第八讲 非谓语动词
单句语法填空
1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days to give (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find (find) the connection between the two great writers.
3．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Recalling (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare's play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see how Tang's play was being performed.”
4．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend to catch (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
5．(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins, borrowing (borrow) some familiar words from many age old fables. Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message intended (intend) for everyone.
6．(2023·全国乙卷)From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3，000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built (build) system of ring roads.
7．(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
8．(2023·全国乙卷)As a photographer, I have spent the last two years recording (record) everything I discovered.
9．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue (舌头)．
10．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Shanghai may be the recognized (recognize) home of the soup dumpling, but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace.
11．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.
12．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left wanting (want) more next time.
13．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They talk to the flood of international tourists and to visiting (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
14．(2022·全国甲卷)Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
15．(2022·全国甲卷)He flew 4，700 kilometers from Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept.20, planning (plan) to hike back to Xi'an in five months.
考点一 非谓语动词的时态和语态
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
非谓语动词的时态和语态一览表
类别 时态形式 语态形式
主动 被动
动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing —
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词 ing形式(动名词、现在分词) 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 done。注意：及物动词的过去分词既表示被动，又表示完成；个别的过去分词(多数是不及物动词)并不表示被动的意思，只有完成的含义
1.主、被动形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间存在主谓、动宾关系。与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时，用主动形式；与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时， 用被动形式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天举行的会议非常重要。
2．时间先后关系
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态：
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生， 用非谓语动词的一般式；
I heard him singing a beautiful song in the room.
我听见他在房间里正在唱一首优美的歌曲。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前， 用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
他完成作业之后就去睡觉了。
考点二 非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
1．现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语，常表示原因、伴随、时间、结果等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
Lying still in the grass，waiting，he heard the sounds of nature.
他静静地躺在草丛里，等待着，倾听自然之声。
He came running into the room.
他跑进屋来。
2．过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Defeated，they withdrew into the valley.
他们被打败了，退回到山谷中。
[名师指津] 部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的词和短语有：located，seated，hidden，lost/absorbed/buried in，dressed in，tired of，faced with。
Tired of keeping up with her sister，Kelly was ready to carve her own path.
凯丽厌倦了总是跟着姐姐的步伐，准备开辟自己的道路。
3．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语，意为“为了；以便”。
To enjoy a grander sight，you must climb to a greater height.
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
(2)作结果状语，常用于only to do结构中。
Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only to find it didn't fit.
她焦急地从包裹里拿出那件衣服试穿，却发现它不合身。
[名师指津] 动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而现在分词作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果。
The big fire lasted for hours, destroying the entire building.
大火持续了几个小时，摧毁了整栋大楼。
(3)作原因状语，常用于“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，desperate，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate, right, sad等。
They were very sad to hear the news.
他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
[名师指津] 在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中，当句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的被动关系时，不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义，且不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on．
这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。
4．独立主格结构
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。该结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随等。常用结构如下：
The moon rose elegantly from the valley, the whole mountain bathing itself in mysterious moonlight.
月亮从山谷中优雅地升起，整座山都沐浴在神秘的月光中。
He was listening attentively in class，his eyes fixed on the blackboard．
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
——单句语法填空
1．(2024·河南郑州模拟)The GPT models built by OpenAI combined Transformer with unsupervised learning, meaning (mean) that the models can learn by themselves without being told what to look at.
2．(2024·广东韶关模拟)But the waiter caught a glimpse of the imperial gown (黄袍)underneath and rushed to tell (tell) the chef with shock.
3．(2024·河南开封模拟)Known (know) as FRB121102, it was first discovered in 2012 and found to repeat in 2015.
4．(2023·全国乙卷) Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing (do) much, but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home.
5．(2023·全国乙卷) She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving (serve) overseas.
考点三 非谓语动词作定语
1．动词 ing作定语
(1)现在分词作定语，表示主动、正在进行；若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done结构。
Chinese tea drinking culture has a long history dating back to more than 1，000 years ago.
中国的饮茶文化有着悠久的历史，可以追溯到1 000多年前。
(2)动名词作定语，表示被修饰词的某种用途，在意义上相当于“名词＋for＋doing”，此时动名词常置于被修饰词的前面。
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
阅览室里不准大声说话。
2．过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语，表示被动、完成。
The university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students.
这所大学以其为国际学生开设的语言和文化课程而闻名。
The gardener is sweeping up fallen leaves in the park.
园丁正在清扫公园里的落叶。
[名师指津] 作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing 表示正在进行；done 表示已经完成。
3．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语，表示动作尚未发生。
She bought a bookshelf to put her books on．
她买了一个书架放书。
(2)在序数词，the only，the last，the next和形容词最高级后或在被这些词修饰的名词或代词后常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
他总是吃苦在前，享受在后。
(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
Sometimes his greatest gift was his ability to simply reduce their anxiety.
有时候，他最大的天赋就是能够简单地减轻他们的焦虑。
——单句语法填空
1．(2024·福建福州模拟)It does this by drawing on information collected (collect) from a large corpus (语料库) of text data.
2．(2024·广东汕头模拟)In this way, you're going to have a challenge that will give you confidence to deal (deal) with many other things in this world.
3．The stadium shaped (shape) like a date palm bowl and an enamel lantern is the first movable “green stadium”．
4．(2024·浙江温州模拟)The blue whale, weighing (weigh) more than even the biggest dinosaurs, is the largest animal that has ever lived.
5．(2024·湖北武汉模拟)During a decade of continuous development, Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP) was applied as a model to conserve (conserve) native plants in countries such as Italy, Russia, Mexico and Iraq.
考点四 非谓语动词作宾语
1．只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语： suggest, imagine, mind, admit, practice, risk, keep, keep on, avoid, escape, enjoy, consider, excuse, finish, miss, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to等。
I avoided looking at my dentist in the eye as I took my seat on the chair shakily.
我颤抖着坐在椅子上，避免看牙医的眼睛。
2．只能跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语：agree, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, want, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, happen, would like等。
I have decided to study engineering.
我已经决定学工程学。
3．既可跟动名词又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语：remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, mean, start, begin, try等。如：
I meant to give you this book today，but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着得再等一小时。
——单句语法填空
1．(2024·河北保定模拟)While we do need to rely on quite a bit of self promotion to make others aware of our competences, humblebraggers are known for mixing (mix) self promotion with humility or complaint.
2．(2024·山东烟台模拟)He chose to sell (sell) the fries in Monticello.
3．(2024·湖南长沙模拟)A staff member explains the cutting of plantation forests is more like thinning (thin) when farmers plant crops.
4．(2024·江苏南京模拟)We hope to better understand how our brains are capable of finding (find) new solutions, whatever the situation.
5．(2024·辽宁县级重点高中协作体联考)Even though people initially laughed at him, he finally managed to give (give) his hometown a path available to the nearby town.
考点五 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1．不定式作宾补
(1)接带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)
常见的有ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like/love/prefer等表示劝、请、要求类动词。
The teacher asked us to finish our homework.
老师要求我们完成家庭作业。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
警察告诉男孩子们不要在街上玩耍。
(2)接不带to的动词不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：
·一感：feel
·二听：hear, listen to
·三让：let, make, have
·四看：see, watch, notice, observe
·半帮助：help sb. to do/do sth.
不定式作宾补表示某人做某事的全过程或某事发生的全过程，强调事件的发生和结束。
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
2．现在分词作宾补
现在分词作宾补，表示动作的过程，即动作正在进行，尚未结束。宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
I hear someone knocking at the door.
我听到有人在敲门。
I'm sorry to keep you waiting for a long time.
对不起，让你久等了。
3．过去分词作宾补
过去分词作宾补，着重强调动作已完成，表明动作的结果，宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
He saw the thief caught by the police.
他看到那个贼被警察抓起来了。
The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard．
老师提高嗓门以便让别人听到他的话。
[名师指津] with/without复合结构常用形式：
With the teacher standing beside, she felt a bit uneasy.
老师站在旁边，她感到有点不安。
With all the work finished, they went out to play.
所有的工作都做完了，他们出去玩了。
I can't go out with all these clothes to wash．
有这么多衣服要洗，我不能出去。
——单句语法填空
1．Fu believed it was his scientific approach to training that enabled him to overcome (overcome) those difficulties and reach his destination.
2．He looked around and caught a man smoking (smoke) in the corner.
3．He found himself surrounded (surround) by a lot of people when he woke up.
4．At first, she was very nervous.However, with the problems settled (settle), she felt much relieved.
5．In some parts of the world nowadays, you often see musicians performing (perform) in the streets to passers by.
考点六 非谓语动词作主语和表语
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作；不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
Listening to music is my sister's hobby.
听音乐是我姐姐的爱好。
To enter a good university for further study is my goal now.
进入一所好的大学深造是我现在的目标。
(2)it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词的常见句型有：
①It is/was no use/good doing sth.；
It's a waste of time doing sth.
It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.
假装没看见他是没有用的，所以我向他挥了挥手。
It is no good trying that method, because it won't work.
尝试那种方法没用，因为它行不通。
②It is/was＋adj. (＋for/of sb.)＋to do sth.
It is important for us to meet personally although we have been in touch in various ways.
尽管我们以各种方式保持联系，但见面对我们来说很重要。
2．非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词 ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式。动词 ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
(1)表示事物的特征或性质时，表语用现在分词；表示内心感受时，表语用过去分词。
At first she was terrified, but then she pulled herself together.
起初她很害怕，但后来又恢复了镇定。
The radiation of nuclear bombing is terrifying．
核爆炸的辐射是可怕的。
(2)不定式表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作，而动名词表示通常的情况。
The aim of the festival is to increase awareness of Chinese culture and traditions.
该节日的目的是提高人们对中国文化和传统的认识。
My job is teaching you English.
我的工作是教你们英语。
——单句语法填空
1．It is, therefore, urgent to update (update) our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields.
2．In fact, much remains to be learned/learnt (learn) about traditional Chinese painting and its elements. Through appreciating Chinese painting, you will have a better understanding of traditional Chinese culture and Chinese people.
3．So eager was she to be a crew member that she overcame many difficulties and ultimately became qualified (qualify)．
4．(2024·北京海淀区模拟)It is believed that receiving (receive) Sanfutie during the hottest summer days is effective for coughs, asthma, and arthritis.
5．(2024·河北石家庄模拟)China's first large home made cruise ship(游轮), roughly the height of a 24 storey building, was scheduled (schedule) to be delivered to its user around the end of 2023.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．If you want to sign(sign) up for the advanced course, you must contact your teacher in advance.
2．This company was the first to produce(produce) portable computers as well as visual telephones at that time.
3．China's image is improving steadily, with more countries recognizing(recognize) its role in international affairs.
4．The ancient town is so peaceful that it is worth visiting(visit) a second time.
5．Known(know) as a desert guardian, a fully grown saxaul tree can hold land.
6．Consumption of fried foods and those containing(contain) lots of sugar is strongly linked to depression, even when age, education and income are taken into account.
7．China's capital city Beijing will make great efforts in promoting(promote) Peking Opera in schools to the younger generation.
8．Richard loves Chinese kung fu and is often seen to practice(practice) on the playground.
9．(2024·河南商丘高三月考)In the past, the authorities suggested drinking boiled(boil) water to prevent infectious diseases, because it was generally considered a way to kill(kill) off bacteria.
10．Convinced(convince) that the Belt and Road Initiative will benefit China's economy, we are optimistic about the future of our country.
Ⅱ.语篇专练(非谓语动词)
Let children learn 1.to judge (judge) their own work.A child 2.learning (learn) to talk does not learn by 3.being corrected (correct) all the time; if 4.corrected (correct) too much, he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others' languages.Bit by bit, he makes the right changes 5.to make (make) his language like other people's.In the same way, children learn to do all the other things.They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more 6.skilled (skill) people, and slowly make the 7.needed (need) changes.But in school teachers never give a child a chance 8.to find (find) out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. They do it all for him.Teachers act as if the student would fail 9.to notice (notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him. They act as if the student would never correct it unless 10.made (make) to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let the student do it himself.Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
Ⅲ.写作迁移(正确运用非谓语动词完成句子)
1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文写作)受到这奇妙风景的启发，我决定创作一幅公园池塘的水彩画。
Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I determined to create a watercolor painting of the pond in the park.
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)我又向他露出抱歉的微笑，恳求他推迟付款，告诉他我在布拉格要参加的会议非常重要，我不能错过。
Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment, telling him that the conference I would attend in Prague was so important that I couldn't afford to miss it.
3．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文写作)但得知我们将被随机配对进行口语练习时，我有一种冲动，想表达我不同的声音，希望这不会冒犯你。
But learning that we'll be randomly paired to do the oral practice，I feel an urge to express my different voice, hoping that this wouldn't offend you．
4．(2023·全国乙卷书面表达)要做的最困难的任务是用西红柿煮鱼。
The most difficult task to do was cook fish with tomatoes.
5．(2023·全国甲卷书面表达)他不遗余力地进行了一系列改革，以使他的国家繁荣起来。
He spared no effort to carry out a series of reforms to make his country prosperous．(共42张PPT)
简洁
实用
高效
第八讲 非谓语动词
RJ英语
专题二 词法篇
单句语法填空
1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days to give (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find (find) the connection between the two great writers.
3．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Recalling (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare's play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see how Tang's play was being performed.”
to give
to find
Recalling
4．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend to catch (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
5．(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins, borrowing (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables. Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message intended (intend) for everyone.
6．(2023·全国乙卷)From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3，000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built (build) system of ring roads.
to catch
borrowing
intended
built
7．(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
8．(2023·全国乙卷)As a photographer, I have spent the last two years recording (record) everything I discovered.
9．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue (舌头)．
10．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Shanghai may be the recognized (recognize) home of the soup dumpling, but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace.
Having visited
recording
to bite
recognized
11．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.
12．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left wanting (want) more next time.
13．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They talk to the flood of international tourists and to visiting (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
14．(2022·全国甲卷)Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
to be lifted
wanting
visiting
held
15．(2022·全国甲卷)He flew 4，700 kilometers from Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept.20, planning (plan) to hike back to Xi'an in five months.
planning
考点一 非谓语动词的时态和语态
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
非谓语动词的时态和语态一览表
类别 时态形式 语态形式 主动 被动
动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing —
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词-ing形式(动名词、现在分词) 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 done。注意：及物动词的过去分词既表示被动，又表示完成；个别的过去分词(多数是不及物动词)并不表示被动的意思，只有完成的含义 1.主、被动形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间存在主谓、动宾关系。与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时，用主动形式；与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时， 用被动形式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天举行的会议非常重要。
2．时间先后关系
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态：
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生， 用非谓语动词的一般式；
I heard him singing a beautiful song in the room.
我听见他在房间里正在唱一首优美的歌曲。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前， 用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
他完成作业之后就去睡觉了。
考点二 非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
1．现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语，常表示原因、伴随、时间、结果等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
Lying still in the grass，waiting，he heard the sounds of nature.
他静静地躺在草丛里，等待着，倾听自然之声。
He came running into the room.
他跑进屋来。
2．过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Defeated，they withdrew into the valley.
他们被打败了，退回到山谷中。
[名师指津] 部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的词和短语有：located，seated，hidden，lost/absorbed/buried in，dressed in，tired of，faced with。
Tired of keeping up with her sister，Kelly was ready to carve her own path.
凯丽厌倦了总是跟着姐姐的步伐，准备开辟自己的道路。
3．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语，意为“为了；以便”。
To enjoy a grander sight，you must climb to a greater height.
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
(2)作结果状语，常用于only to do结构中。
Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only to find it didn't fit.
她焦急地从包裹里拿出那件衣服试穿，却发现它不合身。
[名师指津] 动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而现在分词作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果。
The big fire lasted for hours, destroying the entire building.
大火持续了几个小时，摧毁了整栋大楼。
(3)作原因状语，常用于“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，desperate，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate, right, sad等。
They were very sad to hear the news.
他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
[名师指津] 在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中，当句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的被动关系时，不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义，且不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on．
这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。
4．独立主格结构
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。该结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随等。常用结构如下：
The moon rose elegantly from the valley, the whole mountain bathing itself in mysterious moonlight.
月亮从山谷中优雅地升起，整座山都沐浴在神秘的月光中。
He was listening attentively in class，his eyes fixed on the blackboard．
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
——单句语法填空
1．(2024·河南郑州模拟)The GPT models built by OpenAI combined Transformer with unsupervised learning, meaning (mean) that the models can learn by themselves without being told what to look at.
2．(2024·广东韶关模拟)But the waiter caught a glimpse of the imperial gown (黄袍)underneath and rushed to tell (tell) the chef with shock.
3．(2024·河南开封模拟)Known (know) as FRB121102, it was first discovered in 2012 and found to repeat in 2015.
4．(2023·全国乙卷) Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing (do) much, but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home.
5．(2023·全国乙卷) She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving (serve) overseas.
meaning
to tell
Known
doing
serving
考点三 非谓语动词作定语
1．动词-ing作定语
(1)现在分词作定语，表示主动、正在进行；若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done结构。
Chinese tea-drinking culture has a long history dating back to more than 1，000 years ago.
中国的饮茶文化有着悠久的历史，可以追溯到1 000多年前。
(2)动名词作定语，表示被修饰词的某种用途，在意义上相当于“名词＋for＋doing”，此时动名词常置于被修饰词的前面。
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
阅览室里不准大声说话。
2．过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语，表示被动、完成。
The university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students.
这所大学以其为国际学生开设的语言和文化课程而闻名。
The gardener is sweeping up fallen leaves in the park.
园丁正在清扫公园里的落叶。
[名师指津] 作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing 表示正在进行；done 表示已经完成。
3．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语，表示动作尚未发生。
She bought a bookshelf to put her books on．
她买了一个书架放书。
(2)在序数词，the only，the last，the next和形容词最高级后或在被这些词修饰的名词或代词后常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
他总是吃苦在前，享受在后。
(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
Sometimes his greatest gift was his ability to simply reduce their anxiety.
有时候，他最大的天赋就是能够简单地减轻他们的焦虑。
——单句语法填空
1．(2024·福建福州模拟)It does this by drawing on information collected (collect) from a large corpus (语料库) of text data.
2．(2024·广东汕头模拟)In this way, you're going to have a challenge that will give you confidence to deal (deal) with many other things in this world.
3．The stadium shaped (shape) like a date palm bowl and an enamel lantern is the first movable “green stadium”．
4．(2024·浙江温州模拟)The blue whale, weighing (weigh) more than even the biggest dinosaurs, is the largest animal that has ever lived.
5．(2024·湖北武汉模拟)During a decade of continuous development, Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP) was applied as a model to conserve (conserve) native plants in countries such as Italy, Russia, Mexico and Iraq.
collected
to deal
shaped
weighing
to conserve
考点四 非谓语动词作宾语
1．只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语： suggest, imagine, mind, admit, practice, risk, keep, keep on, avoid, escape, enjoy, consider, excuse, finish, miss, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to等。
I avoided looking at my dentist in the eye as I took my seat on the chair shakily.
我颤抖着坐在椅子上，避免看牙医的眼睛。
2．只能跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语：agree, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, want, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, happen, would like等。
I have decided to study engineering.
我已经决定学工程学。
3．既可跟动名词又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语：remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, mean, start, begin, try等。如：
I meant to give you this book today，but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着得再等一小时。
——单句语法填空
1．(2024·河北保定模拟)While we do need to rely on quite a bit of self-promotion to make others aware of our competences, humblebraggers are known for mixing (mix) self-promotion with humility or complaint.
2．(2024·山东烟台模拟)He chose to sell (sell) the fries in Monticello.
3．(2024·湖南长沙模拟)A staff member explains the cutting of plantation forests is more like thinning (thin) when farmers plant crops.
4．(2024·江苏南京模拟)We hope to better understand how our brains are capable of finding (find) new solutions, whatever the situation.
5．(2024·辽宁县级重点高中协作体联考)Even though people initially laughed at him, he finally managed to give (give) his hometown a path available to the nearby town.
mixing
to sell
thinning
finding
to give
考点五 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1．不定式作宾补
(1)接带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)
常见的有ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like/love/prefer等表示劝、请、要求类动词。
The teacher asked us to finish our homework.
老师要求我们完成家庭作业。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
警察告诉男孩子们不要在街上玩耍。
(2)接不带to的动词不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：
·一感：feel
·二听：hear, listen to
·三让：let, make, have
·四看：see, watch, notice, observe
·半帮助：help sb. to do/do sth.
不定式作宾补表示某人做某事的全过程或某事发生的全过程，强调事件的发生和结束。
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
2．现在分词作宾补
现在分词作宾补，表示动作的过程，即动作正在进行，尚未结束。宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
I hear someone knocking at the door.
我听到有人在敲门。
I'm sorry to keep you waiting for a long time.
对不起，让你久等了。
3．过去分词作宾补
过去分词作宾补，着重强调动作已完成，表明动作的结果，宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
He saw the thief caught by the police.
他看到那个贼被警察抓起来了。
The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard．
老师提高嗓门以便让别人听到他的话。
[名师指津] with/without复合结构常用形式：
With the teacher standing beside, she felt a bit uneasy.
老师站在旁边，她感到有点不安。
With all the work finished, they went out to play.
所有的工作都做完了，他们出去玩了。
I can't go out with all these clothes to wash．
有这么多衣服要洗，我不能出去。
——单句语法填空
1．Fu believed it was his scientific approach to training that enabled him to overcome (overcome) those difficulties and reach his destination.
2．He looked around and caught a man smoking (smoke) in the corner.
3．He found himself surrounded (surround) by a lot of people when he woke up.
4．At first, she was very nervous.However, with the problems settled (settle), she felt much relieved.
5．In some parts of the world nowadays, you often see musicians performing (perform) in the streets to passers-by.
to overcome
smoking
surrounded
settled
performing
考点六 非谓语动词作主语和表语
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作；不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
Listening to music is my sister's hobby.
听音乐是我姐姐的爱好。
To enter a good university for further study is my goal now.
进入一所好的大学深造是我现在的目标。
(2)it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词的常见句型有：
①It is/was no use/good doing sth.；
It's a waste of time doing sth.
It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.
假装没看见他是没有用的，所以我向他挥了挥手。
It is no good trying that method, because it won't work.
尝试那种方法没用，因为它行不通。
②It is/was＋adj. (＋for/of sb.)＋to do sth.
It is important for us to meet personally although we have been in touch in various ways.
尽管我们以各种方式保持联系，但见面对我们来说很重要。
2．非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式。动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
(1)表示事物的特征或性质时，表语用现在分词；表示内心感受时，表语用过去分词。
At first she was terrified, but then she pulled herself together.
起初她很害怕，但后来又恢复了镇定。
The radiation of nuclear bombing is terrifying．
核爆炸的辐射是可怕的。
(2)不定式表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作，而动名词表示通常的情况。
The aim of the festival is to increase awareness of Chinese culture and traditions.
该节日的目的是提高人们对中国文化和传统的认识。
My job is teaching you English.
我的工作是教你们英语。
——单句语法填空
1．It is, therefore, urgent to update (update) our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields.
2．In fact, much remains to be learned/learnt (learn) about traditional Chinese painting and its elements. Through appreciating Chinese painting, you will have a better understanding of traditional Chinese culture and Chinese people.
3．So eager was she to be a crew member that she overcame many difficulties and ultimately became qualified (qualify)．
4．(2024·北京海淀区模拟)It is believed that receiving (receive) Sanfutie during the hottest summer days is effective for coughs, asthma, and arthritis.
5．(2024·河北石家庄模拟)China's first large home-made cruise ship(游轮), roughly the height of a 24-storey building, was scheduled (schedule) to be delivered to its user around the end of 2023.
to update
to be learned/learnt
qualified
receiving
scheduled
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．If you want to sign(sign) up for the advanced course, you must contact your teacher in advance.
2．This company was the first to produce(produce) portable computers as well as visual telephones at that time.
3．China's image is improving steadily, with more countries recognizing(recognize) its role in international affairs.
4．The ancient town is so peaceful that it is worth visiting(visit) a second time.
5．Known(know) as a desert guardian, a fully grown saxaul tree can hold land.
6．Consumption of fried foods and those containing(contain) lots of sugar is strongly linked to depression, even when age, education and income are taken into account.
to sign
to produce
recognizing
visiting
Known
containing
7．China's capital city Beijing will make great efforts in promoting(promote) Peking Opera in schools to the younger generation.
8．Richard loves Chinese kung fu and is often seen to practice(practice) on the playground.
9．(2024·河南商丘高三月考)In the past, the authorities suggested drinking boiled(boil) water to prevent infectious diseases, because it was generally considered a way to kill(kill) off bacteria.
10．Convinced(convince) that the Belt and Road Initiative will benefit China's economy, we are optimistic about the future of our country.
promoting
to practice
boiled
to kill
Convinced
Ⅱ.语篇专练(非谓语动词)
Let children learn 1.to judge (judge) their own work.A child 2.learning (learn) to talk does not learn by 3.being corrected (correct) all the time; if 4.corrected (correct) too much, he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others' languages.Bit by bit, he makes the right changes 5.to make (make) his language like other people's.In the same way, children learn to do all the other things.They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more 6.skilled (skill) people, and slowly make the 7.needed (need) changes.But in school teachers never give a child a chance 8.to find (find) out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. They do it all for him.Teachers act as if the student would fail 9.to notice (notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him. They act as if the student would never correct it unless 10.made (make) to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let the student do it himself.Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
to judge
learning
being corrected
corrected
to make
skilled
needed
to find
to notice
made
Ⅲ.写作迁移(正确运用非谓语动词完成句子)
1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文写作)受到这奇妙风景的启发，我决定创作一幅公园池塘的水彩画。
Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I determined to create a watercolor painting of the pond in the park.
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)我又向他露出抱歉的微笑，恳求他推迟付款，告诉他我在布拉格要参加的会议非常重要，我不能错过。
Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment, telling him that the conference I would attend in Prague was so important that I couldn't afford to miss it.
Inspired by the fantastic scenery,
to create a watercolor painting of the pond
telling him
to miss
3．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文写作)但得知我们将被随机配对进行口语练习时，我有一种冲动，想表达我不同的声音，希望这不会冒犯你。
But learning that we‘ll be randomly paired to do the oral practice，I feel an urge to express my different voice, hoping that this wouldn't offend you．
4．(2023·全国乙卷书面表达)要做的最困难的任务是用西红柿煮鱼。
The most difficult task to do was cook fish with tomatoes.
5．(2023·全国甲卷书面表达)他不遗余力地进行了一系列改革，以使他的国家繁荣起来。
He spared no effort to carry out a series of reforms to make his country prosperous．
learning that we'll be randomly paired to do the oral practice
to express my different voice, hoping that this wouldn't offend you
The most difficult task to do
to carry out a series of reforms to make his country prosperous
