2017届高考英语语法复习精品系列(译林牛津版)──专题02名词和主谓一致
知识精讲(学生版)
名
词
一、名词的分类及相互转换
(一)分类
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名,团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
(二)转换
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
物质名词(不可数)
具体化(个体名词,可数名词)
iron铁
an
iron
coffee咖啡
a
coffee
sugar糖
a
sugar
glass玻璃
two
glasses
drink饮料
two
drinks
tea茶
two
teas
抽象名词与个体名词的相互转换
抽象名词(不可数)
具体化(个体名词,可数名词)
relief宽慰
a
relief
beauty美,美丽
a
beauty
concern关心
a
concern
in
surprise
惊讶地
a
surprise
win
success
获得成功
a
success
win
honor
赢得荣誉
an
honor
Failure
is
the
mother
of
success.失败是成功之母.
a
failure
have
pity
on
sb.
怜悯某人
a
pity
with
pleasure
乐意
a
pleasure
二、名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数的变化,而单复数的变化又分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。
规则变化
①单数名词词尾直接加-s:boy
—
boys
pen
—
pens②以s,
x,
ch,
sh结尾的单词一般加-es:glass—glasses
box—boxes
watch—watches
brush—brushes特例:stomach
—
stomachs③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”:baby—babies
lady
—ladies注意:penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同:pence(便士的钱数)
pennies(便士的枚数)④以“o”结尾的多数加-s:radios
zoos
photos
pianos
kilos
tobaccos
而下列名词的复数却要加-es:tomato
—
tomatoes
potato
—
potatoes
hero
—
heroes⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-eswife—wives
self
—
selves特例:handkerchief—handkerchiefs
gulf—gulfs
belief—beliefs
不规则变化
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man/woman-men/women
foot-feet
goose-geese
mouse-mice
特例:child-children
单复数相同
sheep
deer
means(方法)
works(作品、工厂、著作)
合成名词变成复数的情况:●将主体名词变为复数●将两部分都变为复数
●sons-in-law
lookers-on
passers-by
story-tellers
boy
friends●women
singers
men
servants
在熟悉以上规则的基础上,特别注意以下几点:
1.注意以下名词数的概念
①以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词)
physics
linguistics
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
mathematics
politics
statistics
news
the
United
States
②集合名词:表示一类事物的集合或总称,没有复数形式
machinery
furniture
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
equipment
technology
luggage
baggage
homework
evidence
③变成复数形式时意思的不同
custom风俗,习惯—customs
room
空间—rooms
good好处,利益—goods
time时间—times
paper
纸—papers
water
水—waters
④有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现,表示具体化,意义发生变化或构成固定短语。
use
one’s
brains动脑筋
meet
with
difficulties遇到各种困难
make
preparations做准备
in
high
spirits
情绪高涨
good
manners有礼貌
Many
thanks.非常感谢。
No
pains,
no
gains.不劳无获。
congratulations祝贺
possessions所有物,财产
surroundings环境
⑤有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。
burst
into
tears
大哭起来
miles
of
golden
sands
绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩
burn
to
ashes
烧成灰烬
⑥形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义
people
police
cattle
staff
public
the+adj.(the
rich富人)
the+分词(the
wounded伤员)
2.集体名词的数
family,
team,
audienc
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e,
class,
club,
committee,
crowd,
group,
enemy,
cattle,
government,
majority,
minority,
part,
people,
police,
public,
staff等集体名词注意其主谓一致,一般来说,视为整体时作单数看待,侧重其成员时则作复数看待。
三、名词的所有格
1.名词词尾加’s,如the
boy’s
bag,
men’s
room。
2.若名词已有复数词尾“s”,只在最后加
“’”。如:the
workers’
struggle。
3.由of构成的所有格:无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构。
a
map
of
Chin
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a
the
end
of
this
term
the
capital
of
our
country
the
color
of
the
flowers
在熟悉以上规则的基础上,特别注意以下几点:
1.如果两个名词并列,并且分别有“’s”,则表示“分别有”;只有一个“’s”,则表示“共有”。
John’s
and
Mary’s
rooms(分别拥有的房间)
John
and
Mary’s
room(共有的一间)
2.“’s”所有格的特殊表达形式
①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后
today’s
newspaper
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )five
minutes’
walk(drive)
five
pounds’
weight
ten
dollars’
worth
of
apples
②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后
the
earth’s
plant
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),
the
world’s
population,
China’s
industry,
New
York’s
parks。
③表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,
house等名词
the
tailor’s
裁缝店,the
barber’s理发店,go
to
the
doctor’s上诊所。
3.双重所有格:of
+名词’s(或+名词性物主代词)
a
friend
of
Tom’s
some/two
students
of
mine
尤其是在表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )色彩时常常用这种结构。of
所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those,但不能用the。
That
invention
of
hers
belongs
to
the
world.她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏)
注意:当of
之前的名词是picture,
portrait等词时含义不同:
This
is
a
picture
of
my
friend’s.这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。
This
is
a
picture
of
my
friend.这是我朋友的一张照片。
四、名词作定语
名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式,根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类:
1.表示中心词的用途、功能、材料
stone
figures石像
shoe
shop鞋店
coffee
cup咖啡杯
2.表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。
summer
holidays暑假,school
education学校教育,evening
dress晚礼服
注意:表具体的时间名词作定语,则要用所有格结构来表达。
yesterday’s
news昨天的消息
an
hour’s
drive开车一小时的路程
3.表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。
bike
key自行车的钥匙
animal
trainer驯兽师
woman
driver女驾驶员
4.表示中心词的内容
computer
studies电脑学习
weather
report天气预报
film
industry电影工业
5.表示部分与整体的关系
river
banks河岸
animal
bones动物骨头
cigarette
ends烟头
名词作定语时的特别注意点:
①名词作定语时,一般用其单数形式,且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化
two
pencil
boxes,
girl
friends,
a
seven-year-old
boy
但是,少数的名词作定语却用复数形式。
sports
shoes
运动鞋
clot
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hes
shops
服装店
a
sales
girl女销售员
a
greetings
card
贺卡
②man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化
a
man
doctor—men
doctors;
a
woman
engineer—women
engineers
③名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。
the
girl
friend女朋友—the
girl's
friend那位女孩的朋友
the
woman
driver女司机—the
woman's
driver那位妇女的司机
④名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别
名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象;形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。
gold
watch金表
golden
sunshine金色的阳光
heart
trouble心脏病
hearty
welcome热忱的欢迎
convenience
food快餐
convenient
food方便的食品
五、名词的辨析
一要注意语义问题:某些多义词在特定上下文中的引申含义,以及准确辨别一些同义、近义词在特定语境中的差异等;
①—Go
and
say
sorry
to
your
Mom,
Dave.
—I’d
like
to,
but
I’m
afraid
she
won’t
be
happy
with
my
______
.
A.
requests
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
excuses
C.
apologies
D.
regrets
【答案与解析】
②One
of
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )most
effective
ways
to
reduce
is
to
talk
about
feeling
with
someone
you
trust.
A.
production
B.
stress
C.
energy
D.
power
【答案与解析】
二要注意搭配问题:固定句型中的名词、名词与动词的搭配以及名词与介词的搭配等。
①It
is
no
_______
arguing
with
Bill
because
he
will
never
change
his
mind.
A.
use
B.
help
C.
time
D.
way
【答案与解析】
②James
took
the
m
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )agazines
off
the
little
table
to
make
_______
for
the
television.
A.
room
B.
area
C.
field
D.
position
【答案与解析】
③Don’t
leave
match
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es
or
cigarettes
on
the
table
within
_______
of
little
children.
A.
hand
B.
reach
C.
space
D.
distance
【答案与解析】
主谓一致
在英语的句子中,谓语动词的形式应与主
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语的人称和数保持一致。近几年来,高考关于该内容的考查主要集中在语法一致、逻辑意义一致以及就近(远)一致原则等三个方面。
一、语法一致原则
只要确定句子的主语是单数意义,则谓语用单数,句子的主语意义复数,则谓语用复数。具体表现如下:
1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
His
father
on
the
farm.
他父亲正在农场工作。
To
study
English
well
not
easy.
学好英语不容易。
Reading
in
the
sun
bad
for
your
eyes.
在太阳底下看书对你的眼睛有害。
What
he
said
very
important
for
us
all.
他所说的对我们都很重要。
The
children
in
the
classroom
two
hours
ago.
两个小时前孩子们在教室。
注意:
①由what,who引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是
一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
What
I
say
helpful
to
you.
What
I
bought
three
English
books.
②两个不定式结构或动名词短语作主语时,如果是两个概念,用复数形式;如果是一个问题的两个方面,用单数形式。
Going
shopping
and
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )working
out
in
the
gym
what
she
does
in
her
spare
time.
她空闲时间都去购物和体育馆锻炼。
Where
and
when
to
hol
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d
the
sports
meet
been
decided.在哪儿和什么时间开运动会还没有决定。
Early
to
rise
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and
early
to
bed
good
for
our
health.早起早睡对我们的健康有好处。
2.由连接词and或both...and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用谓语动词的复数形式。
Lucy
and
Lily
twins.
露西和莉莉是双胞胎。
Both
the
boy
and
th
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
girl
surprised
when
they
heard
the
news.听到消息,男孩和女孩都很吃惊。
注意点请参看下面的“逻辑意义一致原则”。
3.either,
neither,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )each,
every或no+单数名词和由some,
any,
no,
every构成的复合不定代词,都看作单数。
Each
of
us
a
new
book.我们每人都有一本新书。
Everything
around
us
matter.我们周围每件事都是麻烦。
注意:
①在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。
Neither
of
the
texts
is(are)interesting.这两篇文章都很没趣。
②若none
of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
None
of
us
has(have)been
to
America.我们没有人去过美国。
4.在定语从句中,关系代词that,
who,
which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
He
is
one
of
my
friends
who
working
hard.他是我那些努力工作的朋友中的一个。
He
is
the
only
one
o
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f
my
friends
who
working
hard.他是我唯一努力工作的朋友。
5.如果集体名词指的是整个集体,谓语动词用单
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )数;如果指集体中的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这类词有family,
class,
crowd,
committee,
population,
audience,
public,
board,
class,
team,
group,
company,
crew,
enemy,
government,
herd,
jury,
party等。
Class
Four
on
the
third
floor.四班在三楼。
Class
Four
unable
to
agree
upon
a
monitor.四班学生在选班长的事情上没能达成一致。
注意:people,
police,
cattle,
youth等名词一般都用作复数。
The
police
looking
for
the
lost
child.
警察正在寻找丢失的孩子。
6.由“a
lot
of/lots
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of/plenty
of/the
rest
of/the
majority
of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
There
a
lot
of
people
in
the
classroom.教室里有很多人。
The
rest
of
the
lecture
wonderful.讲座剩余的部分很精彩。
50%
of
the
students
in
our
class
girls.我们班50%的学生是女生。
注意:a
number
of“许多”,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the
number
of“……的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。
The
number
of
unemployment
reached
five
million.失业人数已经达到五百万。
A
number
of
workers
recently
left
the
company.最近有很多工人辞掉了工作。
二、逻辑意义一致原则
1.若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。
The
writer
and
artist
come.
那位作家兼艺术家已经到了。
2.由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有no,
each,
every,
more
than
a(an),
many
a(an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。
Every
student
and
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
every
teacher
in
the
classroom.每个学生和每位老师都在教室里。
No
boy
and
no
girl
it.没有哪个男孩或女孩喜欢它。
3.表数量的短语“one
and
a
half”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数。
One
and
a
half
apples
is(are)left
on
the
table.桌子上剩下一个半苹果。
4.
many
a,
more
th
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an
one和a+名词单数+or
two作主语时,谓语动词用单数。many
a的意思是“许多”,more
than
one的意思是“不止一个”,a+名词单数+or
two的意思是“一个或两个”,从意义上讲,它们表示复数,但用作主语时,谓语却习惯上用单数。
Many
a
successful
store
its
rent
cheerfully.许多成功的店铺都非常乐意地付了房租。
More
than
one
person
in
this.
与此事有牵连的人不止一个。
A
worker
or
two
going
to
be
sent
to
work
abroad.
一两个工人将被派往国外去工作。
5.
trousers,
g
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lasses,
clothes,
shoes等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair
of等量词修饰时,谓语动词则用单数。
My
glasses
broken.
我的眼镜坏了。
The
pair
of
shoes
under
the
bed
his.
床下那双鞋子是他的。
6.“定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数;表示某一个人时,谓语动词用单数。
The
young
are
mostly
ambitious.
年轻人多半有雄心。
Yesterday
an
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )accident
happened
on
the
road
and
a
person
was
injured.
The
injured
was
rushed
to
hospital.
昨天路上发生了一起事故,一个人受伤了。伤者很快被送到医院。
注意:有个别的“the+形容词”结构既表示
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )单数意义,也表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。如:the
good指“好人”时表复数意义,指“善”时表单数意义;the
accused指一名被告时表单数意义,指多名被告时表复数意义。比较:
The
beautiful
is
not
a
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lways
the
good,
and
the
good
is
not
always
the
true.美未必是善,善未必是真。
The
accused
was
acquitted
of
the
charge.被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)
The
accused
were
acquitted
of
the
charge.被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人)
三、就近(远)一致原则
1.当两个主语由either...or,
n
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )either...nor,
whether...or...,
not
only...but
also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。
Either
the
tea
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cher
or
the
students
our
friends.
或者老师或者学生是我们的朋友。
Neither
they
nor
he
wholly
right.
他们和他都不全对。
neither
he
nor
they
wholly
right
他和他们都不全对吗?
2.
当一个句子是由
there
或here引起,而主语又不止一个时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There
two
chairs
and
a
desk
in
the
room.房间里有两把椅子、一张桌子。
There
a
desk
and
two
chairs
in
the
room.
房间里有一张桌子、两把椅子。
Here
a
pen
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),
a
few
envelopes
and
some
paper
in
the
drawer.
抽屉里有一支钢笔,几个信封和一些纸。
3.在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
There
the
bus
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ).
公共汽车来了。
On
the
wall
many
pictures.
墙上有很多照片。
Such
the
result.
结果就是这样。
Such
the
facts.
事实就是如此。
In
the
distance
heard
the
clapping
of
hands
and
the
shouts
of
the
people.
在远处就可以听到人们的鼓掌声喝彩声。
4.在定语从句中,关系代词如果在从
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句中作主语,依先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数形式;在“one
of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,从句中的动词用复数形式;但是之前有the
(only)等修饰语时,则从句中的动词用单数形式。
Mary
is
the
only
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
one
of
the
students
in
our
school
who
ever
been
to
China.
玛丽是我们学校中唯一到过中国的学生。
Mary
is
one
of
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )students
in
our
school
who
ever
been
to
China.
玛丽是我们学校中到过中国的学生之一。
5.主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )跟有with,
together
with,
along
with,
except,
but(除了),
like,
as
well
as,
rather
than,more
than,
no
less
than,
besides,
including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语动词用复数形式。
Mr.
Green,
togethe
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r
with
his
wife
and
children,
come
to
China.格林先生和妻子孩子一起来到了中国。
Nobody
but
Jim
and
Mike
on
the
playground.除了杰克和迈克,没有人在操场上。
She,
like
you
and
Tom,
very
tall.像你和汤姆一样,她也很高。2017届高考英语语法复习精品系列(译林牛津版)──专题02名词和主谓一致
考点聚焦(学生版)
近年的高考试题表明:名词和主
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )谓一致的考点主要有下列两点:一是名词的辨析(语义方面的辨析和固定搭配);二是除考查语法一致和意义一致外,特别考查对主语的正确识别。
友情提醒:名词是英语的主要词汇之一,也是历
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查,单项填空题中,每年都出现1—2道题。此外,在阅读理解和完形填空中,名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及。因此,在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法等。
考点1
名词的辨析(语义方面的辨析和固定搭配)
①(2016高考英语江苏卷)
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )—
Can
you
tell
us
your
_______
for
happiness
and
a
long
life
—
Living
every
day
to
the
full,
definitely.
A.
recipe
B.
record
C.
range
D.
receipt
【答案与解析】
②(2016高考英语浙江卷)I
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
is
important
to
pay
your
electricity
bill
on
time
,
as
late
payments
may
affect
your
_______.
A.
condition
B.
income
C.
credit
D.
status
【答案与解析】
③A
worldwide
_______
to
healthier
diets
is
one
of
many
actions
that
need
to
be
taken
to
avoid
dangerous
climate
change.
A.
shift
B.
admission
C.
witness
D.
response
【答案与解析】
④The
company
has
got
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______
from
many
users
both
at
home
and
abroad
for
top-quality
products
and
services.
A.
benefit
B.
apology
C.
credit
D.
envy
【答案与解析】
⑤Recycling,
in
its
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )broadest
_______,
refers
to
the
remaking
of
waste
products
and
other
used
materials
for
practical
purposes.
A.
sight
B.
sense
C.
size
D.
space
【答案与解析】
⑥Any
help
from
y
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou
will
be
greatly
appreciated.
Please
give
me
a
reply
at
your
earliest
_______.
A.
interruption
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
instruction
C.
consideration
D.
convenience
【答案与解析】
⑦There
is
no
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______
in
going
to
school
for
the
students
merely
to
learn
some
facts.
A.
doubt
B.
mind
C.
point
D.
wonder
【答案与解析】
⑧—Li
Lin
is
very
brigh
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
and
studies
hard
as
well.
—It’s
no
_______
he
always
gets
the
first
place
in
any
examination.
A.
question
B.
doubt
C.
problem
D.
wonder
【答案与解析】
考点2
除考查语法一致和意义一致外,特别考查对主语的正确识别
①It
is
important
to
r
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )emember
that
success
_______
a
sum
of
small
efforts
made
each
day
and
often
_______
years
to
achieve.
A.
is;
takes
B.
are;
takes
C.
are;
take
D.
is;
take
【答案与解析】
②All
we
need
_______
a
small
piece
of
land
where
we
can
plant
various
kinds
of
fruit
trees
throughout
the
growing
seasons
of
the
year.
A.
are
B.
was
C.
is
D.
were
【答案与解析】
③“All
_______
prese
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt
and
all
_______
going
on
well,”
our
monitor
said.
A.
is;
are
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
are
;
are
C.
are;
is
D.
is;
is
【答案与解析】
④一Mary,
what
did
you
hear
our
headmaster
said
just
now
一Every
boy
and
ever
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y
girl
as
well
as
the
teachers
who
_______
to
lead
the
group
_______
asked
to
be
at
the
school
gate
before
6:30
in
the
morning
A.
is;
is
B.
are;
are
C.
are;
is
D.
is;
are
【答案与解析】
⑤Either
you
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or
one
of
your
students
_______
to
attend
the
meeting
that
will
be
held
tomorrow.
A.
are
B.
is
C.
have
D.
be
【答案与解析】2017届高考英语语法复习精品系列(译林牛津版)──专题02名词和主谓一致
考点聚焦(教师版)
近年的高考试题表明:名词和主谓一致的考
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )点主要有下列两点:一是名词的辨析(语义方面的辨析和固定搭配);二是除考查语法一致和意义一致外,特别考查对主语的正确识别。
友情提醒:名词是英语的主要词汇之一
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),也是历年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查,单项填空题中,每年都出现1—2道题。此外,在阅读理解和完形填空中,名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及。因此,在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法等。
考点1
名词的辨析(语义方面的辨析和固定搭配)
①(2016高考英语江苏卷)—
Can
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you
tell
us
your
_______
for
happiness
and
a
long
life
—
Living
every
day
to
the
full,
definitely.
A.
recipe
B.
record
C.
range
D.
receipt
【答案与解析】A。reci
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pe秘诀,食谱,药方;record记录;range范围;receipt收据,收条;根据句意可知A项意为“秘诀”,与上下文相符。句意:“你能否把你的快乐长寿的秘诀告诉我?”“当然是每天生活得要充实。”
②(2016高考英语浙江卷)I
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
is
important
to
pay
your
electricity
bill
on
time
,
as
late
payments
may
affect
your
_______.
A.
condition
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
income
C.
credit
D.
status
【答案与解析】C。句意:准时付电费很重要,因
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为晚付了会影响你的信用。condition条件;income收入;credit学分,信用(卡)。根据句意故选C。
③A
worldwide
_______
to
healthier
diets
is
one
of
many
actions
that
need
to
be
taken
to
avoid
dangerous
climate
change.
A.
shift
B.
admission
C.
witness
D.
response
【答案与解析】A。shift变化;ad
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mission承认,准许进入;witness目击者,见证人;response反应,回答,答复。名词词组:shift
to
转化于动词词组:shift
to。例如:I've
been
long
enough
in
this
job
and
I'm
going
to
shift
to
a
new
one.
这份工作我干的时间太长了,所以我想换一份新工作。句意:为了避免危险的气候变化,需要采取的许多行动之一就是全球转向更加健康的饮食。
④The
company
has
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
got
_______
from
many
users
both
at
home
and
abroad
for
top-quality
products
and
services.
A.
benefit
B.
apology
C.
credit
D.
envy
【答案与解析】C。benefit利益,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )好处;apology道歉,make
an
apology
to
sb.
for
sth.
因某事向某人道歉;credit信誉,信用,get
credit
for因……而得到好评;envy羡慕,嫉妒,妒忌。句意:该公司因为其优质的产品和服务而得到国内外用户的好评。故选C项。
⑤Recycling,
in
its
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
broadest
_______,
refers
to
the
remaking
of
waste
products
and
other
used
materials
for
practical
purposes.
A.
sight
B.
sense
C.
size
D.
space
【答案与解析】B。句意:回收利
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用,在其最广泛的意义上是指把废弃的产品和其它用过的材料加以改造以达到实用的目的。sight视觉,视力;sense意识;size
尺寸,大小;space空间。故选B项。
⑥Any
help
from
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
you
will
be
greatly
appreciated.
Please
give
me
a
reply
at
your
earliest
_______.
A.
interruption
B.
instruction
C.
consideration
D.
convenience
【答案与解析】D。句意:对于您的任何帮助我
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )将感激不尽。请在您方便的时候尽早给我回复。“at
your
earliest
convenience”是固定表达,表示“在你方便的时候”,符合句意。interruption打断;instruction指导,指示;consideration考虑。
⑦There
is
no
_______
in
going
to
school
for
the
students
merely
to
learn
some
facts.
A.
doubt
B.
mind
C.
point
D.
wonder
【答案与解析】C。固定句式T
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )here
is
no
point
in
doing
sth.
表示“做……是没有意义/没有必要的”。There
is
no
doubt
that(从句)…毫无疑问……。句意:只是让学生学到一些事实那么就没有必要让他们去学校读书。
⑧—Li
Lin
is
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )very
bright
and
studies
hard
as
well.
—It’s
no
_______
he
always
gets
the
first
place
in
any
examination.
A.
question
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
doubt
C.
problem
D.
wonder
【答案与解析】D。it’s
no
wond
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er
(+that从句)的意思是“难怪……”,也可说成
No
wonder
(+that从句)。句意:“李林非常聪明,学习有刻苦。”“无论那次考试难怪他总是得第一。”
考点2
除考查语法一致和意义一致外,特别考查对主语的正确识别
①It
is
important
to
r
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )emember
that
success
_______
a
sum
of
small
efforts
made
each
day
and
often
_______
years
to
achieve.
A.
is;
takes
B.
are;
takes
C.
are;
take
D.
is;
take
【答案与解析】A。第一空的谓语要用第三人称单数,因为此宾语从句:…that
success
______
a
sum
of…day.
的主语是success,一个单数名词,故谓语要用is;后面的句子:often
_______
years
to
achieve.
的主语也是success,故第二空的谓语也是一个单数形式。句意:成功是将每天一点一点的
努力积累起来的,需要多年的努力才能实现的。记住这些道理很重要。
②All
we
need
_______
a
small
piece
of
land
where
we
can
plant
various
kinds
of
fruit
trees
throughout
the
growing
seasons
of
the
year.
A.
are
B.
was
C.
is
D.
were
【答案与解析】C。当what引导主语从句时,谓语动词的单复数要根据表语决定。本句中的表语是一个短
语a
piece
of
land,谓语动词应该和量词piece保持一致,故使用单数形式,同时句中也没
有出现过去时的时间状语。句意:我们需要的是一小块土地,在一年中的生长季节里,我
们可以在那里种植各种各样的水果。故C项正确。
③“All
_______
present
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
and
all
_______
going
on
well,”
our
monitor
said.
A.
is;
are
B.
are
;
are
C.
are;
is
D.
is;
is
【答案与解析】C。all作为主语,代表
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )人物时,一般用作复数;代表整个事件或情况时,一般看作单数。句意:我们班长说:“所有的人都出场了。一切进展顺利。”
④一Mary,
what
did
you
hear
our
headmaster
said
just
now
一Every
boy
and
every
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )girl
as
well
as
the
teachers
who
_______
to
lead
the
group
_______
asked
to
be
at
the
school
gate
before
6:30
in
the
morning
A.
is;
is
B.
are;
are
C.
are;
is
D.
is;
are
【答案与解析】C。Every
b
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oy
and
every
girl作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,所以第二空应该用is;who引导的是一个定语从句,修饰前面的先行词teachers,所以第一空应该用are。句意:玛丽,“刚才校长说的什么内容,你听到了吗?”“(他说)请所有男女生以及带队老师明天早上6:30在学校大门口集中。”
⑤Either
you
or
one
of
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )your
students
_______
to
attend
the
meeting
that
will
be
held
tomorrow.
A.
are
B.
is
C.
have
D.
be
【答案与解析】B。either
…
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or….
连接两个主语,按就近原则来确定谓语的单复数。One
of
your
students谓语应用单数形式。句意:或者是你或者是你的一个学生要参加明天举行的会议。2017届高考英语语法复习精品系列(译林牛津版)──专题02名词和主谓一致
知识精讲(教师版)
名
词
一、名词的分类及相互转换
(一)分类
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名,团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
(二)转换
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
物质名词(不可数)
具体化(个体名词,可数名词)
iron铁
an
iron熨斗
coffee咖啡
a
coffee一杯咖啡
sugar糖
a
sugar一块糖
glass玻璃
two
glasses两只玻璃杯
drink饮料
two
drinks两杯饮料
tea茶
two
teas两杯茶
抽象名词与个体名词的相互转换
抽象名词(不可数)
具体化(个体名词,可数名词)
relief宽慰
a
relief令人宽慰的事
beauty美,美丽
a
beauty美人
concern关心
a
concern一件令人关切的事
in
surprise
惊讶地
a
surprise
一件令人惊讶的事
win
success
获得成功
a
success
一个(件)成功的人(事)
win
honor
赢得荣誉
an
honor
一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)
Failure
is
the
mother
of
success.失败是成功之母.
a
failure
一个(件)失败的人(事)
have
pity
on
sb.
怜悯某人
a
pity
可惜的事情
with
pleasure
乐意
a
pleasure
一件快的乐事
二、名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数的变化,而单复数的变化又分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。
规则变化
①单数名词词尾直接加-s:boy
—
boys
pen
—
pens②以s,
x,
ch,
sh结尾的单词一般加-es:glass—glasses
box—boxes
watch—watches
brush—brushes特例:stomach
—
stomachs③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”:baby—babies
lady
—ladies注意:penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同:pence(便士的钱数)
pennies(便士的枚数)④以“o”结尾的多数加-s:radios
zoos
photos
pianos
kilos
tobaccos
而下列名词的复数却要加-es:tomato
—
tomatoes
potato
—
potatoes
hero
—
heroes⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-eswife—wives
self
—
selves特例:handkerchief—handkerchiefs
gulf—gulfs
belief—beliefs
不规则变化
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man/woman-men/women
foot-feet
goose-geese
mouse-mice
特例:child-children
单复数相同
sheep
deer
means(方法)
works(作品、工厂、著作)
合成名词变成复数的情况:●将主体名词变为复数●将两部分都变为复数
●sons-in-law
lookers-on
passers-by
story-tellers
boy
friends●women
singers
men
servants
在熟悉以上规则的基础上,特别注意以下几点:
1.注意以下名词数的概念
①以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词)
physics
linguistic
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s
mathematics
politics
statistics
news
the
United
States
②集合名词:表示一类事物的集合或总称,没有复数形式
machinery
furniture
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )equipment
technology
luggage
baggage
homework
evidence
③变成复数形式时意思的不同
custom风俗,习惯—customs海关
room
空间—rooms
房间
good好处,利益—goods货物
time时间—times时代,次数,倍数
paper
纸—papers
试卷,文件
water
水—waters
水域
④有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现,表示具体化,意义发生变化或构成固定短语。
use
one’s
brains动脑筋
meet
with
difficulties遇到各种困难
make
preparations做准备
in
high
spirits
情绪高涨
good
manners有礼貌
Many
thanks.非常感谢。
No
pains,
no
gains.不劳无获。
congratulations祝贺
possessions所有物,财产
surroundings环境
⑤有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。
burst
into
tears
大哭起来
miles
of
golden
sands
绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩
burn
to
ashes
烧成灰烬
⑥形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义
people
police
cattle
staff
public
the+adj.(the
rich富人)
the+分词(the
wounded伤员)
2.集体名词的数
family,
team,
a
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udience,
class,
club,
committee,
crowd,
group,
enemy,
cattle,
government,
majority,
minority,
part,
people,
police,
public,
staff等集体名词注意其主谓一致,一般来说,视为整体时作单数看待,侧重其成员时则作复数看待。
三、名词的所有格
1.名词词尾加’s,如the
boy’s
bag,
men’s
room。
2.若名词已有复数词尾“s”,只在最后加
“’”。如:the
workers’
struggle。
3.由of构成的所有格:无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构。
a
map
of
China
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
the
end
of
this
term
the
capital
of
our
country
the
color
of
the
flowers
在熟悉以上规则的基础上,特别注意以下几点:
1.如果两个名词并列,并且分别有“’s”,则表示“分别有”;只有一个“’s”,则表示“共有”。
John’s
and
Mary’s
rooms(分别拥有的房间)
John
and
Mary’s
room(共有的一间)
2.“’s”所有格的特殊表达形式
①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后
today’s
newspa
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )per
five
minutes’
walk(drive)
five
pounds’
weight
ten
dollars’
worth
of
apples
②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后
the
earth’s
plant,
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
world’s
population,
China’s
industry,
New
York’s
parks。
③表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,
house等名词
the
tailor’s
裁缝店,the
barber’s理发店,go
to
the
doctor’s上诊所。
3.双重所有格:of
+名词’s(或+名词性物主代词)
a
friend
of
Tom’s
some/two
students
of
mine
尤其是在表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感彩时常
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )常用这种结构。of
所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those,但不能用the。
That
invention
of
hers
belongs
to
the
world.她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏)
注意:当of
之前的名词是picture,
portrait等词时含义不同:
This
is
a
picture
of
my
friend’s.这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。
This
is
a
picture
of
my
friend.这是我朋友的一张照片。
四、名词作定语
名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式,根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类:
1.表示中心词的用途、功能、材料
stone
figures石像
shoe
shop鞋店
coffee
cup咖啡杯
2.表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。
summer
holidays暑假,school
education学校教育,evening
dress晚礼服
注意:表具体的时间名词作定语,则要用所有格结构来表达。
yesterday’s
news昨天的消息
an
hour’s
drive开车一小时的路程
3.表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。
bike
key自行车的钥匙
animal
trainer驯兽师
woman
driver女驾驶员
4.表示中心词的内容
computer
studies电脑学习
weather
report天气预报
film
industry电影工业
5.表示部分与整体的关系
river
banks河岸
animal
bones动物骨头
cigarette
ends烟头
名词作定语时的特别注意点:
①名词作定语时,一般用其单数形式,且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化
two
pencil
boxes,
girl
friends,
a
seven-year-old
boy
但是,少数的名词作定语却用复数形式。
sports
shoes
运动鞋
clot
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hes
shops
服装店
a
sales
girl女销售员
a
greetings
card
贺卡
②man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化
a
man
doctor—men
doctors;
a
woman
engineer—women
engineers
③名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。
the
girl
friend女朋友—the
girl's
friend那位女孩的朋友
the
woman
driver女司机—the
woman's
driver那位妇女的司机
④名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别
名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象;形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。
gold
watch金表
golden
sunshine金色的阳光
heart
trouble心脏病
hearty
welcome热忱的欢迎
convenience
food快餐
convenient
food方便的食品
五、名词的辨析
一要注意语义问题:某些多义词在特定上下文中的引申含义,以及准确辨别一些同义、近义词在特定语境中的差异等;
①—Go
and
say
sorry
to
your
Mom,
Dave.
—I’d
like
to,
but
I’m
afraid
she
won’t
be
happy
with
my
______
.
A.
requests
B.
excuses
C.
apologies
D.
regrets
【答案与解析】C。句意:“戴维,去跟你的妈妈
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )说声对不起。”“我想这样做,但是我担心她对我的道歉不满意。”requests请求;excuses借口;apologies道歉;regrets遗憾,后悔。故选C项。
②One
of
the
m
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ost
effective
ways
to
reduce
is
to
talk
about
feeling
with
someone
you
trust.
A.
production
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
stress
C.
energy
D.
power
【答案与解析】B。句意:一种最有效的
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )减压方法就是和你觉得信任的人说说你的感受。production意为产品;stress意为压力;energy意为能源;power意为力量。根据常识可以知道,和别人谈心应该来说是减压。所以答案是B.
stress意为压力。
二要注意搭配问题:固定句型中的名词、名词与动词的搭配以及名词与介词的搭配等。
①It
is
no
_______
arguing
with
Bill
because
he
will
never
change
his
mind.
A.
use
B.
help
C.
time
D.
way
【答案与解析】A。it
is
no
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
use
doing表示“做某事没有用”。句意:跟比尔争论是没有用的,因为他永远都不会改变他的想法的。故选A。
②James
took
the
m
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )agazines
off
the
little
table
to
make
_______
for
the
television.
A.
room
B.
area
C.
field
D.
position
【答案与解析】A。make
ro
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om
for是固定搭配,意思是“为……让出空间”的意思,其中的room是不可数名词。句意:詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下来,为电视机腾出空间来。故选A。
③Don’t
leave
match
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es
or
cigarettes
on
the
table
within
_______
of
little
children.
A.
hand
B.
reach
C.
space
D.
distance
【答案与解析】B。within
sb
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’s
reach是固定习语,意为“伸手拿得到的”。句意:不要把火柴和香烟放在桌子上,那是小孩子都可以伸手拿得到的地方。故选B。
主谓一致
在英语的句子中,谓语动词的形式应
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )与主语的人称和数保持一致。近几年来,高考关于该内容的考查主要集中在语法一致、逻辑意义一致以及就近(远)一致原则等三个方面。
一、语法一致原则
只要确定句子的主语是单数意义,则谓语用单数,句子的主语意义复数,则谓语用复数。具体表现如下:
1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
His
father
is
working
on
the
farm.
他父亲正在农场工作。
To
study
English
well
is
not
easy.
学好英语不容易。
Reading
in
the
sun
is
bad
for
your
eyes.
在太阳底下看书对你的眼睛有害。
What
he
said
is
very
important
for
us
all.
他所说的对我们都很重要。
The
children
were
in
the
classroom
two
hours
ago.
两个小时前孩子们在教室。
注意:
①由what,who引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是
一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
What
I
say
is
help
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ful
to
you.
What
I
bought
were
three
English
books.
②两个不定式结构或动名词短语作主语时,如果是两个概念,用复数形式;如果是一个问题的两个方面,用单数形式。
Going
shopping
an
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d
working
out
in
the
gym
are
what
she
does
in
her
spare
time.
她空闲时间都去购物和体育馆锻炼。
Where
and
wh
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en
to
hold
the
sports
meet
hasn't
been
decided.在哪儿和什么时间开运动会还没有决定。
Early
to
rise
and
early
to
bed
is
good
for
our
health.早起早睡对我们的健康有好处。
2.由连接词and或both...and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用谓语动词的复数形式。
Lucy
and
Lily
are
twins.
露西和莉莉是双胞胎。
Both
the
boy
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and
the
girl
were
surprised
when
they
heard
the
news.听到消息,男孩和女孩都很吃惊。
注意点请参看下面的“逻辑意义一致原则”。
3.either,
neithe
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r,
each,
every或no+单数名词和由some,
any,
no,
every构成的复合不定代词,都看作单数。
Each
of
us
has
a
new
book.我们每人都有一本新书。
Everything
around
us
is
matter.我们周围每件事都是麻烦。
注意:
①在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。
Neither
of
the
texts
is(are)interesting.这两篇文章都很没趣。
②若none
of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
None
of
us
has(have)been
to
America.我们没有人去过美国。
4.在定语从句中,关系代词that,
who,
which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
He
is
one
of
my
friends
who
are
working
hard.他是我那些努力工作的朋友中的一个。
He
is
the
only
one
of
my
friends
who
is
working
hard.他是我唯一努力工作的朋友。
5.如果集体名词指的是整个集体,谓
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语动词用单数;如果指集体中的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这类词有family,
class,
crowd,
committee,
population,
audience,
public,
board,
class,
team,
group,
company,
crew,
enemy,
government,
herd,
jury,
party等。
Class
Four
is
on
the
third
floor.四班在三楼。
Class
Four
are
unable
to
agree
upon
a
monitor.四班学生在选班长的事情上没能达成一致。
注意:people,
police,
cattle,
youth等名词一般都用作复数。
The
police
are
looking
for
the
lost
child.
警察正在寻找丢失的孩子。
6.由“a
lot
of/lots
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of/plenty
of/the
rest
of/the
majority
of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
There
are
a
lot
of
people
in
the
classroom.教室里有很多人。
The
rest
of
the
lecture
is
wonderful.讲座剩余的部分很精彩。
50%
of
the
students
in
our
class
are
girls.我们班50%的学生是女生。
注意:a
number
of“许多
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the
number
of“……的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。
The
number
of
unemployment
has
reached
five
million.失业人数已经达到五百万。
A
number
of
workers
have
recently
left
the
company.最近有很多工人辞掉了工作。
二、逻辑意义一致原则
1.若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。
The
writer
and
artist
has
come.
那位作家兼艺术家已经到了。
2.由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )别有no,
each,
every,
more
than
a(an),
many
a(an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。
Every
student
and
every
teacher
was
in
the
classroom.每个学生和每位老师都在教室里。
No
boy
and
no
girl
likes
it.没有哪个男孩或女孩喜欢它。
3.表数量的短语“one
and
a
half”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数。
One
and
a
half
apples
is(are)left
on
the
table.桌子上剩下一个半苹果。
4.
many
a,
more
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )than
one和a+名词单数+or
two作主语时,谓语动词用单数。many
a的意思是“许多”,more
than
one的意思是“不止一个”,a+名词单数+or
two的意思是“一个或两个”,从意义上讲,它们表示复数,但用作主语时,谓语却习惯上用单数。
Many
a
succe
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ssful
store
has
paid
its
rent
cheerfully.许多成功的店铺都非常乐意地付了房租。
More
than
one
person
is
involved
in
this.
与此事有牵连的人不止一个。
A
worker
or
two
is
going
to
be
sent
to
work
abroad.
一两个工人将被派往国外去工作。
5.
trousers,
glasses
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),
clothes,
shoes等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair
of等量词修饰时,谓语动词则用单数。
My
glasses
are
broken.
我的眼镜坏了。
The
pair
of
shoes
under
the
bed
is
his.
床下那双鞋子是他的。
6.“定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数;表示某一个人时,谓语动词用单数。
The
young
are
mostly
ambitious.
年轻人多半有雄心。
Yesterday
an
acc
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ident
happened
on
the
road
and
a
person
was
injured.
The
injured
was
rushed
to
hospital.
昨天路上发生了一起事故,一个人受伤了。伤者很快被送到医院。
注意:有个别的“the+形容词”
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )结构既表示单数意义,也表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。如:the
good指“好人”时表复数意义,指“善”时表单数意义;the
accused指一名被告时表单数意义,指多名被告时表复数意义。比较:
The
beautifu
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l
is
not
always
the
good,
and
the
good
is
not
always
the
true.美未必是善,善未必是真。
The
accused
was
acquitted
of
the
charge.被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)
The
accused
were
acquitted
of
the
charge.被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人)
三、就近(远)一致原则
1.当两个主语由either.
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )..or,
neither...nor,
whether...or...,
not
only...but
also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。
Either
the
teacher
or
the
students
are
our
friends.
或者老师或者学生是我们的朋友。
Neither
they
nor
he
is
wholly
right.
他们和他都不全对。
Is
neither
he
nor
they
wholly
right
他和他们都不全对吗?
2.
当一个句子是由
there
或here引起,而主语又不止一个时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There
are
two
chairs
and
a
desk
in
the
room.房间里有两把椅子、一张桌子。
There
is
a
desk
and
two
chairs
in
the
room.
房间里有一张桌子、两把椅子。
Here
is
a
pen,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a
few
envelopes
and
some
paper
in
the
drawer.
抽屉里有一支钢笔,几个信封和一些纸。
3.在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
There
comes
the
b
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )us.
公共汽车来了。
On
the
wall
are
many
pictures.
墙上有很多照片。
Such
is
the
result.
结果就是这样。
Such
are
the
facts.
事实就是如此。
In
the
distance
was
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )heard
the
clapping
of
hands
and
the
shouts
of
the
people.
在远处就可以听到人们的鼓掌声喝彩声。
4.在定语从句中,关系代词如果在
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句中作主语,依先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数形式;在“one
of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,从句中的动词用复数形式;但是之前有the
(only)等修饰语时,则从句中的动词用单数形式。
Mary
is
the
only
on
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
of
the
students
in
our
school
who
has
ever
been
to
China.
玛丽是我们学校中唯一到过中国的学生。
Mary
is
one
of
the
s
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudents
in
our
school
who
have
ever
been
to
China.
玛丽是我们学校中到过中国的学生之一。
5.主语为单数名词或代词,尽
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )管后面跟有with,
together
with,
along
with,
except,
but(除了),
like,
as
well
as,
rather
than,more
than,
no
less
than,
besides,
including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语动词用复数形式。
Mr.
Green,
t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ogether
with
his
wife
and
children,
has
come
to
China.格林先生和妻子孩子一起来到了中国。
Nobody
but
Jim
and
Mike
was
on
the
playground.除了杰克和迈克,没有人在操场上。
She,
like
you
and
Tom,
is
very
tall.像你和汤姆一样,她也很高。2017届高考英语语法复习精品系列(译林牛津版)──专题02名词和主谓一致
高考押题(解析版)
1.Sometimes
to
ge
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
out
of
difficulty,
one
must
change
his
way
of
thinking,
or
simply
change
his
_______
towards
a
problem.
A.
emotion
B.
approach
C.
access
D.
target
【答案】B
【解析】emotion情绪,情感,感情,感动
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),激动;approach方式,方法;access入口,通道,接近(的机会),使用之权;target目标,靶子。句意:有时,要想走出困境,一个人就必须改变自己的思考方式或简单地说变换思考问题的角度。
2.Emotional
confl
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ict
may
shake
the
_______
of
even
the
strongest
relationship,
e.g.
between
husband
and
wife,
parents
and
children.
A.
proportion
B.
foundation
C.
innovation
D.
interaction
【答案】B
【解析】proportion比,比率
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),比例;foundation基础;innovation改革,创新;interaction互动,一起活动。句意:情感冲突可以动摇哪怕是最牢固的人际关系的基础。所以选B。
3.—Simon
will
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )listen
to
music
every
time
he
comes
across
a
maths
problem.
—You
know,
music
is
the
source
of
_______
in
life.
A.
inspiration
B.
identification
C.
reaction
D.
recreation
【答案】A
【解析】inspirat
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ion灵感;identification认同,鉴定,识别,验明,身份证明;reaction反应,反作用力;recreation消遣(方式),娱乐(方式)。句意:——每次遇到数学问题时,西蒙都会听音乐。——你知道,音乐在生活中是灵感的源泉。所以选A。
4.The
Internet
allow
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s
us
quick
_______
to
all
the
data
and
research
findings
in
the
fields
available
worldwide.
A.
entrance
B.
charge
C.
access
D.
advance
【答案】C
【解析】entrance入口
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com );charge
要价;access
机会,途径;advance前进。句意:网络允许我们有更快的途径得到这个领域所有的数据和研究结果,故选C项。
5.—Mr.
Anderson
is
pop
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ular
with
his
students,
for
he
is
kind,
strict
and
knowledgeable.
—No
wonder
he
has
such
a
good
_______.
A.
reputation
B.
tradition
C.
preference
D.
presentation
【答案】A
【解析】reputation
名
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )声;tradition传统;preference爱好;presentation
呈现。句意:“安德森先生很受他的学生的欢迎,因为他很和蔼,严厉,而且还很博学。”“难怪他有如此好的声誉。”故选A项。
6.He
should
g
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ive
in
to
_______
and
opened
my
handbag
without
my
permission.
A.
concern
B.
convenience
C.
consideration
D.
curiosity
【答案】D
【解析】give
in
to
curiosity
抑制不住好奇心。句意:他竟然抑制不住好奇心,未经我的允许就打开了我的手提包。
7.The
rising
admissi
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on
prices
of
scenic
attractions
may
cast
a
_______
over
your
plans
for
the
coming
holiday.
A.
shame
B.
shelter
C.
shadow
D.
shade
【答案】C
【解析】shame羞愧,羞辱
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com );shelter避难所,遮蔽;cast
a
shadow
over给……笼罩上阴影;shade遮阳,遮棚,挡风物,玻璃罩,(画的)阴暗部分。句意:景区门票价格的上涨也许会给你即将到来的度假计划笼罩上阴影。
8.Love
means
you
care
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )about
the_______
of
a
person,
that
is,
you
hope
he
or
she
can
lead
a
happy
life.
A.
authority
B.
belief
C.
preference
D.
welfare
【答案】D
【解析】句意:爱意味着你关心一个
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )人的幸福,也就是说你希望他/她能过一种幸福的生活。authority
当局,政权;belief相信;preference偏爱;welfare福利,幸福。故选D。
9.To
be
an
excelle
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt
lecturer,
you
must
be
a
clear
speaker,
with
a
strong
and
pleasing
voice
that
is
fully
under
your
_______.
A.
hand
B.
influence
C.
control
D.
authority
【答案】
【解析】under
one
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’s
control
在某人的控制下(掌控下);under
one’s
influence
在某人的影响下;under
the
authority
of经……批准(授权)
;A
项无此搭配。句意:要想当一个出色的演讲者,你必须口齿清楚,声音洪亮、悦耳,使之完全在你的掌控之中。
10.The
article
i
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n
The
Times
gave
us
a
real
_______
into
the
cause
of
the
present
economic
crisis.
A.
enquiry
B.
admission
C.
insight
D.
division
【答案】C
【解析】give
(an)
insigh
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
into
使……对……有了深入的了解,看透,识破,了解。《泰晤士报》这篇文章使我们对目前经济危机的原因有了深入的了解。故选C。
11.The
umbrella
was
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
not
invented
as
a
protection
against
rain.
It
was
used
as
a
_______
against
the
sun.
A.
block
B.
shadow
C.
cushion
D.
shade
【答案】D
【解析】句意:(当初)发明伞
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )并不是用来挡雨的,它一开始是用来遮太阳的。故选D.
shade
(遮光物)。block街区,障碍物,阻碍;shadow阴影,影子,隐蔽处;cushion垫子,(隔离两个表面的)垫。
12.At
the
end
of
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
the
historic
area,
Wilmington
displayed
its
_______
as
a
working
port
city:
large
ware-house
and
a
few
other
dated
office
buildings.
A.
achievement
B.
reputation
C.
character
D.
standard
【答案】C
【解析】achievement成就,成绩;
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reputation名气,名声;character性格,角色,特点;standard标准,规格。句意:在这片历史地域的尽头,威明顿市曾经扮演了一个港口城市的角色:到处是大型的仓库和其它一些陈旧的办公楼。
13.Due
to
the
__
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_____
of
this
medical
technology,
some
diseases
can
be
treated
at
early
stage.
A.
appreciation
B.
application
C.
appointment
D.
approach
【答案】B
【解析】approval批准
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com );application应用;appointment约会;appreciation欣赏。句意:由于医疗技术的广泛应用,越来越多的疾病可以早期发现并治疗。
14.It’s
supposed
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
to
be
the
end
of
the
paperback
and
the
_______
of
digital
media,
but
some
bookstores
are
surviving
the
Internet
age
with
surprising
success.
A.
deadline
B.
dawn
C.
dusk
D.
departure
【答案】B
【解析】句意:这本该是平装书本的终结之时
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),数字媒体时代的到来之际。但是有些实体书店却在互联网时代中生存了下来,意外地获得了成功。deadline截止日期;dawn黎明,曙光;dusk黄昏;departure离开。此处使用的是“dawn”一词的引申含义,表示“出现,到来”,故选B。
15.With
many
ma
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )jor
economic
problems
remaining
to
be
solved,
there
is
no
_______
predicting
the
growth
rate
of
this
year
now.
A.
doubt
B.
fun
C.
problem
D.
point
【答案】D
【解析】There
is
no
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
point没有必要,没有意义,There
is
no
doubt毫无疑问。句意:由于有许多遗留的经济问题有待解决,因此预没有必要测今年经济增长。选A。
16.—Have
you
heard
tha
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
Tom,
as
well
as
his
parents,
_______
moved
to
Beijing
—Really
No
_______
I
haven’t
seen
him
for
a
long
time.
A.
have;
doubt
B.
have;
reason
C.
has;
choice
D.
has;
wonder
【答案】D
【解析】第一空考查主谓一
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )致,主语被as
well
as连接,谓语和前面的主语保持一致,第二空考查词组no
wonder难怪,句意:“你听说汤姆和父母搬到北京了吗?”“真的吗?难怪最近很长时间没看见他了。”选D。
17.It
was
human
erro
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs,
rather
than
the
natural
disaster,
that
_______
for
the
death
of
so
many
innocent
people
in
the
landslide
at
an
industrial
park
in
Shenzhen.
A.
is
blamed
B.
is
to
blame
C.
are
blamed
D.
are
to
blame
【答案】D
【解析】blame的用法为“b
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
to
blame”,排除AC。“be
to
blame
for
”意为“对……应负责任”。句意:是人类所犯的错误而不是自然灾害要为在山体滑坡事件中那么多无辜死难的人们承担责任。It
was
…
that
是一个强调句,被强调部分human
errors,
rather
than
the
natural
disaster是句中的主语,rather
than连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与其前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致,即就近(远)一致原则。
18.Every
possibl
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
means
_______
to
prevent
the
air
pollution,
but
the
sky
is
still
not
clear.
A.
is
used
B.
are
used
C.
has
been
used
D.
have
been
used
【答案】C
【解析】句意:每一种可能的方法都已经被使用来预防空气污染,但是天空仍然不晴朗。本题主语中的名词means是一个单复数同形的名词,要在具体语境中判断是单数还是复数。本句中的形容词every后面通常要节单数名词,故使用AC,根据句义说明这是已经发生的事情,故使用现在完成时。故选C项。
19.A
teacher
of
English
and
class
teacher
_______
us
something
about
volunteer
workers.
A.
are
telling
B.
is
telling
C.
are
given
D.
were
given
【答案】B
【解析】句意:一位英语老
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )师兼班主任正在告诉我们一些关于志愿者工作的事情。本句话的主语是A
teacher
of
English
and
class
teacher表示的是一个人,既是英语老师,也是班主任老师。故谓语动词使用单数形式。故选B项。
20.I
have
finished
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
a
large
part
of
the
novel
written
by
Dickens,
the
rest
of
which
_______
very
difficult.
A.
is
B.
are
C.
was
D.
were
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我已经看完了狄更斯写的小说的一大部分,其余的很难。定语从句中的主语是the
rest
of
which,主语是the
rest
of+名词的时候,谓语取决于名词,这里which指的是the
novel,所以谓语是单数,而且这部分很难是客观事实,用一般现在时,选A项。2017届高考英语语法复习精品系列(译林牛津版)──专题02名词和主谓一致
高考押题(原卷版)
1.Sometimes
to
get
o
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ut
of
difficulty,
one
must
change
his
way
of
thinking,
or
simply
change
his
_______
towards
a
problem.
A.
emotion
B.
approach
C.
access
D.
target
2.Emotional
confli
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ct
may
shake
the
_______
of
even
the
strongest
relationship,
e.g.
between
husband
and
wife,
parents
and
children.
A.
proportion
B.
foundation
C.
innovation
D.
interaction
3.—Simon
will
listen
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to
music
every
time
he
comes
across
a
maths
problem.
—You
know,
music
is
the
source
of
_______
in
life.
A.
inspiration
B.
identification
C.
reaction
D.
recreation
4.The
Internet
allows
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
us
quick
_______
to
all
the
data
and
research
findings
in
the
fields
available
worldwide.
A.
entrance
B.
charge
C.
access
D.
advance
5.—Mr.
Anderson
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
is
popular
with
his
students,
for
he
is
kind,
strict
and
knowledgeable.
—No
wonder
he
has
such
a
good
_______.
A.
reputation
B.
tradition
C.
preference
D.
presentation
6.He
should
give
in
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
to
_______
and
opened
my
handbag
without
my
permission.
A.
concern
B.
convenience
C.
consideration
D.
curiosity
7.The
rising
admi
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ssion
prices
of
scenic
attractions
may
cast
a
_______
over
your
plans
for
the
coming
holiday.
A.
shame
B.
shelter
C.
shadow
D.
shade
8.Love
means
yo
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u
care
about
the_______
of
a
person,
that
is,
you
hope
he
or
she
can
lead
a
happy
life.
A.
authority
B.
belief
C.
preference
D.
welfare
9.To
be
an
exc
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ellent
lecturer,
you
must
be
a
clear
speaker,
with
a
strong
and
pleasing
voice
that
is
fully
under
your
_______.
A.
hand
B.
influence
C.
control
D.
authority
10.The
article
in
The
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
Times
gave
us
a
real
_______
into
the
cause
of
the
present
economic
crisis.
A.
enquiry
B.
admission
C.
insight
D.
division
11.The
umbrella
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
was
not
invented
as
a
protection
against
rain.
It
was
used
as
a
_______
against
the
sun.
A.
block
B.
shadow
C.
cushion
D.
shade
12.At
the
end
of
the
h
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )istoric
area,
Wilmington
displayed
its
_______
as
a
working
port
city:
large
ware-house
and
a
few
other
dated
office
buildings.
A.
achievement
B.
reputation
C.
character
D.
standard
13.Due
to
the
_______
of
this
medical
technology,
some
diseases
can
be
treated
at
early
stage.
A.
appreciation
B.
application
C.
appointment
D.
approach
14.It’s
suppo
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sed
to
be
the
end
of
the
paperback
and
the
_______
of
digital
media,
but
some
bookstores
are
surviving
the
Internet
age
with
surprising
success.
A.
deadline
B.
dawn
C.
dusk
D.
departure
15.With
many
majo
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r
economic
problems
remaining
to
be
solved,
there
is
no
_______
predicting
the
growth
rate
of
this
year
now.
A.
doubt
B.
fun
C.
problem
D.
point
16.—Have
you
heard
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that
Tom,
as
well
as
his
parents,
_______
moved
to
Beijing
—Really
No
_______
I
haven’t
seen
him
for
a
long
time.
A.
have;
doubt
B.
have;
reason
C.
has;
choice
D.
has;
wonder
17.It
was
human
err
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ors,
rather
than
the
natural
disaster,
that
_______
for
the
death
of
so
many
innocent
people
in
the
landslide
at
an
industrial
park
in
Shenzhen.
A.
is
blamed
B.
is
to
blame
C.
are
blamed
D.
are
to
blame
18.Every
possib
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )le
means
_______
to
prevent
the
air
pollution,
but
the
sky
is
still
not
clear.
A.
is
used
B.
are
used
C.
has
been
used
D.
have
been
used
19.A
teacher
of
English
and
class
teacher
_______
us
something
about
volunteer
workers.
A.
are
telling
B.
is
telling
C.
are
given
D.
were
given
20.I
have
fini
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shed
a
large
part
of
the
novel
written
by
Dickens,
the
rest
of
which
_______
very
difficult.
A.
is
B.
are
C.
was
D.
were