Period 4 单元语法讲练
动词-ing形式
一、动词-ing形式的作用
动词-ing形式具有名词和形容词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1．作主语
(1)往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数。
Swimming is my favourite sport．
游泳是我最喜欢的一项运动。
Collecting stamps is his hobby．
集邮是他的爱好。
[名师点津] 动词-ing形式和不定式都可以作主语，前者表示一般或抽象的多次行为，后者往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。作宾语时的情况也是如此。
Playing with fire is dangerous．
玩火是危险的。(泛指)
Be careful！To play with fire will be dangerous．
小心点！玩火会带来危险。(指一具体动作)
(2)在It is no use/no good/useless/worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time/fun等后需用动词-ing形式作真正的主语。
It's no use waiting for him any longer．
再等他也是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it．
争论此事是浪费时间。
(3)当句型“There is no．．．”表示“不允许、禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时，需用动词-ing形式作主语。
There is no joking about such matters．
这种事开不得玩笑。
2．作宾语
(1)作动词的宾语。下面的口诀有助于记住可接动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词：
避免错过少延期(avoid，miss，postpone)
建议完成多练习(advise，finish，practice)
喜欢想象禁不住(enjoy，imagine，can't help)
承认否定与嫉妒(admit，deny，envy)
逃避冒险莫原谅(escape，risk，excuse)
忍受保持不介意(stand，keep，mind)
Would you mind opening the window
你介意打开窗子吗？
(2)英语中有一些动词短语也常跟动词-ing形式作宾语。常见的有insist on，object to，be good at，put off，give up，look forward to，feel like，devote to，get used to，pay attention to，be worth等。
He insisted on doing it in his own way．
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
I have never looked forward to visiting that place．
我从未盼望过要参观那个地方。
(3)有些动词或词组后跟动词-ing形式或不定式都可以，但意思不同。
(4)下列动词可接动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。
need/want/require/deserve doing＝need/want/require/deserve to be done
The bike needs
这辆自行车需要修一下。
3．作表语
作表语时句子的主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容。主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows．＝Cleaning the windows is your task．
你的任务就是擦窗户。
What I hate most is being laughed at．＝Being laughed at is what I hate most．
我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
4．作定语
动词-ing形式作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。
a walking stick＝a stick for walking＝a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine＝a machine for washing＝a machine which is used for washing
a reading room＝a room for reading＝a room which is used for reading
sleeping pills＝pills for sleeping＝pills which are used for sleeping
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①My sister insisted on_________ (go) to school in spite of her bad cough．
②His favourite hobby is_________ (collect) stamps in his spare time．
③I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid_________ (look) directly into his eyes．
④_________________________(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience．
⑤I didn't mean_________ (eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help trying it．
二、动词-ing形式的复合结构
带有逻辑主语的动词-ing形式称为动词-ing形式的复合结构。当动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动词-ing形式之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动词-ing形式的复合结构。其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语，动词-ing形式是逻辑上的谓语。动词-ing形式的复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。
Her coming to help encouraged all of us．＝That she came to help encouraged all of us．
她来帮忙鼓舞了我们。
Jane's being careless caused so much trouble．＝That Jane was careless caused so much trouble．
简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。
[即时训练2] 补全句子
①It's really cold outside today．Do you mind_________________________ (我关上窗户)
②_________________________(玛丽来晚了) made her mother very angry．
三、动词-ing形式的时态和语态
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般时 doing being done
完成时 having done having been done
[名师点津] 其否定形式是在doing前加上not。
1．动词-ing形式的一般时表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，而是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。
I hate talking with such people．
我讨厌与这样的人说话。
Being careless is not a good habit．
粗心不是一个好习惯。
2．动词-ing形式的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
I don't remember having met him before．
我不记得以前见过他。
Thank you for having taken so much trouble to help．
谢谢你费力帮忙。
3．动词-ing形式的逻辑主语同时也是该形式表示的动作的承受者，动词-ing形式用被动语态。
(1)它的一般时表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。
I appreciate being given this opportunity．
我很感谢给了我这个机会。
(2)它的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal．
我很高兴你能获得奖牌。
(3)在某些时候，我们常用动词-ing形式的一般时表示完成时，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种习惯。
Excuse me for being late．
请你原谅我来晚了。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①_________(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst．
②Most students hate_________________ (give) lessons online．
③Betty apologized for________________(break) my glass and offered to buy me a new one．
④_____________________(catch) in a storm last week was really a terrible experience．
短文语境填空(根据所学语法知识，在空白处填入适当的词)
Every time I mention 1．________(take) an exam at home，my parents can't help 2．________(predict) the result of the exam，at the risk of 3．________(ruin) the harmonious atmosphere．But it is difficult to avoid 4．________(talk) the topic at home．Parents are busy 5．________(work) to support the family．They devote their heart and soul to 6．________(give) us a comfortable home．Nowadays，parents and children have difficulty in 7．________(communicate) with each other．Experts suggest we should try 8．________(have) a chat with them and achieve our 9．________(ambitious)．Otherwise，we would feel 10．________(guilt)．
Period 4
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①going ②collecting ③looking ④Travelling/Traveling ⑤to eat
[即时训练2]
①my/me closing the window ②Mary's coming late
[即时训练3]
①Ignoring ②being given ③having broken ④Having been caught
巩固落实
短文语境填空
1．taking 2．predicting 3．ruining 4．talking 5．working 6．giving 7．communicating 8．to have 9．ambition 10．guilty
1 / 6(共60张PPT)
复习任务群一
现代文阅读Ⅰ
把握共性之“新” 打通应考之“脉”
UNIT 2 SUCCESS
主题语境 人与自我——认识自我，丰富自我，完善自我
Period 4 课时学案 单元语法讲练
Section Ⅰ TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1
动词-ing形式
一、动词-ing形式的作用
动词-ing形式具有名词和形容词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1．作主语
(1)往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数。
Swimming is my favourite sport．
游泳是我最喜欢的一项运动。
Collecting stamps is his hobby．
集邮是他的爱好。
[名师点津] 动词-ing形式和不定式都可以作主语，前者表示一般或抽象的多次行为，后者往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。作宾语时的情况也是如此。
Playing with fire is dangerous．
玩火是危险的。(泛指)
Be careful！To play with fire will be dangerous．
小心点！玩火会带来危险。(指一具体动作)
(2)在It is no use/no good/useless/worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time/fun等后需用动词-ing形式作真正的主语。
It's no use waiting for him any longer．
再等他也是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it．
争论此事是浪费时间。
(3)当句型“There is no…”表示“不允许、禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时，需用动词-ing形式作主语。
There is no joking about such matters．
这种事开不得玩笑。
2．作宾语
(1)作动词的宾语。下面的口诀有助于记住可接动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词：
避免错过少延期(avoid，miss，postpone)
建议完成多练习(advise，finish，practice)
喜欢想象禁不住(enjoy，imagine，can't help)
承认否定与嫉妒(admit，deny，envy)
逃避冒险莫原谅(escape，risk，excuse)
忍受保持不介意(stand，keep，mind)
Would you mind opening the window
你介意打开窗子吗？
(2)英语中有一些动词短语也常跟动词-ing形式作宾语。常见的有insist on，object to，be good at，put off，give up，look forward to，feel like，devote to，get used to，pay attention to，be worth等。
He insisted on doing it in his own way．
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
I have never looked forward to visiting that place．
我从未盼望过要参观那个地方。
(3)有些动词或词组后跟动词-ing形式或不定式都可以，但意思不同。
(4)下列动词可接动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。
need/want/require/deserve doing＝need/want/require/deserve to be done
The bike needs
这辆自行车需要修一下。
3．作表语
作表语时句子的主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容。主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows．＝Cleaning the windows is your task．
你的任务就是擦窗户。
What I hate most is being laughed at．＝Being laughed at is what I hate most．
我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
4．作定语
动词-ing形式作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。
a walking stick＝a stick for walking＝a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine＝a machine for washing＝a machine which is used for washing
a reading room＝a room for reading＝a room which is used for reading
sleeping pills＝pills for sleeping＝pills which are used for sleeping
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①My sister insisted on _____ (go) to school in spite of her bad cough．
②His favourite hobby is __________ (collect) stamps in his spare time．
③I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid _______ (look) directly into his eyes．
④_____________________ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience．
⑤I didn't mean _______ (eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help trying it．
going
collecting
looking
Travelling/Traveling
to eat
二、动词-ing形式的复合结构
带有逻辑主语的动词-ing形式称为动词-ing形式的复合结构。当动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动词-ing形式之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动词-ing形式的复合结构。其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语，动词-ing形式是逻辑上的谓语。动词-ing形式的复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。
Her coming to help encouraged all of us．＝That she came to help encouraged all of us．
她来帮忙鼓舞了我们。
Jane's being careless caused so much trouble．＝That Jane was careless caused so much trouble．
简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。
[即时训练2] 补全句子
①It's really cold outside today．Do you mind ____________________
_______ (我关上窗户)
②__________________ (玛丽来晚了) made her mother very angry．
my/me closing the
Mary's coming late
window
三、动词-ing形式的时态和语态
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般时 doing being done
完成时 having done having been done
[名师点津] 其否定形式是在doing前加上not。
1．动词-ing形式的一般时表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，而是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。
I hate talking with such people．
我讨厌与这样的人说话。
Being careless is not a good habit．
粗心不是一个好习惯。
2．动词-ing形式的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
I don't remember having met him before．
我不记得以前见过他。
Thank you for having taken so much trouble to help．
谢谢你费力帮忙。
3．动词-ing形式的逻辑主语同时也是该形式表示的动作的承受者，动词-ing形式用被动语态。
(1)它的一般时表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。
I appreciate being given this opportunity．
我很感谢给了我这个机会。
(2)它的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal．
我很高兴你能获得奖牌。
(3)在某些时候，我们常用动词-ing形式的一般时表示完成时，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种习惯。
Excuse me for being late．
请你原谅我来晚了。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①________ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst．
②Most students hate ____________ (give) lessons online．
③Betty apologized for ______________ (break) my glass and offered to buy me a new one．
④____________________ (catch) in a storm last week was really a terrible experience．
Ignoring
being given
having broken
Having been caught
短文语境填空(根据所学语法知识，在空白处填入适当的词)
Every time I mention 1．______(take) an exam at home，my parents can't help 2．__________(predict) the result of the exam，at the risk of 3．_______(ruin) the harmonious atmosphere．But it is difficult to avoid 4．__________(talk) the topic at home．Parents are busy 5．________(work) to support the family．They devote their heart and soul to 6．________(give) us a comfortable home．Nowadays，parents
taking
predicting
ruining
talking
working
giving
and children have difficulty in 7．_____________(communicate) with each other．Experts suggest we should try 8．________(have) a chat with them and achieve our 9．________(ambitious)．Otherwise，we would feel 10．______(guilt)．
communicating
to have
ambition
guilty
课时提升作业(四) (UNIT 2 Section Ⅰ TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1)
(总分：45分)
Ⅰ．单词拼写(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．She's not very __________ (乐观的) about the outcome of the talks．
2．White has always been a _______ (象征) of purity in Western cultures．
3．A correct way in organising a class makes students ___________ (遵守纪律的)．
4．She started her ______ (职业) as an English teacher．
5．How can we make room for all the _________ (家具)
optimistic
symbol
disciplined
career
furniture
Ⅱ．单句语法填空(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．Once the food runs out，the country will again face ______ (hungry) and starvation．
2．Please accept this gift in __________ (appreciate)of all you've done for us．
3．An ambulance took the _______ (injure) person to a nearby hospital．
4．He was a man who abhorred violence and was deeply _________ (commit) to reconciliation．
5．Everyone admires her strength of character and _____________ (determine)．
hunger
appreciation
injured
committed
determination
Ⅲ．阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
Throughout human history，there is a bottomless well of people who made great contributions so that we can now enjoy a better life．The following are just four of those great minds．
Joseph Lister (1827－1912)
English surgeon (外科医生) Lister pioneered the use of antiseptic (抗菌剂) and antiseptic surgery which greatly improved survival rates from major surgery．For this，he is often referred to as the father of modern surgery as his use of antiseptic greatly increased the kinds of operations that could be carried out．
Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867－1939)
Bircher-Benner was a pioneering Swiss physician and nutritionist．He advocated the eating of raw fruit and vegetables and discouraged eating meat and heavily processed foods．Although he was questioned by the scientific establishment，his healthy eating ideas took off and helped create a diet of processed bread，meat and carbs (碳水化合物)．The healthy eating trends he established have continued to grow in popularity with more scientific research showing the health benefits of such a diet．
Paracelsus (1493－1541)
Swiss-German physician and leading health reformer Paracelsus founded the discipline of toxicology (毒理学)and pioneered the use of chemicals in treating patients．He emphasized practical experience．He was also one of the first doctors to note illness can be psychological in nature．
Peter Mansfield (1933－2017)
English physicist who with Peter Lauterbur helped to develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which gets doctors to see inside a patient's body without needing to cut it open．With MRI，doctors can see far more than with X-ray，which is limited to bones．He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2003．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为了人类可以享受更好的生活而作出杰出贡献的四个伟大人物。
1．What is Maximilian Bircher-Benner's contribution
A．He discovered X-ray．
B．He set up a healthy eating trend．
C．He improved survival rates of operation．
D．He did experiments with chemicals to treat diseases．
√
B [细节理解题。根据Maximilian Bircher-Benner部分最后两句“尽管他受到了科学界的质疑，但他的健康饮食理念得到了普及，并帮助创造了一种由加工面包、肉类和碳水化合物组成的饮食。随着越来越多的科学研究表明这种饮食对健康有好处，他所建立的健康饮食趋势继续受到欢迎。”可知，Bircher-Benner的贡献在于他树立了健康饮食的风尚。故选B。]
2．Who invented MRI to give doctors more information of a patient's body
A．Joseph Lister．
B．Maximilian Bircher-Benner．
C．Paracelsus．
D．Peter Mansfield．
√
D [细节理解题。根据Peter Mansfield部分中第一句“英国物理学家在彼得·劳特伯的帮助下开发了磁共振成像(MRI)，使医生不需切开病人身体就能看到病人体内的情况。”可知，是Peter Mansfield发明了MRI。故选D。]
3．What do the four people have in common
A．They all received Nobel Prize．
B．They were all born in Switzerland．
C．They all made contributions to treating patients．
D．They all helped to make people live a better life．
√
D [推理判断题。根据第一段可知，文章介绍的是为了人类可以享受更好的生活而作出杰出贡献的四个伟大人物，故这四个人物的共同之处在于他们为了人类可以享受更好的生活而作出了杰出贡献。故选D。]
B
Lucy Hobbs came to the University of Wisconsin already knowing she wanted to study nursing so she could make a positive difference in the lives of others．Once she was on campus，she realised she could make an even greater impact on her future patients by adding a second major in Spanish．
“I was drawn to nursing because I want a career that will be fulfilling and will help me serve others，”says Hobbs．“I chose to add a major in Spanish because I love learning about other cultures，and I want to do something for those easily ignored populations in my nursing career．”
In addition to her nursing and Spanish curriculums，Hobbs found multiple interesting ways to bring her majors together，including things like research and studying abroad．Hobbs was part of a research project that is documenting the experiences of Spanish-speaking populations in western Wisconsin．The research team included students and teachers in language，history and nursing．
In addition to her research，studying abroad was also helpful．She spent part of the spring 2020 semester studying in Costa Rica．“This was my first time outside of the US and I learned so much about Costa Rican culture，”Hobbs says．
While she found many opportunities within her majors，Hobbs also had meaningful experiences on campus that were outside of nursing and Spanish．For example，she worked as a resident assistant in the dorms and is a member of the University Honors Program．
“All these experiences helped me to enhance my time on campus by giving me opportunities to meet amazing and inspiring individuals who I believe will remain lifetime friends．”
Hobbs says，“All these experiences also helped to shape how I think about the future．”After she graduates in May，Hobbs will begin her nursing career working in the emergency room at UW Health's University Hospital in Madison．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Lucy Hobbs上大学后决定在护理专业之外学习西班牙语并参与各种研究实践活动，以实现未来服务好病人的愿望。
4．What did Hobbs do after she entered university
A．She realised her interest in nursing．
B．She decided to learn more besides her major．
C．She made a difference in others' lives．
D．She influenced her future patients greatly．
√
B [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Once she was on campus，she realised she could make an even greater impact on her future patients by adding a second major in Spanish．”可知，上大学后Hobbs决定在专业之外学习更多的知识。故选B。]
5．Why did Hobbs add a major in Spanish
A．To help others with their Spanish．
B．To do research in various cultures．
C．To receive further education in Spain．
D．To provide nursing care for less focused people．
√
D [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“I chose to add a major in Spanish because I love learning about other cultures，and I want to do something for those easily ignored populations in my nursing career．”可知，Hobbs学习西班牙语专业是想要为那些容易被忽视的人提供护理服务。故选D。]
6．What is helpful in Hobbs's achieving her goals
A．Going abroad to change her life．
B．Beginning her nursing career early．
C．Developing as many hobbies as she could．
D．Getting different experiences besides her study．
√
D [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In addition to her research，studying abroad was also helpful．”，第五段中的“While she found many opportunities within her majors，Hobbs also had meaningful experiences on campus that were outside of nursing and Spanish．”及最后一段中的“All these experiences also helped to shape how I think about the future．”可知，除了学习之外，获得不同的经历有助于Hobbs实现她的目标。故选D。]
7．Which of the following best describes Hobbs
A．Humorous． B．Intelligent．
C．Hard-working． D．Generous．
√
C [推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Once she was on campus，she realised she could make an even greater impact on her future patients by adding a second major in Spanish．”及第三段中的“In addition to her nursing and Spanish curriculums，Hobbs found multiple interesting ways to bring her majors together，including things like research and studying abroad．”可知，Hobbs是个非常勤奋、努力的人。故选C。]
Ⅳ．阅读七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Born in London on 28 November 1772，Luke Howard was interested in the weather from an early age． 1 He was instead easily distracted (分心) by the clouds he could see through the window．He started his career as a pharmacist，producing and sending out medicines for people． 2 He soon became an amateur meteorologist (业余气象学者)．
In 1802，Howard presented his research in a lecture to the Askesian Society，a club for people who were interested in science．At this point，meteorology hadn't progressed as much as other sciences，because it was difficult to take observations when the weather was always changing．To take his observations，Howard did sketches (草图) of the clouds as they moved and changed in the sky． 3 3
Howard suggested that although the shapes of clouds were changing，there were three basic types of clouds in the sky，to which he gave Latin names． 4 The second was “cumulus”，meaning heap (一堆) or pile．And the third was “stratus”，meaning layer or sheet．He also introduced four other cloud types to recognize the changing clouds when they are joining together or breaking apart．In 1803，he published his research in a paper called “On the Modifications of Clouds”．
After the publication of Howard's research，the field of meteorology continued to develop．Scientists now have a much greater understanding of weather patterns (模式) all around the world．
5 Professor Liz Bentley，Chief Executive of the Royal Meteorological Society，said，“His scientific work helped us understand our climate．”
A．There are now 10 types of clouds．
B．But his true passion was meteorology．
C．But it was Howard's work that started it all．
D．He couldn't stay focused when he was at school．
E．This helped him to recognize the forms we know today．
F．Howard's findings also inspired the artist John Constable．
G．The first was called “cirrus”，which means tendril or hair in Latin．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了卢克·霍华德对气象学作出的贡献。
1．D [根据下文“相反，他很容易被透过窗户看到的云分散注意力”可知，选项承接下文与下文话题一致，说的都是他不能集中注意力的事情。故D选项“他在学校时不能集中注意力”切题。故选D。]
2．B [根据上文“他的职业生涯开始是做一名药剂师，为人们生产和分发药品”及下文“他不久就成了一名业余气象学家”可知，选项与上文为转折关系且引起下文，说明他真正热爱的是气象学。故B选项“但他真正热爱的是气象学”切题。meteorology呼应meteorologist。故选B。]
3．E [根据上文“为了进行观察，霍华德画了云在天空中移动和变化的草图”可知，选项承接上文说明他画草图的作用是什么。故E选项“这帮助他认识到我们今天所知道的云的形状”切题。故选E。]
4．G [根据上文，“霍华德虽然认为云的形状时刻在变化，但在天上有三种最基本的形状，他给它们用拉丁文命名”及下文“第二个是‘积云’，意思是堆”可知，选项与上文是总分关系，与下文为并列关系，说明的是第一种类型的云。故G选项“第一种叫作‘卷云’，在拉丁语中是卷须或毛发的意思”切题。故选G。]
5．C [根据上文“霍华德的研究发表后，气象学领域继续发展。科学家们现在对世界各地的天气模式有了更深入的了解”可知，选项承接上文说明科学家们现在对世界各地的天气模式有了更深入的了解的原因。故C选项“但这一切都是从霍华德的工作开始的”切题。故选C。]
谢 谢！课时提升作业(四) (UNIT 2 Section Ⅰ TOPIC
TALK & LESSON 1)
(总分：45分)
Ⅰ．单词拼写(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．She's not very __________ (乐观的) about the outcome of the talks．
2．White has always been a ______ (象征) of purity in Western cultures．
3．A correct way in organising a class makes students ___________ (遵守纪律的)．
4．She started her ______ (职业) as an English teacher．
5．How can we make room for all the _________ (家具)
Ⅱ．单句语法填空(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．Once the food runs out，the country will again face ______ (hungry) and starvation．
2．Please accept this gift in ____________ (appreciate)of all you've done for us．
3．An ambulance took the _______ (injure) person to a nearby hospital．
4．He was a man who abhorred violence and was deeply _________ (commit) to reconciliation．
5．Everyone admires her strength of character and _____________ (determine)．
Ⅲ．阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
Throughout human history，there is a bottomless well of people who made great contributions so that we can now enjoy a better life．The following are just four of those great minds．
Joseph Lister (1827－1912)
English surgeon (外科医生) Lister pioneered the use of antiseptic (抗菌剂) and antiseptic surgery which greatly improved survival rates from major surgery．For this，he is often referred to as the father of modern surgery as his use of antiseptic greatly increased the kinds of operations that could be carried out．
Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867－1939)
Bircher-Benner was a pioneering Swiss physician and nutritionist．He advocated the eating of raw fruit and vegetables and discouraged eating meat and heavily processed foods．Although he was questioned by the scientific establishment，his healthy eating ideas took off and helped create a diet of processed bread，meat and carbs (碳水化合物)．The healthy eating trends he established have continued to grow in popularity with more scientific research showing the health benefits of such a diet．
Paracelsus (1493－1541)
Swiss-German physician and leading health reformer Paracelsus founded the discipline of toxicology (毒理学)and pioneered the use of chemicals in treating patients．He emphasized practical experience．He was also one of the first doctors to note illness can be psychological in nature．
Peter Mansfield (1933－2017)
English physicist who with Peter Lauterbur helped to develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which gets doctors to see inside a patient's body without needing to cut it open．With MRI，doctors can see far more than with X-ray，which is limited to bones．He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2003．
1．What is Maximilian Bircher-Benner's contribution
A．He discovered X-ray．
B．He set up a healthy eating trend．
C．He improved survival rates of operation．
D．He did experiments with chemicals to treat diseases．
2．Who invented MRI to give doctors more information of a patient's body
A．Joseph Lister．
B．Maximilian Bircher-Benner．
C．Paracelsus．
D．Peter Mansfield．
3．What do the four people have in common
A．They all received Nobel Prize．
B．They were all born in Switzerland．
C．They all made contributions to treating patients．
D．They all helped to make people live a better life．
B
Lucy Hobbs came to the University of Wisconsin already knowing she wanted to study nursing so she could make a positive difference in the lives of others．Once she was on campus，she realised she could make an even greater impact on her future patients by adding a second major in Spanish．
“I was drawn to nursing because I want a career that will be fulfilling and will help me serve others，” says Hobbs．“I chose to add a major in Spanish because I love learning about other cultures，and I want to do something for those easily ignored populations in my nursing career．”
In addition to her nursing and Spanish curriculums，Hobbs found multiple interesting ways to bring her majors together，including things like research and studying abroad．Hobbs was part of a research project that is documenting the experiences of Spanish-speaking populations in western Wisconsin．The research team included students and teachers in language，history and nursing．
In addition to her research，studying abroad was also helpful．She spent part of the spring 2020 semester studying in Costa Rica．“This was my first time outside of the US and I learned so much about Costa Rican culture，” Hobbs says．
While she found many opportunities within her majors，Hobbs also had meaningful experiences on campus that were outside of nursing and Spanish．For example，she worked as a resident assistant in the dorms and is a member of the University Honors Program．
“All these experiences helped me to enhance my time on campus by giving me opportunities to meet amazing and inspiring individuals who I believe will remain lifetime friends．”
Hobbs says，“All these experiences also helped to shape how I think about the future．” After she graduates in May，Hobbs will begin her nursing career working in the emergency room at UW Health's University Hospital in Madison．
4．What did Hobbs do after she entered university
A．She realised her interest in nursing．
B．She decided to learn more besides her major．
C．She made a difference in others' lives．
D．She influenced her future patients greatly．
5．Why did Hobbs add a major in Spanish
A．To help others with their Spanish．
B．To do research in various cultures．
C．To receive further education in Spain．
D．To provide nursing care for less focused people．
6．What is helpful in Hobbs's achieving her goals
A．Going abroad to change her life．
B．Beginning her nursing career early．
C．Developing as many hobbies as she could．
D．Getting different experiences besides her study．
7．Which of the following best describes Hobbs
A．Humorous． B．Intelligent．
C．Hard-working． D．Generous．
Ⅳ．阅读七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Born in London on 28 November 1772，Luke Howard was interested in the weather from an early age． 1 He was instead easily distracted (分心) by the clouds he could see through the window．He started his career as a pharmacist，producing and sending out medicines for people． 2 He soon became an amateur meteorologist (业余气象学者)．
In 1802，Howard presented his research in a lecture to the Askesian Society，a club for people who were interested in science．At this point，meteorology hadn't progressed as much as other sciences，because it was difficult to take observations when the weather was always changing．To take his observations，Howard did sketches (草图) of the clouds as they moved and changed in the sky． 3
Howard suggested that although the shapes of clouds were changing，there were three basic types of clouds in the sky，to which he gave Latin names． 4 The second was “cumulus”，meaning heap (一堆) or pile．And the third was “stratus”，meaning layer or sheet．He also introduced four other cloud types to recognize the changing clouds when they are joining together or breaking apart．In 1803，he published his research in a paper called “On the Modifications of Clouds”．
After the publication of Howard's research，the field of meteorology continued to develop．Scientists now have a much greater understanding of weather patterns (模式) all around the world． 5 Professor Liz Bentley，Chief Executive of the Royal Meteorological Society，said，“His scientific work helped us understand our climate．”
A．There are now 10 types of clouds．
B．But his true passion was meteorology．
C．But it was Howard's work that started it all．
D．He couldn't stay focused when he was at school．
E．This helped him to recognize the forms we know today．
F．Howard's findings also inspired the artist John Constable．
G．The first was called “cirrus”，which means tendril or hair in Latin．
课时提升作业(四)
Ⅰ．1．optimistic 2．symbol 3．disciplined 4．career 5．furniture
Ⅱ．1．hunger 2．appreciation 3．injured 4．committed 5．determination
Ⅲ．
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
B D D B D D C
Ⅳ．
1 2 3 4 5
D B E G C
Ⅲ．【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为了人类可以享受更好的生活而作出杰出贡献的四个伟大人物。
1．B [细节理解题。根据Maximilian Bircher-Benner部分最后两句“尽管他受到了科学界的质疑，但他的健康饮食理念得到了普及，并帮助创造了一种由加工面包、肉类和碳水化合物组成的饮食。随着越来越多的科学研究表明这种饮食对健康有好处，他所建立的健康饮食趋势继续受到欢迎。”可知，Bircher-Benner的贡献在于他树立了健康饮食的风尚。故选B。]
2．D [细节理解题。根据Peter Mansfield部分中第一句“英国物理学家在彼得·劳特伯的帮助下开发了磁共振成像(MRI)，使医生不需切开病人身体就能看到病人体内的情况。”可知，是Peter Mansfield发明了MRI。故选D。]
3．D [推理判断题。根据第一段可知，文章介绍的是为了人类可以享受更好的生活而作出杰出贡献的四个伟大人物，故这四个人物的共同之处在于他们为了人类可以享受更好的生活而作出了杰出贡献。故选D。]
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Lucy Hobbs上大学后决定在护理专业之外学习西班牙语并参与各种研究实践活动，以实现未来服务好病人的愿望。
4．B [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Once she was on campus，she realised she could make an even greater impact on her future patients by adding a second major in Spanish．”可知，上大学后Hobbs决定在专业之外学习更多的知识。故选B。]
5．D [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“I chose to add a major in Spanish because I love learning about other cultures，and I want to do something for those easily ignored populations in my nursing career．”可知，Hobbs学习西班牙语专业是想要为那些容易被忽视的人提供护理服务。故选D。]
6．D [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In addition to her research，studying abroad was also helpful．”，第五段中的“While she found many opportunities within her majors，Hobbs also had meaningful experiences on campus that were outside of nursing and Spanish．”及最后一段中的“All these experiences also helped to shape how I think about the future．”可知，除了学习之外，获得不同的经历有助于Hobbs实现她的目标。故选D。]
7．C [推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Once she was on campus，she realised she could make an even greater impact on her future patients by adding a second major in Spanish．”及第三段中的“In addition to her nursing and Spanish curriculums，Hobbs found multiple interesting ways to bring her majors together，including things like research and studying abroad．”可知，Hobbs是个非常勤奋、努力的人。故选C。]
Ⅳ．【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了卢克·霍华德对气象学作出的贡献。
1．D [根据下文“相反，他很容易被透过窗户看到的云分散注意力”可知，选项承接下文与下文话题一致，说的都是他不能集中注意力的事情。故D选项“他在学校时不能集中注意力”切题。故选D。]
2．B [根据上文“他的职业生涯开始是做一名药剂师，为人们生产和分发药品”及下文“他不久就成了一名业余气象学家”可知，选项与上文为转折关系且引起下文，说明他真正热爱的是气象学。故B选项“但他真正热爱的是气象学”切题。meteorology呼应meteorologist。故选B。]
3．E [根据上文“为了进行观察，霍华德画了云在天空中移动和变化的草图”可知，选项承接上文说明他画草图的作用是什么。故E选项“这帮助他认识到我们今天所知道的云的形状”切题。故选E。]
4．G [根据上文，“霍华德虽然认为云的形状时刻在变化，但在天上有三种最基本的形状，他给它们用拉丁文命名”及下文“第二个是‘积云’，意思是堆”可知，选项与上文是总分关系，与下文为并列关系，说明的是第一种类型的云。故G选项“第一种叫作‘卷云’，在拉丁语中是卷须或毛发的意思”切题。故选G。]
5．C [根据上文“霍华德的研究发表后，气象学领域继续发展。科学家们现在对世界各地的天气模式有了更深入的了解”可知，选项承接上文说明科学家们现在对世界各地的天气模式有了更深入的了解的原因。故C选项“但这一切都是从霍华德的工作开始的”切题。故选C。]
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