生活有了规律。活下去消耗了我们所有的时间和精力。例如，我们需要水，而象岛上没有。我们发现，我们可以融化海里的冰，喝下冰融化成的水。但是我们怎么生火呢？南极洲没有树木生长，也没有石油，所以我们唯一能使用的燃料就是动物脂肪。燃烧脂肪释放出油乎乎的黑烟，但它甚至在强风中仍能燃烧。
食物也是个问题，因为我们在岛上没有找到任何蔬菜和水果。我们小组的一名成员莱昂内尔·格林斯特里特在他的日记中记录了他对这些食物的厌倦：“现在的食物基本上都是海洋生物的肉。”如果没有海洋生物，我们都会饿死。作为一名厨师，做饭是我的职责，所以我试着用任何可能的方式使食物多样化。但这很困难。
我们必须小心，不要经常出去，因为变化的温度会使我们生病。穿太多衣服而变得太热和穿太少而变得太冷几乎是同样危险的。汗水很快就会冻结。我们中的许多人因为燃烧动物脂肪的黑烟而生病。它损害了我们的眼睛，灼伤了我们的肺。
我们二十二个人就这样在寒冷中生活了四个月。我们的纪律和团队精神使我们保持乐观，并帮助我们以积极和成功的方式应对我们的恐惧。我们也庆祝我们的生日、节日，甚至当我们抓住一只海洋生物的时候。这是我生命中的一段经历，我永远都不会忘记。
当我们最终获救时，我们感到如此欣慰和快乐，以至于我们中的许多人掩藏不住泪水。我们终于可以自由地回家，睡温暖的床，吃美味的食物，享受我们的家人和朋友的照顾。我们对沙克尔顿的乐观和信心帮助我们坚持活下去。他回报了我们，他承诺要把我们从缓慢而痛苦的死亡中拯救出来。
Period 4
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①has been climbing ②have been waiting ③has been phoning ④have been practising
[即时训练2]
①has remained ②has been listening；has made ③have been taken ④has been playing
⑤has left
巩固落实
短文语境填空
1．to go 2．have been studying 3．went
4．listening 5．have been learning 6．have wasted
7．going 8．have been staying 9．have been getting 10．have been writing
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