(共55张PPT)
Period 4
UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION
主题语境
人与自然 —— 人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Learning About Language)
复习动词不定式
动词不定式的基本构成是“to＋动词原形”，to是不定式符号，无词义。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词和动词的特征，它可以在句中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分。
一、动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，通常表示某次具体行为。
1．作主语
动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。为了保持句子平衡，往往在句首用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动词不定式后置。
To remain silent sometimes is better.
→It is better to remain silent sometimes．
有时保持沉默更好。
课时学案
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Period 4
To remember to switch off the electricity is important.
→It's important to remember to switch off the electricity．
重要的是要记住关掉电源。
2．作表语
在用动词不定式作表语的句子中，系动词除be外，还有seem，appear等。
Her wish is to become a teacher．
她的愿望是当个教师。
They seem to know what they're doing．
看来他们知道自己在干什么。
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Period 4
3．作宾语
I've arranged to meet him at ten o'clock．
我已安排好十点钟见他。
He agreed to smoke no more cigarettes．
他同意不再抽烟。
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课下预习
Period 4
[名师点津] (1)带疑问词的动词不定式短语可作主语、表语和宾语。
Who to turn to is what she wants to know.
她想知道的事情是该向谁求助。
Our difficulty is where to find a guide.
我们的困难是到哪里去找向导。
We must find out what to do next.
我们必须弄清楚下一步做什么。
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Period 4
(2)think，find，feel，make，believe等动词可用于“动词＋it＋形容词＋to do sth.”结构。在此句型中，it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
She thought it unnecessary to quarrel with him over little things.
她认为没必要为小事跟他争吵。
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Period 4
4．作定语
动词不定式作定语，位于被修饰的词语之后，即作后置定语，说明被修饰词的特征。
(1)下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语：ability，attempt，chance，courage，decision，effort，failure，promise，way，wish等。
Can you think up a good way to deal with the ever increasing prices
你能想出一个对付日益上涨的物价的好办法吗？
But she gave up the chance to go abroad．
但是她放弃了出国的机会。
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Period 4
(2)由only，first，last，next以及其他序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后，也常接动词不定式作定语。
Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night
谁是昨晚最后离开教室的？
[名师点津] (1)如果动词不定式和被修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，则动词不定式多半表示未来的动作，翻译时常须在不定式前加“要”字。
We have three machines to repair today.
我们今天有三台机器要修理。
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(2)在具有逻辑上的动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式中的动词是不及物的，其后要加一个结构上或含义上所需的介词。
There are five pairs to choose from.
这儿有五对可供选择。
(3)有时不定式中的动词尽管是及物的，并且带了宾语，其后还要加一个介词。
There's no key to open the door with.
没有能打开这扇门的钥匙。
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Period 4
5．作状语
动词不定式作状语时可以表示目的、结果、原因、条件、方式等。
We went there to see our grandparents．(目的)
我们去那里看望我们的祖父母。
I am very sorry to hear that．(原因)
听到这，我很抱歉。
She hurried home only to find her father dead．(结果)
她匆匆赶到家，却发现父亲已经去世了。
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Period 4
He cleared his throat as though to speak．(方式)
他清了清喉咙，好像要说话的样子。
You would be a fool to refuse this offer．(条件)
你要是谢绝这一番好意就太傻了。
[名师点津] (1)不定式作目的状语，除了用to do表示外，还可以使用in order to do或so as to do。
(2)动词不定式作结果状语时常常表示一种出乎意料的结果，其前往往有only作为标志。
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Period 4
6．作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时跟在某些及物动词的宾语之后，对宾语做进一步的补充说明，并与该宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这类及物动词常见的有advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，command，inspire，encourage等。
Police are advising people to stay at home．
警方告诫民众要待在家中。
I've asked him to come to the party．
我已邀请他来参加聚会。
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
[名师点津] (1)在某些表示心理状态的动词(believe，find，consider，prove，suppose，think，declare等)后，作宾语补足语的动词不定式往往是“to be＋形容词”，其中的to be通常可省略。
They believe him (to be) innocent.
他们相信他是无辜的。
(2)以动词不定式作宾语补足语的句子，变为被动语态后，该不定式便充当主语补足语。
He has been asked to come to the party.
他已被邀请来参加聚会。
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
[即时训练1]——单句语法填空
①It is difficult for us __________ (finish) writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
②When he enters the university，he will find it hard ________ (make) friends.
③Let's first find a room to put the things____．
④Father will not allow us ________ (play) on the street.
⑤The book is believed________ (be) uninteresting.
to finish
to make
in
to play
to be
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课下预习
Period 4
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
1．动词不定式的时态和语态列表(以do为例)
时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般时 to do to be done
进行时 to be doing —
完成时 to have done to have been done
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(1)一般时
动词不定式的一般时所表示的动作通常与谓语动词所表示的动作(或状态)同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
I noticed him go out．
我看见他出去了。(notice与go out同时发生)
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(2)进行时
动词不定式的进行时所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
They are reported to be working hard．
据报道，他们正努力地工作。(be reported与work hard同时发生)
I am very glad to be working with you.
我非常乐意与你一起工作。(be glad与work同时发生)
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(3)完成时
动词不定式的完成时所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.
很抱歉让你久等了。(keep发生在be sorry之前)
He is believed to have come．
相信他已经来了。(come发生在be believed之前)
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Period 4
[名师点津] (1)用intend，expect，hope，suppose，want等谓语动词的过去完成时或一般过去时＋动词不定式的一般时，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等。
John (had) hoped to come，but he was too busy at that time.
约翰本来想来的，可他那时太忙了。
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(2)在seem，appear以及believe，consider，think等表示看法与想法的动词后常用动词不定式的完成时，表示一个动作先于另一个动作。此结构也常用以it作形式主语的结构代替。
He seems to have bought the new book.
＝It seems that he has bought the new book.
他好像已经买了那本新书。
(3)表示目的，通常用动词不定式的一般时。
He worked very hard to finish the work by five.
他干得很卖力，为了在五点钟前完成工作。
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Period 4
2．动词不定式的被动语态
动词不定式与它所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，一般使用被动形式。
The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again.
那个男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。
The manuscript seems to have been written by Shakespeare.
这手稿好像是莎士比亚写的。
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
[名师点津] (1)有些动词，如want，need，require作“需要”讲时，后常接动词不定式的被动形式(相当于动词-ing形式的主动形式)。
The house wants to be repaired/repairing.
这座房子需要修理了。
These flowers need to be watered/watering once a day.
这些花需要每天浇一次水。
(2)在there be句型中的动词不定式可用主动语态和被动语态。
There is a lot of work to do/to be done.
有很多工作要做。
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Period 4
3．以下几类句子中通常用动词不定式的主动语态。
You are not to blame for what happened.
你对发生的事没有责任。
A lot remains to do．
还有很多事要做。
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Period 4
[即时训练2]——单句语法填空
①It's a great honour _______________ (invite) to Mary's birthday.
②She is known _______________________ (work) on the problem for many years.
③Can you tell me which is the car ______________ (repair)
④He seems _______________________ (eat) something.
⑤I'm sorry _____________ (give) you so much trouble.
to be invited
to have been working
to be repaired
to be eating/to have eaten
to have given
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
三、动词不定式符号to的省略
1．在某些使役动词或感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，常不带to；如果这些动词用于被动结构，其后的to就必须补上。这类词可以用以下口诀助记：
一发现一感觉：find，feel
二听：listen to，hear
三让：make，have，let
五看：see，watch，observe，look at，notice
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Period 4
I often hear him sing the song.
我经常听见他唱那首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.
他经常被人听见唱那首歌。
2．在以why引导的疑问句中，表示建议，不定式不带to。
Why congratulate her
为什么要祝贺她呢？
Why not conduct the interview right now
为什么不马上主持面试呢？
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Period 4
3．在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后的动词不定式不带to。
I cannot but admire his courage.
我不得不佩服他的勇气。
4．在but，except之前有行为动词do，这些词后的动词不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry．
她除了哭，不能做任何事。
I have no choice but to work for the firm.
除了为这家公司工作，我别无选择。
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5．两个不定式并列，第一个不定式中的to不能省略，第二个不定式中的to可省略；但是当两个不定式表示对比关系时，第二个不定式中的to就不能省略。
Her work is to keep the house clean and look after the children.(并列关系)
她的工作就是打扫房子和照看孩子。
To be or not to be，that is a question.(对比关系)
生存还是毁灭，那是个问题。
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Period 4
6．若谓语之前出现实义动词do的任何形式，则作表语的不定式中的to可省略。
The next thing that she wants to do is (to) thank her coach.
她想要做的下一件事是感谢她的教练。
课时学案
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Period 4
四、动词不定式符号to的单独使用
在非正式语体中，为避免重复，可以保留不定式符号to，省去之后的动词原形及其余部分。这种处理方式被称为动词不定式符号的单独使用。
You may go if you wish to．(to后省略了go)
要是想走，你可以走。
George says he is going to leave Shanghai，but I don't think he really wants to．(to后省略了leave Shanghai)
乔治说他要离开上海，不过我认为他并非真想离开。
课时学案
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Period 4
[名师点津] 如果不定式符号之后的动词是be，则将to be一并保留。
—Aren't you the manager
—No，and I don't want to be.
——难道你不是经理吗？
——不是，我不想当(经理)。
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课下预习
Period 4
[即时训练3]——单句语法填空
①I often see him ___ (go) to school on foot.
②The boss made them ____ (work) the whole night.
③He wants to do nothing but __ (do) his homework.
④He expected to move to France and _____ (marry) the girl.
⑤Because we've missed the last bus，all we could do now was ____ (walk) home.
go
work
do
marry
walk
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
短文语境填空
Research has become both simpler and more complex.It's simpler because，if you have a computer，you just need 1．________ (find) information by searching the Internet.For all your information，you don't have to go to the library 2．________ (find) the relevant resources and 3．____(take) notes on it.Instead，you can find some sources from the Internet and print the copies needed 4．____________ (complete) your research.Remember，however，that what you should do is usually 5．_______(consult) different types of sources.That is，you shouldn't always rely just on the Internet for your research.
to find
to find
take
to complete
consult
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Period 4
While it is easier 6．________ (find) information than ever，at the same time，researching has become more complex 7．____________ (complete).There is a lot more material available for you 8．__________ (choose) from，which means you may be overwhelmed with any amount of information.You need to learn how 9．________ (sort) through and 10．____ (find) the relevant information for your particular project.Also，you need to check.
to find
to complete
to choose
to sort
find
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
课下预习 第二篇课文(Using Language)
①exploit vt.开发；利用；剥削
②horizon n．地平线
③spill v．(使)洒出；溢出
④gallon n．加仑(容积单位，1英制加仑约等于4.5升)
⑤plastic n．塑料adj.塑料的
⑥tap water 自来水
⑦mine v．开采n．矿
⑧resource n．资源
⑨damaging adj.有害的；损害的
⑩fossil fuels 化石燃料
negative cycle 负循环，恶性循环
overfishing n．过度捕捞
dolphin n．海豚
hunt v．捕猎
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so-called adj.所谓的
ban v．禁止
murder vt.谋杀；凶杀；毁坏n.谋杀；凶杀
without mercy毫不留情
mercy n．仁慈；宽恕；恩惠
be home to是……的家/聚集地
possession n．个人财产；拥有；控制
sensitive adj.敏感的；易生气的
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Period 4
generation n．一代
forgive v．原谅
planet n．行星
opponent n．反对者；对手；竞争者
concerned adj.担心的
issue n．问题
take action采取措施
therefore adv.因此
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necessary adj.必需的
manage v．管理
log vt.把……载入正式记录；记录n.正式记录；日志；原木
species n．(生物)物种
improve v．改善；改进
as well as 和；也
source n．来源
access v．进入
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predict v．预言；预报
event n．事件
population n．人口
vast adj.巨大的
amount n．数量
valuable adj.宝贵的；很重要的
mineral n．矿物质
environmental adj.环境的
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risk n．风险
be balanced with与……平衡
economic needs经济需求
hopefully adv.有希望地
technology n．技术
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
Text 1
When people talk of exploring the sea more，they usually mean exploiting① it.[1]Sea exploration has caused many problems and will continue to cause more.
[1]本句中When引导时间状语从句。
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More exploration means more pollution.The Deepwater Horizon② spilled③ over 200 million gallons④ of oil into the sea in 2010．Plastic⑤ pollution is also bad，killing many birds and fish[2]，and has even been found in our tap water⑥.
[2]动词-ing形式短语作状语，表结果。
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Mining⑦ for resources⑧ is very damaging⑨[3]，especially in the Arctic.Because of climate change，there is less ice now，which means we can look for more fossil fuels⑩ further north[4].But if we burn these，the ice will melt more and this negative cycle will continue.[5] Climate change is warning us that something is very wrong.
[3]此处动词-ing形式短语作句子的主语。
[4]which引导非限制性定语从句。
[5]本句包含一个if引导的条件状语从句，主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。
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Period 4
Overfishing is another problem.Whales and dolphins are also hunted for their meat or for so-called research.Although this was banned in 1982，some countries are still “murdering ” these intelligent creatures without mercy .
The sea is home to life，not human beings' possessions .[6] It is huge，but it is more sensitive than we think[7].If we do not protect it，future generations will not forgive us.
[6]本句中not后面承前省略，相当于the sea is not human beings' possessions。
[7]此处than引导比较状语从句。
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Period 4
Text 2
To truly understand our planet [8]，we must explore the oceans which cover most of it[9].Opponents may be concerned ，but sea exploration is important for our future.For example，scientific research ships can help address important issues such as climate change[10].We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action [11].Therefore ，more research is necessary .
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[8]不定式短语作状语，表目的。
[9]which引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the oceans，句中的it指的是our planet。
[10]such as后接名词，意思是“像……这样子，诸如此类的”。
[11]so that在这里引导目的状语从句。
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Period 4
Understanding more about the sea[12] will also help us manage its resources better.Logging new species [13] will improve our understanding of life on the earth.It may help us discover new medicines，as well as new sources of food and energy.Accessing the deep ocean[14] may also help us to predict events such as earthquakes.
[12]、[13]、[14]三处都是动词-ing形式短语作句子的主语。
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Period 4
The population of the world is growing and we need new resources for future development.There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice，not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals .
Of course，there are still environmental risks .However，these should be balanced with economic needs .Hopefully ，as technology improves，we may have more options for managing this balance .[15]
[15]本句包含一个as引导的状语从句。
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
文本1
当人们谈到更多地探索海洋时，他们通常指的是开发它。海洋勘探已经引发了很多问题，并将继续引发更多问题。
更多的勘探意味着更多的污染。2010年，“深水地平线”钻井平台向海洋泄漏了超过2亿加仑的石油。塑料污染也很糟糕，杀死了许多鸟类和鱼类，甚至在我们的自来水中也发现了塑料污染。
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Period 4
开采资源是非常有害的，尤其是在北极。由于气候变化，现在的冰越来越少，这意味着我们可以在更北的地方寻找更多的化石燃料。但如果我们燃烧这些，冰会融化得更多，这种恶性循环将继续下去。气候变化正在警告我们——有些事情是极其错误的。
过度捕捞是另一个问题。鲸鱼和海豚也被肆意捕杀以获取它们的肉或用于所谓的研究。尽管这种行为在1982年被禁止，但一些国家仍在无情地“谋杀”这些智慧生物。
海洋是生命的家园，而不是人类的财产。它是巨大的，但它比我们想象的更敏感。如果我们不保护它，我们的后代将不会原谅我们。
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
文本2
要真正了解我们的星球，我们必须探索那些覆盖地球大部分面积的海洋。反对者可能会担心，但海洋勘探对我们的未来很重要。例如，科研船可以帮助解决诸如气候变化等重要问题。我们需要了解我们的星球正在发生什么，这样我们才能采取行动。因此，更多的研究是有必要的。
更多地了解海洋也将有助于我们更好地管理海洋资源。记录新物种将增进我们对地球上生命的了解。它可以帮助我们发现新的药物，也可以发现新的食物和能源来源。进入深海还可以帮助我们预测地震等事件。
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
世界人口正在增长，我们需要新的资源来促进未来的发展。海底和冰层下可能蕴藏着丰富的资源，不仅有石油和天然气，还有珍贵的矿产。
当然，还有环境风险。然而，这些应当与经济需求相平衡。但愿随着技术的进步，我们可以有更多的选择来实现这种平衡。
课时学案
课下预习
Period 4
THANKSPeriod 4 单元语法讲练(Learning About Language)
复习动词不定式
动词不定式的基本构成是“to＋动词原形”，to是不定式符号，无词义。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词和动词的特征，它可以在句中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分。
一、动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，通常表示某次具体行为。
1．作主语
动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。为了保持句子平衡，往往在句首用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动词不定式后置。
To remain silent sometimes is better.
→It is better to remain silent sometimes．
有时保持沉默更好。
To remember to switch off the electricity is important.
→It's important to remember to switch off the electricity．
重要的是要记住关掉电源。
2．作表语
在用动词不定式作表语的句子中，系动词除be外，还有seem，appear等。
Her wish is to become a teacher．
她的愿望是当个教师。
They seem to know what they're doing．
看来他们知道自己在干什么。
3．作宾语
I've arranged to meet him at ten o'clock．
我已安排好十点钟见他。
He agreed to smoke no more cigarettes．
他同意不再抽烟。
[名师点津] (1)带疑问词的动词不定式短语可作主语、表语和宾语。
Who to turn to is what she wants to know.
她想知道的事情是该向谁求助。
Our difficulty is where to find a guide.
我们的困难是到哪里去找向导。
We must find out what to do next.
我们必须弄清楚下一步做什么。
(2)think，find，feel，make，believe等动词可用于“动词＋it＋形容词＋to do sth.”结构。在此句型中，it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
She thought it unnecessary to quarrel with him over little things.
她认为没必要为小事跟他争吵。
4．作定语
动词不定式作定语，位于被修饰的词语之后，即作后置定语，说明被修饰词的特征。
(1)下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语：ability，attempt，chance，courage，decision，effort，failure，promise，way，wish等。
Can you think up a good way to deal with the ever increasing prices
你能想出一个对付日益上涨的物价的好办法吗？
But she gave up the chance to go abroad．
但是她放弃了出国的机会。
(2)由only，first，last，next以及其他序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后，也常接动词不定式作定语。
Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night
谁是昨晚最后离开教室的？
[名师点津] (1)如果动词不定式和被修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，则动词不定式多半表示未来的动作，翻译时常须在不定式前加“要”字。
We have three machines to repair today.
我们今天有三台机器要修理。
(2)在具有逻辑上的动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式中的动词是不及物的，其后要加一个结构上或含义上所需的介词。
There are five pairs to choose from.
这儿有五对可供选择。
(3)有时不定式中的动词尽管是及物的，并且带了宾语，其后还要加一个介词。
There's no key to open the door with.
没有能打开这扇门的钥匙。
5．作状语
动词不定式作状语时可以表示目的、结果、原因、条件、方式等。
We went there to see our grandparents．(目的)
我们去那里看望我们的祖父母。
I am very sorry to hear that．(原因)
听到这，我很抱歉。
She hurried home only to find her father dead．(结果)
她匆匆赶到家，却发现父亲已经去世了。
He cleared his throat as though to speak．(方式)
他清了清喉咙，好像要说话的样子。
You would be a fool to refuse this offer．(条件)
你要是谢绝这一番好意就太傻了。
[名师点津] (1)不定式作目的状语，除了用to do表示外，还可以使用in order to do或so as to do。
(2)动词不定式作结果状语时常常表示一种出乎意料的结果，其前往往有only作为标志。
6．作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时跟在某些及物动词的宾语之后，对宾语做进一步的补充说明，并与该宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这类及物动词常见的有advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，command，inspire，encourage等。
Police are advising people to stay at home．
警方告诫民众要待在家中。
I've asked him to come to the party．
我已邀请他来参加聚会。
[名师点津] (1)在某些表示心理状态的动词(believe，find，consider，prove，suppose，think，declare等)后，作宾语补足语的动词不定式往往是“to be＋形容词”，其中的to be通常可省略。
They believe him (to be) innocent.
他们相信他是无辜的。
(2)以动词不定式作宾语补足语的句子，变为被动语态后，该不定式便充当主语补足语。
He has been asked to come to the party.
他已被邀请来参加聚会。
[即时训练1]——单句语法填空
①It is difficult for us __________ (finish) writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
②When he enters the university，he will find it hard ________ (make) friends.
③Let's first find a room to put the things____．
④Father will not allow us ________ (play) on the street.
⑤The book is believed________ (be) uninteresting.
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
1．动词不定式的时态和语态列表(以do为例)
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般时 to do to be done
进行时 to be doing
完成时 to have done to have been done
(1)一般时
动词不定式的一般时所表示的动作通常与谓语动词所表示的动作(或状态)同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
I noticed him go out．
我看见他出去了。(notice与go out同时发生)
(2)进行时
动词不定式的进行时所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
They are reported to be working hard．
据报道，他们正努力地工作。(be reported与work hard同时发生)
I am very glad to be working with you.
我非常乐意与你一起工作。(be glad与work同时发生)
(3)完成时
动词不定式的完成时所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.
很抱歉让你久等了。(keep发生在be sorry之前)
He is believed to have come．
相信他已经来了。(come发生在be believed之前)
[名师点津] (1)用intend，expect，hope，suppose，want等谓语动词的过去完成时或一般过去时＋动词不定式的一般时，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等。
John (had) hoped to come，but he was too busy at that time.
约翰本来想来的，可他那时太忙了。
(2)在seem，appear以及believe，consider，think等表示看法与想法的动词后常用动词不定式的完成时，表示一个动作先于另一个动作。此结构也常用以it作形式主语的结构代替。
He seems to have bought the new book.
＝It seems that he has bought the new book.
他好像已经买了那本新书。
(3)表示目的，通常用动词不定式的一般时。
He worked very hard to finish the work by five.
他干得很卖力，为了在五点钟前完成工作。
2．动词不定式的被动语态
动词不定式与它所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，一般使用被动形式。
The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again.
那个男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。
The manuscript seems to have been written by Shakespeare.
这手稿好像是莎士比亚写的。
[名师点津] (1)有些动词，如want，need，require作“需要”讲时，后常接动词不定式的被动形式(相当于动词-ing形式的主动形式)。
The house wants to be repaired/repairing.
这座房子需要修理了。
These flowers need to be watered/watering once a day.
这些花需要每天浇一次水。
(2)在there be句型中的动词不定式可用主动语态和被动语态。
There is a lot of work to do/to be done.
有很多工作要做。
3．以下几类句子中通常用动词不定式的主动语态。
You are not to blame for what happened.
你对发生的事没有责任。
A lot remains to do．
还有很多事要做。
[即时训练2]——单句语法填空
①It's a great honour _______________ (invite) to Mary's birthday.
②She is known _______________________ (work) on the problem for many years.
③Can you tell me which is the car ________________ (repair)
④He seems _______________________________ (eat) something.
⑤I'm sorry _______________ (give) you so much trouble.
三、动词不定式符号to的省略
1．在某些使役动词或感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，常不带to；如果这些动词用于被动结构，其后的to就必须补上。这类词可以用以下口诀助记：
一发现一感觉：find，feel
二听：listen to，hear
三让：make，have，let
五看：see，watch，observe，look at，notice
I often hear him sing the song.
我经常听见他唱那首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.
他经常被人听见唱那首歌。
2．在以why引导的疑问句中，表示建议，不定式不带to。
Why congratulate her
为什么要祝贺她呢？
Why not conduct the interview right now
为什么不马上主持面试呢？
3．在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后的动词不定式不带to。
I cannot but admire his courage.
我不得不佩服他的勇气。
4．在but，except之前有行为动词do，这些词后的动词不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry．
她除了哭，不能做任何事。
I have no choice but to work for the firm.
除了为这家公司工作，我别无选择。
5．两个不定式并列，第一个不定式中的to不能省略，第二个不定式中的to可省略；但是当两个不定式表示对比关系时，第二个不定式中的to就不能省略。
Her work is to keep the house clean and look after the children.(并列关系)
她的工作就是打扫房子和照看孩子。
To be or not to be，that is a question.(对比关系)
生存还是毁灭，那是个问题。
6．若谓语之前出现实义动词do的任何形式，则作表语的不定式中的to可省略。
The next thing that she wants to do is (to) thank her coach.
她想要做的下一件事是感谢她的教练。
四、动词不定式符号to的单独使用
在非正式语体中，为避免重复，可以保留不定式符号to，省去之后的动词原形及其余部分。这种处理方式被称为动词不定式符号的单独使用。
You may go if you wish to．(to后省略了go)
要是想走，你可以走。
George says he is going to leave Shanghai，but I don't think he really wants to．(to后省略了leave Shanghai)
乔治说他要离开上海，不过我认为他并非真想离开。
[名师点津] 如果不定式符号之后的动词是be，则将to be一并保留。
—Aren't you the manager
—No，and I don't want to be.
——难道你不是经理吗？
——不是，我不想当(经理)。
[即时训练3]——单句语法填空
①I often see him __ (go) to school on foot.
②The boss made them ____ (work) the whole night.
③He wants to do nothing but __ (do) his homework.
④He expected to move to France and _____ (marry) the girl.
⑤Because we've missed the last bus，all we could do now was ____ (walk) home.
短文语境填空
Research has become both simpler and more complex.It's simpler because，if you have a computer，you just need 1．________ (find) information by searching the Internet.For all your information，you don't have to go to the library 2．________ (find) the relevant resources and 3．____(take) notes on it.Instead，you can find some sources from the Internet and print the copies needed 4．____________ (complete) your research.Remember，however，that what you should do is usually 5．_________(consult) different types of sources.That is，you shouldn't always rely just on the Internet for your research.
While it is easier 6．________ (find) information than ever，at the same time，researching has become more complex 7．____________ (complete).There is a lot more material available for you 8．__________ (choose) from，which means you may be overwhelmed with any amount of information.You need to learn how 9．________ (sort) through and 10．____ (find) the relevant information for your particular project.Also，you need to check.
第二篇课文(Using Language)
①exploit vt.开发；利用；剥削
②horizon n．地平线
③spill v．(使)洒出；溢出
④gallon n．加仑(容积单位，1英制加仑约等于4.5升)
⑤plastic n．塑料adj.塑料的
⑥tap water 自来水
⑦mine v．开采 n．矿
⑧resource n．资源
⑨damaging adj.有害的；损害的
⑩fossil fuels 化石燃料
negative cycle 负循环，恶性循环
overfishing n．过度捕捞
dolphin n．海豚
hunt v．捕猎
so-called adj.所谓的
ban v．禁止
murder vt.谋杀；凶杀；毁坏n.谋杀；凶杀
without mercy毫不留情
mercy n．仁慈；宽恕；恩惠
be home to是……的家/聚集地
possession n．个人财产；拥有；控制
sensitive adj.敏感的；易生气的
generation n．一代
forgive v．原谅
planet n．行星
opponent n．反对者；对手；竞争者
concerned adj.担心的
issue n．问题
take action采取措施
therefore adv.因此
necessary adj.必需的
manage v．管理
log vt.把……载入正式记录；记录n.正式记录；日志；原木
species n．(生物)物种
improve v．改善；改进
as well as 和；也
source n．来源
access v．进入
predict v．预言；预报
event n．事件
population n．人口
vast adj.巨大的
amount n．数量
valuable adj.宝贵的；很重要的
mineral n．矿物质
environmental adj.环境的
risk n．风险
be balanced with与……平衡
economic needs经济需求
hopefully adv.有希望地
technology n．技术
option n．选择
balance n．平衡
Text 1
When people talk of exploring the sea more，they usually mean exploiting① it.[1]Sea exploration has caused many problems and will continue to cause more.
[1]本句中When引导时间状语从句。
More exploration means more pollution.The Deepwater Horizon② spilled③ over 200 million gallons④ of oil into the sea in 2010．Plastic⑤ pollution is also bad，killing many birds and fish[2]，and has even been found in our tap water⑥.
[2]动词-ing形式短语作状语，表结果。
Mining⑦ for resources⑧ is very damaging⑨[3]，especially in the Arctic.Because of climate change，there is less ice now，which means we can look for more fossil fuels⑩ further north[4].But if we burn these，the ice will melt more and this negative cycle will continue.[5] Climate change is warning us that something is very wrong.
[3]此处动词-ing形式短语作句子的主语。
[4]which引导非限制性定语从句。
[5]本句包含一个if引导的条件状语从句，主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。
Overfishing is another problem.Whales and dolphins are also hunted for their meat or for so-called research.Although this was banned in 1982，some countries are still “murdering ” these intelligent creatures without mercy .
The sea is home to life，not human beings' possessions .[6] It is huge，but it is more sensitive than we think[7].If we do not protect it，future generations will not forgive us.
[6]本句中not后面承前省略，相当于the sea is not human beings' possessions。
[7]此处than引导比较状语从句。
Text 2
To truly understand our planet [8]，we must explore the oceans which cover most of it[9].Opponents may be concerned ，but sea exploration is important for our future.For example，scientific research ships can help address important issues such as climate change[10].We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action [11].Therefore ，more research is necessary .
[8]不定式短语作状语，表目的。
[9]which引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the oceans，句中的it指的是our planet。
[10]such as后接名词，意思是“像……这样子，诸如此类的”。
[11]so that在这里引导目的状语从句。
Understanding more about the sea[12] will also help us manage its resources better.Logging new species [13] will improve our understanding of life on the earth.It may help us discover new medicines，as well as new sources of food and energy.Accessing the deep ocean[14] may also help us to predict events such as earthquakes.
[12]、[13]、[14]三处都是动词-ing形式短语作句子的主语。
The population of the world is growing and we need new resources for future development.There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice，not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals .
Of course，there are still environmental risks .However，these should be balanced with economic needs .Hopefully ，as technology improves，we may have more options for managing this balance.[15]
[15]本句包含一个as引导的状语从句。
文本1
当人们谈到更多地探索海洋时，他们通常指的是开发它。海洋勘探已经引发了很多问题，并将继续引发更多问题。
更多的勘探意味着更多的污染。2010年，“深水地平线”钻井平台向海洋泄漏了超过2亿加仑的石油。塑料污染也很糟糕，杀死了许多鸟类和鱼类，甚至在我们的自来水中也发现了塑料污染。
开采资源是非常有害的，尤其是在北极。由于气候变化，现在的冰越来越少，这意味着我们可以在更北的地方寻找更多的化石燃料。但如果我们燃烧这些，冰会融化得更多，这种恶性循环将继续下去。气候变化正在警告我们——有些事情是极其错误的。
过度捕捞是另一个问题。鲸鱼和海豚也被肆意捕杀以获取它们的肉或用于所谓的研究。尽管这种行为在1982年被禁止，但一些国家仍在无情地“谋杀”这些智慧生物。
海洋是生命的家园，而不是人类的财产。它是巨大的，但它比我们想象的更敏感。如果我们不保护它，我们的后代将不会原谅我们。
文本2
要真正了解我们的星球，我们必须探索那些覆盖地球大部分面积的海洋。反对者可能会担心，但海洋勘探对我们的未来很重要。例如，科研船可以帮助解决诸如气候变化等重要问题。我们需要了解我们的星球正在发生什么，这样我们才能采取行动。因此，更多的研究是有必要的。
更多地了解海洋也将有助于我们更好地管理海洋资源。记录新物种将增进我们对地球上生命的了解。它可以帮助我们发现新的药物，也可以发现新的食物和能源来源。进入深海还可以帮助我们预测地震等事件。
世界人口正在增长，我们需要新的资源来促进未来的发展。海底和冰层下可能蕴藏着丰富的资源，不仅有石油和天然气，还有珍贵的矿产。
当然，还有环境风险。然而，这些应当与经济需求相平衡。但愿随着技术的进步，我们可以有更多的选择来实现这种平衡。
Period 4
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①to finish ②to make ③in ④to play ⑤to be
[即时训练2]
①to be invited ②to have been working ③to be repaired
④to be eating/to have eaten ⑤to have given
[即时训练3]
①go ②work ③do ④marry ⑤walk
巩固落实
1．to find 2．to find 3．take 4．to complete 5．consult 6．to find 7．to complete 8．to choose 9．to sort 10．find
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