选择性必修第二册 UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
用所给词的适当形式填空，并背诵短文。
household；blame；frustrate；transform；substantial；furthermore；severe
Cholera, an infectious disease caused by germs, used to affect people's health 1.severely, thus causing many deaths.Fortunately, cholera was overcome by a brilliant and outstanding doctor called John Snow.
At first, John Snow felt 2.frustrated when many people came down with this disease but he was determined to defeat “King Cholera” once and for all．There were then two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.Snow subscribed to the second theory.But Snow needed proof．Cholera broke out in London in 1854, and Snow discovered that there were multiple deaths in some 3.households near a water pump．This showed there was a link between the cases of cholera and the water.Snow suspected that the water pump was 4.to blame, so he had the handle of the water pump removed.Thanks to Snow's intervention, people began to drink pure water instead of raw water.Thus, there was a 5.substantial decrease in the threat of cholera.6.Furthermore, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow 7.transformed the way scientists study diseases.His thinking and concept of disease were quite novel at that time.
提示：加底纹词汇为本单元复现词汇
1 blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①As the team leader, she felt it was her responsibility to shoulder the blame for the failure.
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock.
③Phone devices and computer screens are to blame (blame)for the risk of near－sightedness to a certain extent.
[能力提升]——句式升级
④Tim was blamed for the breakdown of the system; he felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn't help crying bitterly.(情感描写)
→Blamed for the breakdown of the system, Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn't help crying bitterly.(用分词作状语升级)
(1)blame sb.for (doing)sth.
因(做了)某事而责备某人
blame sth.on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
be to blame (for…)
(因某事)应受责备，(为……)应承担责任
(2)bear/take/accept/shoulder the blame (for sth.) (对某事)承担责任put/lay the blame on sb.(for sth.)
(因某事)把责任推给某人
[语料积累] ①On no account should the soldiers be blamed for what happened.
士兵们绝不该为所发生的事受到责难。
②Don't always blame your own failure on others.
不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人。
[名师指津] to blame作表语时用主动形式表示被动意义。
2 link n．联系；纽带；交通路线vt.把……连接起来；相关联
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①(2023·全国乙卷)It can bring a new interest and focus into people's lives and help to make the link between home and nature.
②(北师大版选必四U12)Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”，with all the different countries linked (link) in the chain of common interests.
③Linking (link)arms with one of the instructors, I helped carry the young man out of the water.
[能力提升]——一句多译
④研究表明，暴露在强烈的阳光下与皮肤癌密切相关。
→Studies show that exposure to strong sunlight is closely linked to/with skin cancer.(link vt.)
→Studies show that there is a close link between exposure to strong sunlight and skin cancer.(link n．)
(1)There is a link between…and…
……和……之间有联系
(2)link…with/to…
把……和……连接/联系起来
be linked with/to…
和……联系在一起
[语料积累] ① indicate a strong causal link
有很强的因果关系
②a high－speed rail link
高速的铁路交通
③Social customs provide a vital link between the present and the past.(文化生活)
社会习俗在现在和过去之间起到了重要的纽带作用。
[名师指津] 表示“联系”的短语：
be related to与……有联系
be associated with 与……有关
be involved in与……有关联
be connected with与……有关系
3 decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①There was a slight decrease in his weight after a week of dieting.
②By 1881, the population of Ireland had decreased to 5.2 million.
③Over the past decades, sea ice has decreased/been decreasing (decrease)in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
[能力提升]——句式升级
④There are fewer and fewer poor people in China with its economy growing rapidly.
→The number of poor people in China is decreasing/on the decrease with its economy growing rapidly.(用the number of…＋decrease升级)
(1)decrease to… 下降到……；减少到……
decrease by… 下降了……；减少了……
(2)a sharp/marked/significant decrease in…
在……方面急剧/明显/显著减少
on the decrease/increase 在减少/增加
[语料积累] ①the decrease of the oxygen content
氧含量的减少
②(2024·全国甲卷书面表达)The past decade has witnessed a substantial decrease in environmentally unfriendly mode of transportation.
在过去的十年中，对环境不利的运输方式大幅减少。
[名师指津] 在动词decrease/drop/fall/reduce“下降、减少”和increase/rise“增加、上升”之后，接介词by表示增减的幅度，接介词to表示增减的结果。
4 defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解(→defense/defence n. 防御；保卫；答辩；防卫设备→defensive adj. 防御的；戒备的；防守的)
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)If he seems a little defensive (defend), it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.
②But if the worst happens, you have every right to defend yourself with reasonable force.
③He planned to learn kung fu so that he could defend himself against being attacked (attack)．
[能力提升]——句式升级
④我们应该向为保卫祖国而牺牲的军人表示敬意。
→We should pay tribute to soldiers who died defending our country.(defend)
→We should pay tribute to soldiers who died in defence of our country.(defence)
(1)defend…from/against… 保卫……免受……
defend oneself 自卫；自行辩护
defend with 用……防卫
(2) in defence of 保护……；为……辩护
[语料积累] ①defend people against/from being harmed
保护人民免受伤害
②She stepped back and put up her hands as if in defence．She seemed to defend herself from/against being injured.(动作描写)
她向后退了一步，举起双手，好像在自卫。她似乎在保护自己不受伤害。
[名师指津] 其他表示“保护”的单词有protect，shelter等。
5 thanks to 幸亏；由于
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①As a result of the rising sea level caused by global warming and exploding population, our cities are urged to make some changes.
②(2024·新课标卷读后续写)Due to a big storm, my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half.
③Owing (owe)to a constant shortage of raw materials, our factory has been running under capacity.
[能力提升]——微写作
④(2024·新课标卷读后续写)多亏了甘特及时的帮助，我成功赶上了公交车。
Thanks to the timely help from Gunter, I managed to catch the bus.
owing to 由于
because of 因为；由于
due to 由于
on account of 由于
as a consequence of 由于，因为
as a result of 作为……的结果，因为
[语料积累] ①because of language barriers
由于语言障碍
②On account of advances in technology, how we make friends and communicate with them has changed significantly.(投稿)
由于技术的进步，我们结交朋友及与朋友沟通的方式有了明显的变化。
6 above all最重要的是；尤其是
[基础检测]——用all的相关短语填空
①Learning that you are coming to China as an exchange student, I am writing to give you some suggestions.First of all，you'd better learn some basic Chinese before you come.After all，you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances.Secondly，you should be outgoing，active and confident.Above all，you should be optimistic，which can help you adapt to the new surroundings easily.All in all，studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy at all．(建议信)
[能力提升]——微写作
②(2024·新课标卷应用文写作)最重要的是，对我们来说这节美术课是一次启发性的体验。
Above all, the art class was an enlightening experience for us．,
after all 毕竟；终究
first of all 首先；第一
all in all 整体说来；总而言之
in all 总共；合计
at all (否定句)一点也，完全；(疑问句)到底；究竟
[语料积累] ①Thanks to your timely and generous help，I managed to handle four problems in all．(感谢信)
多亏了你及时而慷慨的帮助，我总共解决了四个问题。
②(2022·全国甲卷书面表达)All in all, it is high time that we committed ourselves to protecting the ocean.
总之，现在是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
7 句型公式：have＋宾语＋宾语补足语
(教材原句)It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
这位女士好像很喜欢来自这个水泵里的水，以至于她每天都让人把水送到她家里。
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①What Jenny hopes is that Mr Smith could suggest a good way to have the current situation improved (improve)．
②Our head teacher can't have us wasting (waste) our precious time.Even if we have finished our homework, he always has us read (read) classics to broaden our horizons.
[能力提升]——微写作
③(2024·天津卷)例如，我们可以通过在做笔记时使用纸张的两面来减少纸张浪费。
For instance, we can have paper waste reduced by using both sides of the paper when taking notes.
have sth.done 使某事被做
have sb.do sth. 让某人做某事
have sb./sth.doing sth.
让某人一直做某事/让某事处于某种状态
can't have sb.doing sth.
不能容忍某人做某事
have sth.to do
有某事要做(不定式作定语)
[语料积累] I am terribly sorry for having you waiting for me for so long, because I had an urgent thing to attend to just now.(道歉信)
我非常抱歉让你等了这么长时间，因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。
Ⅰ. 知识点补充
[选词填空/单句语法填空]
1．It is noteworthy that the programme has been shifted from its original August slot to July.
2．I, in charge of the program “Talk and Talk”， feel more than honored to invite you for a live talk show.
3．The more experienced you are, the easier it is to find fault with other people's ideas.
4．Michael may have been a dunce at mathematics, but he was gifted (gift) in languages.
5．(2023·全国乙卷)The Chinese coach transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the world, helping her skyrocket from an average member of the national team to the top of the sport.
1．transform…into…
把……转变成……
2．in charge of 主管，掌管
3．find fault with 挑剔；批评；抱怨
4．shift sth.(from…)(to…)转移；挪动
5．be gifted in 在……方面有天赋
6．come down with
患(病)；染上(小病)
7．attend to 照顾
Ⅱ. 构词法规则
构词法规则——前缀de
前缀de 表示“向下；离开；去掉，除掉；相反；否定”。例如本单元中的单词：decrease(n.减少；降低；减少量vt.& vi.减少；减小；降低)是由de (向下)＋crease(起皱)转化而来。前缀de 的常用规律如下：
[语境猜词]
1．There has been a decrease in pollution since the new environmental regulations were implemented.n. 减少
2．The gloomy weather seemed to depress everyone's mood, making them feel tired and unmotivated. v. 使抑郁
3．The wildfire caused widespread destruction, burning down homes and forests across the region. n. 破坏
板块一 夯实根基·提升能力
维度一 阅读理解——一词多义/语境猜词
Ⅰ.一词多义
1．subscribe to
A.订阅 B．赞成；同意 C．捐助
(1)He subscribes to the view that we can tackle the severe problem in this way once and for all.B
(2)This is the school the outstanding and patriotic scientist subscribed to generously in the past.C
(3)Many people subscribe to online news services to get instant updates on current events.A
2．handle
A.vt.处理 B．v.操纵 C．n.把手 D．vt.(用手)触、碰、拿
(1)(2023·浙江1月卷)Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double－check all the details, make suggestions, and then handle the actual reservations.A
(2)(2022·全国甲卷)The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.D
(3)Driving a car is not just handling controls but judging speed and distance.B
(4)Tea in China was traditionally drunk from cups without handles．C
Ⅱ.语境猜词
1．(1)(2022·浙江1月卷) I poured more time and energy into that project than ever before, and finally presented our findings to the class, which surprisingly earned us an excellent grade！v. 注入/投入(时间和精力)
(2)(2021·全国乙卷) People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.v. 涌入
[点拨]pour(熟义)v.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)。此处(1)意为“注入/投入(时间和精力)”，(2)意为“涌入”。
2．Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues.v. 转移
[点拨]shift (熟义) n．改变；转换；轮班。此处用作动词，意为“转移”。
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.v. 向……投以
[点拨]cast (熟义)v.投射，投掷，选派角色。此处意为“向……投以”。
4．The research lacks solid proof，and therefore，its conclusions are doubtful.adj. 可靠的
[点拨]solid (熟义) n．固体 adj.牢固的。此处用作形容词，意为“可靠的”。
5．The government needs to pump more money into community care.v. 大量投入
[点拨]pump (熟义)n. 泵；抽水机；打气筒。此处用作动词，意为“大量投入”。
维度二 语法填空——词形转换/固定搭配/
单元语法(表语从句)
1．(2024·浙江1月卷) The most obvious advantage of online learning is that you can study anywhere and anytime.
2．All of them blamed the mistake on me, making me quite frustrated (frustrate) and depressed.
3．The company has steadily (steady)increased its market share in the past ten years.
4．Suspected (suspect) of taking government funds for himself, the official is under investigation by the police.
5．Detailed explanation will be provided, which will vividly (vivid) bring Chinese painting and calligraphy to life.
6．At present, there are a number of people learning Chinese and that is because China is playing an increasingly important role in the world.
7．This company is pushing for AI－powered digital assistants (assistant)，which can interact with users.
8．People often take this kind of tablets daily to purify (pure)the blood.
9．Teachers should have a clear concept of what a multiracial society is.
10．She got a severe throat infection (infect), which meant she couldn't sing.
维度三 单句表达——翻译句子/句式升级
1．孩子们更有可能接受一些对他们友好的人。(be likely to)
Children are more likely to accept some people who are friendly to them．
2．(2024·新课标卷读后续写)那一刻似乎他感觉到了我的尴尬。(it seemed that…)
At that moment，it seemed that he sensed my embarrassment．(情景描写)
3．看到他转变为一个有自我价值、勤奋和自信的学生，我真是开心。(what引导主语从句)
What delighted me was to see him transformed into a student of self－worth, diligence, and confidence．(情感描写)
4．When he was asked the secret of his success，he owed all to the support and encouragement of his parents.(感谢信)
→When asked the secret of his success, he owed all to the support and encouragement of his parents.(用状语从句的省略升级)
5．Nowadays science and technology is developing so rapidly that people can hardly catch up with its pace.(社会现象)
→Nowadays so rapidly is science and technology developing that people can hardly catch up with its pace.(用倒装句改写)
板块二 主题引领·情境写作
维度一 基础写作——补全佳作并背诵
用本单元所学词汇、句式完成下面的应用文写作再背诵。
假定你是李华，近日你校举办了以“科学之美”为主题的科学节(science festival)。请你根据以下要点，给你的外国朋友Peter写一封信介绍该活动，内容包括： 1．举办时间； 2．活动内容； 3．师生反响。
Dear Peter，
How is everything going these days？I am writing to tell you that a science festival with the theme of “The Beauty of Science” was launched in our school last week，1.with the purpose of raising students' awareness of science (目的是提高学生的科学意识)．
During the activity，our school 2.had a series of scientific knowledge quizzes arranged (安排了一系列科学知识小测验；have＋宾语＋宾补)，which seemed that we were 3.having a science feast (享受一场科学盛宴)．The activity lasted almost a whole day until the bell indicating the end of the last class rang. 4.Thrilled and excited (既激动又兴奋；形容词作状语)，not only students but also some of the teachers participated in it actively. 5.So attractive is the activity (这次活动如此吸引人；倒装句)that all participants speak highly of it and hope such activities will be held frequently.
So much for the activity.Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
维度二 读后续写微技能22——动作细节描写：动“肩膀”
[语言素材]——输入必备知识
1．hit/tap/pat sb. on the shoulder 拍某人的肩膀 2．look over one's shoulder 某人回头看了看 3．shrug one's shoulders 某人耸了耸肩 4．shoulder one's way through the crowd 某人从人群中挤了出来 5．shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩 6．sit on one's shoulders 坐在某人的肩膀上 7．shoulder the door open 用肩膀顶开了门 8．carry...on one shoulder 单肩背着……续表 9．put...over one's shoulder 某人把……背在肩上 10．roll one's shoulders 某人扭了扭肩膀 11．hold...close to one's shoulder 把……紧靠某人的肩膀抱着 12．feel a weight lifted off one's shoulders 某人感到如释重负
[跟踪演练]——提升关键能力
任务1 单句表达
1．她从人群中挤了出来。
She shouldered her way through the crowd.
2．这个小孩坐在他父亲的肩膀上看着游行队伍经过。
The child sat on his father's shoulders to watch the parade go by．
3．我只是回头看了看，耸了耸肩，没有理会他说的话。
I just looked over my shoulder and shrugged my shoulders, ignoring what he said．
4．他们步伐一致，肩并肩低着头冒雨走着。
They fell into step, walking shoulder to shoulder with their heads bent against the rain.(非谓语动词)
5．“嗯，”教练一边拍着保罗的肩膀一边说，“你已经为自己赢得了球队中的位置，‘大个子’！”
“Well，” said the coach as he hit Paul on the shoulder, “you've just earned your place on the team，big guy！” (北师大版必修一U2)
任务2 语段表达
After a long day at school, Lisa felt exhausted. 1.She carried her heavy backpack on one shoulder (她单肩背着沉重的书包) as she walked home. When she reached her front door, her hands were full, so she 2.shouldered the door open (用肩膀顶开了门). Inside, 3.she rolled her shoulders (她扭了扭肩膀) to relieve the tension. Later, she put her bag over her shoulder and headed upstairs. As she entered her room, she spotted her favorite animal on the bed and 4.held it close to her shoulder (把它紧靠肩膀抱在怀里), feeling comforted. Finally, as she lay down to rest, Lisa 5.felt a weight lifted off her shoulders (感到如释重负), knowing she had completed all her homework.
————基础默测—————
默写达标
一、阅读单词晓词义
1．germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌
2．pump n. 泵；抽水机；打气筒
3．protein n. 蛋白质
4．household n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
5．statistic n. [pl. s] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
6．microscope n. 显微镜
7．framework n. 框架；结构
8．aerospace n. 航空航天工业
9．mechanic n. 机械师；机械修理工
10．raw adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
11．contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
12．astronomer n. 天文学家
13．astronomy n. 天文学
14．vaccine n. 疫苗
15．patriotic adj. 爱国的
二、核心单词写得准
1．severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
2．subscribe vi. 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
3．blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责
4．decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量 vi. & vt. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
5．thinking n. 思想；思维；见解
6．handle n. 把手；拉手；柄 vt. 处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
7．link n. 联系；纽带 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联
8．solid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的 n. 固体
9．fault n. 弱点；过错
10．shift n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. & vt. 转移；挪动；转向
11．pour vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
12．trace vt. 追溯；追踪；查出 n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹
13．outstanding adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的
14．concept n. 概念；观念
15．furthermore adv. 此外；再者
三、拓展单词通变化
1．infect vt. 使感染；传染→infection n. 感染；传染→infectious adj. 感染的；传染的
2．suspect vt. & vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→suspicious adj. 可疑的；怀疑的；不信任的
3．proof n. 证据；证明；检验→prove vt. 证明 linking v. 证明是
4．multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的→multiply vi.& vt. 乘；成倍增加；(使)繁殖
5．frustrate vt. 使懊恼；使沮丧→frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→frustration n. 沮丧；懊恼；挫败
6．pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→purify vt. 净化；使……洁净；提纯→purity n. 纯洁
7．assist vt.& vi. 协助；帮助→assistant n. 助理；助手→assistance n. 援助；帮助；协助
8．defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解→defence n. 防御；保卫；保护→defensive adj. 防御的；戒备的；防守的
9．gift n. 礼物；天赋→gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
10．steady adj. 稳定的；平稳的；稳步的→steadily adv. 稳定地；持续地
四、重点词块明搭配
1．in time 迟早；及时
2．above all 最重要的是；尤其是
3．subscribe to 同意；赞同
4．thanks to 幸亏；由于
5．carry out 履行；执行
6．through one's tireless efforts 通过某人不懈的努力
7．overcome some difficulties 克服一些困难
8．become a pioneer in… 成为……的先驱
9．launch its first man made satellite 发射第一颗人造卫星
10．trace back to 追溯到
五、教材佳句会运用
1．他发现，霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。(so…that…引导结果状语从句)
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
2．这位女士好像很喜欢来自这个水泵里的水，以至于她每天都让人把水送到她家里。(“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
3．也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。(“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义)
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
4．然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。(“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing.
基础检测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．(2023·北京卷)The amount of time needed to build a habit will depend on multiple (多种多样的) factors, including the individual and the intended behaviour.
2．When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated (沮丧的)．
3．(外研版选必三U5)Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena, he recorded his detailed findings (发现) in his journals.
4．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)People often link (联系) their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
5．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．There is convincing proof (prove) that scientific and technological revolution is a strong driving force behind social progress.
2．With tears pouring (pour) down his cheeks, he watched the documentary film tracing the history of the ancient town.
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Initially (initial), I used the online platform as a diary, something to look back on, giving me a sense of achievements and keeping me motivated and moving forward.
4．Thoreau's descriptions of nature emphasised the beauty and purity (pure) of the wild areas around him.
5．In reality，the mechanic made a severe mistake，shifting (shift) his weight nervously from one foot to another.
Ⅲ.选词填空
in charge of；once and for all；come down with；trace back to；subscribe to
1．The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China.
2．(2021·北京卷)Since my grandfather came down with the disease, we have taken turns to care for him.
3．He was left in charge of the shop while the manager was away.
4．We have to handle this matter once and for all this time.
5．I have subscribed to the opinion put forward by the chairman.
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1．(2024·新课标卷应用文写作)我们的美术老师安排我们在公园里上了一节美术课，这样我们能更接近大自然。(so that引导目的状语从句)
Our art teacher arranged for us to have an art lesson in the park so that we could get closer to nature．
2．我们开始帮忙摘桃子，然后把它们送到农民家里。(“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
We began to help pick peaches and then had them delivered to the farmers' houses.
3．(2023·新课标卷读后续写)没有哪个老师比你对我的写作的影响更大。(“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义)
No other teacher has a greater influence on me in my writing than you.
4．(2024·新课标卷读后续写)又尴尬又沮丧，我道歉说：“好吧，我想我今天不太走运。我很抱歉。”(形容词作状语)
Embarrassed and frustrated，I apologized，“Well, I guess today is just not my day. I am so sorry.”
课时作业22
(总分：35分)
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
(2024·河北沧州高三联考)
Despite his complex mind, Einstein was known to be a lot of fun. You must have seen his iconic (标志性的) photo, but you might not know the backstory. The photo was taken by Arthur Sasse, on March 14, 1951, Einstein's seventy second birthday. In the photo, we can see Einstein sitting in a car, between his wife, Elsa, and Dr Frank Aydelotte, the head of the Institute for Advanced Study.
The story goes that as they were leaving his birthday celebration for their home in Princeton, New Jersey, Einstein was repeatedly asked to smile at the camera. But when Sasse asked for one last photo, he made a funny face. Einstein liked the resulting image so much that he immediately ordered multiple copies, so he could sign and send them to friends as a joke. Later on, he used this photo to make greeting cards.
Einstein rarely let others get in the way of his fun. He was quick to joke. He rarely wore socks, thinking that the shoes should do the job. He let his mustache and hair grow and gave interviews on his porch (门廊) in pink slippers. His commitment to fun ran deep—and yet when Sasse sent his photo to editors for publication, they debated whether it was even appropriate to make it public, given Einstein's eminence. It only saw the light of day because Sasse related how much the great scientist himself loved the image.
According to Walter Isaacson's biography，Einstein: His Life and Universe, the personalities that contributed most to Einstein's greatness were curiosity and non conformism (不墨守成规). Scientific studies suggest that humor and intelligence are associated. People who show a gift for fun also seem to have superior cognitive abilities. Fun has so many levels. The best part is that no matter what fun means to you, it can lead you to stand out from the ordinary.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了爱因斯坦标志性照片的来源以及爱因斯坦幽默的性格。
1．What was Einstein doing when the iconic photo was taken？( B )
A．He was joking about Sasse.
B．He was making a funny face.
C．He was celebrating his birthday.
D．He was smiling at the camera.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“The story goes that as they were leaving his birthday celebration for their home in Princeton, New Jersey, Einstein was repeatedly asked to smile at the camera. But when Sasse asked for one last photo, he made a funny face.”可知，拍摄这张标志性照片时，爱因斯坦在做鬼脸。故选B项。
2．What does the underlined word “eminence” mean in paragraph 3？( C )
A．Being loving and caring.
B．Being humorous and funny.
C．Being famous and respected.
D．Being sharp minded and considerate.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句“His commitment to fun ran deep—and yet when Sasse sent his photo to editors for publication, they debated whether it was even appropriate to make it public, given Einstein's eminence．”以及下文内容可知，因为爱因斯坦是一位伟大的科学家，非常出名且受人尊重，所以当Sasse把他的照片寄给编辑们准备发表时，他们应是在争论公开这张照片是否合适；故画线词eminence的意思是“出名和受人尊敬”。故选C项。
3．What can we know about the iconic photo？( D )
A．It was taken to record Einstein's life.
B．It was not published until years later.
C．It shows Einstein being interviewed on the porch.
D．It was taken to celebrate Einstein's birthday.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“The photo was taken by Arthur Sasse, on March 14, 1951, Einstein's seventy second birthday.”和第二段的第一、二句可知，这张标志性的照片是为了庆祝爱因斯坦的生日而拍的。故选D项。
4．What might Walter Isaacson agree？( C )
A．Best humor means high level fun.
B．Curiosity leads to non conformism.
C．Humorous people tend to be intelligent.
D.Greatness should be defined by scientific standards.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中“According to Walter Isaacson's biography…Scientific studies suggest that humor and intelligence are associated.”可知，Walter Isaacson可能会认同幽默的人往往很聪明这一观点。故选C项。
(2025·T8联考)
It goes without saying that hard physical labor wears you out, but what about hard mental labor？“Influential theories suggested that fatigue(疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we are doing and turn to a more gratifying activity，”says Mathias Pessiglione of Pitié Salpêtrière University in Paris, France.“But our findings show that cognitive work results in a true functional transformation—accumulation of toxic substances—so fatigue would indeed be a signal that makes us stop working but for a different purpose: to preserve the integrity of brain functioning.”
Pessiglione and colleagues wanted to understand what mental fatigue really is. They used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor brain chemistry over the course of a workday. They studied two groups of people: those who needed to think hard and those who had relatively simple cognitive tasks.
They saw signs of fatigue, only in the group doing hard mental work. Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort. Critically, they also had higher levels of glutamate(谷氨酸) in the brain's prefrontal cortex(前额皮质). Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday.
So, is there some way to overcome this limitation of our brain's ability to think hard “Not really, I'm afraid，”Pessiglione said. “I would employ good old recipes: rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep.”
There may be other practical implications of the findings. For example, the researchers say, monitoring of prefrontal cortex could help to detect severe mental fatigue. Such an ability may help adjust work agendas to avoid burnout. Pessiglione also advises people to avoid making important decisions when they're tired.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了脑力疲惫是什么，脑力疲惫产生时大脑皮层里会发生哪些变化，以及应该采取哪些措施来应对脑力疲惫。
5．What does the underlined word “gratifying” in Paragraph 1 mean？( A )
A．Relaxing. B．Complex.
C．Temporary. D．Rewarding.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Influential theories suggested that fatigue(疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we are doing and turn to a more gratifying activity…”可知，当身体感到疲惫时，大脑会让我们停下手里的工作，转向“轻松的”活动。
6．What does the group performing hard mental work exhibit in the study？( D )
A．Fewer signs of mental fatigue.
B．Greater motivation and effort.
C．Higher efficiency in complex tasks.
D．Stronger preference for immediate rewards.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort.”可知，实验中从事艰苦脑力劳动的小组会倾向于以最小努力在短时间内获得奖励的选择。
7．What do we know about glutamate accumulation？( C )
A．It causes a sense of peaceful mind.
B．It enhances brain function in a limited way.
C．It signals the brain is emptying its mental energy.
D.It decreases the cost of prefrontal cortex activation.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday.”可知，谷氨酸的积累使前额皮质进一步激活的成本更高(更费力)，因此在脑力紧张的工作日之后，认知控制变得更加困难。由此可推知，谷氨酸的积累标志着大脑正在耗尽精神能量。
8．What is Pessiglione's advice for those overwhelmed by mentally demanding tasks？( C )
A．Remove them from the work agenda.
B．Reduce the complexity of all cognitive tasks.
C.Schedule strategic breaks to allow for recovery.
D.Apply technology to monitoring the brain activity.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中Pessiglione所说的“I would employ good old recipes：rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep.”可知，Pessiglione建议那些从事高脑力任务的人要合理安排休息时间。
Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分)
(2024·江西重点中学盟校高三联考)
Alexander Graham Bell hated spending summertime in Washington, DC.He usually __1__ to his farm in Nova Scotia, but one year he had to stay in the capital.
“Why humans have__2__ how to warm a house but not how to cool one—until now，” he wondered, and in 1872, he __3__ a cold air producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃.
When 69 year old Bell told that__4__ in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School, the students went __5__. The clapping lasted so long that he was __6__ to say something more surprising.
“Could postage stamps be used in__7__ of persons？” asked Bell, who had thought of __8__ a low price for public transport, but the cost of building additional roads was too high. “Perhaps, the flying machine will be the __9__.”
In the speech, Bell also__10__ on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the __11__ made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles __12__ horse drawn vehicles. He then went on to __13__ the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the __14__ for renewable resources.
Gilbert Grosvenor, the editor of National Geographic magazine, asked for the __15__ and published a revised version in the February issue. Now, more than one hundred years later, Bell's predictions still remain prescient (预见性的)．
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Alexander Graham Bell于1872年设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。1917年他在麦金利手工培训学校毕业班的演讲中预测到了未来人们会使用商用飞机、太阳能电池板以及对可再生资源有需求。
1．( B )A.wandered B．escaped
C．fell D．applied
解析：由下文“but one year he had to stay in the capital”中的but可知，前后文是转折关系，故此处表示他通常会逃到新斯科舍的农场。故选B。wander漫游； escape逃跑； fall跌倒； apply应用。
2．( C )A.agreed on B．insisted on
C．figured out D．ruled out
解析：由下文“how to warm a house but not how to cool one”可知，人类已经解决了如何给房子取暖这个问题。故选C。agree on就……达成一致意见； insist on坚持； figure out解决； rule out排除。
3．( A )A.designed B．bought
C．saw D．borrowed
解析：由下文“a cold air producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃”可知，他设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。故选A。design设计； buy买； see看见；borrow借。
4．( D )A.accident B．loss
C．problem D．story
解析：由上文“When 69 year old Bell told that”可知，Bell讲述自己设计一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃的故事。故选D。accident事故； loss损失； problem问题； story故事。
5．( A )A.wild B．hungry
C．disappointed D．silent
解析：由下文“The clapping lasted so long”可知，当Bell讲述自己设计一种冷空气产生装置的故事时，学生们都为他鼓掌，这说明学生们在听到这个事情后很兴奋，go wild意为“变得非常喧闹和兴奋”。故选A。wild感情强烈的(尤指生气、高兴或激动)；hungry饥饿的； disappointed失望的； silent沉默的。
6．( B )A.allowed B．forced
C．paid D．chosen
解析：由上文“The clapping lasted so long that he”可知，学生太热情了，这迫使他说出了一些更令人惊讶的话。故选B。allow允许； force迫使； pay支付； choose选择。
7．( C )A.favor B．memory
C．transportation D．case
解析：由上文“Could postage stamps be used in”可知，此处指Bell问道，邮票是否能用于人员运输。故选C。favor偏爱； memory记忆； transportation运输； case案件。
8．( D )A.cutting B．raising
C．avoiding D．charging
解析：由下文“a low price for public transport”可知，此处指公共交通的收费。故选D。cut切； raise提高； avoid避免； charge收费。
9．( B )A.pollution B．solution
C．discovery D．issue
解析：上文提到修建额外道路的成本太高这一问题，结合上文“Perhaps, the flying machine will be the”可知，针对这一问题的解决方案是飞行器。故选B。pollution人口； solution解决方法； discovery发现； issue问题。
10．( C )A.relied B．switched
C．reflected D．called
解析：reflect on意为“回忆；回顾”，由下文“In the reflection”可知，此处表示他还回顾了一个世纪的进步。故选C。rely依靠，依赖； switch交换； call打电话。
11．( B )A.profits B．advances
C．materials D．failures
解析：由上文“__10__ on a century of progress”可知，他回顾了过去一个世纪的进步，故此处应是表示他对过去一个世纪的进步感到惊讶。故选B。profit利润； advance进步； material材料； failure失败。
12．( A )A.replaced B．destroyed
C．attacked D．missed
解析：由下文“horse drawn vehicles”和常识可知，随着科技的进步，汽车取代了马车。故选A。replace代替； destroy毁坏； attack攻击； miss错过。
13．( D )A.sell B．rent
C．invent D．predict
解析：由下文“Now, more than one hundred years later, Bell's predictions still remain prescient(预见性的)．”可知，此处是同词复现，指的是他预测到了未来人们会用商用飞机、太阳能电池板以及对可再生资源有需求。故选D。sell卖； rent租用； invent发明； predict预测。
14．( C )A.deadline B．competition
C．need D．balance
解析：由下文“for renewable resources”和常识可知，人们对可再生资源是有需求的。故选C。deadline截止日期； competition竞赛； need需求； balance平衡。
15．( A )A.text B．book
C．contract D．interview
解析：根据第三段中“When 69 year old Bell told that __4__ in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School”可知，此处指Bell在1917年发表演讲的文本。故选A。text文本；book书； contract合同； interview采访，面试。(共91张PPT)
简洁
实用
高效
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
RJ英语
选择性必修第二册
内容索引
词汇复现 语境串记
高效课堂 考点突破
多维演练 素养提升
第一部分
第二部分
第三部分
重难考点
拾遗考点
A
B
课时作业22
第五部分
基础默测
第四部分
默写达标
基础检测
A
B
词汇复现 语境串记
第
分
部
一
用所给词的适当形式填空，并背诵短文。
Cholera, an infectious disease caused by germs, used to affect people's health 1.severely, thus causing many deaths.Fortunately, cholera was overcome by a brilliant and outstanding doctor called John Snow.
At first, John Snow felt 2.frustrated when many people came down with this disease but he was determined to defeat “King Cholera” once and for all．There were then two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.Snow subscribed to the second theory.But Snow needed proof．Cholera broke out in London in 1854, and Snow discovered that there were multiple deaths in some 3.households near a water pump．This showed there was a link between the cases of cholera and the water.Snow suspected that the water pump was 4.to blame, so he had the handle of the water pump removed.Thanks to Snow's intervention, people began to drink pure water instead of raw water.Thus, there was a 5.substantial decrease in the threat of cholera.6.Furthermore, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow 7.transformed the way scientists study diseases.His thinking and concept of disease were quite novel at that time.
household；blame；frustrate；transform；substantial；furthermore；severe
severely,
frustrated
households
to blame,
substantial
Furthermore,
transformed
高效课堂 考点突破
第
分
部
二
1 blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①As the team leader, she felt it was her responsibility to shoulder the blame for the failure.
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock.
③Phone devices and computer screens are to blame (blame)for the risk of near－sightedness to a certain extent.
重难考点
for
on
to blame
[能力提升]——句式升级
④Tim was blamed for the breakdown of the system; he felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn't help crying bitterly.(情感描写)
→Blamed for the breakdown of the system, Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn't help crying bitterly.(用分词作状语升级)
Blamed for the breakdown of the system,
(1)blame sb.for (doing)sth.
因(做了)某事而责备某人
blame sth.on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
be to blame (for…)
(因某事)应受责备，(为……)应承担责任
(2)bear/take/accept/shoulder the blame (for sth.) (对某事)承担责任put/lay the blame on sb.(for sth.)
(因某事)把责任推给某人
[语料积累] ①On no account should the soldiers be blamed for what happened.
士兵们绝不该为所发生的事受到责难。
②Don't always blame your own failure on others.
不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人。
[名师指津] to blame作表语时用主动形式表示被动意义。
2 link n．联系；纽带；交通路线vt.把……连接起来；相关联
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①(2023·全国乙卷)It can bring a new interest and focus into people's lives and help to make the link between home and nature.
②(北师大版选必四U12)Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”，with all the different countries linked (link) in the chain of common interests.
③Linking (link)arms with one of the instructors, I helped carry the young man out of the water.
between
linked
Linking
[能力提升]——一句多译
④研究表明，暴露在强烈的阳光下与皮肤癌密切相关。
→Studies show that exposure to strong sunlight is closely linked to/with skin cancer.(link vt.)
→Studies show that there is a close link between exposure to strong sunlight and skin cancer.(link n．)
is closely linked to/with
there is a close link between
(1)There is a link between…and…
……和……之间有联系
(2)link…with/to…
把……和……连接/联系起来
be linked with/to…
和……联系在一起
[语料积累] ① indicate a strong causal link
有很强的因果关系
②a high－speed rail link
高速的铁路交通
③Social customs provide a vital link between the present and the past.(文化生活)
社会习俗在现在和过去之间起到了重要的纽带作用。
[名师指津] 表示“联系”的短语：
be related to与……有联系
be associated with 与……有关
be involved in与……有关联
be connected with与……有关系
3 decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降
低
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①There was a slight decrease in his weight after a week of dieting.
②By 1881, the population of Ireland had decreased to 5.2 million.
③Over the past decades, sea ice has decreased/been decreasing (decrease)in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
[能力提升]——句式升级
④There are fewer and fewer poor people in China with its economy growing rapidly.
→The number of poor people in China is decreasing/on the decrease with its economy growing rapidly.(用the number of…＋decrease升级)
in
to
has decreased/been decreasing
The number of
is decreasing/on the decrease
(1)decrease to… 下降到……；减少到……
decrease by… 下降了……；减少了……
(2)a sharp/marked/significant decrease in… 在……方面急剧/明显/显著减少
on the decrease/increase 在减少/增加
[语料积累] ①the decrease of the oxygen content
氧含量的减少
②(2024·全国甲卷书面表达)The past decade has witnessed a substantial decrease in environmentally unfriendly mode of transportation.
在过去的十年中，对环境不利的运输方式大幅减少。
[名师指津] 在动词decrease/drop/fall/reduce“下降、减少”和increase/rise“增加、上升”之后，接介词by表示增减的幅度，接介词to表示增减的结果。
4 defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解(→defense/defence n. 防御；保卫；答辩；防卫设
备→defensive adj. 防御的；戒备的；防守的)
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)If he seems a little defensive (defend), it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.
②But if the worst happens, you have every right to defend yourself with reasonable force.
③He planned to learn kung fu so that he could defend himself against being attacked (attack)．
defensive
with
being attacked
[能力提升]——句式升级
④我们应该向为保卫祖国而牺牲的军人表示敬意。
→We should pay tribute to soldiers who died defending our country.(defend)
→We should pay tribute to soldiers who died in defence of our country.(defence)
defending our country
in defence of our country
(1)defend…from/against… 保卫……免受……
defend oneself 自卫；自行辩护
defend with 用……防卫
(2) in defence of 保护……；为……辩护
[语料积累] ①defend people against/from being harmed
保护人民免受伤害
②She stepped back and put up her hands as if in defence．She seemed to defend herself from/against being injured.(动作描写)
她向后退了一步，举起双手，好像在自卫。她似乎在保护自己不受伤害。
[名师指津] 其他表示“保护”的单词有protect，shelter等。
5 thanks to 幸亏；由于
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①As a result of the rising sea level caused by global warming and exploding population, our cities are urged to make some changes.
②(2024·新课标卷读后续写)Due to a big storm, my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half.
③Owing (owe)to a constant shortage of raw materials, our factory has been running under capacity.
[能力提升]——微写作
④(2024·新课标卷读后续写)多亏了甘特及时的帮助，我成功赶上了公交车。
Thanks to the timely help from Gunter, I managed to catch the bus.
of
to
Owing
Thanks to the timely help from Gunter,
owing to 由于
because of 因为；由于
due to 由于
on account of 由于
as a consequence of 由于，因为
as a result of 作为……的结果，因为
[语料积累] ①because of language barriers
由于语言障碍
②On account of advances in technology, how we make friends and communicate with them has changed significantly.(投稿)
由于技术的进步，我们结交朋友及与朋友沟通的方式有了明显的变化。
6 above all最重要的是；尤其是
[基础检测]——用all的相关短语填空
①Learning that you are coming to China as an exchange student, I am writing to give you some suggestions.First of all，you'd better learn some basic Chinese before you come.After all，you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances.Secondly，you should be outgoing，active and confident.Above all，you should be optimistic，which can help you adapt to the new surroundings easily.All in all，studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy at all．(建议信)
[能力提升]——微写作
②(2024·新课标卷应用文写作)最重要的是，对我们来说这节美术课是一次启发性的体验。
Above all, the art class was an enlightening experience for us．
First of all
After all
Above all
All in all
at all
Above all, the art class was an enlightening experience for us
after all 毕竟；终究
first of all 首先；第一
all in all 整体说来；总而言之
in all 总共；合计
at all (否定句)一点也，完全；(疑问句)到底；究竟
[语料积累] ①Thanks to your timely and generous help，I managed to handle four problems in all．(感谢信)
多亏了你及时而慷慨的帮助，我总共解决了四个问题。
②(2022·全国甲卷书面表达)All in all, it is high time that we committed ourselves to protecting the ocean.
总之，现在是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
7 句型公式：have＋宾语＋宾语补足语
(教材原句)It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
这位女士好像很喜欢来自这个水泵里的水，以至于她每天都让人把水送到她家里。
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①What Jenny hopes is that Mr Smith could suggest a good way to have the current situation improved (improve)．
②Our head teacher can't have us wasting (waste) our precious time.Even if we have finished our homework, he always has us read (read) classics to broaden our horizons.
improved
wasting
read
[能力提升]——微写作
③(2024·天津卷)例如，我们可以通过在做笔记时使用纸张的两面来减少纸张浪费。
For instance, we can have paper waste reduced by using both sides of the paper when taking notes.
have paper waste reduced
have sth.done 使某事被做
have sb.do sth. 让某人做某事
have sb./sth.doing sth. 让某人一直做某事/让某事处于某种状态
can't have sb.doing sth. 不能容忍某人做某事
have sth.to do 有某事要做(不定式作定语)
[语料积累] I am terribly sorry for having you waiting for me for so long, because I had an urgent thing to attend to just now.(道歉信)
我非常抱歉让你等了这么长时间，因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。
拾遗考点
Ⅰ. 知识点补充
[选词填空/单句语法填空]
1．It is noteworthy that the programme has been shifted from its original August slot to July.
2．I, in charge of the program “Talk and Talk”， feel more than honored to invite you for a live talk show.
3．The more experienced you are, the easier it is to find fault with other people's ideas.
4．Michael may have been a dunce at mathematics, but he was gifted (gift) in languages.
5．(2023·全国乙卷)The Chinese coach transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the world, helping her skyrocket from an average member of the national team to the top of the sport.
shifted from
in charge of
with
was gifted
transformed
into
1．transform…into…
把……转变成……
2．in charge of 主管，掌管
3．find fault with 挑剔；批评；抱怨
4．shift sth.(from…)(to…)转移；挪动
5．be gifted in 在……方面有天赋
6．come down with
患(病)；染上(小病)
7．attend to 照顾
Ⅱ. 构词法规则
构词法规则——前缀de
前缀de 表示“向下；离开；去掉，除掉；相反；否定”。例如本单元中的单词：decrease(n.减少；降低；减少量vt.& vi.减少；减小；降低)是由de (向下)＋crease(起皱)转化而来。前缀de 的常用规律如下：
[语境猜词]
1．There has been a decrease in pollution since the new environmental regulations were implemented.n. 减少
2．The gloomy weather seemed to depress everyone's mood, making them feel tired and unmotivated. v. 使抑郁
3．The wildfire caused widespread destruction, burning down homes and forests across the region. n. 破坏
n. 减少
v. 使抑郁
n. 破坏
多维演练 素养提升
第
分
部
三
板块一 夯实根基·提升能力
维度一 阅读理解——一词多义/语境猜词
Ⅰ.一词多义
1．subscribe to
(1)He subscribes to the view that we can tackle the severe problem in this way once and for all.B
(2)This is the school the outstanding and patriotic scientist subscribed to generously in the past.C
(3)Many people subscribe to online news services to get instant updates on current events.A
A.订阅 B．赞成；同意 C．捐助
B
C
A
2．handle
(1)(2023·浙江1月卷)Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double－check all the details, make suggestions, and then handle the actual reservations.A
(2)(2022·全国甲卷)The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.D
(3)Driving a car is not just handling controls but judging speed and distance.B
(4)Tea in China was traditionally drunk from cups without handles．C
A.vt.处理 B．v.操纵 C．n.把手 D．vt.(用手)触、碰、拿
A
D
B
C
Ⅱ.语境猜词
1．(1)(2022·浙江1月卷) I poured more time and energy into that project than ever before, and finally presented our findings to the class, which surprisingly earned us an excellent grade！
v. 注入/投入(时间和精力)
(2)(2021·全国乙卷) People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.
v. 涌入
[点拨]pour(熟义)v.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)。此处(1)意为“注入/投入(时间和精力)”，(2)意为“涌入”。
v. 注入/投入(时间和精力)
v. 涌入
2．Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues.
v. 转移
[点拨]shift (熟义) n．改变；转换；轮班。此处用作动词，意为“转移”。
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.
v. 向……投以
[点拨]cast (熟义)v.投射，投掷，选派角色。此处意为“向……投以”。
4．The research lacks solid proof，and therefore，its conclusions are doubtful.
adj. 可靠的
[点拨]solid (熟义) n．固体 adj.牢固的。此处用作形容词，意为“可靠的”。
5．The government needs to pump more money into community care.
v. 大量投入
[点拨]pump (熟义)n. 泵；抽水机；打气筒。此处用作动词，意为“大量投入”。
v. 转移
v. 向……投以
adj. 可靠的
v. 大量投入
维度二 语法填空——词形转换/固定搭配/单元语法(表语从句)
1．(2024·浙江1月卷) The most obvious advantage of online learning is that you can study anywhere and anytime.
2．All of them blamed the mistake on me, making me quite frustrated (frustrate) and depressed.
3．The company has steadily (steady)increased its market share in the past ten years.
4．Suspected (suspect) of taking government funds for himself, the official is under investigation by the police.
5．Detailed explanation will be provided, which will vividly (vivid) bring Chinese painting and calligraphy to life.
that
frustrated
steadily
Suspected
vividly
6．At present, there are a number of people learning Chinese and that is because China is playing an increasingly important role in the world.
7．This company is pushing for AI－powered digital assistants (assistant)，which can interact with users.
8．People often take this kind of tablets daily to purify (pure)the blood.
9．Teachers should have a clear concept of what a multiracial society is.
10．She got a severe throat infection (infect), which meant she couldn't sing.
because
assistants
purify
of
infection
维度三 单句表达——翻译句子/句式升级
1．孩子们更有可能接受一些对他们友好的人。(be likely to)
Children are more likely to accept some people who are friendly to them．
2．(2024·新课标卷读后续写)那一刻似乎他感觉到了我的尴尬。(it seemed that…)
At that moment，it seemed that he sensed my embarrassment．(情景描写)
3．看到他转变为一个有自我价值、勤奋和自信的学生，我真是开心。(what引导主语从句)
What delighted me was to see him transformed into a student of self－worth, diligence, and confidence．(情感描写)
Children are more likely to accept some people who are friendly to them
At that moment，it seemed that he sensed my embarrassment
What delighted me was to see him transformed into a student of self－worth, diligence,
and confidence
4．When he was asked the secret of his success，he owed all to the support and encouragement of his parents.(感谢信)
→When asked the secret of his success, he owed all to the support and encouragement of his parents.(用状语从句的省略升级)
5．Nowadays science and technology is developing so rapidly that people can hardly catch up with its pace.(社会现象)
→Nowadays so rapidly is science and technology developing that people can hardly catch up with its pace.(用倒装句改写)
When asked the secret of his success,
so rapidly is science and technology developing
板块二 主题引领·情境写作
维度一 基础写作——补全佳作并背诵
用本单元所学词汇、句式完成下面的应用文写作再背诵。
假定你是李华，近日你校举办了以“科学之美”为主题的科学节(science festival)。请你根据以下要点，给你的外国朋友Peter写一封信介绍该活动，内容包括：
1．举办时间；
2．活动内容；
3．师生反响。
Dear Peter，
How is everything going these days？I am writing to tell you that a science festival with the theme of “The Beauty of Science” was launched in our school last week，1.with the purpose of raising students' awareness of science (目的是提高学生的科学意识)．
During the activity，our school 2.had a series of scientific knowledge quizzes arranged (安排了一系列科学知识小测验；have＋宾语＋宾补)，which seemed that we were 3.having a science feast (享受一场科学盛宴)．The activity lasted almost a whole day until the bell indicating the end of the last class rang. 4.Thrilled and excited (既激动又兴奋；形容词作状语)，not only students but also some of the teachers participated in it actively. 5.So attractive is the activity (这次活动如此吸引人；倒装句)that all participants speak highly of it and hope such activities will be held frequently.
So much for the activity.Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
with the
purpose of raising students' awareness of science
had a series of scientific knowledge quizzes arranged
having a science feast
Thrilled and excited
So
attractive is the activity
维度二 读后续写微技能22——动作细节描写：动“肩膀”
[语言素材]——输入必备知识
1．hit/tap/pat sb. on the shoulder 拍某人的肩膀
2．look over one's shoulder 某人回头看了看
3．shrug one's shoulders 某人耸了耸肩
4．shoulder one's way through the crowd 某人从人群中挤了出来
5．shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩
6．sit on one's shoulders 坐在某人的肩膀上
7．shoulder the door open 用肩膀顶开了门
8．carry...on one shoulder 单肩背着……续表
9．put...over one's shoulder 某人把……背在肩上
10．roll one's shoulders 某人扭了扭肩膀
11．hold...close to one's shoulder 把……紧靠某人的肩膀抱着
12．feel a weight lifted off one's shoulders 某人感到如释重负
[跟踪演练]——提升关键能力
任务1 单句表达
1．她从人群中挤了出来。
She shouldered her way through the crowd.
2．这个小孩坐在他父亲的肩膀上看着游行队伍经过。
The child sat on his father's shoulders to watch the parade go by．
3．我只是回头看了看，耸了耸肩，没有理会他说的话。
I just looked over my shoulder and shrugged my shoulders, ignoring what he said．
4．他们步伐一致，肩并肩低着头冒雨走着。
They fell into step, walking shoulder to shoulder with their heads bent against the rain.(非谓语动词)
shouldered her way
sat on his father's shoulders
looked over my shoulder
shrugged my shoulders,
walking shoulder to shoulder
5．“嗯，”教练一边拍着保罗的肩膀一边说，“你已经为自己赢得了球队中的位置，‘大个子’！”
“Well，” said the coach as he hit Paul on the shoulder, “you've just earned your place on the team，big guy！” (北师大版必修一U2)
hit Paul on the shoulder,
任务2 语段表达
After a long day at school, Lisa felt exhausted. 1.She carried her heavy backpack on one shoulder (她单肩背着沉重的书包) as she walked home. When she reached her front door, her hands were full, so she 2.shouldered the door open (用肩膀顶开了门). Inside, 3.she rolled her shoulders (她扭了扭肩膀) to relieve the tension. Later, she put her bag over her shoulder and headed upstairs. As she entered her room, she spotted her favorite animal on the bed and 4.held it close to her shoulder (把它紧靠肩膀抱在怀里), feeling comforted. Finally, as she lay down to rest, Lisa 5.felt a weight lifted off her shoulders (感到如释重负), knowing she had completed all her homework.
She carried her heavy backpack on
one shoulder
shouldered the door open
she rolled her shoulders
held it close to her shoulder
felt a weight lifted off her shoulders
基础默测
第
分
部
四
默写达标
一、阅读单词晓词义
1．germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌
2．pump n. 泵；抽水机；打气筒
3．protein n. 蛋白质
4．household n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
5．statistic n. [pl. s] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
6．microscope n. 显微镜
7．framework n. 框架；结构
8．aerospace n. 航空航天工业
微生物；细菌；病菌
泵；抽水机；打气筒
蛋白质
一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
统计数字；统计资料；统计学
显微镜
框架；结构
航空航天工业
9．mechanic n. 机械师；机械修理工
10．raw adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
11．contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
12．astronomer n. 天文学家
13．astronomy n. 天文学
14．vaccine n. 疫苗
15．patriotic adj. 爱国的
机械师；机械修理工
未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
天文学家
天文学
疫苗
爱国的
二、核心单词写得准
1．severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
2．subscribe vi. 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
3．blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责
4．decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量 vi. & vt. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
5．thinking n. 思想；思维；见解
6．handle n. 把手；拉手；柄 vt. 处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
7．link n. 联系；纽带 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联
8．solid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的 n. 固体
9．fault n. 弱点；过错
10．shift n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. & vt. 转移；挪动；转向
severe
subscribe
blame
decrease
thinking
handle
link
solid
fault
shift
11．pour vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
12．trace vt. 追溯；追踪；查出 n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹
13．outstanding adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的
14．concept n. 概念；观念
15．furthermore adv. 此外；再者
pour
trace
outstanding
concept
furthermore
三、拓展单词通变化
1．infect vt. 使感染；传染→infection n. 感染；传染→infectious adj. 感染的；传染的
2．suspect vt. & vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→suspicious adj. 可疑的；怀疑的；不信任的
3．proof n. 证据；证明；检验→prove vt. 证明 linking v. 证明是
4．multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的→multiply vi.& vt. 乘；成倍增加；(使)繁殖
5．frustrate vt. 使懊恼；使沮丧→frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→frustration n. 沮丧；懊恼；挫败
6．pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→purify vt. 净化；使……洁净；提纯→purity n. 纯洁
infect
infection
infectious
suspect
suspicious
proof
prove
multiple
multiply
frustrate
frustrated
frustration
pure
purify
purity
7．assist vt.& vi. 协助；帮助→assistant n. 助理；助手→assistance n. 援助；帮助；协助
8．defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解→defence n. 防御；保卫；保护→defensive adj. 防御的；戒备的；防守的
9．gift n. 礼物；天赋→gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
10．steady adj. 稳定的；平稳的；稳步的→steadily adv. 稳定地；持续地
assist
assistant
assistance
defend
defence
defensive
gift
gifted
steady
steadily
四、重点词块明搭配
1．in time 迟早；及时
2．above all 最重要的是；尤其是
3．subscribe to 同意；赞同
4．thanks to 幸亏；由于
5．carry out 履行；执行
6．through one's tireless efforts 通过某人不懈的努力
7．overcome some difficulties 克服一些困难
8．become a pioneer in… 成为……的先驱
9．launch its first man made satellite 发射第一颗人造卫星
10．trace back to 追溯到
in time
above all
subscribe to
thanks to
carry out
通过某人不懈的努力
克服一些困难
成为……的先驱
发射第一颗人造卫星
追溯到
五、教材佳句会运用
1．他发现，霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。(so…that…引导结果状语从句)
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
2．这位女士好像很喜欢来自这个水泵里的水，以至于她每天都让人把水送到她家里。(“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
so severe that
had it
delivered
3．也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。(“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义)
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
4．然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。(“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing.
no other scientist
greater
made him such an outstanding and creative scientist
基础检测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．(2023·北京卷)The amount of time needed to build a habit will depend on multiple (多种多样的) factors, including the individual and the intended behaviour.
2．When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated (沮丧的)．
3．(外研版选必三U5)Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena, he recorded his detailed findings (发现) in his journals.
4．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)People often link (联系) their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
5．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.
multiple
frustrated
findings
link
pump
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．There is convincing proof (prove) that scientific and technological revolution is a strong driving force behind social progress.
2．With tears pouring (pour) down his cheeks, he watched the documentary film tracing the history of the ancient town.
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Initially (initial), I used the online platform as a diary, something to look back on, giving me a sense of achievements and keeping me motivated and moving forward.
4．Thoreau's descriptions of nature emphasised the beauty and purity (pure) of the wild areas around him.
5．In reality，the mechanic made a severe mistake，shifting (shift) his weight nervously from one foot to another.
proof
pouring
Initially
purity
shifting
Ⅲ.选词填空
1．The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China.
2．(2021·北京卷)Since my grandfather came down with the disease, we have taken turns to care for him.
3．He was left in charge of the shop while the manager was away.
4．We have to handle this matter once and for all this time.
5．I have subscribed to the opinion put forward by the chairman.
in charge of；once and for all；come down with；trace back to；subscribe to
be traced back to
came down with
in charge of
once and for all
subscribed to
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1．(2024·新课标卷应用文写作)我们的美术老师安排我们在公园里上了一节美术课，这样我们能更接近大自然。(so that引导目的状语从句)
Our art teacher arranged for us to have an art lesson in the park so that we could get closer to nature．
2．我们开始帮忙摘桃子，然后把它们送到农民家里。(“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
We began to help pick peaches and then had them delivered to the farmers' houses.
3．(2023·新课标卷读后续写)没有哪个老师比你对我的写作的影响更大。(“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义)
No other teacher has a greater influence on me in my writing than you.
so that we could get
closer to nature
had them delivered to
No other teacher has a greater influence on me
4．(2024·新课标卷读后续写)又尴尬又沮丧，我道歉说：“好吧，我想我今天不太走运。我很抱歉。”(形容词作状语)
Embarrassed and frustrated，I apologized，“Well, I guess today is just not my day. I am so sorry.”
Embarrassed and frustrated
课时作业22
第
分
部
五
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
(2024·河北沧州高三联考)
Despite his complex mind, Einstein was known to be a lot of fun. You must have seen his iconic (标志性的) photo, but you might not know the backstory. The photo was taken by Arthur Sasse, on March 14, 1951, Einstein's seventy second birthday. In the photo, we can see Einstein sitting in a car, between his wife, Elsa, and Dr Frank Aydelotte, the head of the Institute for Advanced Study.
The story goes that as they were leaving his birthday celebration for their home in Princeton, New Jersey, Einstein was repeatedly asked to smile at the camera. But when Sasse asked for one last photo, he made a funny face. Einstein liked the resulting image so much that he immediately ordered multiple copies, so he could sign and send them to friends as a joke. Later on, he used this photo to make greeting cards.
Einstein rarely let others get in the way of his fun. He was quick to joke. He rarely wore socks, thinking that the shoes should do the job. He let his mustache and hair grow and gave interviews on his porch (门廊) in pink slippers. His commitment to fun ran deep—and yet when Sasse sent his photo to editors for publication, they debated whether it was even appropriate to make it public, given Einstein's eminence. It only saw the light of day because Sasse related how much the great scientist himself loved the image.
According to Walter Isaacson's biography，Einstein: His Life and Universe, the personalities that contributed most to Einstein's greatness were curiosity and non conformism (不墨守成规). Scientific studies suggest that humor and intelligence are associated. People who show a gift for fun also seem to have superior cognitive abilities. Fun has so many levels. The best part is that no matter what fun means to you, it can lead you to stand out from the ordinary.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了爱因斯坦标志性照片的来源以及爱因斯坦幽默的性格。
1．What was Einstein doing when the iconic photo was taken？( )
A．He was joking about Sasse.
B．He was making a funny face.
C．He was celebrating his birthday.
D．He was smiling at the camera.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“The story goes that as they were leaving his birthday celebration for their home in Princeton, New Jersey, Einstein was repeatedly asked to smile at the camera. But when Sasse asked for one last photo, he made a funny face.”可知，拍摄这张标志性照片时，爱因斯坦在做鬼脸。故选B项。
B
2．What does the underlined word “eminence” mean in paragraph 3？( )
A．Being loving and caring.
B．Being humorous and funny.
C．Being famous and respected.
D．Being sharp minded and considerate.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句“His commitment to fun ran deep—and yet when Sasse sent his photo to editors for publication, they debated whether it was even appropriate to make it public, given Einstein's eminence．”以及下文内容可知，因为爱因斯坦是一位伟大的科学家，非常出名且受人尊重，所以当Sasse把他的照片寄给编辑们准备发表时，他们应是在争论公开这张照片是否合适；故画线词eminence的意思是“出名和受人尊敬”。故选C项。
C
3．What can we know about the iconic photo？( )
A．It was taken to record Einstein's life.
B．It was not published until years later.
C．It shows Einstein being interviewed on the porch.
D．It was taken to celebrate Einstein's birthday.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“The photo was taken by Arthur Sasse, on March 14, 1951, Einstein's seventy second birthday.”和第二段的第一、二句可知，这张标志性的照片是为了庆祝爱因斯坦的生日而拍的。故选D项。
D
4．What might Walter Isaacson agree？( )
A．Best humor means high level fun.
B．Curiosity leads to non conformism.
C．Humorous people tend to be intelligent.
D.Greatness should be defined by scientific standards.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中“According to Walter Isaacson's biography…Scientific studies suggest that humor and intelligence are associated.”可知，Walter Isaacson可能会认同幽默的人往往很聪明这一观点。故选C项。
C
(2025·T8联考)
It goes without saying that hard physical labor wears you out, but what about hard mental labor？“Influential theories suggested that fatigue(疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we are doing and turn to a more gratifying activity，”says Mathias Pessiglione of Pitié Salpêtrière University in Paris, France.“But our findings show that cognitive work results in a true functional transformation—accumulation of toxic substances—so fatigue would indeed be a signal that makes us stop working but for a different purpose: to preserve the integrity of brain functioning.”
Pessiglione and colleagues wanted to understand what mental fatigue really is. They used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor brain chemistry over the course of a workday. They studied two groups of people: those who needed to think hard and those who had relatively simple cognitive tasks.
They saw signs of fatigue, only in the group doing hard mental work. Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort. Critically, they also had higher levels of glutamate(谷氨酸) in the brain's prefrontal cortex(前额皮质). Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday.
So, is there some way to overcome this limitation of our brain's ability to think hard “Not really, I'm afraid，”Pessiglione said. “I would employ good old recipes: rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep.”
There may be other practical implications of the findings. For example, the researchers say, monitoring of prefrontal cortex could help to detect severe mental fatigue. Such an ability may help adjust work agendas to avoid burnout. Pessiglione also advises people to avoid making important decisions when they're tired.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了脑力疲惫是什么，脑力疲惫产生时大脑皮层里会发生哪些变化，以及应该采取哪些措施来应对脑力疲惫。
5．What does the underlined word “gratifying” in Paragraph 1 mean？( )
A．Relaxing. B．Complex.
C．Temporary. D．Rewarding.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Influential theories suggested that fatigue(疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we are doing and turn to a more gratifying activity…”可知，当身体感到疲惫时，大脑会让我们停下手里的工作，转向“轻松的”活动。
A
6．What does the group performing hard mental work exhibit in the study？( )
A．Fewer signs of mental fatigue.
B．Greater motivation and effort.
C．Higher efficiency in complex tasks.
D．Stronger preference for immediate rewards.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort.”可知，实验中从事艰苦脑力劳动的小组会倾向于以最小努力在短时间内获得奖励的选择。
D
7．What do we know about glutamate accumulation？( )
A．It causes a sense of peaceful mind.
B．It enhances brain function in a limited way.
C．It signals the brain is emptying its mental energy.
D.It decreases the cost of prefrontal cortex activation.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday.”可知，谷氨酸的积累使前额皮质进一步激活的成本更高(更费力)，因此在脑力紧张的工作日之后，认知控制变得更加困难。由此可推知，谷氨酸的积累标志着大脑正在耗尽精神能量。
C
8．What is Pessiglione's advice for those overwhelmed by mentally demanding tasks？( )
A．Remove them from the work agenda.
B．Reduce the complexity of all cognitive tasks.
C.Schedule strategic breaks to allow for recovery.
D.Apply technology to monitoring the brain activity.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中Pessiglione所说的“I would employ good old recipes：rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep.”可知，Pessiglione建议那些从事高脑力任务的人要合理安排休息时间。
C
Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分)
(2024·江西重点中学盟校高三联考)
Alexander Graham Bell hated spending summertime in Washington, DC.He usually __1__ to his farm in Nova Scotia, but one year he had to stay in the capital.
“Why humans have__2__ how to warm a house but not how to cool one—until now，” he wondered, and in 1872, he __3__ a cold air producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃.
When 69 year old Bell told that__4__ in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School, the students went __5__. The clapping lasted so long that he was __6__ to say something more surprising.
“Could postage stamps be used in__7__ of persons？” asked Bell, who had thought of __8__ a low price for public transport, but the cost of building additional roads was too high. “Perhaps, the flying machine will be the __9__.”
文章总览
In the speech, Bell also__10__ on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the __11__ made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles __12__ horse drawn vehicles. He then went on to __13__ the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the __14__ for renewable resources.
Gilbert Grosvenor, the editor of National Geographic magazine, asked for the __15__ and published a revised version in the February issue. Now, more than one hundred years later, Bell's predictions still remain prescient (预见性的)．
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Alexander Graham Bell于1872年设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。1917年他在麦金利手工培训学校毕业班的演讲中预测到了未来人们会使用商用飞机、太阳能电池板以及对可再生资源有需求。
文章总览
Alexander Graham Bell hated spending summertime in Washington, DC.He usually __1__ to his farm in Nova Scotia, but one year he had to stay in the capital.
1．( )A.wandered B．escaped
C．fell D．applied
解析：由下文“but one year he had to stay in the capital”中的but可知，前后文是转折关系，故此处表示他通常会逃到新斯科舍的农场。故选B。wander漫游； escape逃跑； fall跌倒； apply应用。
B
答案分析
“Why humans have__2__ how to warm a house but not how to cool one—until now，” he wondered, and in 1872, he __3__ a cold air producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃.
2．( )A.agreed on B．insisted on
C．figured out D．ruled out
解析：由下文“how to warm a house but not how to cool one”可知，人类已经解决了如何给房子取暖这个问题。故选C。agree on就……达成一致意见； insist on坚持； figure out解决； rule out排除。
C
答案分析
“Why humans have__2__ how to warm a house but not how to cool one—until now，” he wondered, and in 1872, he __3__ a cold air producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃.
3．( )A.designed B．bought
C．saw D．borrowed
解析：由下文“a cold air producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃”可知，他设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。故选A。design设计； buy买； see看见；borrow借。
A
答案分析
When 69 year old Bell told that__4__ in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School, the students went __5__. The clapping lasted so long that he was __6__ to say something more surprising.
4．( )A.accident B．loss
C．problem D．story
解析：由上文“When 69 year old Bell told that”可知，Bell讲述自己设计一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃的故事。故选D。accident事故； loss损失； problem问题； story故事。
D
答案分析
When 69 year old Bell told that__4__ in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School, the students went __5__. The clapping lasted so long that he was __6__ to say something more surprising.
5．( )A.wild B．hungry
C．disappointed D．silent
解析：由下文“The clapping lasted so long”可知，当Bell讲述自己设计一种冷空气产生装置的故事时，学生们都为他鼓掌，这说明学生们在听到这个事情后很兴奋，go wild意为“变得非常喧闹和兴奋”。故选A。wild感情强烈的(尤指生气、高兴或激动)；hungry饥饿的； disappointed失望的； silent沉默的。
A
答案分析
When 69 year old Bell told that__4__ in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School, the students went __5__. The clapping lasted so long that he was __6__ to say something more surprising.
6．( )A.allowed B．forced
C．paid D．chosen
解析：由上文“The clapping lasted so long that he”可知，学生太热情了，这迫使他说出了一些更令人惊讶的话。故选B。allow允许； force迫使； pay支付； choose选择。
B
答案分析
“Could postage stamps be used in__7__ of persons？” asked Bell, who had thought of __8__ a low price for public transport, but the cost of building additional roads was too high. “Perhaps, the flying machine will be the __9__.”
7．( )A.favor B．memory
C．transportation D．case
解析：由上文“Could postage stamps be used in”可知，此处指Bell问道，邮票是否能用于人员运输。故选C。favor偏爱； memory记忆； transportation运输； case案件。
C
答案分析
“Could postage stamps be used in__7__ of persons？” asked Bell, who had thought of __8__ a low price for public transport, but the cost of building additional roads was too high. “Perhaps, the flying machine will be the __9__.”
8．( )A.cutting B．raising
C．avoiding D．charging
解析：由下文“a low price for public transport”可知，此处指公共交通的收费。故选D。cut切； raise提高； avoid避免； charge收费。
D
答案分析
“Could postage stamps be used in__7__ of persons？” asked Bell, who had thought of __8__ a low price for public transport, but the cost of building additional roads was too high. “Perhaps, the flying machine will be the __9__.”
9．( )A.pollution B．solution
C．discovery D．issue
解析：上文提到修建额外道路的成本太高这一问题，结合上文“Perhaps, the flying machine will be the”可知，针对这一问题的解决方案是飞行器。故选B。pollution人口； solution解决方法； discovery发现； issue问题。
B
答案分析
In the speech, Bell also__10__ on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the __11__ made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles __12__ horse drawn vehicles. He then went on to __13__ the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the __14__ for renewable resources.
10．( )A.relied B．switched
C．reflected D．called
解析：reflect on意为“回忆；回顾”，由下文“In the reflection”可知，此处表示他还回顾了一个世纪的进步。故选C。rely依靠，依赖； switch交换； call打电话。
C
答案分析
In the speech, Bell also__10__ on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the __11__ made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles __12__ horse drawn vehicles. He then went on to __13__ the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the __14__ for renewable resources.
11．( )A.profits B．advances
C．materials D．failures
解析：由上文“__10__ on a century of progress”可知，他回顾了过去一个世纪的进步，故此处应是表示他对过去一个世纪的进步感到惊讶。故选B。profit利润； advance进步； material材料； failure失败。
B
答案分析
In the speech, Bell also__10__ on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the __11__ made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles __12__ horse drawn vehicles. He then went on to __13__ the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the __14__ for renewable resources.
12．( )A.replaced B．destroyed
C．attacked D．missed
解析：由下文“horse drawn vehicles”和常识可知，随着科技的进步，汽车取代了马车。故选A。replace代替； destroy毁坏； attack攻击； miss错过。
A
答案分析
In the speech, Bell also__10__ on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the __11__ made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles __12__ horse drawn vehicles. He then went on to __13__ the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the __14__ for renewable resources.
13．( )A.sell B．rent
C．invent D．predict
解析：由下文“Now, more than one hundred years later, Bell's predictions still remain prescient(预见性的)．”可知，此处是同词复现，指的是他预测到了未来人们会用商用飞机、太阳能电池板以及对可再生资源有需求。故选D。sell卖； rent租用； invent发明； predict预测。
D
答案分析
In the speech, Bell also__10__ on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the __11__ made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles __12__ horse drawn vehicles. He then went on to __13__ the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the __14__ for renewable resources.
14．( )A.deadline B．competition
C．need D．balance
解析：由下文“for renewable resources”和常识可知，人们对可再生资源是有需求的。故选C。deadline截止日期； competition竞赛； need需求； balance平衡。
C
答案分析
Gilbert Grosvenor, the editor of National Geographic magazine, asked for the __15__ and published a revised version in the February issue. Now, more than one hundred years later, Bell's predictions still remain prescient (预见性的)．
15．( )A.text B．book
C．contract D．interview
解析：根据第三段中“When 69 year old Bell told that __4__ in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School”可知，此处指Bell在1917年发表演讲的文本。故选A。text文本；book书； contract合同； interview采访，面试。
A
答案分析
