Unit 1 Science and Scientists Section Ⅰ　Listening and Speaking课件（共145张）+讲义

英语 选择性必修 第二册 RJ
Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking
一、阅读单词及词块：写出汉语含义
1．cholera n. 霍乱
2．diarrhoea n. 腹泻
3．dehydration n. 脱水
4．germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌
5．pump n. 泵；抽水机；打气筒
6．water pump 水泵
7．household n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
8．substantial adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
9．statistic n. 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
10．epidemiology n. 流行病学
11．microscope n. 显微镜
二、高频单词：写出英文单词
1．frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
2．contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
3．subscribe vi. 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
4．multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的
5．suspect vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任　n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
6．blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责　n. 责备；指责
7．link n. 联系；纽带　vt. 把……连接起来；相关联
8．raw adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
9．decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
10．transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态　vi. 改变；转变
三、拓展单词：写出下列单词的词性转换(可查字典)
1．severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的→severely adv. 极为恶劣地；十分严重地；严厉地→severity n. 严重；严厉
2．infect vt. 使感染；传染→infection n. 感染；传染→infectious adj.传染的→infected adj. 被感染的
3．proof n. 证据；证明；检验→prove vt. 证明，证实
4．intervention n. 介入；出面；干涉→intervene vi. 干扰；介入
5．pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→purely adv. 完全地；纯粹地→purify vt. 净化；使……洁净→purity n. 纯净；纯粹
四、熟词生义：写出熟义
handle [熟义] n. 把手；拉手；柄
vt. 处理；应对
[生义] v. (用手)触，拿，搬动；操纵　n. 网名；账号(流行语)
五、核心短语：写出英语表达
1．once__and__for__all 最终地；彻底地
2．subscribe__to 同意；赞同
3．thanks__to 幸亏；由于
课文三维剖析
温馨提示：坚持自主学习“课文三维剖析”，走进来，揣摩它，复利思维，你会收获一个语法通！
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome1. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century2, when3 an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor4, John Snow became frustrated because5 no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera6. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and7 even attended to Queen Victoria when8 she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera9 once and for all. 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。 1　until引导时间状语从句；how it could be overcome作showed的宾语；John Snow是a British doctor的同位语 2　时间状语 3　引导非限制性定语从句 4　方式状语 5　引导原因状语从句 6　疑问词＋不定式短语，作knew的宾语 7　连接并列谓语动词 8　引导时间状语从句 9　desire的后置定语
In general10, doctors in those days11 had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread12. One theory was that13 bad air caused the disease.The other was that14 cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water15. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but16 he still needed proof. Consequently17, when18 an outbreak　 of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days19. He was determined to find out why20. 关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。 10　插入/状语 11　doctors的后置定语 12　theories的后置定语；how cholera spread作explain的宾语 13　引导表语从句 14　引导表语从句 15　infection的后置定语 16　连接并列分句 17　插入/状语 18　引导时间状语从句 19　第一个that引导宾语从句； so ... that ... 引导结果状语从句 20　determine sb to do sth “使某人下决心做某事”，to do sth作宾补；sb be determined to do sth中，to do sth作主补
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places21where all those who died had lived22. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street23 (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street24. They had been given free beer, and25 so had not drunk the water from the pump26. Snow suspected that27 the water pump was to blame. What is more28, in another part of London29, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street30. It seemed that31 the woman liked the water from the pump so much that32 she had it delivered33 to her house every day.As a result of this evidence34, John Snow was able to announce that35 the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly36　， he had the handle of the pump removed37 so that38 it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. 斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。 21　方式状语 22　where引导定语从句，修饰places；who died是定语从句，修饰those 23　地点状语 24　地点状语 25　连接两个并列谓语 26　water的后置定语 27　引导宾语从句 28　插入语 29　地点状语 30　时间状语 31　It seemed that ... “似乎……”，为固定句式 32　so ... that ... 引导结果状语从句 33　have sth done结构，delivered为过去分词作it的宾补 34　原因状语 35　引导宾语从句 36　插入/状语 37　have sth done结构，过去分词作宾补 38　引导目的状语从句
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste39. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London40. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste41. The people who drank this water42 were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water43. 事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自未被处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。 39　表语从句 40　link的后置定语 41　介词短语from the River Thames作water的后置定语；that引导定语从句，修饰the__River__Thames 42　定语从句，修饰people 43　定语从句，修饰those
Through Snow's tireless efforts44, water companies began to sell clean water45, and46 the threat of cholera47around the world48 saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world49 get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera50, thanks to the work of John Snow51. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics52, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases53. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology54. 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。 44　方式状语 45　动词不定式短语作began的宾语 46　连接并列分句 47　threat的后置定语 48 地点状语 49　people的后置定语 50　疑问词＋不定式短语作宾语 51　原因状语 52　方式状语 53　定语从句 54　consider sb (to be)sb，前者sb是宾语，后者sb是宾补，被动语态中，后者sb (the father of modern epidemiology)是主补
阅读领悟
(一)填空并连线
(二)关注衔接词
1．in the early 19th century 在19世纪初期
2．in time 及时；终于；经过一段时间之后
3．in general 一般来说
4．consequently 结果是
5．however 然而
6．what is more 而且
7．as a result of ... 由于
8．accordingly 因此，所以
9．moreover 此外，而且
10．fortunately 幸运的是
11．thanks to 由于
12．for this reason 由于这个原因
(三)问题链
1．Why was John Snow frustrated
He__couldn't__find__a__cure__for__cholera.
2．How did John Snow begin his research
By__using__maps__and__statistics.
探究一　热词
1.frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的(教材P2)
·frustrate vt.使沮丧；使懊恼；挫败 ·frustrating adj. 令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的 ·frustration n. [U]懊丧；沮丧；挫败 [C]令人懊丧(或懊恼、沮丧)的事物 feel frustrated at/with ... 对……感到沮丧/懊恼 in frustration 懊恼地；沮丧地
①When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated.
出问题时，我们自然而然都会觉得失望和沮丧。
②It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice.
我的任何想法都无法付诸实践，这让我很沮丧。(应用文写作之求助信)
③She couldn't stand the frustration of not being able to help.
眼睁睁帮不上忙，她可受不了。(读后续写之人物描写)
【小小语义场】情绪类形容词
touched 感动的
grateful 感激的
furious 狂怒的，暴怒的
depressed 抑郁的，沮丧的
sorrowful 悲伤的，悲痛的
jealous 妒忌的
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①It's frustrating (frustrate) to have to wait so long.
②The result, not unnaturally, was that he became more tense and increasingly frustrated (frustrate).
③It was a time fraught with difficulties and frustrations (frustrate).
【学会表达】翻译
④他沮丧地把笔扔在了桌子上。
He__threw__his__pen__on__the__desk__in__frustration.
⑤没有进展，他们感到懊恼。
They__felt__frustrated__at/with__the__lack__of__progress.
2.suspect vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象(教材P2)
·suspected adj. 有嫌疑的；被怀疑的 ·suspicious adj. 多疑的；感觉可疑的 ·suspicion n. 怀疑；嫌疑；猜疑 suspect (that) ... 怀疑/认为…… suspect sb to be ... 怀疑某人是…… suspect ... of (doing) sth 怀疑……(做了)某事 be suspicious of ... 对……怀疑
①If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
假如你怀疑有煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至连电灯都不要开。
②He is the prime suspect in the case.
他是这个案子的首要嫌疑人。
③The police suspect him of carrying out two bomb attacks.
警方怀疑他发动两起爆炸案。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①Some parents hesitate to take these steps because they suspect that their child is exaggerating.
②He stared at that suspected broken arm with a suspicious look. (suspect)
【学会表达】翻译
③然而，许多科学家怀疑噪音比他们之前认为的更危险。
However,__many__scientists__suspect__that__noise__is__a__greater__danger__than__they__previously__believed.
④起初，所有的老师都怀疑他是个骗子，但结果证明他们错了。
All__the__teachers__suspected__him__to__be__a__cheat__at__first,__but__it__turned__out__that__they__were__wrong.
3.blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责(教材P2)
blame sb for sth 因某事而责备某人 blame sth on sb 把某事怪到某人头上 be to blame (for ...) 应该(为……)负责任；该(因……)受责备 take the blame for ... 对……负责 put/lay the blame (for sth) on sb (把某事)归咎于某人身上
be to blame 短语中的blame不能用被动形式，该短语为主动形式表示被动含义。
①Police are blaming the accident on Jack due to his dangerous driving.
警方把事故原因归咎于杰克危险驾驶。
②She was partly to blame for failing to look as she crossed the road.
她横穿马路时没有看车，应承担部分责任。
③He decided to take the blame for the team's failure.
他决定为团队的失败承担责任。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①I don't blame him for getting angry—she's being really annoying.
②Anything that goes wrong in the office is blamed on Pete.
【学会表达】完成句子
③每当出了问题，他总是试图将责任归咎于别人。
He always tries to lay/put__the__blame__on__others when something goes wrong.
④如果你丢掉了工作，你只能怪你自己。
If you lose your job, you'll only have__yourself__to__blame.
4.link n. 联系；纽带　vt. 把……连接起来；相关联(教材 P3)
a link between ... (and ...) ……(与……)之间的联系/纽带 a link with sb/sth 与某人/某物的纽带/联系 link A to/with B 将A与B联系/连接起来 link ... with ... 将……与……相连
①Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links.
尽管生活在不同的国家，这两个家庭仍然保持着密切的联系。
②There's a direct link between diet and heart disease.
日常饮食与心脏病有直接的关系。(健康生活)
③The Channel Tunnel links Britain with the rest of Europe.
英吉利海峡隧道把英国和欧洲其他国家连接起来了。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①The hearts of the people of all the nationalities are linked to/with each other.
②Social customs provide a vital link between generations.
【学会表达】翻译
③The old Silk Road linked China with the West in ancient times.
古丝绸之路在古代把中国和西方联系起来。
5.decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低(教材P3)
a decrease in ... 在……方面减少 on the decrease 在减少 decrease to ... 减少到…… decrease by ... 减少了…… decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到……
①There could be a slight decrease in his weight but he eats too much.
他的体重可能略有下降，但他还是吃得很多。
②The number of poor men is on the decrease as the economy is growing.
随着经济发展，贫困人口数量正在减少。
③The temperature will decrease from 25 degrees Celsius to 15 degrees Celsius tomorrow.
明天气温将从25摄氏度降至15摄氏度。
　increase n．& v. 增加，增多 on the increase 在增加 increase by ... 增加了…… increase to ... 增加到…… an increase in ... 在……方面增加
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①Plants decreased by 28 percent over 40 years.
②Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings.
③The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is on the increase now.
【学会表达】翻译
④他的身高增加了2.5厘米。
His__height__increased__by__2.5__cm.
⑤和去年相比，今年小麦的价格已降低了20%。
Compared__with__last__year,_the_price_of__wheat__has__decreased__by__20%__this__year.
1．infect vt. 使感染；传染→infection n. 感染；传染→infectious adj. 传染的→infected adj. 被感染的
I was infected with a serious infectious disease, and the infection caused me to transform into an infectious agent.
我感染了一种严重的传染病，这种感染使我变成了一个传染源。
2．proof n. 证据；证明；检验→prove vt. 证明，证实
They have proof to prove the theory about the big bang.
他们有证据证明大爆炸理论。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①Cholera is a bacterial infection (infect)．
②Can you provide any proof (prove) of identity
【学会表达】翻译
③我要有一些证据以后才提出控告。
I__don't__want__to__make__an__accusation__until__I__have__some__proof.
④一瞬间，我被她的恐惧所感染。(读后续写之心理描写)
For__an__instant__I__was__infected__by__her__fear.
handle
[熟义]n. 把手；拉手；柄　vt. 处理；应对 [生义]v. (用手)触，拿，搬动；操纵 n. 网名；账号(流行语)
①I turned the handle and found the door was open.
我转了一下门把手，发现门开着。
②She admitted to herself she didn't know how to handle the problem.
她心里承认自己不知道该如何处理这个问题。
③Our cat hates being handled.
我们的猫不喜欢被人摸弄。
④He knows how to handle the machine.
他知道如何操作这台机器。
⑤You probably know me by my handle.
你可能熟悉我的网名。
【学会运用】同义词替换
①His handle is @Fareast work__account
【学会表达】翻译
②We were worried she wouldn't be able to handle it, but she came through in the end.
我们担心她没有能力处理那件事，然而她最终成功了。
③The car handles well in any weather.
这辆车在任何天气下开起来都很灵便。
④你接触化学药品时必须小心。
You__must__be__careful__when__handling__chemicals.
探究二　短语
thanks to 幸亏；由于(教材P3)
其他相关同义短语： because of 因为，由于 due to 因为，由于 owing to 由于，因为 on account of 由于，因为 as a result of 作为……的结果，由于
①Thanks to your help, we finished the project on time.
由于你的帮助，我们按时完成了这个项目。(应用文写作之感谢信)
②(浙江高考1月)Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud seeding companies.
由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得对人工降雨公司的诉讼。
③She retired early on account of ill health.
她因为体弱多病而早早地退休了。
④(新课标Ⅱ卷)Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.
项目评估显示，孩子们因为上这些课程而吃了更多的蔬菜。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①He walked slowly because of his bad leg.
②Thanks to a new directive, food labelling will be more specific.
③The team's success was largely due to her efforts.
【学会表达】完成句子
④由于下雨，比赛取消了。
Owing__to/Because__of/Due__to/On__account__of/As__a__result__of__the__rain,__the match was cancelled.
⑤多亏了那份工作，我才成了一个喜欢阅读的人。
Thanks__to__the__job,__I became an avid reader.
探究三　长难句分析
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. (教材P2) 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
【分析】　It seems that ... “好像……”，是固定句式；so ... that ... “如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句，在该从句中had it delivered为“have＋宾语＋宾补”结构。 (1)It seems that ... 相似句型： It appears that ... 好像…… It happens that ... 碰巧…… It turns out that ... 结果是……；证明是…… (2)so ... that ... 引导结果状语从句： so＋形容词/副词＋that ... so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that ... so＋many/few＋可数名词复数＋that ... so＋much/little (少)＋不可数名词＋that ... (3)such ... that ... 引导结果状语从句： such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that ... such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that ... such＋adj.＋可数名词复数＋that ...
①It seems that everyone else has known the news except me.
好像除了我以外其他人都已经知道了这个消息。
②Fortunately, it happened that no student was in the building when the earthquake broke out.
幸运的是，地震发生时大楼里碰巧没有学生。(自然灾害)
③(新课标Ⅱ卷)Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.
有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，于是他们把种子带回家建立自己的菜园。
④There was so few guests that the host felt very sad.
宾客如此少，主人感到很伤心。
⑤There was so much snow on the road that the cars couldn't move fast.
路上雪很多，小汽车跑不快。(读后续写之场景描写)
⑥It is such a heavy box that I can't lift it.
这是一个很重的箱子，我抬不起来。
⑦He made such rapid progress that he was praised by his teacher and his parents.
他进步如此之快，受到了老师和父母的表扬。(校园生活)
⑧So delicious is the food that you don't need much of it to make you happy.
食物如此美味，你不需要太多就能让你快乐。(健康生活)
在so ... that ... 和such ... that ... 引导的结果状语从句中，so, such连同它所直接修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①He has such a high opinion of himself that criticism flows off him like water off a duck's back.
②There is so little time left that we must hurry.
③It seems that he likes his new job.
【学会表达】句式升级
④Light travels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed.
→So__fast__does__light__travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.
维度一　高频词汇
(一)写出下列单词和短语的英文
1．infection n. 感染；传染
2．contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
3．pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的
4．decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
5．severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
6．subscribe__to 同意；赞同
7．once__and__for__all 最终地；彻底地
8．thanks__to 幸亏；由于
9．transform__...__into__... 使……变成……
10．be__to__blame 应该受到责备；应该负责
(二)写出下列句子中加黑部分的汉语释义
1．This information is only raw data and will need further analysis.原始的
2．We made multiple copies of the report.数量多的
3．She had become increasingly frustrated with her life.沮丧的
4．She was my only link with the past.联系
5．I wasn't sure if I could handle such a powerful car.操控
维度二　语境运用
(三)根据语境填入恰当的内容
1．The risk of infection (infect) is appreciably higher among children.
2．Seven miles of track were installed to link the hotel to/with the golf course.
3．Who did the man suspect of stealing his axe
4．I'm pretty deskbound, which is very frustrating (frustrate).
5．It was all a great success—thanks to a lot of hard work.
(四)用方框中单词的正确形式替换下列句子中的加黑部分
transform, pure, decrease, multiple, proof
1．The methods are many and various.multiple
2．The air was sweet and clean.pure
3．Prices vary according to the type of room you require.transform
4．We found further scientific evidence for this theory. proof
5．There has been some reduction in unemployment. decrease
维度三　能力提升
(五)长难句分析
　(浙江高考1月)Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
分析：句子主干是 I__spread__some__throws__and__lit__candles，是“主谓宾”结构。spread和lit是并列谓语，to make ... 是不定式短语作目的状语，make it seem a bit more ... 是“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构。Hoping to ... 是现在分词短语作伴随状语。
(六)句型转换
1．I was so nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.
→So__nervous__was__I that I could hardly tell which direction was left.
2．We have had to raise our prices because costs are rising.
→We have had to raise our prices because__of__rising__costs．
维度四　素养提升
(七)根据所给汉语，完成下列句子
1．I do not blame__them__for (责怪他们) trying to make some money.
2．I do not subscribe__to (同意) that view at all.
3．We have to resolve this matter once__and__for__all (彻底地)．
(八)翻译
1．总的说来，我同意你说的话。(in general)
In__general,__I__agree__to__what__you__said.
2．你可能会感到焦虑并且有压力。(be likely to)
You're__likely__to__feel__anxious__and__pressured.
课后课时作业(一)
较易题(占比70%)　中档题(占比30%)　拔高题(占比0%)
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
难度 ★ ★★ ★
温馨提示：丰富的语料是写作的源泉，与其单独背那些枯燥的热词佳句，不如在阅读语境中轻松记忆语篇题中的黑体(除标题和设题外)语句，日积月累，悄然完成迁移，提升写作。
Ⅰ　完形填空
Farming and Gardening
Agriculture has a long history in China. Much of the wisdom __1__ by early Chinese scientists is still useful for farmers and gardeners today. One of China's early agricultural scientists was Jia Sixie, who lived in the sixth century AD. He spent his time doing __2__ into agriculture. He collected information, studied it, did experiments and learnt from the __3__ of farmers.
Around 540 AD, he wrote a book called Qimin Yaoshu. The book is about both farming and __4__. It includes advice on the following __5__： growing green vegetables and fruit trees, and keeping animals. Jia Sixie's book is a practical guide for farming. Firstly, as a farmer you should do things at the right time of the year. If you sow seeds and __6__ young plants in the fields at the correct time of the year, your work will be less and __7__ will be better. The __8__ of the soil is also very important. Examine the soil on your farm __9__. If the condition of your soil is not good, you should improve it. Before sowing or planting crops, you must clean rough ground and __10__ weeds. The best harvest is reached when farmers __11__ the crops in their fields. For example, do not plant rice __12__ in the same field. But if you plant rice in a field one year and wheat in the field the next year, you will __13__ good crops.
Other scientists said that wheat should be planted with __14__ between the plants, but Jia did experiments and __15__ that planting wheat close together was better.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我国古代农业科学家贾思勰对我国古代农业的研究和贡献。他的耕种方法对我国古代农业起了重要的指导作用。
1．A.recovered B．discovered
C．reported D．impressed
答案：B
解析：句意：中国早期科学家发现的许多智慧对如今的农民和园丁仍然有用。recover 恢复；discover 发现；report 报告；impress 使印象深刻。故选B。
2．A.research B．theory
C．experiment D．statistics
答案：A
解析：research 研究；theory 理论；experiment 实验；statistics 统计资料。根据后文“He collected information ... __3__ of farmers.”可知，此处指他把时间花在研究农业上。故选A。
3．A.adventure B．experience
C．tradition D．association
答案：B
解析：adventure 冒险；experience 经验；tradition 传统；association 协会。根据前文“He collected information, studied it, did experiments”可知，他从农民的经验中学习。故选B。
4．A.nursing B．producing
C．gardening D．trading
答案：C
解析：nursing 护理；producing 生产；gardening 园艺；trading 贸易。根据本文的标题“Farming and Gardening”可知，这本书是关于农业和园艺的。故选C。
5．A.programs B．choices
C．events D．subjects
答案：D
解析：program 项目；choice 选择；event 活动；subject 主题，学科。根据后文“growing green vegetables and fruit trees, and keeping animals”可知，该书包括种植绿色蔬菜和果树，以及饲养动物不同类目的建议。故选D。
6．A.grow B．mix
C．drop D．throw
答案：A
解析：grow 种植；生长；mix 混合；drop 落下；throw 扔，投。根据后文“young plants”可知，此处表示种植幼苗。故选A。
7．A.results B．bonds
C．hopes D．dreams
答案：A
解析：result 结果；bond 联系；hope 希望；dream 梦想。根据前文“If you sow seeds ... will be less”可知，如果你在一年中正确的时间在地里播种和种植幼苗，你的工作量就会减少，结果也会更好，即收成更好。故选A。
8．A.application B．situation
C．combination D．condition
答案：D
解析：application 应用；situation 形势；combination 组合；condition 条件。根据后文“Examine the soil on your farm”和“If the condition ... should improve it.”可知，此处强调土壤条件也非常重要。故选D。
9．A.gently B．carefully
C．gradually D．frequently
答案：B
解析：gently 轻轻地；carefully 仔细地；gradually 逐渐地；frequently 频繁地。根据前文“The __8__ of the soil is also very important.”和“Examine”可知，土壤条件很重要，所以应仔细地检查土壤。故选B。
10．A.loosen B．relieve
C．remove D．lower
答案：C
解析：loosen 使变松；relieve 使缓解；remove 清除；lower 降低。根据后文“weeds”以及常识可知，此处指在种植作物之前必须清除杂草。故选C。
11．A.surround B．enhance
C．change D．improve
答案：C
解析：surround 包围；enhance 增强；change 改变，更换；improve 改进。根据后文“But if you plant rice ... good crops.”可知，第一年种水稻，第二年种小麦，第二年的收成会更好，因此最好的收成是在农民换种庄稼的时候。故选C。
12．A.one after another B．now and then
C．year after year D．here and there
答案：C
解析：one after another 一个接一个地；now and then 时不时；year after year 年复一年；here and there 到处。根据前文“The best harvest ... in their fields.”可知，最好的收成是在农民换种庄稼的时候获得的，因此不要年复一年地种植同一种作物。故选C。
13．A.harvest B．collect
C．generate D．export
答案：A
解析：harvest 收获；collect 收集；generate 产生；export 出口。根据前文“The best harvest ... in their fields.”和后文“good crops”可知，此处指如果你今年在地里种水稻，明年种小麦，你就会收获好收成。故选A。
14．A.layers B．patterns
C．balance D．space
答案：D
解析：layer 层；pattern 模式；balance 均衡；space 空间。根据后文“between the plants”和“planting wheat close together was better”可知，此处指种植小麦时， 植株之间要留有空间。故选D。
15．A.decided B．bet
C．intended D．showed
答案：D
解析：decide 决定；bet 打赌；intend 打算；show 表明，显示。根据后文“that planting wheat close together was better”可知，贾思勰的实验表明紧密种植小麦效果更好。故选D。
Ⅱ　七选五
Characteristics of an excellent scientist
The dictionary defines a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science. __1__ Let's look at some characteristics of an excellent scientist.
Curiosity
An excellent scientist must be very curious about things. Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things work. __2__
Patience
Becoming a scientist takes a long time. __3__ Even if you think you have received some education on science, you still have a lot of scientific research to do. If you're an instant－gratification type of person, this may not be the best choice for you.
Ethical (道德的) qualities
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good, a scientist must have a desire to improve people's life as well as the environment, since they are linked and they can affect one another in the long run. __4__ Sticking to an old belief contradicted with evidence is dishonest. However, that belief shouldn't be changed without powerful evidence.
Working habits
__5__ He/She can work well alone or in groups, depending on what's needed and also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking connects him/her with colleagues working on similar projects where he/she may discover something new.
A．To make discoveries, you have to think differently.
B．There are very few jobs that take longer than this one.
C．It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.
D．A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal interests or public opinions.
E．One of the main places that many scientists work in is the research laboratory.
F．An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation and keeps it in mind.
G．Without a drive to ask questions or even wonder, a scientist will never get to the first stage of the scientific process.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一位优秀的科学家会拥有的特别品质和性格特点。
1．答案：C
解析：根据上文“The dictionary defines ... or physical science.”可知，C项(它还将科学家定义为使用科学方法的人。)承接上文，继续讲字典对科学家这一名词的解释和理解。故选C。
2．答案：G
解析：根据小标题“Curiosity”和上文“An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.”可知，科学家要具备的一个特征就是要有好奇心。G项(如果科学家没有发问甚至好奇的动力，就永远无法进入科学过程的第一阶段。)符合语境。故选G。
3．答案：B
解析：根据小标题“Patience”和上文“Becoming a scientist takes a long time.”可知，成为科学家需要很长时间，即这需要一定的耐心。B项(很少有工作比这一项工作需要更长时间。)符合语境。故选B。
4．答案：D
解析：根据小标题“Ethical (道德的) qualities”和下文“Sticking to an old belief ... without powerful evidence. (坚持与证据相矛盾的旧信念是不诚实的。然而，没有强有力的证据，这种信念不应该改变。)”可知，科学家要诚实，坚持真理，这是科学家道德素质的体现。D项(科学家必须诚实地报告研究结果，而不考虑个人利益或公众舆论。)引出下文。故选D。
5．答案：F
解析：根据小标题“Working habits”及下文“He/She can work well alone ... on paper and verbally.(他/她可以单独或在团队中很好地工作，这取决于需要什么，还需要在纸上和口头上交流想法。)”可知，本段在介绍科学家的工作习惯，F项(一个优秀的科学家甚至会记下最细微的观察并牢记在心。)也是一种工作习惯和方式，符合本段主旨。故选F。
Ⅲ　语法填空
Since the pre－Qin period, Chengdu __1__ (be) an important cultural town in China. But what really sets the city apart culturally, is __2__ (it) opera. An important aspect of Sichuan Opera is __3__ magic of “face changing” where vividly coloured masks are changed within the blink of an eye. In opera gardens and tea houses across the town, audiences __4__ (want) a glimpse of the local culture love to drink tea while listening to Sichuan Opera and watching face changing.
It is believed that “face changing” has its roots in development. Early humans needed survival strategies to avoid fierce animals and foreign invaders. Often, aggressive facial, gestures and __5__ (verbal) cues were part of it. The Sichuan Opera is said __6__ (bring) this range of emotions on stage.
Once the performance starts, the actor keeps pulling down one mask after __7__ in swift movements to convey different emotions. __8__ (surprise), no matter how close one is __9__ the stage, they just can't tell how the masks change.
In fact, the different kinds of characters and personalities that Sichuan Opera brings alive can be found among common people. This is __10__ its emotions will continue to be well received by people for a long time.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________
5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________
9．________　10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了川剧中的变脸艺术。
1．答案：has been
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语Since the pre－Qin period可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语Chengdu是专有名词，谓语用单数。故填has been。
2．答案：its
解析：考查代词。此处修饰名词opera，应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
3．答案：the
解析：考查冠词。根据名词magic后的介词短语of “face changing”可知，此处表示特指，应用定冠词the。故填the。
4．答案：wanting
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：在全镇的戏曲园和茶馆里，想要了解当地文化的观众喜欢一边喝茶，一边听川剧，看变脸。动词want与其逻辑主语audiences之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。故填wanting。
5．答案：nonverbal
解析：考查反义词。句意：通常，攻击性的面部表情、手势和非语言暗示都是其中的一部分。设空处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词cues，再根据句意可知，此处表示“非言语的”，应用nonverbal。故填nonverbal。
6．答案：to bring/to have brought
解析：考查非谓语动词。“sb/sth be said to do sth”是固定句型，意为“据说，某人/某物做某事”，其后只能用不定式作主语补足语；可以用不定式的一般式to bring，表示“把情绪带到舞台上”，也可以用不定式的完成式to have brought，表示“已经把情绪带到了舞台上”。故填to bring/to have brought。
7．答案：another
解析：考查固定搭配。句意：表演一开始，演员就不停地快速摘下一个又一个面具，以传达不同的情感。one after another是固定短语，表示“一个接一个”。故填another。
8．答案：Surprisingly
解析：考查词性转换。句意：令人惊讶的是，无论离舞台多近，他们都看不出面具是如何更换的。此处修饰整个句子，应用副词，作状语，意为“令人惊讶的是”，句首单词首字母应大写。故填Surprisingly。
9．答案：to
解析：考查介词。be close to表示“接近”，为固定搭配。故填to。
10．答案：why
解析：考查表语从句的连接词。句意：这就是为什么它的情感将在很长一段时间内继续受到人们的欢迎。应用连接副词why引导表语从句，表示“为什么”。故填why。
　精深阅读
Dr Nancy Roman, born in 1925, who was celebrated as a pioneer for female scientists and had advanced the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, died on Dec. 25, 2018.
When Nancy Roman asked for permission to take a second algebra (代数) course in high school, a teacher demanded to know “what lady would take mathematics instead of Latin”. In college, a professor admitted that he often tried to prevent women from majoring in physics but Nancy stuck to it. And after receiving Doctor's degree in astronomy, she found a professional home at NASA (美国国家航空航天局). In 1959, Dr Roman became the first chief of astronomy at NASA headquarters, a role that made her one of the agency's first female leaders.
Dr Roman spent much of her career helping develop, fund and promote technology that would help scientists see more clearly beyond Earth's atmosphere. But her most well－known work was perhaps leading to design the Hubble Space Telescope, the first major telescope to be sent into space for the purpose of gathering photographs and data from the universe. She was, therefore, named as “the mother of Hubble”．
“She made it possible to get the early telescope up into space to learn what needed to be learned，” said science historian Bob Zimmerman, and her hard－nosed nature helped get the telescope built.
The telescope did not launch until 1990, a little more than a decade after Dr Roman retired, but when it did, its photographs of the universe thrilled the world. “I am glad，\” she once told Science, “I ignored the people who told me that I could not be an astronomer.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Nancy Roman (南希·罗曼)摒弃他人偏见，成为一名天文学家的故事。
1．What can we conclude from the teacher's reaction to Nancy Roman's application for taking a second algebra course
A．The teacher doubted it.
B．The teacher didn't care about it.
C．The teacher accepted it at once.
D．The teacher was strongly against it.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“When Nancy Roman asked for permission ... instead of Latin’．(当南希·罗曼请求在高中选修第二门代数课程时，一位老师想知道‘哪位女士会选修数学而不是拉丁语’。)”可推知，老师的反应说明他对此表示怀疑。故选A。
2．What was the most famous achievement of Nancy Roman's work
A．She was one of the founders of NASA.
B．She proved the black hole really existed.
C．She was the first female astronomer in the world.
D．She led to design the Hubble Space Telescope.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But her most well known work ... from the universe. (但她最著名的工作可能是领导设计了哈勃太空望远镜，这是第一台被送入太空的大型望远镜，目的是收集来自宇宙的照片和数据。)”可知，Nancy Roman最著名的成就是领导设计了哈勃太空望远镜。故选D。
3．When did Dr Nancy Roman probably retire
A．In 1969. B．In 1979.
C．In 1990. D．In 2000.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The telescope did not launch ... after Dr Roman retired(这台望远镜直到1990年才发射，也就是罗曼博士退休十多年后)”可知，哈勃望远镜于1990年发射，她于10多年前退休，也就是在七十年代退休的。故选B。
4．What can we learn from Dr Nancy Roman's words in the last paragraph
A．She was very proud of what she had done for the country.
B．She thought highly of the people who hadn't believed her.
C．She was delighted to have become an astronomer in spite of the prejudice on her.
D．She had hard nosed nature and never cared about other people's opinions.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘I am glad ... an astronomer.’(‘我很高兴，’她曾经对《科学》杂志说，‘我没有理会那些告诉我我不能成为天文学家的人。’)”可推知，尽管人们对她存有偏见，她还是很高兴成了一名天文学家。故选C。
精深阅读——好词句小练
(一)热词
1．pioneer n. 先锋；拓荒者
2．female adj. 女性的；妇女的
3．launch n．& v. 发射；发动，发起
4．permission n. 准许；许可
5．professional adj. 职业的；专业的
(二)高频短语
1．demand__to__do__sth 要求做某事
2．prevent__sb__from__doing__sth 阻止某人做某事
3．major in 主修
4．stick to 坚持
5．for__the__purpose__of 出于……的目的
(三)根据语境填入恰当的内容
1．He was thrilled (thrill) at the prospect of seeing them again.
2．In addition, he served as a visiting professor (profession) at several American universities.
3．She has set a shining example of loyal service over four decades (decade)．
(四)写出下列句子中黑体部分的汉语释义
1．Dishonesty is foreign to his nature. 本性
2．Hard work and determination can make it possible to achieve your goals. 使……成为可能
3．She refused to take on the traditional woman's role.地位
(五)用方框中单词的正确形式替换下列句子中的黑体部分
1．It's amazing how people collect so much stuff over the years. gather
2．My older secretary has threatened to leave.retire
3．Everyone can greatly improve the quality of life.promote
(六)长难句分析
　“She made it possible to get the early telescope up into space to learn what needed to be learned，” said science historian Bob Zimmerman.
句意：科学历史学家鲍勃·齐默尔曼说：“她使得把早期的望远镜送入太空，去了解需要了解的东西成为可能。”
分析：句子主干She made it possible to ... into space是“主＋谓＋宾＋宾补”结构。it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语to__get__the__early__telescope__up__into__space__to_
_learn__what__needed__to__be__learned；what引导宾语从句。
(七)根据所给汉语，完成下列句子
1．Shanghai is one__of__the__first__cities (首批城市之一) in China to see bike sharing fever.
2．Try__to__figure__out (试着找出) what feeling underlies your anger.
(八)仿写句子
　The students who are most successful are usually the ones who come to all the classes.(定语从句)
仿写：能俯瞰湖泊的房子要价高些。
Houses__which__overlook__the__lake__cost__more.
课后课时作业(二)
较易题(占比50%)　中档题(占比50%)　拔高题(占比0%)
题号 A B
难度 ★ ★★
阅读
A
(新课标Ⅰ卷)In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot，” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章探究了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。
1．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form.
C．They are limited in number.
D．They are used for public exhibition.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Today, most records ... other digital records.”可知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他的数字记录形式存在，即它们大多是电子形式的。故选B。
2．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“we are increasingly ... to global change”可知，Daru (达鲁)及其团队使用观察数据来研究物种是如何对全球变化作出回应的，由此可知，Daru的研究关注观察数据。故选C。
3．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“We were particularly interested ... instead of the grass right next to it”可知，研究人员对探索可能导致数据偏差的采样的方面特别感兴趣，比如公民科学家很有可能只拍开花植物而不拍它旁边的青草。由此可推知，采样方式的不当会导致数据偏差。故选C。
4．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，生物多样性应用程序可以引导采样人员关注采样不足的地方或者物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。由此可推知，Daru建议生物多样性程序给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
B
He Zehui, a Chinese nuclear (核能的) physicist, achieved great things in physics and became an outstanding scientist.
Her family is famous for producing three famous women scientists, including her two sisters. She graduated from Tsinghua University in 1936 with a degree in physics, and then went on to study at the Technical University of Berlin, where she was the top in her class, outperforming her future husband Qian Sanqiang—China's “father of the atomic bomb”. In 1940, she earned a doctor's degree in Engineering.
The couple made great discoveries in the field of uranium fission (铀核裂变), which drew global attention and gained them worldwide recognition, marking a milestone in the development of China's experimental fission physics. Many Western media called the couple the “Marie Curie and Pierre Curie of China”．
As one of the pioneers in nuclear science and technology in China, Professor He contributed a great deal to nuclear physics. During the 1950s, she started the research and development of nuclear emulsions (核乳胶) in China and their research reached the advanced world level at that time. He and her research group took the lead in building China's first nuclear reactor and accelerator (加速器). She was awarded the first Award of the National Prize of Natural Sciences for making outstanding achievements in supporting the national program of nuclear weapon development.
Throughout her career, He went through many difficulties, and was always on the front lines of China's science related work. She published dozens of papers yet placed little value on personal fame. The world's top physicists recognized her as a famous scientist, “Chinese Madame Curie”.
He passed away in Beijing in 2011 at the age of 97, nearly 20 years after Qian Sanqiang. She devoted herself to science, living a simple life, always instructing young researchers and maintaining the highest standards that she had always valued. She loved her country and science; to both she is now an example.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了“中国的居里夫人”何泽慧及其成就。
5．What is the focus of Paragraph 2 about He Zehui
A．Identity background.
B．Character personalities.
C．Education experiences.
D．Profession abilities.
答案：C
解析：段落大意题。根据第二段中的“She graduated ... in Engineering.(1936年，她毕业于清华大学，获得物理学学位，然后前往柏林工业大学学习，在那里她是班上的第一名，超过了她未来的丈夫——中国的‘原子弹之父’钱三强。1940年，她获得了工程学博士学位。)”可知，本段主要讲述了何泽慧的教育经历。故选C。
6．What do we know about Qian Sanqiang
A．He died following his wife in 1991.
B．He was also a remarkable Chinese scientist.
C．He won the National Prize of Natural Sciences.
D．He assisted He Zehui to develop fission physics.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“she was the top ... ‘father of the atomic bomb’”和第三段中的“The couple made ... experimental fission physics.(这对夫妇在铀核裂变领域取得了重大发现，引起了全球的关注，并获得了世界认可，标志着中国实验裂变物理发展的一个里程碑。)”可知，钱三强也是一位杰出的中国科学家。故选B。
7．Why is He Zehui acknowledged as “Chinese Marie Curie”？
A．For her research of nuclear emulsions.
B．For her achievements in the atomic bomb.
C．For her great contributions to nuclear physics.
D．For her continuous achievement in natural science.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“As one of the pioneers ... nuclear physics.”可推知，因何泽慧对中国的核物理作出了巨大贡献，西方媒体称其为“中国的居里夫人”。故选C。
8．How can we best describe He Zehui
A．Ambitious and talented.
B．Unselfish and devoted.
C．Imaginative and kind.
D．Knowledgeable and sociable.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“She devoted herself to science ... had always valued.(她献身于科学，过着简朴的生活，总是指导年轻的研究人员，并保持着她一直重视的最高标准。)”可推知，何泽慧淡泊名利、献身于中国的科学事业，无私且有奉献精神。故选B。
1．extinct/Ik'stI kt/adj. 灭绝的；绝种的；消逝的
2．shift/ Ift/v. 转移；改变　n. 转移；转变
3．outnumber/ a t'n mb (r)/v. 在数量上超过
4．explore/Ik'spl (r)/v. 探索；勘查；探究
5．favor/'feIv (r)/v. 偏爱；有利于　n. 恩惠；赞同
6．pioneer/ paI 'nI (r)/n. 先驱；开拓者　v. 开拓；开创
7．with the aid of ... 在……的帮助下
8．contribute ... to ... 把……贡献给……
9．take the lead in ... 在……方面领先
10．devote oneself to 致力于；献身于
　精深阅读
The 97－year－old botanist, Margaret Bradshaw, is the chief caretaker of Teesdale's rarest flowers. “Everything about Teesdale is unique，” says Bradshaw with pride—and the authority of someone who has just written a 288－page book on the subject. Bradshaw has been recording rare plants here since the early 1950s and has witnessed great decreases.Her data was the first to prove that—and the need to do something about it.
The main reason for the decrease of these plants is an unusual one. The number of sheep in Teesdale had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed there were too many sheep. Bradshaw says while sheep are hunted in some upland areas, reducing herding in Teesdale has been destructive. Longer grass overshadows the delicate flowers, taking away the light they need to grow. As a result of her findings and her work with farmers who herd the land—as well as Natural England, which manages it—sheep numbers are increasing and the timing of herding is being carefully managed. This has led to the partial recovery of some plants.
At 93, she set up Teesdale Special Flora Research and Conservation Trust to record rare plants. As a keen horse rider, at 95, she did a 55－mile horse journey across Teesdale, raising almost $10，000 for the Trust. When asked about the secret to longevity, “Just keep going，” she says.
“Keep at it.Don't sit down and just watch TV.”
“I recognise I'm getting older and I've been trying to get more people to take over and do the records. They don't believe I won't be here forever，” Bradshaw says. Despite Bradshaw's guardianship of this land, and the love and energy she has put into saving it, the future here is unknown. The last words of her book speak to this endless loss. “This is our heritage, this unique plant species, mine and yours，” she writes. “In spite of trying, I have failed to prevent its decrease, now it is up to you.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了97岁的植物学家Margaret Bradshaw (玛格丽特·布拉德肖)作为提斯代尔最稀有花卉的主要看护人的故事。
1．What is Margaret Bradshaw's main work with the rare plants
A．Writing a book.
B．Preventing their decrease.
C．Collecting their data.
D．Directing farmers to grow plants.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bradshaw has been recording rare plants ... the need to do something about it.(布拉德肖从20世纪50年代初就开始记录这里的珍稀植物，并见证了它们的大幅减少。她的数据是第一个证明这一点的人，也证明了对此采取措施的必要性。)”可知，Bradshaw在珍稀植物方面的主要工作是收集它们的数据。故选C。
2．What contributed to the reduction of rare plants in Teesdale
A．Not enough sheep.
B．Lack of fund.
C．Poor management.
D．Too many sheep.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The main reason ... they need to grow.”可知，减少放牧导致草的长势较好，较高的草遮住了娇弱的花朵，遮挡了它们生长所需要的光。由此可推知，没有足够的羊导致了提斯代尔稀有植物的减少。故选A。
3．What can we learn from Bradshaw's words in the last paragraph
A．Unity brings strength.
B．Many hands make light work.
C．Youthful at heart, regardless of age.
D．Advance what the forerunners began.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘This is our heritage ... now it is up to you.’”可推知，从最后一段Bradshaw的话中我们能了解到，她希望推进先行者开创的这个事业。故选D。
4．Which might be a suitable title for the text
A．Teesdale: Home to Rare Plants
B．Battling for Teesdale's Wildflowers
C．Bradshaw: A 97－Year－Old Gardener
D．Exploring Teesdale's Unique Plants
答案：B
解析：标题判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了97岁的植物学家Margaret Bradshaw是提斯代尔最稀有花卉的主要看护人，她希望让更多的人接手这个事业。B项(为提斯代尔的稀有花卉而奋斗)适合作为文章标题。故选B。
精深阅读——好词句小练
(一)热词
1．record v. 记录，记载
2．witness v. 见证，目睹
3．destructive adj. 破坏性的，毁灭性的
4．delicate adj. 脆弱的；纤弱的
5．longevity n. 长寿；寿命
(二)高频短语
1．take__over 接管；控制
2．put__into 投入
3．in__spite__of 尽管
4．fail to do sth 做某事未成功；未能做成某事
5．be up to sb 取决于某人
(三)根据语境填入恰当的内容
1．We wish Bill a speedy recovery (recover).
2．I've had enough of their endless (end) arguing.
3．The paintings were carefully (careful) packed in newspaper.
(四)写出下列句子中黑体部分的汉语释义
1．The building is part of our national heritage.遗产
2．I wasn't too keen on physics and chemistry.热衷的
3．She has very good people skills and is able to manage a team. 管理
(五)用方框中单词的正确形式替换下列句子中的黑体部分
1．Chopsticks are a kind of tableware with distinct national features. unique
2．Apples come in a great many varieties.species
3．If they merely make fewer errors, then we can cut down the practice.reduce
(六)长难句分析
　The number of sheep in Teesdale had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed there were too many sheep.
句意：到2000年，提斯代尔的羊的数量减少了一半，因为人们普遍认为高地的羊太多了。
分析：句子主干为The number of sheep had been reduced，是“主谓”结构。 in Teesdale作sheep的后置定语。as引导原因状语从句；there were too many sheep是省略了连接词that的宾语从句。
(七)根据所给汉语，完成下列句子
1．I had to learn__to__work__with (学会与……合作) everyone on the crew.
2．I believed you could leave the court with__pride (骄傲地).
(八)仿写句子
　The snow lasted a week, resulting in serious traffic confusion in the whole area. (现在分词(短语)作结果状语)
仿写：他走出房间时衣服穿得很少，渐渐地感到有些冷了。
He__went__out__of__the__room__with__few__clothes__on,__gradually__feeling__a__little__cold.
37(共145张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
单元主题：人与自我/人与社会——
科学与科学精神
Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking
预习检测 单词打卡
自主学习 课文语篇
目录
CONTENTS
1
2
合作探究 课时重点
3
对点练习 巩固所学
4
课后课时作业（一）
5
课后课时作业（二）
6
预习检测 单词打卡
一、阅读单词及词块：写出汉语含义
1．cholera n. ______
2．diarrhoea n. ______
3．dehydration n. ______
4．germ n. _____________________
5．pump n. ____________________
6．water pump ______
7．household n. ____________________________________
8．substantial adj. ____________________________
霍乱
腹泻
脱水
微生物；细菌；病菌
泵；抽水机；打气筒
水泵
一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
9．statistic n. _____________________________
10．epidemiology n. __________
11．microscope n. ________
统计数字；统计资料；统计学
流行病学
显微镜
二、高频单词：写出英文单词
1．_________ adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
2．____________ adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
3．_________ vi. 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
4．________ adj. 数量多的；多种多样的
5．_______ vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任　n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
6．______ vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责　n. 责备；指责
7．____ n. 联系；纽带　vt. 把……连接起来；相关联
frustrated
contradictory
subscribe
multiple
suspect
blame
link
8．____ adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
9．________ n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
10．__________ vt. 使改观；使改变形态　vi. 改变；转变
raw
decrease
transform
三、拓展单词：写出下列单词的词性转换(可查字典)
1．severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的→________ adv. 极为恶劣地；十分严重地；严厉地→________ n. 严重；严厉
2．infect vt. 使感染；传染→_________ n. 感染；传染→_________ adj.传染的→________ adj. 被感染的
3．proof n. 证据；证明；检验→______ vt. 证明，证实
4．intervention n. 介入；出面；干涉→_________ vi. 干扰；介入
5．pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→______ adv. 完全地；纯粹地→______ vt. 净化；使……洁净→______ n. 纯净；纯粹
severely
severity
infection
infectious
infected
prove
intervene
purely
purify
purity
四、熟词生义：写出熟义
handle [熟义] n. ________________
vt. ___________
[生义] v. (用手)触，拿，搬动；操纵　n. 网名；账号(流行语)
把手；拉手；柄
处理；应对
五、核心短语：写出英语表达
1．______________ 最终地；彻底地
2．___________ 同意；赞同
3．_________ 幸亏；由于
once and for all
subscribe to
thanks to
自主学习　课文语篇
课文三维剖析
温馨提示：坚持自主学习“课文三维剖析”，走进来，揣摩它，复利思维，你会收获一个语法通！
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
Cholera used to be one of the most
feared diseases in the world, until a
British doctor, John Snow, showed how
it could be overcome1. This illness
causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and
even death. In the early 19th century2 , when3 an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor4,
1　until引导__________从句；how it could be overcome作showed的_____；John Snow是a British doctor的________
2　时间状语
3　引导____________从句
4　方式状语
时间状语
宾语
同位语
非限制性定语
John Snow became frustrated because5 no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera6. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and7 even attended to Queen Victoria when8 she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera9 once and for all.
5　引导原因状语从句
6　疑问词＋不定式短语，作knew的_____
7　连接并列谓语动词
8　引导时间状语从句
9　desire的__________
宾语
后置定语
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
10　________语
11　doctors的__________
12　theories的后置定语；how cholera spread作explain的_____
13　引导______从句
14　引导______从句
15　infection的后置定语
16　连接并列分句
17　________语
18　引导时间状语从句
In general10, doctors in those days11 had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread12. One theory was that13 bad air caused the disease.The other was that14 cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water15. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but16 he still needed proof. Consequently17 , when18 an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854,
插入/状
后置定语
宾语
表语
表语
插入/状
19　第一个that引导______从句； so ... that ... 引导________从句
20　determine sb to do sth “使某人下决心做某事”，to do sth作______；sb be determined to do sth中，to do sth作______
Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days19. He was determined to find out why20.
宾语
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两
种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，
另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍
乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
结果状语
宾补
主补
21　______状语
22　where引导______从句，修饰places；who died是______从句，修饰those
23　_____状语
24　_____状语
25　连接两个并列_____
26　water的_________
27　引导_____从句
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places21where all those who died had lived22. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street23 (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street24. They had been given free beer, and25 so had not drunk the water from the pump26.
Snow suspected that27 the water pump was to blame.
方式
定语
定语
地点
地点
谓语
后置定语
宾语
28　______语
29　地点状语
30　______状语
31　It seemed that ... “似乎……”，为固定句式
32　so ... that ... 引导结果状语从句
33　have sth done结构，delivered为过去分词作it的____
What is more28 , in another part of London29 , a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street30. It seemed that31 the woman liked the water from the pump so much that32 she had it delivered33 to her house every day.As a result of this evidence34 , John Snow was able to announce that35 the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly36，he had the handle of the pump removed37 so that38 it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
插入
时间
宾补
34　_____状语
35　引导宾语从句
36　________语
37　have sth done结构，过去分词作______
38　引导__________从句
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦
原因
的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。
插入/状
宾补
目的状语
39　______从句
40　link的后置定语
41　介词短语from the River Thames作water的__________；that引导定语从句，修饰________________
42　定语从句，修饰people
43　定语从句，修饰those
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste39. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London40. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste41. The people who drank this water42 were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water43.
表语
后置定语
the River Thames
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自未被处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。
44　______状语
45　动词不定式短语作began的
______
46　连接__________
47　threat的后置定语
48 ______ 状语
49　people的后置定语
50　疑问词＋不定式短语作____
51　______状语
Through Snow's tireless efforts44 , water companies began to sell clean water45 , and46 the threat of cholera47 around the world48 saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world49 get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera50 , thanks to the work of John Snow51.
宾语
并列分句
地点
宾语
原因
方式
52　_____状语
53　_____从句
54　consider sb (to be)sb，前者sb是宾语，后者sb是_____，被动语态中，后者sb (the father of modern epidemiology)是_____
Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics52 , Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases53. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology54.
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
方式
定语
宾补
主补
(一)填空并连线
阅读领悟
marking on the map
the second
contributions
destroy cholera
Truth
(二)关注衔接词
1．in the early 19th century ______________
2．in time ______________________________
3．in general __________
4．consequently ________
5．however ______
6．what is more ______
7．as a result of ... ______
在19世纪初期
及时；终于；经过一段时间之后
一般来说
结果是
然而
而且
由于
8．accordingly ____________
9．moreover ___________
10．fortunately __________
11．thanks to _____
12．for this reason _______________
因此，所以
此外，而且
幸运的是
由于
由于这个原因
(三)问题链
1．Why was John Snow frustrated
__________________________________________________________________
2．How did John Snow begin his research
__________________________________________________________________
He couldn't find a cure for cholera.
By using maps and statistics.
合作探究 课时重点
探究一　热词
1.frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的(教材P2)
frustrate vt.使沮丧；使懊恼；挫败
frustrating adj. 令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的
frustration n. [U]懊丧；沮丧；挫败 [C]令人懊丧(或懊恼、沮丧)的事物
feel frustrated at/with ... 对……感到沮丧/懊恼
in frustration 懊恼地；沮丧地
①When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated.
出问题时，我们自然而然都会觉得失望和沮丧。
②It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice.
我的任何想法都无法付诸实践，这让我很沮丧。(应用文写作之求助信)
③She couldn't stand the frustration of not being able to help.
眼睁睁帮不上忙，她可受不了。(读后续写之人物描写)
【小小语义场】情绪类形容词
touched 感动的
grateful 感激的
furious 狂怒的，暴怒的
depressed 抑郁的，沮丧的
sorrowful 悲伤的，悲痛的
jealous 妒忌的
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①It's _________ (frustrate) to have to wait so long.
②The result, not unnaturally, was that he became more tense and increasingly __________ (frustrate).
③It was a time fraught with difficulties and __________(frustrate).
【学会表达】翻译
④他沮丧地把笔扔在了桌子上。
____________________________________
⑤没有进展，他们感到懊恼。
_________________________________________
frustrating
frustrated
frustrations
He threw his pen on the desk in frustration.
They felt frustrated at/with the lack of progress.
2.suspect vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任　n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象(教材P2)
suspected adj. 有嫌疑的；被怀疑的
suspicious adj. 多疑的；感觉可疑的
suspicion n. 怀疑；嫌疑；猜疑
suspect (that) ... 怀疑/认为……
suspect sb to be ... 怀疑某人是……
suspect ... of (doing) sth 怀疑……(做了)某事
be suspicious of ... 对……怀疑
①If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
假如你怀疑有煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至连电灯都不要开。
②He is the prime suspect in the case.
他是这个案子的首要嫌疑人。
③The police suspect him of carrying out two bomb attacks.
警方怀疑他发动两起爆炸案。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①Some parents hesitate to take these steps because they suspect _____ their child is exaggerating.
②He stared at that _________ broken arm with a _________ look. (suspect)
【学会表达】翻译
③然而，许多科学家怀疑噪音比他们之前认为的更危险。
_____________________________________________________________________________
④起初，所有的老师都怀疑他是个骗子，但结果证明他们错了。
___________________________________________________________________________
that
suspected
suspicious
However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they previously believed.
All the teachers suspected him to be a cheat at first, but it turned out that they were wrong.
3.blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责　n. 责备；指责(教材P2)
blame sb for sth 因某事而责备某人
blame sth on sb 把某事怪到某人头上
be to blame (for ...) 应该(为……)负责任；该(因……)受责备
take the blame for ... 对……负责
put/lay the blame (for sth) on sb (把某事)归咎于某人身上
①Police are blaming the accident on Jack due to his dangerous driving.
警方把事故原因归咎于杰克危险驾驶。
②She was partly to blame for failing to look as she crossed the road.
她横穿马路时没有看车，应承担部分责任。
③He decided to take the blame for the team's failure.
他决定为团队的失败承担责任。
be to blame 短语中的blame不能用被动形式，该短语为主动形式表示被动含义。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①I don't blame him ___ getting angry—she's being really annoying.
②Anything that goes wrong in the office is blamed ___ Pete.
【学会表达】完成句子
③每当出了问题，他总是试图将责任归咎于别人。
He always tries to ________________________ when something goes wrong.
④如果你丢掉了工作，你只能怪你自己。
If you lose your job, you'll only ____________________.
for
on
lay/put the blame on others
have yourself to blame
4.link n. 联系；纽带　vt. 把……连接起来；相关联(教材 P3)
a link between ... (and ...) ……(与……)之间的联系/纽带
a link with sb/sth 与某人/某物的纽带/联系
link A to/with B 将A与B联系/连接起来
link ... with ... 将……与……相连
①Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links.
尽管生活在不同的国家，这两个家庭仍然保持着密切的联系。
②There's a direct link between diet and heart disease.
日常饮食与心脏病有直接的关系。(健康生活)
③The Channel Tunnel links Britain with the rest of Europe.
英吉利海峡隧道把英国和欧洲其他国家连接起来了。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①The hearts of the people of all the nationalities are linked _______ each other.
②Social customs provide a vital link ________ generations.
【学会表达】翻译
③The old Silk Road linked China with the West in ancient times.
________________________________________
to/with
between
古丝绸之路在古代把中国和西方联系起来。
5.decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低(教材P3)
a decrease in ... 在……方面减少
on the decrease 在减少
decrease to ... 减少到……
decrease by ... 减少了……
decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到……
①There could be a slight decrease in his weight but he eats too much.
他的体重可能略有下降，但他还是吃得很多。
②The number of poor men is on the decrease as the economy is growing.
随着经济发展，贫困人口数量正在减少。
③The temperature will decrease from 25 degrees Celsius to 15 degrees Celsius tomorrow.
明天气温将从25摄氏度降至15摄氏度。
　　　　　　　　 increase n．& v. 增加，增多
on the increase 在增加
increase by ... 增加了……
increase to ... 增加到……
an increase in ... 在……方面增加
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①Plants decreased ____ 28 percent over 40 years.
②Last year there was a 20% decrease ____ his earnings.
③The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is ____ the increase now.
【学会表达】翻译
④他的身高增加了2.5厘米。
____________________________
⑤和去年相比，今年小麦的价格已降低了20%。
________________________________________________________________
His height increased by 2.5 cm.
Compared with last year, the price of wheat has decreased by 20% this year.
by
in
on
1．infect vt. 使感染；传染→infection n. 感染；传染→infectious adj. 传染的→infected adj. 被感染的
I was infected with a serious infectious disease, and the infection caused me to transform into an infectious agent.
我感染了一种严重的传染病，这种感染使我变成了一个传染源。
2．proof n. 证据；证明；检验→prove vt. 证明，证实
They have proof to prove the theory about the big bang.
他们有证据证明大爆炸理论。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①Cholera is a bacterial ________ (infect)．
②Can you provide any ______ (prove) of identity
【学会表达】翻译
③我要有一些证据以后才提出控告。
__________________________________________________
④一瞬间，我被她的恐惧所感染。(读后续写之心理描写)
___________________________________
infection
proof
I don't want to make an accusation until I have some proof.
For an instant I was infected by her fear.
handle
[熟义] n. 把手；拉手；柄　vt. 处理；应对
[生义] v. _________________________
n. ___________________
(用手)触，拿，搬动；操纵
网名；账号(流行语)
①I turned the handle and found the door was open.
我转了一下门把手，发现门开着。
②She admitted to herself she didn't know how to handle the problem.
她心里承认自己不知道该如何处理这个问题。
③Our cat hates being handled.
我们的猫不喜欢被人摸弄。
④He knows how to handle the machine.
他知道如何操作这台机器。
⑤You probably know me by my handle.
你可能熟悉我的网名。
【学会运用】同义词替换
①His handle is @Fareast George.______________
【学会表达】翻译
②We were worried she wouldn't be able to handle it, but she came through in the end.
_________________________________________________
③The car handles well in any weather.
___________________________________
④你接触化学药品时必须小心。
_______________________________________
network account
我们担心她没有能力处理那件事，然而她最终成功了。
这辆车在任何天气下开起来都很灵便。
You must be careful when handling chemicals.
探究二　短语
thanks to 幸亏；由于(教材P3)
其他相关同义短语：
because of 因为，由于
due to 因为，由于
owing to 由于，因为
on account of 由于，因为
as a result of 作为……的结果，由于
①Thanks to your help, we finished the project on time.
由于你的帮助，我们按时完成了这个项目。(应用文写作之感谢信)
②(浙江高考1月)Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud seeding companies.
由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得对人工降雨公司的诉讼。
③She retired early on account of ill health.
她因为体弱多病而早早地退休了。
④(新课标Ⅱ卷)Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.
项目评估显示，孩子们因为上这些课程而吃了更多的蔬菜。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①He walked slowly because ___ his bad leg.
②Thanks ___ a new directive, food labelling will be more specific.
③The team's success was largely due ___ her efforts.
【学会表达】完成句子
④由于下雨，比赛取消了。
_______________________________________________________, the match was cancelled.
⑤多亏了那份工作，我才成了一个喜欢阅读的人。
________________, I became an avid reader.
of
to
to
Owing to/Because of/Due to/On account of/As a result of the rain
Thanks to the job
探究三　长难句分析
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. (教材P2)
该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
【分析】　It seems that ... “好像……”，是固定句式；so ... that ... “如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句，在该从句中had it delivered为“have＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
(1)It seems that ... 相似句型：
It appears that ... 好像……
It happens that ... 碰巧……
It turns out that ... 结果是……；证明是……
(2)so ... that ... 引导结果状语从句：
so＋形容词/副词＋that ...
so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that ...
so＋many/few＋可数名词复数＋that ...
so＋much/little (少)＋不可数名词＋that ...
(3)such ... that ... 引导结果状语从句：
such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that ...
such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that ...
such＋adj.＋可数名词复数＋that ...
①It seems that everyone else has known the news except me.
好像除了我以外其他人都已经知道了这个消息。
②Fortunately, it happened that no student was in the building when the earthquake broke out.
幸运的是，地震发生时大楼里碰巧没有学生。(自然灾害)
③(新课标Ⅱ卷)Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.
有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，于是他们把种子带回家建立自己的菜园。
④There was so few guests that the host felt very sad.
宾客如此少，主人感到很伤心。
⑤There was so much snow on the road that the cars couldn't move fast.
路上雪很多，小汽车跑不快。(读后续写之场景描写)
⑥It is such a heavy box that I can't lift it.
这是一个很重的箱子，我抬不起来。
⑦He made such rapid progress that he was praised by his teacher and his parents.
他进步如此之快，受到了老师和父母的表扬。(校园生活)
⑧So delicious is the food that you don't need much of it to make you happy.
食物如此美味，你不需要太多就能让你快乐。(健康生活)
在so ... that ... 和such ... that ... 引导的结果状语从句中，so, such连同它所直接修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。
【学会运用】单句语法填空
①He has _____ a high opinion of himself that criticism flows off him like water off a duck's back.
②There is ___ little time left that we must hurry.
③__ seems that he likes his new job.
【学会表达】句式升级
④Light travels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed.
→____________________ that we can hardly imagine its speed.
such
so
It
So fast does light travel
对点练习 巩固所学
维度一　高频词汇
(一)写出下列单词和短语的英文
1．________ n. 感染；传染
2．____________ adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
3．_____ adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的
4．________ n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
5．_______ adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
6．___________ 同意；赞同
infection
contradictory
pure
decrease
severe
subscribe to
7．______________ 最终地；彻底地
8．________ 幸亏；由于
9．________________ 使……变成……
10．__________ 应该受到责备；应该负责
(二)写出下列句子中加黑部分的汉语释义
1．This information is only raw data and will need further analysis._______
2．We made multiple copies of the report.__________
3．She had become increasingly frustrated with her life.________
4．She was my only link with the past._____
5．I wasn't sure if I could handle such a powerful car.______
once and for all
thanks to
transform ... into ...
be to blame
原始的
数量多的
沮丧的
联系
操控
维度二　语境运用
(三)根据语境填入恰当的内容
1．The risk of _________ (infect) is appreciably higher among children.
2．Seven miles of track were installed to link the hotel _______ the golf course.
3．Who did the man suspect ___ stealing his axe
4．I'm pretty deskbound, which is very __________ (frustrate).
5．It was all a great success—thanks ___ a lot of hard work.
infection
to/with
of
frustrating
to
(四)用方框中单词的正确形式替换下列句子中的加黑部分
1．The methods are many and various.________
2．The air was sweet and clean._____
3．Prices vary according to the type of room you require.__________
4．We found further scientific evidence for this theory. ______
5．There has been some reduction in unemployment. ________
multiple
transform, pure, decrease, multiple, proof
pure
transform
proof
decrease
维度三　能力提升
(五)长难句分析
(浙江高考1月)Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
分析：句子主干是_______________________________，是“主谓宾”结构。spread和lit是__________，to make ... 是不定式短语作__________，make it seem a bit more ... 是“_________________”结构。Hoping to ... 是现在分词短语作伴随状语。
I spread some throws and lit candles
并列谓语
目的状语
make＋宾语＋宾补
(六)句型转换
1．I was so nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.
→________________ that I could hardly tell which direction was left.
2．We have had to raise our prices because costs are rising.
→We have had to raise our prices ____________________．
because of rising costs
So nervous was I
维度四　素养提升
(七)根据所给汉语，完成下列句子
1．I do not ______________(责怪他们) trying to make some money.
2．I do not ___________(同意) that view at all.
3．We have to resolve this matter ______________(彻底地)．
(八)翻译
1．总的说来，我同意你说的话。(in general)
______________________________
2．你可能会感到焦虑并且有压力。(be likely to)
_____________________________________
blame them for
subscribe to
once and for all
In general, I agree to what you said.
You're likely to feel anxious and pressured.
课后课时作业（一）
较易题(占比70%)　中档题(占比30%)　拔高题(占比0%)
温馨提示：丰富的语料是写作的源泉，与其单独背那些枯燥的热词佳句，不如在阅读语境中轻松记忆语篇题中的黑体(除标题和设题外)语句，日积月累，悄然完成迁移，提升写作。
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
难度 ★ ★★ ★
Ⅰ　完形填空
Farming and Gardening
Agriculture has a long history in China. Much of the wisdom __1__ by early Chinese scientists is still useful for farmers and gardeners today. One of China's early agricultural scientists was Jia Sixie, who lived in the sixth century AD. He spent his time doing __2__ into agriculture. He collected information, studied it, did experiments and learnt from the __3__ of farmers.
Around 540 AD, he wrote a book called Qimin Yaoshu. The book is about both farming and __4__. It includes advice on the following __5__： growing green vegetables and fruit trees, and keeping animals. Jia Sixie's book is a practical guide for farming. Firstly, as a farmer you should do things at the right time of the year. If you sow seeds and __6__ young plants in the fields at the correct time of the year, your work will be less and __7__ will be better. The __8__ of the soil is also very important. Examine the soil on your farm __9__. If the condition of your soil is not good, you should improve it. Before sowing or planting crops, you must clean rough ground and __10__ weeds. The best harvest is reached when farmers __11__ the crops in their fields. For example, do not plant rice __12__ in the same field. But if you plant rice in a field one year and wheat in the field the next year, you will __13__ good crops.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我国古代农业科学家贾思勰对我国古代农业的研究和贡献。他的耕种方法对我国古代农业起了重要的指导
作用。
Other scientists said that wheat should be planted with __14__ between the plants, but Jia did experiments and __15__ that planting wheat close together was better.
1．A.recovered B．discovered
C．reported D．impressed
解析：句意：中国早期科学家发现的许多智慧对如今的农民和园丁仍然有用。recover 恢复；discover 发现；report 报告；impress 使印象深刻。故选B。
2．A.research B．theory
C．experiment D．statistics
解析： research 研究；theory 理论；experiment 实验；statistics 统计资料。根据后文“He collected information ... __3__ of farmers.”可知，此处指他把时间花在研究农业上。故选A。
3．A.adventure B．experience
C．tradition D．association
解析： adventure 冒险；experience 经验；tradition 传统；association 协会。根据前文“He collected information, studied it, did experiments”可知，他从农民的经验中学习。故选B。
4．A.nursing B．producing
C．gardening D．trading
解析： nursing 护理；producing 生产；gardening 园艺；trading 贸易。根据本文的标题“Farming and Gardening”可知，这本书是关于农业和园艺的。故选C。
5．A.programs B．choices
C．events D．subjects
解析： program 项目；choice 选择；event 活动；subject 主题，学科。根据后文“growing green vegetables and fruit trees, and keeping animals”可知，该书包括种植绿色蔬菜和果树，以及饲养动物不同类目的建议。故选D。
6．A.grow B．mix
C．drop D．throw
解析： grow 种植；生长；mix 混合；drop 落下；throw 扔，投。根据后文“young plants”可知，此处表示种植幼苗。故选A。
7．A.results B．bonds
C．hopes D．dreams
解析： result 结果；bond 联系；hope 希望；dream 梦想。根据前文“If you sow seeds ... will be less”可知，如果你在一年中正确的时间在地里播种和种植幼苗，你的工作量就会减少，结果也会更好，即收成更好。故选A。
8．A.application B．situation
C．combination D．condition
解析：application 应用；situation 形势；combination 组合；condition 条件。根据后文“Examine the soil on your farm”和“If the condition ... should improve it.”可知，此处强调土壤条件也非常重要。故选D。
9．A.gently B．carefully
C．gradually D．frequently
解析： gently 轻轻地；carefully 仔细地；gradually 逐渐地；frequently 频繁地。根据前文“The __8__ of the soil is also very important.”和“Examine”可知，土壤条件很重要，所以应仔细地检查土壤。故选B。
10．A.loosen B．relieve
C．remove D．lower
解析： loosen 使变松；relieve 使缓解；remove 清除；lower 降低。根据后文“weeds”以及常识可知，此处指在种植作物之前必须清除杂草。故选C。
11．A.surround B．enhance
C．change D．improve
解析：surround 包围；enhance 增强；change 改变，更换；improve 改进。根据后文“But if you plant rice ... good crops.”可知，第一年种水稻，第二年种小麦，第二年的收成会更好，因此最好的收成是在农民换种庄稼的时候。故选C。
12．A.one after another B．now and then
C．year after year D．here and there
解析： one after another 一个接一个地；now and then 时不时；year after year 年复一年；here and there 到处。根据前文“The best harvest ... in their fields.”可知，最好的收成是在农民换种庄稼的时候获得的，因此不要年复一年地种植同一种作物。故选C。
13．A.harvest B．collect
C．generate D．export
解析： harvest 收获；collect 收集；generate 产生；export 出口。根据前文“The best harvest ... in their fields.”和后文“good crops”可知，此处指如果你今年在地里种水稻，明年种小麦，你就会收获好收成。故选A。
14．A.layers B．patterns
C．balance D．space
解析：layer 层；pattern 模式；balance 均衡；space 空间。根据后文“between the plants”和“planting wheat close together was better”可知，此处指种植小麦时， 植株之间要留有空间。故选D。
15．A.decided B．bet
C．intended D．showed
解析：decide 决定；bet 打赌；intend 打算；show 表明，显示。根据后文“that planting wheat close together was better”可知，贾思勰的实验表明紧密种植小麦效果更好。故选D。
Ⅱ　七选五
Characteristics of an excellent scientist
The dictionary defines a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science. __1__ Let's look at some characteristics of an excellent scientist.
Curiosity
An excellent scientist must be very curious about things. Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things work. __2__
Patience
Becoming a scientist takes a long time. __3__ Even if you think you have received some education on science, you still have a lot of scientific research to do. If you're an instant－gratification type of person, this may not be the best choice for you.
Ethical (道德的) qualities
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good, a scientist must have a desire to improve people's life as well as the environment, since they are linked and they can affect one another in the long run. __4__ Sticking to an old belief contradicted with evidence is dishonest. However, that belief shouldn't be changed without powerful evidence.
Working habits
__5__ He/She can work well alone or in groups, depending on what's needed and also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking connects him/her with colleagues working on similar projects where he/she may discover something new.
A．To make discoveries, you have to think differently.
B．There are very few jobs that take longer than this one.
C．It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.
D．A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal interests or public opinions.
E．One of the main places that many scientists work in is the research laboratory.
F．An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation and keeps it in mind.
G．Without a drive to ask questions or even wonder, a scientist will never get to the first stage of the scientific process.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一位优秀的科学家会拥有的特别品质和性格特点。
1．答案：C
解析：根据上文“The dictionary defines ... or physical science.”可知，C项(它还将科学家定义为使用科学方法的人。)承接上文，继续讲字典对科学家这一名词的解释和理解。故选C。
2．答案：G
解析：根据小标题“Curiosity”和上文“An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.”可知，科学家要具备的一个特征就是要有好奇心。G项(如果科学家没有发问甚至好奇的动力，就永远无法进入科学过程的第一阶段。)符合语境。故选G。
3．答案：B
解析：根据小标题“Patience”和上文“Becoming a scientist takes a long time.”可知，成为科学家需要很长时间，即这需要一定的耐心。B项(很少有工作比这一项工作需要更长时间。)符合语境。故选B。
4．答案：D
解析：根据小标题“Ethical (道德的) qualities”和下文“Sticking to an old belief ... without powerful evidence. (坚持与证据相矛盾的旧信念是不诚实的。然而，没有强有力的证据，这种信念不应该改变。)”可知，科学家要诚实，坚持真理，这是科学家道德素质的体现。D项(科学家必须诚实地报告研究结果，而不考虑个人利益或公众舆论。)引出下文。故选D。
5．答案：F
解析：根据小标题“Working habits”及下文“He/She can work well alone ... on paper and verbally.(他/她可以单独或在团队中很好地工作，这取决于需要什么，还需要在纸上和口头上交流想法。)”可知，本段在介绍科学家的工作习惯，F项(一个优秀的科学家甚至会记下最细微的观察并牢记在心。)也是一种工作习惯和方式，符合本段主旨。故选F。
Ⅲ　语法填空
Since the pre－Qin period, Chengdu __1__ (be) an important cultural town in China. But what really sets the city apart culturally, is __2__ (it) opera. An important aspect of Sichuan Opera is __3__ magic of “face changing” where vividly coloured masks are changed within the blink of an eye. In opera gardens and tea houses across the town, audiences __4__ (want) a glimpse of the local culture love to drink tea while listening to Sichuan Opera and watching face changing.
It is believed that “face changing” has its roots in development. Early humans needed survival strategies to avoid fierce animals and foreign invaders. Often, aggressive facial, gestures and __5__ (verbal) cues were part of it. The Sichuan Opera is said __6__ (bring) this range of emotions on stage.
Once the performance starts, the actor keeps pulling down one mask after __7__ in swift movements to convey different emotions. __8__ (surprise), no matter how close one is __9__ the stage, they just can't tell how the masks change.
In fact, the different kinds of characters and personalities that Sichuan Opera brings alive can be found among common people. This is __10__ its emotions will continue to be well received by people for a long time.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了川剧中的变脸艺术。
1．________　2．________　3．________　4．________　5．________　
6．________　7．________　8．________　9．________　10．________
1．答案：has been
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语Since the pre－Qin period可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语Chengdu是专有名词，谓语用单数。故填has been。
2．答案：its
解析：考查代词。此处修饰名词opera，应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
3．答案：the
解析：考查冠词。根据名词magic后的介词短语of “face changing”可知，此处表示特指，应用定冠词the。故填the。
4．答案：wanting
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：在全镇的戏曲园和茶馆里，想要了解当地文化的观众喜欢一边喝茶，一边听川剧，看变脸。动词want与其逻辑主语audiences之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。故填wanting。
5．答案：nonverbal
解析：考查反义词。句意：通常，攻击性的面部表情、手势和非语言暗示都是其中的一部分。设空处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词cues，再根据句意可知，此处表示“非言语的”，应用nonverbal。故填nonverbal。
6．答案：to bring/to have brought
解析：考查非谓语动词。“sb/sth be said to do sth”是固定句型，意为“据说，某人/某物做某事”，其后只能用不定式作主语补足语；可以用不定式的一般式to bring，表示“把情绪带到舞台上”，也可以用不定式的完成式to have brought，表示“已经把情绪带到了舞台上”。故填to bring/to have brought。
7．答案：another
解析：考查固定搭配。句意：表演一开始，演员就不停地快速摘下一个又一个面具，以传达不同的情感。one after another是固定短语，表示“一个接一个”。故填another。
8．答案：Surprisingly
解析：考查词性转换。句意：令人惊讶的是，无论离舞台多近，他们都看不出面具是如何更换的。此处修饰整个句子，应用副词，作状语，意为“令人惊讶的是”，句首单词首字母应大写。故填Surprisingly。
9．答案：to
解析：考查介词。be close to表示“接近”，为固定搭配。故填to。
10．答案：why
解析：考查表语从句的连接词。句意：这就是为什么它的情感将在很长一段时间内继续受到人们的欢迎。应用连接副词why引导表语从句，表示“为什么”。故填why。
Dr Nancy Roman, born in 1925, who was celebrated as a pioneer for female scientists and had advanced the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, died on Dec. 25, 2018.
精深阅读
When Nancy Roman asked for permission to take a second algebra (代数) course in high school, a teacher demanded to know “what lady would take mathematics instead of Latin”. In college, a professor admitted that he often tried to prevent women from majoring in physics but Nancy stuck to it. And after receiving Doctor's degree in astronomy, she found a professional home at NASA (美国国家航空航天局). In 1959, Dr Roman became the first chief of astronomy at NASA headquarters, a role that made her one of the agency's first female leaders.
Dr Roman spent much of her career helping develop, fund and promote technology that would help scientists see more clearly beyond Earth's atmosphere. But her most well-known work was perhaps leading to design the Hubble Space Telescope, the first major telescope to be sent into space for the purpose of gathering photographs and data from the universe. She was, therefore, named as “the mother of Hubble”．
“She made it possible to get the early telescope up into space to learn what needed to be learned，” said science historian Bob Zimmerman, and her hard－nosed nature helped get the telescope built.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Nancy Roman (南希·罗曼)摒弃他人偏见，成为一名天文学家的故事。
The telescope did not launch until 1990, a little more than a decade after Dr Roman retired, but when it did, its photographs of the universe thrilled the world. “I am glad，” she once told Science, “I ignored the people who told me that I could not be an astronomer.”
1．What can we conclude from the teacher's reaction to Nancy Roman's application for taking a second algebra course
A．The teacher doubted it.
B．The teacher didn't care about it.
C．The teacher accepted it at once.
D．The teacher was strongly against it.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“When Nancy Roman asked for permission ... instead of Latin’．(当南希·罗曼请求在高中选修第二门代数课程时，一位老师想知道‘哪位女士会选修数学而不是拉丁语’。)”可推知，老师的反应说明他对此表示怀疑。故选A。
2．What was the most famous achievement of Nancy Roman's work
A．She was one of the founders of NASA.
B．She proved the black hole really existed.
C．She was the first female astronomer in the world.
D．She led to design the Hubble Space Telescope.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But her most well known work ... from the universe. (但她最著名的工作可能是领导设计了哈勃太空望远镜，这是第一台被送入太空的大型望远镜，目的是收集来自宇宙的照片和数据。)”可知，Nancy Roman最著名的成就是领导设计了哈勃太空望远镜。故选D。
3．When did Dr Nancy Roman probably retire
A．In 1969. B．In 1979.
C．In 1990. D．In 2000.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The telescope did not launch ... after Dr Roman retired(这台望远镜直到1990年才发射，也就是罗曼博士退休十多年后)”可知，哈勃望远镜于1990年发射，她于10多年前退休，也就是在七十年代退休的。故选B。
4．What can we learn from Dr Nancy Roman's words in the last paragraph
A．She was very proud of what she had done for the country.
B．She thought highly of the people who hadn't believed her.
C．She was delighted to have become an astronomer in spite of the prejudice on her.
D．She had hard nosed nature and never cared about other people's opinions.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘I am glad ... an astronomer.’(‘我很高兴，’她曾经对《科学》杂志说，‘我没有理会那些告诉我我不能成为天文学家的人。’)”可推知，尽管人们对她存有偏见，她还是很高兴成了一名天文学家。故选C。
精深阅读——好词句小练
(一)热词
1．pioneer n. ______________
2．female adj. _______________
3．_______ n．& v. 发射；发动，发起
4．__________ n. 准许；许可
5．professional adj. _______________
先锋；拓荒者
女性的；妇女的
launch
permission
职业的；专业的
(二)高频短语
1．_______________ 要求做某事
2．______________________ 阻止某人做某事
3．major in_____
4．stick to ____
5．________________ 出于……的目的
demand to do sth
prevent sb from doing sth
主修
for the purpose of
坚持
(三)根据语境填入恰当的内容
1．He was _______ (thrill) at the prospect of seeing them again.
2．In addition, he served as a visiting _________ (profession) at several American universities.
3．She has set a shining example of loyal service over four _______(decade)．
thrilled
professor
decades
(四)写出下列句子中黑体部分的汉语释义
1．Dishonesty is foreign to his nature. ______
2．Hard work and determination can make it possible to achieve your goals. _______________
3．She refused to take on the traditional woman's role.______
本性
使……成为可能
地位
(五)用方框中单词的正确形式替换下列句子中的黑体部分
1．It's amazing how people collect so much stuff over the years. ______
2．My older secretary has threatened to leave.______
3．Everyone can greatly improve the quality of life.________
gather
retire
promote
(六)长难句分析
　“She made it possible to get the early telescope up into space to learn what needed to be learned，” said science historian Bob Zimmerman.
句意：科学历史学家鲍勃·齐默尔曼说：“她使得把早期的望远镜送入太空，去了解需要了解的东西成为可能。”
分析：句子主干She made it possible to ... into space是“_________________”结构。it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语_________________________________
_____________________________；what引导______从句。
主＋谓＋宾＋宾补
to get the early telescope up into space to learn what needed to be learned
宾语
(七)根据所给汉语，完成下列句子
1．Shanghai is __________________(首批城市之一) in China to see bike sharing fever.
2．_______________ (试着找出) what feeling underlies your anger.
(八)仿写句子
　The students who are most successful are usually the ones who come to all the classes.(定语从句)
仿写：能俯瞰湖泊的房子要价高些。
____________________________________
one of the first cities
Try to figure out
Houses which overlook the lake cost more.
课后课时作业（二）
较易题(占比50%)　中档题(占比50%)　拔高题(占比0%)
题号 A B
难度 ★ ★★
阅读
A
(新课标Ⅰ卷)In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
　
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章探究了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。
“Quite a lot，” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 　
1．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form.
C．They are limited in number.
D．They are used for public exhibition.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Today, most records ... other digital records.”可知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他的数字记录形式存在，即它们大多是电子形式的。故选B。
2．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“we are increasingly ... to global change”可知，Daru (达鲁)及其团队使用观察数据来研究物种是如何对全球变化作出回应的，由此可知，Daru的研究关注观察数据。故选C。
3．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“We were particularly interested ... instead of the grass right next to it”可知，研究人员对探索可能导致数据偏差的采样的方面特别感兴趣，比如公民科学家很有可能只拍开花植物而不拍它旁边的青草。由此可推知，采样方式的不当会导致数据偏差。故选C。
4．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，生物多样性应用程序可以引导采样人员关注采样不足的地方或者物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。由此可推知，Daru建议生物多样性程序给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
B
He Zehui, a Chinese nuclear (核能的) physicist, achieved great things in physics and became an outstanding scientist.
Her family is famous for producing three famous women scientists, including her two sisters. She graduated from Tsinghua University in 1936 with a degree in physics, and then went on to study at the Technical University of Berlin, where she was the top in her class, outperforming her future husband Qian Sanqiang—China's “father of the atomic bomb”. In 1940, she earned a doctor's degree in Engineering.
The couple made great discoveries in the field of uranium fission (铀核裂变), which drew global attention and gained them worldwide recognition, marking a milestone in the development of China's experimental fission physics. Many Western media called the couple the “Marie Curie and Pierre Curie of China”．
As one of the pioneers in nuclear science and technology in China, Professor He contributed a great deal to nuclear physics. During the 1950s, she started the research and development of nuclear emulsions (核乳胶) in China and their research reached the advanced world level at that time. He and her research group took the lead in building China's first nuclear reactor and accelerator (加速器). She was awarded the first Award of the National Prize of Natural Sciences for making outstanding achievements in supporting the national program of nuclear weapon development. 　
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了“中国的居里夫人”何泽慧及其成就。
Throughout her career, He went through many difficulties, and was always on the front lines of China's science related work. She published dozens of papers yet placed little value on personal fame. The world's top physicists recognized her as a famous scientist, “Chinese Madame Curie”.
He passed away in Beijing in 2011 at the age of 97, nearly 20 years after Qian Sanqiang. She devoted herself to science, living a simple life, always instructing young researchers and maintaining the highest standards that she had always valued. She loved her country and science; to both she is now an example.
5．What is the focus of Paragraph 2 about He Zehui
A．Identity background.
B．Character personalities.
C．Education experiences.
D．Profession abilities.
解析：段落大意题。根据第二段中的“She graduated ... in Engineering.(1936年，她毕业于清华大学，获得物理学学位，然后前往柏林工业大学学习，在那里她是班上的第一名，超过了她未来的丈夫——中国的‘原子弹之父’钱三强。1940年，她获得了工程学博士学位。)”可知，本段主要讲述了何泽慧的教育经历。故选C。
6．What do we know about Qian Sanqiang
A．He died following his wife in 1991.
B．He was also a remarkable Chinese scientist.
C．He won the National Prize of Natural Sciences.
D．He assisted He Zehui to develop fission physics.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“she was the top ... ‘father of the atomic bomb’”和第三段中的“The couple made ... experimental fission physics.(这对夫妇在铀核裂变领域取得了重大发现，引起了全球的关注，并获得了世界认可，标志着中国实验裂变物理发展的一个里程碑。)”可知，钱三强也是一位杰出的中国科学家。故选B。
7．Why is He Zehui acknowledged as “Chinese Marie Curie”？
A．For her research of nuclear emulsions.
B．For her achievements in the atomic bomb.
C．For her great contributions to nuclear physics.
D．For her continuous achievement in natural science.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“As one of the pioneers ... nuclear physics.”可推知，因何泽慧对中国的核物理作出了巨大贡献，西方媒体称其为“中国的居里夫人”。故选C。
8．How can we best describe He Zehui
A．Ambitious and talented.
B．Unselfish and devoted.
C．Imaginative and kind.
D．Knowledgeable and sociable.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“She devoted herself to science ... had always valued.(她献身于科学，过着简朴的生活，总是指导年轻的研究人员，并保持着她一直重视的最高标准。)”可推知，何泽慧淡泊名利、献身于中国的科学事业，无私且有奉献精神。故选B。
1．extinct/Ik'stI kt/adj. 灭绝的；绝种的；消逝的
2．shift/ Ift/v. 转移；改变　n. 转移；转变
3．outnumber/ a t'n mb (r)/v. 在数量上超过
4．explore/Ik'spl (r)/v. 探索；勘查；探究
5．favor/'feIv (r)/v. 偏爱；有利于　n. 恩惠；赞同
6．pioneer/ paI 'nI (r)/n. 先驱；开拓者　v. 开拓；开创
7．with the aid of ... 在……的帮助下
8．contribute ... to ... 把……贡献给……
9．take the lead in ... 在……方面领先
10．devote oneself to 致力于；献身于
精深阅读
The 97－year－old botanist, Margaret Bradshaw, is the chief caretaker of Teesdale's rarest flowers. “Everything about Teesdale is unique，” says Bradshaw with pride—and the authority of someone who has just written a 288－page book on the subject. Bradshaw has been recording rare plants here since the early 1950s and has witnessed great decreases.Her data was the first to prove that—and the need to do something about it.
The main reason for the decrease of these plants is an unusual one. The number of sheep in Teesdale had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed there were too many sheep. Bradshaw says while sheep are hunted in some upland areas, reducing herding in Teesdale has been destructive. Longer grass overshadows the delicate flowers, taking away the light they need to grow. As a result of her findings and her work with farmers who herd the land—as well as Natural England, which manages it—sheep numbers are increasing and the timing of herding is being carefully managed. This has led to the partial recovery of some plants.
At 93, she set up Teesdale Special Flora Research and Conservation Trust to record rare plants. As a keen horse rider, at 95, she did a 55－mile horse journey across Teesdale, raising almost $10，000 for the Trust. When asked about the secret to longevity, “Just keep going，” she says.
“Keep at it.Don't sit down and just watch TV.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了97岁的植物学家Margaret Bradshaw (玛格丽特·布拉德肖)作为提斯代尔最稀有花卉的主要看护人的故事。
“I recognise I'm getting older and I've been trying to get more people to take over and do the records. They don't believe I won't be here forever，” Bradshaw says. Despite Bradshaw's guardianship of this land, and the love and energy she has put into saving it, the future here is unknown. The last words of her book speak to this endless loss. “This is our heritage, this unique plant species, mine and yours，” she writes. “In spite of trying, I have failed to prevent its decrease, now it is up to you.” 　
1．What is Margaret Bradshaw's main work with the rare plants
A．Writing a book.
B．Preventing their decrease.
C．Collecting their data.
D．Directing farmers to grow plants.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bradshaw has been recording rare plants ... the need to do something about it.(布拉德肖从20世纪50年代初就开始记录这里的珍稀植物，并见证了它们的大幅减少。她的数据是第一个证明这一点的人，也证明了对此采取措施的必要性。)”可知，Bradshaw在珍稀植物方面的主要工作是收集它们的数据。故选C。
2．What contributed to the reduction of rare plants in Teesdale
A．Not enough sheep.
B．Lack of fund.
C．Poor management.
D．Too many sheep.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The main reason ... they need to grow.”可知，减少放牧导致草的长势较好，较高的草遮住了娇弱的花朵，遮挡了它们生长所需要的光。由此可推知，没有足够的羊导致了提斯代尔稀有植物的减少。故选A。
3．What can we learn from Bradshaw's words in the last paragraph
A．Unity brings strength.
B．Many hands make light work.
C．Youthful at heart, regardless of age.
D．Advance what the forerunners began.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘This is our heritage ... now it is up to you.’”可推知，从最后一段Bradshaw的话中我们能了解到，她希望推进先行者开创的这个事业。故选D。
4．Which might be a suitable title for the text
A．Teesdale: Home to Rare Plants
B．Battling for Teesdale's Wildflowers
C．Bradshaw: A 97－Year－Old Gardener
D．Exploring Teesdale's Unique Plants
解析：标题判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了97岁的植物学家Margaret Bradshaw是提斯代尔最稀有花卉的主要看护人，她希望让更多的人接手这个事业。B项(为提斯代尔的稀有花卉而奋斗)适合作为文章标题。故选B。
精深阅读——好词句小练
(一)热词
1．record v. ___________
2．witness v. ___________
3．destructive adj. ____________________
4．_______ adj. 脆弱的；纤弱的
5．longevity n. ___________
记录，记载
见证，目睹
破坏性的，毁灭性的
delicate
长寿；寿命
(二)高频短语
1．_________ 接管；控制
2．_______ 投入
3．__________ 尽管
4．fail to do sth __________________________
5．be up to sb ____________
take over
put into
in spite of
做某事未成功；未能做成某事
取决于某人
(三)根据语境填入恰当的内容
1．We wish Bill a speedy _________ (recover).
2．I’ve had enough of their _______ (end) arguing.
3．The paintings were _________ (careful) packed in newspaper.
(四)写出下列句子中黑体部分的汉语释义
1．The building is part of our national heritage.______
2．I wasn't too keen on physics and chemistry._______
3．She has very good people skills and is able to manage a team. _____
recovery
endless
carefully
遗产
热衷的
管理
(五)用方框中单词的正确形式替换下列句子中的黑体部分
1．Chopsticks are a kind of tableware with distinct national features. _______
2．Apples come in a great many varieties._______
3．If they merely make fewer errors, then we can cut down the practice._______
unique
species
reduce
(六)长难句分析
　The number of sheep in Teesdale had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed there were too many sheep.
句意：到2000年，提斯代尔的羊的数量减少了一半，因为人们普遍认为高地的羊太多了。
分析：句子主干为The number of sheep had been reduced，是“______”结构。 in Teesdale作sheep的__________。as引导_________从句；there were too many sheep是省略了连接词_____的______从句。
主谓
后置定语
原因状语
that
宾语
(七)根据所给汉语，完成下列句子
1．I had to ________________(学会与……合作) everyone on the crew.
2．I believed you could leave the court __________ (骄傲地).
(八)仿写句子
　The snow lasted a week, resulting in serious traffic confusion in the whole area. (现在分词(短语)作结果状语)
仿写：他走出房间时衣服穿得很少，渐渐地感到有些冷了。
______________________________________________________________
learn to work with
with pride
He went out of the room with few clothes on, gradually feeling a little cold.