2025--2026年高二人教版选择性必修第一册英语 Unit 1--Unit2 单元基础综合练习试卷（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2025--2026年高二人教版选择性必修第一册英语 Unit 1--Unit2 单元基础综合练习试卷（含解析） |  | |
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2025--2026年高二人教版选择性必修第一册英语 Unit 1--Unit2 单元基础综合练习试卷【含答案无听力】
一、阅读单选（3题）（本大题共1小题）
Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
1． What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code
A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target.
C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key.
2． What can we learn from this passage
A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms.
C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues.
3． Which would be the best title for this passage
A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-discipline
C．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality
二、阅读单选（4题）（本大题共3小题）
When rains fell in the Atacama Desert for the first time in centuries, scientists had expected to see life blossom (繁盛). Instead, almost everything died. The shocking discovery was published in the journal Scientific Reports. Found in northern Chile, the dry core of the Atacama Desert hadn’t experienced rain for the past 500 years. But three years ago, rain started to fall once again in the region.
A changing climate in the Pacific Ocean resulted in the desert’s dry core experiencing rain on March 25 and August 9, 2015, and it rained again on June 7, 2017. There was no evidence of rain in this region for the past 500 years, although climate models suggested it should occur every century.
The international team of scientists who studied the region were hoping for deserts springing to life. “Instead, we learned the contrary, as we found that rain in the dry core of the Atacama Desert caused a massive extinction of most native microbe (微生物) species there, ”said study co-author Alberto Fairén.
Before the rain fell, this region of the Atacama had been home to 16 different ancient microbe species. But after the rain fell, just two to four species were still found to be surviving in the resultant pool of water. The cause of the extinction event, believed to have been about 85 percent of life in the soil, was caused by the sudden influx of water. In particular, these microbes were adapted to survive in extreme dryness. They were unable to adapt quickly enough to the unexpected rainfall.
But it’s not all bad news. The team also found nitrates (硝酸盐) in the Atacama Desert that were indicative of a lengthy dry period, while also acting as food for the microbes. And we’ve recently found nitrates on Mars, which could be indicating a similar process there.
4．How did the scientists find their discovery according to Alberto Fairén
A．Satisfying. B．Astonishing. C．Amusing. D．Comforting.
5．What does the underlined word“influx”in paragraph 4 mean
A．Shortage. B．Need. C．Arrival. D．Test.
6．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．The resultant pool of water was a wildlife habitat.
B．The team plans to turn the desert into a green land.
C．Scientists have observed lots of microbes on Mars.
D．The finding brought some hope to relevant studies.
7．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Unexpected Rainfalls Hit a Desert Badly
B．A Science Magazine Increased in Popularity
C．Scientists Unlocked the Secret behind Drought
D．A Breakthrough Occurred in Space Exploration
A broken heart and a sad ending to a long friendship. That’s something most of us have experienced, or probably will. After all, it’s part of human life. But the experience can be hard to get over.
But research shows there are pathways through the heartache. Listening to sad music is a major one. It can help you begin to feel joy and hopefulness about your life again. It can arouse the desire to connect with others.
Sad music can help heal and uplift you from your broken heart. A recent study from Germany found the emotional influence of listening to sad music is an arousal of feelings of empathy (同情), and a desire for positive connection with others. That, itself, is psychologically healing. It draws you away from concentration on yourself, and possibly towards helping others in need of comfort.
Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was “beautiful but sad” improved their mood. In fact, it did so when the person first consciously accept the situation causing their sadness, and then began listening to the sad music. That is, when they intended that the sad music might help, they found that it did.
These findings link with other studies that show accepting your sad situation emotionally leads to healing and growth beyond it. It seems unbelievable but it does make sense. For example, research from Cornell University found that accepting discomfort about a life experience or new situation, and viewing it as a step towards growth and change, encourages people to find a pathway through it, beyond it. As Churchill famously said, “If you’re going through hell, keep going.” That discomfort points you towards creating a plan, a new action. It brings hope.
8．What can we learn from Paragraph 3&4
A．Sad music can make people help others.
B．Sad music can make sad people feel better.
C．Sad music can make people believe in themselves.
D．Sad music can make people concentrate on themselves.
9．What does the phrase underlined in the last paragraph mean
A．Hearing a swear word used by enemies.
B．Avoiding a place to go after death.
C．Getting an extremely pleasant time.
D．Having an-unbearable experience.
10．How does the author develop this article
A．By presenting research findings. B．By giving directions.
C．By listing authoritative figures. D．By comparing examples.
11．Which of the following can be the best title for the article
A．How to Find Pathways through Heartaches
B．How We React to a Broken Heart Matters a Lot
C．What We Can Do to Overcome Discomfort in Life
D．Why Listening to Sad Music Heals Your Broken Heart
Some snakes are well-known for injecting prey with poisonous liquid from their teeth. What’s less well known is that they produce poisonous stuff at the other end of their bodies, too. Located at the base of the tail are organs that generate smelly secretions（分泌物）. The point of these organs has long been a mystery, but new research suggests they could stem from a time when snakes needed to protect themselves from a vicious enemy: the humble ant.
Scientists have known since at least the 1960s that some tail secretions are bug-repellent. Yet until now it has been unclear why all snake species, even those that seemingly never interact with ants, produce the secretion.
To get to the bottom of the issue, Paul Weldon of the Biology Institute in Virginia and Robert Vander Meer of the Centre for Agricultural Entomology in Florida collected secretions from snakes on all family branches. The team then set up a small room with red fire ants that make aggressive attacks on invaders. The team allowed the smell of the snake secretions to stay in the room, to see if it would put the ants off. But they entered the room with no fear.
Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture.
The researchers interpret these findings to mean that tail secretions from snakes probably evolved for insect defence long ago. They propose that the secretion appeared in the earliest snakes. It would allow them to respond to angry ants defending themselves from attack or ants looking for their next meal.
No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count.
12．Why did the snake give off unpleasant smell from their tail
A．To avoid being stuck. B．To kill and to feed themselves.
C．To smell and locate themselves. D．To prevent themselves from being hurt.
13．What does the word underlined in paragraph 2 most probably mean
A．unfriendly to insects. B．appealing to insects.
C．nutritious for insects. D．deadly for insects.
14．How did the researchers do their experiment
A．By analysing the data. B．By making comparisons.
C．By controlling the reaction. D．By measuring chemical changes
15．How can we understand the last sentence in the last paragraph
A．The adaptation was useless because snakes faced threats.
B．Smelly secretions were mainly used to attract prey not for defence.
C．Snakes developed defensive features to survive despite imperfection.
D．Only poisonous snakes needed adaptations to escape from predators.
三、七选五阅读（本大题共1小题）
Not all great writers are great spellers.If you want to be published, it s vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript (原稿). 16 No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly.
I keep two reference books close by on my desk: dictionary and thesaurus (同义词词典).I don t trust my laptop s spellchecker. 17 Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I m old fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers.I use the Concise Oxford Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus.
18 It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical.It will also usually show how the word is pronounced．
In addition, I have an old two volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence.Of course, with its 2,672 pages, it s not exactly short.It contains around 163,000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. 19 However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there s nothing better.
For well over a hundred years the most influential English dictionary was Samuel Johnson s Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755．“To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work,” wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of “dull”. 20 A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.
【选项】
B．It takes no account of the context.
C．But I still don t want to replace them.
D．But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read．
E．Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling.
F．That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.
G．Dictionaries don t always give you enough information.
四、完形（15空）（本大题共1小题）
“Challenge-based learning is often focused on the challenges that have global impact. The students, who 21 the challenge, often don’t know what the solution will be. The facilitator is keeping them from 22 a solution too early, and encourages to analyze the challenge from multiple points of view, and from different scientific perspectives,” says Vilma Sukacke, a researcher at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Lithuania.
Such a learning approach is very fitting to sustainability education, which, according to various scholars, 23 a contextual, problem-oriented, reflective, interdisciplinary (跨学科), collaborative, participatory and empowered learning environment. In other words, educators have to 24 from more traditional teacher-centred education to becoming instructional designers of student-centred education.
Aiming to evaluate the 25 of such approaches, a group of researchers from Lithuanian, Danish, German, Portuguese and Spanish universities conducted a systematic literature review, 26 the three active learning methods, i.e.. project, problem and challenge-based learning according to the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) framework.
27 the educators agree that problem-based learning (PBL), project-based learning (PJBL) and, more recently, challenge-based learning (CBL) are efficient in teaching the students to 28 technology in real-life situations and improving their transversal (横向) skills, such as teamwork, communication and conflict resolution, the application of these methods in the classroom may be challenging for both sides.
“In my practice, I have noticed that sometimes students are 29 innovative learning methods and are considering them as a sort of a game. As these classes often take place in a play full environment, full of different pencils, colorful notes and building blocks, it’s difficult for the students to take them 30 . Therefore, it’s very important to 31 the methods and the goals to the learners very clearly,” says Professor Saule Petroniene from KTU Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, a co-author of the study.
According to her, to successfully apply unconventional teaching methods is a challenge for a beginning teacher. However, this effort 32 , especially when students continue their activities outside school and focus on solving 33 social problems.
Rescarchers believe that the 34 of CBL, PJBL, and PBL requires a paradigm (范式) shift, where organization, staff and students change their view to education and learning. In this process, both teachers and students need to apply new skills and 35 roles that they might not have needed before.
21．A．allow B．introduce C．accept D．expect
22．A．carrying on B．focusing on C．applying for D．inquiring about
23．A．cares about B．tells of C．turns to D．calls for
24．A．shift B．differ C．suffer D．learn
25．A．outcome B．efficiency C．impact D．value
26．A．exploring B．applying C．modifying D．explaining
27．A．Whether B．As long as C．Although D．Because
28．A．develop B．include C．associate D．integrate
29．A．approving B．questioning C．preventing D．adopting
30．A．affectionately B．calmly C．seriously D．coolly
31．A．transfer B．change C．communicate D．express
32．A．pays off B．goes away C．gives off D．breaks down
33．A．subjective B．real C．imaginary D．virtual
34．A．combination B．organization C．realization D．cooperation
35．A．take on B．put away C．send for D．deal with
五、语篇（本大题共1小题）
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust s Woolbeding Gardens.This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.
The latest 36 (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective 37 (function) structure that is also beautiful.The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝).These sepals open on warm days 38 (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.In cold weather, the structure stays 39 (close) to protect the plants.
Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 40 (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for 41 first time.These plants included modern Western 42 (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road．The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too.
The Glasshouse stands 43 a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 44 brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the 45 (rich) of gardening in England．
六、应用文写作（本大题共1小题）
46．假定你是李华，你校将举办英语演讲比赛，主题为“The Power of Small Actions in Environmental Protection”。请你写一篇演讲稿，内容包括：
1．环保的重要性；
2．你的实践经历。
注意：
1．写作词数应为80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear teachers and classmates,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
七、读后续写（本大题共1小题）
47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
It was my twelfth birthday, and what I really wanted most was a new bicycle. But I knew that my family couldn’t afford one, so I settled for a bedside table with lockable drawers, a safe place to keep my private stuff.
We went to the charity shop where we found an old dark one. It didn’t look too cool, but I thought that I would paint it to make it look better.
After we took it home, I was getting ready to paint it. When I pulled the drawers out. I felt something stuck to the back. I reached in all the way, and guess what A sealed bag with some papers in it.
When I opened the bag, I realized that the papers were official documents. And, wrapped in them were a bunch of ten and twenty dollar bills! Talk about finding a treasure! And on my birthday!
“Is this some kind of joke ” I said aloud. I went ahead and read the papers, and it turned out to be a will. Some old lady was leaving her savings for her son and grandchildren.
My mind was going crazy. Was I the luckiest twelve-year-old ever With this money I could buy the coolest bicycle. Who knows
I began counting. When I reached a thousand dollars, my mother was knocking on my bedroom door. I quickly closed the drawer with the money in it.
“Do you want some help Is everything all right ” she asked.
No, everything was not right. Actually, my stomach was growling (低吼).
“I’m okay,” I lied.
When my mother left my room, I lay on my bed, starting thinking. What a dilemma (窘境)! I wished there were some one I could talk with. Could I keep it and get all kinds of stuff for me and my family It wouldn’t be too bad for me to keep it, if I shared it...right Thoughts ran through my mind. But I really didn’t need someone else to give me the answer.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
I finally made a decision and called my parents into my bedroom.
Though surprised, the shop owner helped find the family’s telephone number.
参考答案
一、阅读单选（3题）
【知识点】情节发展、文章标题、时代变迁、目的意图、科普知识、细节理解、说明文
【答案】
1． C
2． B
3． D
【分析】文章通过弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的介绍引入主题,探讨了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类共同的社会本能和学习机制之中。
【详解】
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Here, norms were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart… Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged.”可知,在因纽特人的生活中,规范是不成文的,因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以各种社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段第三、四句“These universal norms far pre date the concept of any moralising religion or written law.Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.”可知,普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制,即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
3．主旨大意题。文章开头以弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述,引出了文章的中心词:道德准则,进而围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论,主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类共同的社会本能和学习机制之中。所以D项(道德的起源)适合作为本文的标题。故选D项。
二、阅读单选（4题）
【知识点】文章标题、科普知识、细节理解、观点态度、词义猜测、说明文
【答案】4．B 5．C 6．D 7．A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。Atacama Desert沙漠的核心区域500年间从未下雨，近年却因气候变化迎来降雨。科学家们研究发现，雨水并未让这片不毛之地焕发生机，相反，给那里的微生物带来了灭顶之灾。
【详解】4．细节理解题。根据第一段“When rains fell in the Atacama Desert for the first time in centuries, scientists had expected to see life blossom (繁盛). Instead, almost everything died. The shocking discovery was published in the journal Scientific Reports. (当阿塔卡马沙漠几个世纪以来第一次下雨时，科学家们曾期望看到生命开花。相反，几乎所有东西都死了。这一令人震惊的发现发表在《科学报告》杂志上。)”以及第三段“The international team of scientists who studied the region were hoping for deserts springing to life. “Instead, we learned the contrary, as we found that rain in the dry core of the Atacama Desert caused a massive extinction of most native microbe (微生物) species there, ”said study co-author Alberto Fairén.(研究该地区的国际科学家团队希望沙漠能够出现。“相反，我们了解到相反的情况，因为我们发现阿塔卡马沙漠干燥核心的雨水导致了那里大多数本地微生物物种的大规模灭绝，”该研究的合著者阿尔贝托·费尔卡曼说。)”可知，科学家们对他们的发现感到很吃惊。故选B。
5．词义猜测题。根据画线词前“But after the rain fell, just two to four species were still found to be surviving in the resultant pool of water. (但在降雨之后，人们发现只有两到四个物种在由此形成的水池中幸存下来。)”及画线词后“In particular, these microbes were adapted to survive in extreme dryness. They were unable to adapt quickly enough to the unexpected rainfall.(特别是，这些微生物适应了在极端干燥的环境中生存。他们无法足够快地适应突如其来的降雨)”可推断，灭绝事件的原因是是由突然涌入的水引起的，画线词与Arrival的意思最接近。故选C。
6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“And we’ve recently found nitrates on Mars, which could be indicating a similar process there.(我们最近在火星上发现了硝酸盐，这可能表明火星上也有类似的过程。)”可推断，在这片沙漠里发现了硝酸盐，为相关科研带来了些许希望。故选D。
7．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When rains fell in the Atacama Desert for the first time in centuries, scientists had expected to see life blossom (繁盛). Instead, almost everything died. The shocking discovery was published in the journal Scientific Reports. (当阿塔卡马沙漠几个世纪以来第一次下雨时，科学家们曾期望看到生命开花。相反，几乎所有东西都死了。这一令人震惊的发现发表在《科学报告》杂志上。)”可知，本文主要介绍Atacama Desert沙漠的核心区域500年间从未下雨，近年突如其来的雨水并未让这片不毛之地焕发生机，反而给那里的微生物带来了灭顶之灾。故选A。
【知识点】情节发展、文章标题、短语猜测、科普知识、艺术、说明文
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．D
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了听悲伤的音乐在治愈心灵创伤中的作用，相关研究表明，听悲伤的音乐可以帮助人们重新感受到生活的快乐和希望，唤起同理心，并激发与他人建立积极联系的欲望。
【详解】8．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Sad music can help heal and uplift you from your broken heart. (悲伤的音乐可以帮助你从破碎的心灵中治愈和振作起来。)”和第四段中“Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was ‘beautiful but sad’ improved their mood. (肯特大学的另一项实验发现，当人们感到悲伤时，听‘美丽但悲伤’的音乐可以改善他们的情绪。)”可知，悲伤的音乐对悲伤的人而言有治愈作用，能改善他们的情绪，即可以让他们感觉好一些。故选B项。
9．词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“That discomfort points you towards creating a plan, a new action. It brings hope. (这种不适会让你制定一个计划，一个新的行动。它带来了希望。)”可推知，此处描述的一种不适的、糟糕的经历。结合选项内容可知，画线短语意思应该是“有难以忍受的经历”。故选D项。
10． 推理判断题。根据第三段中“A recent study from Germany found the emotional influence of listening to sad music is an arousal of feelings of empathy (同情), and a desire for positive connection with others. (德国最近的一项研究发现，听悲伤的音乐对情绪的影响是一种同理心的唤起，以及与他人建立积极联系的渴望。)”、第四段中“Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was ‘beautiful but sad’ improved their mood. (肯特大学的另一项实验发现，当人们感到悲伤时，听‘美丽但悲伤’的音乐可以改善他们的情绪。)”和最后一段中“For example, research from Cornell University found that accepting discomfort about a life experience or new situation, and viewing it as a step towards growth and change, encourages people to find a pathway through it, beyond it. (例如，康奈尔大学的研究发现，接受对生活经历或新情况的不适，并将其视为迈向成长和改变的一步，会鼓励人们找到克服和超越它的途径。)”可知，文章呈现了多个研究结果，来表明听悲伤音乐的积极作用。故选A项。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“But research shows there are pathways through the heartache. Listening to sad music is a major one. (但研究表明，心痛是有缓解途径的。听悲伤的音乐是主要的一种途径。)”可知，文章主要介绍了听悲伤的音乐在治愈心灵创伤中的作用，这些作用包括帮助人们重新感受到生活的快乐和希望，唤起同理心，并激发与他人建立积极联系的欲望等。因此，D项“为什么听悲伤的音乐能治愈你破碎的心”契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
【知识点】科普知识、细节理解、观点态度、词义猜测、说明文
【答案】12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蛇不仅会用牙齿向猎物注射有毒液体，还会在身体尾部产生难闻的分泌物，科学家通过研究发现这些分泌物可能是蛇为了抵御蚂蚁等昆虫的攻击而进化出来的防御机制。
【详解】12．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“What’s less well known is that they produce poisonous stuff at the other end of their bodies, too. Located at the base of the tail are organs that generate smelly secretions（分泌物）. The point of these organs has long been a mystery, but new research suggests they could stem from a time when snakes needed to protect themselves from a vicious enemy: the humble ant.(鲜为人知的是，它们在身体的另一端也会产生有毒物质。在蛇尾的基部有产生难闻分泌物的器官。这些器官的作用一直是个谜，但新的研究表明，它们可能源于蛇需要保护自己免受一个凶猛的敌人——不起眼的蚂蚁的攻击的时候。)”以及文章最后一段“No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count.(没有蛇愿意让自己发臭，但敌人促使了这种适应性的出现。当你没有四肢时，你最好让两端都发挥作用。)”可知，蛇从尾部释放难闻的气味是为了保护自己免受伤害。故选D项。
13．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段划线词后面的“Yet until now it has been unclear why all snake species, even those that seemingly never interact with ants, produce the secretion.(然而，直到现在还不清楚为什么所有的蛇类，甚至那些看似从不与蚂蚁互动的蛇类，都会产生这种分泌物。)”以及第四段“Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture.(Weldon博士和Vander Meer博士接下来质疑直接与分泌物接触是否会产生影响。他们给蚂蚁一滴普通水和一滴水和蛇分泌物的混合物。虽然蚂蚁很乐意从普通水滴中喝水，但它们很少接近混合物。)”可知，科学家们发现蛇的尾部分泌物对蚂蚁有驱避作用，由此可知，划线词所在句意为“科学家们至少从20世纪60年代就知道，一些蛇的尾部分泌物能驱虫”，bug-repellent意为“对昆虫不友好的”。故选A项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The team then set up a small room with red fire ants that make aggressive attacks on invaders. The team allowed the smell of the snake secretions to stay in the room, to see if it would put the ants off. But they entered the room with no fear.(然后，研究小组在一个小房间里放置了红火蚁，这些红火蚁会对入侵者发起猛烈的攻击。研究小组让蛇分泌物的气味留在房间里，看看是否会让蚂蚁退缩。但它们毫无畏惧地进入了房间。)”以及第四段“Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture.(Weldon博士和Vander Meer博士接下来质疑直接与分泌物接触是否会产生影响。他们给蚂蚁一滴普通水和一滴水和蛇分泌物的混合物。虽然蚂蚁很乐意从普通水滴中喝水，但它们很少接近混合物。)”可知，研究人员通过比较蚂蚁对蛇分泌物和普通水的反应来进行实验，即通过对比来进行实验。故选B项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count.(没有蛇愿意让自己发臭，但敌人促使了这种适应性的出现。当你没有四肢时，你最好让两端都发挥作用。)”可知，最后一句的意思是尽管蛇的这种适应性并不完美，但为了生存，它们还是发展出了防御特征。故选C项。
三、七选五阅读
【知识点】文学、科普知识、说明文
【答案】
16．F
17．B
18．E
19．A
20．D
【分析】本文从一个作家的视角并结合自身的写作经验,阐述查阅词典的重要性,并列举自己经常使用的几本权威词典,侧面印证查阅英文词典的益处。
【详解】
16．根据上文 If you want to be published, it s vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript.可知,如果想要出版图书,提交专业、完美的原稿是至关重要的;下文No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly.指出没有哪个编辑会容忍一个不能正确拼写单词的作家,设空处内容应与稿件的出版标准有关,即编辑喜欢什么样的稿件,起承上启下的作用。F项(这意味着良好的语法,没有拼写错误)符合语境,其中That指代上文中的“提交一份完美、专业的原稿”,no spelling mistakes与下文中的spell words correctly呼应。故选F项。
37根据上文 I don t trust my laptop s spellchecker.可推知,设空处应解释上文作者不信任笔记本拼写检查程序的原因。B项(它没有考虑到上下文)能够对此进行解释,并说明作者一直坚持用词典的原因,承接上文,符合语境。故选B项。
17．根据下文内容可知,下文强调词典具备的其他功能,设空处应该和词典的功能性相关。E项(当然,词典不仅仅用于检查拼写)能合理引出下文,符合语境。故选E项。
18．考查逻辑判断。
文本分析 根据第二段最后一句I use the Concise Oxford Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus.可知,作者平时主要使用《牛津简明英语词典》和《柯林斯英语同义词词典》。
结构分析 设空处与下文之间由However连接,起到语义转折作用。
核对句意 再根据下文However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there s nothing better.可知,除非作者要考证词源,查找具体用法,才会使用上文提到的the Shorter Oxford Dictionary这本词典。由此可推知,该词典不经常使用。故A项(我不经常用这本词典)承接上文,与下文形成转折关系,符合语境。故选A项。
19．上文“To make dictionaries is dull work,” wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of “dull”.指出,编词典是一项枯燥的工作,再根据下文A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.可知,阅读词典是一种有益的体验,与上文内容形成对比。设空处应表示转折。故D项(但是阅读词典可以是一种乐趣)符合语境,承上启下。故选D项。
四、完形（15空）
【知识点】副词的词义辨析、动词(短语)的辨析、名词的词义辨析、形容词的词义辨析、科普知识、说明文、连词辨析
【答案】
21．C
22．B
23．D
24．A
25．B
26．A
27．C
28．D
29．B
30．C
31．C
32．A
33．B
34．C
35．A
【详解】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是基于挑战的学习方法的优点和对此进行的相关研究；
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：接受挑战的学生往往不知道解决方案是什么。A. allow允许；B. introduce介绍；C. accept接受；D. expect期待。根据下文“often don’t know what the solution will be”可知，句子表示“接受挑战的学生往往不知道解决方案是什么”，空格处意为“接受”。故选C；
22．考查动词短语辨析。句意：立陶宛考纳斯理工大学的研究员Vilma Sukacke说:“引导者阻止他们过早地把注意力集中在解决方案上，并鼓励他们从多个角度、从不同的科学角度分析挑战。”A. carrying on继续；B. focusing on集中于；C. applying for申请；D. inquiring about询问。根据下文“encourages to analyze the challenge from multiple points of view, and from different scientific perspectives”可知，句子表示“引导者阻止他们过早地把注意力集中在解决方案上”。故选B；
23．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种学习方法非常适合可持续发展教育，根据许多学者的说法，可持续发展教育需要一个情境化的、问题导向的、反思的、跨学科的、协作的、参与式的和赋权的学习环境。A. cares about关心；B. tells of讲述；C. turns to求助于；D. calls for要求。根据下文“a contextual, problem-oriented, reflective, interdisciplinary (跨学科), collaborative, participatory and empowered learning environment”可知，句子表示“根据许多学者的说法，可持续发展教育需要一个情境化的、问题导向的、反思的、跨学科的、协作的、参与式的和赋权的学习环境”。故选D；
24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，教育工作者必须从传统的以教师为中心的教育转变为以学生为中心的教育的教学设计师。A. shift转变；B. differ不同；C. suffer遭受；D. learn学习。根据下文“from more traditional teacher-centred education to becoming instructional designers of student-centred education”可知，句子表示“教育工作者必须从传统的以教师为中心的教育转变为以学生为中心的教育的教学设计师”。故选A；
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述，探索了三种主动学习方法，即根据ADDIE（分析、设计、开发、实现和评估）框架进行基于项目、问题和挑战的学习。A. outcome结果；B. efficiency效率；C. impact影响；D. value价值。根据下文“a group of researchers from Lithuanian, Danish, German, Portuguese and Spanish universities conducted a systematic literature review, 21 the three active learning methods, i.e.. project, problem and challenge-based learning according to the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) framework”可知，句子表示“为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述”。故选B；
26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述，探索了三种主动学习方法，即根据ADDIE（分析、设计、开发、实现和评估）框架进行基于项目、问题和挑战的学习。A. exploring探索；B. applying应用；C. modifying修改；D. explaining解释。根据下文“the three active learning methods”可知，此处表示“探索了三种主动学习方法”。故选A；
27．考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性。A. Whether是否；B. As long as只要；C. Although虽然；D. Because因为。根据下文“the application of these methods in the classroom may be challenging for both sides”可知，句子表示“虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性”，空格处意为“虽然”，是although，引导让步状语从句。故选C；
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性。A. develop发展；B. include包括；C. associate联系；D. integrate（使）合并。根据下文“technology in real-life situations and improving their transversal (横向) skills”可知，句子表示“将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能”。故选D；
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在我的实践中，我注意到有时学生会质疑创新的学习方法，并将其视为一种游戏。A. approving批准；B. questioning质疑；C. preventing阻止；D. adopting采用。根据下文“considering them as a sort of a game”可知，句子表示“有时学生会质疑创新的学习方法”。故选B；
30．考查副词词义辨析。句意：由于这些课程通常是在一个充满游戏的环境中进行的，充满了不同的铅笔，彩色的笔记和积木，学生很难把它们当回事。A. affectionately亲切地；B. calmly平静地；C. seriously认真地；D. coolly冷静地。根据上文“these classes often take place in a play full environment, full of different pencils, colorful notes and building blocks”可知，句子表示“由于这些课程通常是在一个充满游戏的环境中进行的，充满了不同的铅笔，彩色的笔记和积木，学生很难把它们当回事”，take sth. seriously意为“认真对待某事”。故选C；
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，将方法和目标清楚地传达给学习者是非常重要的。A. transfer转移；B. change改变；C. communicate传达，传递；D. express表达。根据下文“the methods and the goals to the learners very clearly”可知，此处表示“将方法和目标清楚地传达给学习者”。故选C；
32．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时。A. pays off得到回报；B. goes away走开；C. gives off发出；D. breaks down出故障。根据上文“According to her, to successfully apply unconventional teaching methods is a challenge for a beginning teacher. However”和however表转折可知，此处表示“然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时”。故选A；
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时。A. subjective主观的；B. real真正的；C. imaginary虚构的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据下文“social problems”可知，此处表示“解决真正的社会问题”。故选B；
34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究者认为，CBL、PJBL和PBL的实现需要范式转变，组织、员工和学生改变对教育和学习的看法。A. combination结合；B. organization组织；C. realization实现；D. cooperation合作。根据下文“of CBL, PJBL, and PBL requires a paradigm (范式) shift, where organization, staff and students change their view to education and learning”可知，CBL、PJBL和PBL的实现需要范式转变，故选C；
35．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在这个过程中，老师和学生都需要应用新的技能，承担他们以前可能不需要的角色。A. take on承担；B. put away放好；C. send for派人去叫；D. deal with处理。根据下文“roles that they might not have needed before”可知，此处表示“承担他们以前可能不需要的角色”。故选A。
五、语篇
【知识点】that/which引导的限制性定语从句、一般现在时、其他介词、动词不定式作目的状语、可数名词及其单、复数、名词作定语、名词作宾语、定冠词、形容词作定语、社会、科普知识、说明文、过去分词作表语
【答案】
36．engineering
37．functional
38．to give
39．closed
40．walks
41．the
42．favorites
43．as
44．which/that
45．richness
【分析】本文介绍了位于英国伍尔贝丁花园的一座现代化动力玻璃温室和丝路花园。该玻璃温室由10个钢制的“萼片”构成,并配置了玻璃和铝材立面,这些萼片在温暖时节打开,寒冷之际关闭。花园中种植了通过丝绸之路引入英国的植物,突出了古代丝绸之路对现今英国花园的影响。
【详解】
36．考查词形变化。句意为:最新的工程技术被用于创造这座具有保护功能且美观的建筑。分析句子成分可知,设空处作定语,修饰名词techniques,表示性质和特征,意为“工程(设计)”。故填engineering。
37．考查词性转换。句意见上一题解析。分析句子成分可知,设空处作定语,修饰名词structure,结合句意可知,此处表示“实用的”,应用形容词。故填functional。
38．考查非谓语动词。句意为:这些萼片在天气暖和时打开,给里面的植物提供阳光和新鲜空气。分析句子成分可知,句中已有谓语open,且设空处和谓语之间没有连接词连接,故设空处应用非谓语动词;结合句意可知,设空处在句中作目的状语,应用动词不定式。故填to give。
39．考查非谓语动词。句意为:在寒冷的天气里,该温室保持关闭以保护植物。分析句子成分可知,本句为主系表结构,stays为连系动词,设空处作表语,结合句意可知,此处表示“关闭的”,应用过去分词形式。故填closed。closed已经被形容词化,可以被当作形容词使用。
测训诊断：本题考生易误填closely。考生容易将stays理解为实义动词,故判断此处用副词修饰动词。但结合语境可知,此处stay意为“保持”,为连系动词,后面接表语,故用过去分词表状态。
40．考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意为:此外,环绕着温室的丝路花园陪伴着游客体验一段受到古代丝绸之路影响的旅程,正是通过古代丝绸之路,丝绸以及许多植物品种首次被带到不列颠。分析句子成分可知,本句为主从复合句,设空处在主句中作谓语,根据语境和下文中的The garden also contains… 可知,此处表示客观陈述,应用一般现在时;主语为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填walks。
知识点拨：walk熟词生义熟义:vi. & vt.行走;步行;散步生义:vt.陪伴/护送(某人去某地)
41．考查冠词。句意见上一题解析。for the first time为固定搭配,意为“第一次”。故填the。
42．考查名词单复数。句意为:这些植物包括现代西方人最喜欢的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。分析句子成分可知,设空处作included的宾语,且被形容词modern和Western修饰,应用名词;根据下文的such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知,此处应填名词复数形式。故填favorites。
知识点拨：favorite的词性活用考生熟悉的favorite为形容词,意为“特别受喜爱的”,但favorite也可作名词,指“特别喜欢的人或物”,且为可数名词。如:This book is one of my favorites. 这本书是我最喜欢的书之一。
43．考查介词。句意为:这座玻璃温室是当代设计的一项伟大成就,将中国西南部的植物安置在丝绸之路的尽头,丝绸之路将这些植物从亚洲的原生地(中国)带到英国,实现了英国园艺的丰富多彩性。stand在此作不及物动词,表示“处于某种地位”,此处表示“这座温室是一项伟大成就”,设空处应用as表示“作为”。故填as。
44．考查定语从句。句意见上一题解析。分析句子成分可知,设空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the Silk Route,指物,关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which或that引导该从句。故填which/that。
45．考查词性转换。分析句子成分可知,设空处作define的宾语,且被much of和定冠词the修饰,应用名词形式,richness意为“丰富,富饶”,为不可数名词。故填richness。
六、应用文写作
【知识点】一般现在时、学校生活、日常活动、演讲稿、环境保护
46．【答案】
Dear teachers and classmates,
Good morning! Today, I’d like to deliver a speech on The Power of Small Actions in Environmental Protection.
As we all know, protecting the environment is crucial to preserving ecosystems, combating climate change, and ensuring a healthy, sustainable future for all living beings. Then, how can we help Small daily actions do make a big difference. For example, I’ve started bringing a reusable water bottle and refusing plastic bags. At home, I turn off lights when I leave a room and recycle paper. These habits save resources and reduce waste.
Therefore, I appeal to all of you to start with small habits, because every step counts. Thank you for listening!
【分析】
这是一篇应用文。考生所在校将举办主题为“The Power of Small Actions in Environmental Protection”的英语演讲比赛，要求考生就此写一篇演讲稿。
【详解】
1．词汇积累：
至关重要的：crucial→vital
对抗：combat→fight
关闭：turn off→swith off
呼吁：appeal→call on
2．句式拓展：
同义句
原句：As we all know, protecting the environment is crucial to preserving ecosystems, combating climate change, and ensuring a healthy, sustainable future for all living beings.
拓展句：As we all know, it is crucial to preserve ecosystems, combat climate change, and ensure a healthy, sustainable future for all living beings by protecting the environment.
七、读后续写
【知识点】一般过去时的基本用法和结构、感谢信、故事
47．【答案】
I finally made a decision and called my parents into my bedroom. When my parents saw what I had found in the drawer they were wide-eyed and speechless! Then, they read the papers carefully and were moved to tears. When they asked, “What should we do ” I said, “Let’s take it back to the store and find her family.” My father nodded with a smile on his face and my mother hugged me warmly, saying “You are my pride, dear.” I felt very happy because I already knew right from wrong. We collected all the money and papers at once, putting them in the drawer. We rushed to the charity shop with the drawer in the hope to find the owner as soon as possible.
Though surprised, the shop owner helped find the family’s telephone number. Within a few minutes, the family all came over. When I showed them what I had found in the drawer, they couldn’t believe their eyes. The parents had tears in their eyes. They were still sad about the lady’s death and the father had just lost his job. It was easy to see that my act of honesty gave them hope. They showed me sincere gratitude from the bottom of their hearts. In fact, I had never felt better before. No new bicycle could have made me felt as good about myself as I felt that day because I passed a very important test—a lost and found test of my own character.
【详解】
〖导语〗
本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在12岁生日时，父母给他买了一个二手的床头柜作为生日礼物，作者发现在床头柜里有以前主人的遗书和很多现金，经过一番思想斗争之后，作者和家人一起把钱还给了去世老人的家人们。
【详解】
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“我终于做了决定，把父母叫到我的卧室。”可知，第一段可描写作者与父母分享这件事后，他们做出归还东西的经过。
②由第二段首句内容“店主虽然很惊讶，但还是帮他找到了这家人的电话号码。”可知，第二段可描写作者与那一家人见面的经过以及个人的深切感受。
2.续写线索：做出决定——父母的表扬——寻找失主——失主的感激——个人感悟
3.词汇激活
行为类
①着急去：rush to/ hurry to
②归还：take sth. back/ return sth.
③拥抱：embrace/hold in one's arms
情绪类
①感动落泪：be moved to tears/ be touched to tears
②感谢：show sincere gratitude/ /be grateful
【点睛】
[高分句型1] When my parents saw what I had found in the drawer they were wide-eyed and speechless!（由when引导的时间状语从句和what引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2] We collected all the money and papers at once, putting them in the drawer.（使用现在分词作伴随状语）
[高分句型3] It was easy to see that my act of honesty gave them hope.（由that引导的主语从句）
第 page number 页，共 number of pages 页
第 page number 页，共 number of pages 页
一、阅读单选（3题）（本大题共1小题）
Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
1． What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code
A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target.
C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key.
2． What can we learn from this passage
A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms.
C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues.
3． Which would be the best title for this passage
A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-discipline
C．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality
二、阅读单选（4题）（本大题共3小题）
When rains fell in the Atacama Desert for the first time in centuries, scientists had expected to see life blossom (繁盛). Instead, almost everything died. The shocking discovery was published in the journal Scientific Reports. Found in northern Chile, the dry core of the Atacama Desert hadn’t experienced rain for the past 500 years. But three years ago, rain started to fall once again in the region.
A changing climate in the Pacific Ocean resulted in the desert’s dry core experiencing rain on March 25 and August 9, 2015, and it rained again on June 7, 2017. There was no evidence of rain in this region for the past 500 years, although climate models suggested it should occur every century.
The international team of scientists who studied the region were hoping for deserts springing to life. “Instead, we learned the contrary, as we found that rain in the dry core of the Atacama Desert caused a massive extinction of most native microbe (微生物) species there, ”said study co-author Alberto Fairén.
Before the rain fell, this region of the Atacama had been home to 16 different ancient microbe species. But after the rain fell, just two to four species were still found to be surviving in the resultant pool of water. The cause of the extinction event, believed to have been about 85 percent of life in the soil, was caused by the sudden influx of water. In particular, these microbes were adapted to survive in extreme dryness. They were unable to adapt quickly enough to the unexpected rainfall.
But it’s not all bad news. The team also found nitrates (硝酸盐) in the Atacama Desert that were indicative of a lengthy dry period, while also acting as food for the microbes. And we’ve recently found nitrates on Mars, which could be indicating a similar process there.
4．How did the scientists find their discovery according to Alberto Fairén
A．Satisfying. B．Astonishing. C．Amusing. D．Comforting.
5．What does the underlined word“influx”in paragraph 4 mean
A．Shortage. B．Need. C．Arrival. D．Test.
6．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．The resultant pool of water was a wildlife habitat.
B．The team plans to turn the desert into a green land.
C．Scientists have observed lots of microbes on Mars.
D．The finding brought some hope to relevant studies.
7．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Unexpected Rainfalls Hit a Desert Badly
B．A Science Magazine Increased in Popularity
C．Scientists Unlocked the Secret behind Drought
D．A Breakthrough Occurred in Space Exploration
A broken heart and a sad ending to a long friendship. That’s something most of us have experienced, or probably will. After all, it’s part of human life. But the experience can be hard to get over.
But research shows there are pathways through the heartache. Listening to sad music is a major one. It can help you begin to feel joy and hopefulness about your life again. It can arouse the desire to connect with others.
Sad music can help heal and uplift you from your broken heart. A recent study from Germany found the emotional influence of listening to sad music is an arousal of feelings of empathy (同情), and a desire for positive connection with others. That, itself, is psychologically healing. It draws you away from concentration on yourself, and possibly towards helping others in need of comfort.
Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was “beautiful but sad” improved their mood. In fact, it did so when the person first consciously accept the situation causing their sadness, and then began listening to the sad music. That is, when they intended that the sad music might help, they found that it did.
These findings link with other studies that show accepting your sad situation emotionally leads to healing and growth beyond it. It seems unbelievable but it does make sense. For example, research from Cornell University found that accepting discomfort about a life experience or new situation, and viewing it as a step towards growth and change, encourages people to find a pathway through it, beyond it. As Churchill famously said, “If you’re going through hell, keep going.” That discomfort points you towards creating a plan, a new action. It brings hope.
8．What can we learn from Paragraph 3&4
A．Sad music can make people help others.
B．Sad music can make sad people feel better.
C．Sad music can make people believe in themselves.
D．Sad music can make people concentrate on themselves.
9．What does the phrase underlined in the last paragraph mean
A．Hearing a swear word used by enemies.
B．Avoiding a place to go after death.
C．Getting an extremely pleasant time.
D．Having an-unbearable experience.
10．How does the author develop this article
A．By presenting research findings. B．By giving directions.
C．By listing authoritative figures. D．By comparing examples.
11．Which of the following can be the best title for the article
A．How to Find Pathways through Heartaches
B．How We React to a Broken Heart Matters a Lot
C．What We Can Do to Overcome Discomfort in Life
D．Why Listening to Sad Music Heals Your Broken Heart
Some snakes are well-known for injecting prey with poisonous liquid from their teeth. What’s less well known is that they produce poisonous stuff at the other end of their bodies, too. Located at the base of the tail are organs that generate smelly secretions（分泌物）. The point of these organs has long been a mystery, but new research suggests they could stem from a time when snakes needed to protect themselves from a vicious enemy: the humble ant.
Scientists have known since at least the 1960s that some tail secretions are bug-repellent. Yet until now it has been unclear why all snake species, even those that seemingly never interact with ants, produce the secretion.
To get to the bottom of the issue, Paul Weldon of the Biology Institute in Virginia and Robert Vander Meer of the Centre for Agricultural Entomology in Florida collected secretions from snakes on all family branches. The team then set up a small room with red fire ants that make aggressive attacks on invaders. The team allowed the smell of the snake secretions to stay in the room, to see if it would put the ants off. But they entered the room with no fear.
Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture.
The researchers interpret these findings to mean that tail secretions from snakes probably evolved for insect defence long ago. They propose that the secretion appeared in the earliest snakes. It would allow them to respond to angry ants defending themselves from attack or ants looking for their next meal.
No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count.
12．Why did the snake give off unpleasant smell from their tail
A．To avoid being stuck. B．To kill and to feed themselves.
C．To smell and locate themselves. D．To prevent themselves from being hurt.
13．What does the word underlined in paragraph 2 most probably mean
A．unfriendly to insects. B．appealing to insects.
C．nutritious for insects. D．deadly for insects.
14．How did the researchers do their experiment
A．By analysing the data. B．By making comparisons.
C．By controlling the reaction. D．By measuring chemical changes
15．How can we understand the last sentence in the last paragraph
A．The adaptation was useless because snakes faced threats.
B．Smelly secretions were mainly used to attract prey not for defence.
C．Snakes developed defensive features to survive despite imperfection.
D．Only poisonous snakes needed adaptations to escape from predators.
三、七选五阅读（本大题共1小题）
Not all great writers are great spellers.If you want to be published, it s vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript (原稿). 16 No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly.
I keep two reference books close by on my desk: dictionary and thesaurus (同义词词典).I don t trust my laptop s spellchecker. 17 Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I m old fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers.I use the Concise Oxford Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus.
18 It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical.It will also usually show how the word is pronounced．
In addition, I have an old two volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence.Of course, with its 2,672 pages, it s not exactly short.It contains around 163,000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. 19 However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there s nothing better.
For well over a hundred years the most influential English dictionary was Samuel Johnson s Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755．“To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work,” wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of “dull”. 20 A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.
【选项】
B．It takes no account of the context.
C．But I still don t want to replace them.
D．But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read．
E．Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling.
F．That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.
G．Dictionaries don t always give you enough information.
四、完形（15空）（本大题共1小题）
“Challenge-based learning is often focused on the challenges that have global impact. The students, who 21 the challenge, often don’t know what the solution will be. The facilitator is keeping them from 22 a solution too early, and encourages to analyze the challenge from multiple points of view, and from different scientific perspectives,” says Vilma Sukacke, a researcher at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Lithuania.
Such a learning approach is very fitting to sustainability education, which, according to various scholars, 23 a contextual, problem-oriented, reflective, interdisciplinary (跨学科), collaborative, participatory and empowered learning environment. In other words, educators have to 24 from more traditional teacher-centred education to becoming instructional designers of student-centred education.
Aiming to evaluate the 25 of such approaches, a group of researchers from Lithuanian, Danish, German, Portuguese and Spanish universities conducted a systematic literature review, 26 the three active learning methods, i.e.. project, problem and challenge-based learning according to the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) framework.
27 the educators agree that problem-based learning (PBL), project-based learning (PJBL) and, more recently, challenge-based learning (CBL) are efficient in teaching the students to 28 technology in real-life situations and improving their transversal (横向) skills, such as teamwork, communication and conflict resolution, the application of these methods in the classroom may be challenging for both sides.
“In my practice, I have noticed that sometimes students are 29 innovative learning methods and are considering them as a sort of a game. As these classes often take place in a play full environment, full of different pencils, colorful notes and building blocks, it’s difficult for the students to take them 30 . Therefore, it’s very important to 31 the methods and the goals to the learners very clearly,” says Professor Saule Petroniene from KTU Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, a co-author of the study.
According to her, to successfully apply unconventional teaching methods is a challenge for a beginning teacher. However, this effort 32 , especially when students continue their activities outside school and focus on solving 33 social problems.
Rescarchers believe that the 34 of CBL, PJBL, and PBL requires a paradigm (范式) shift, where organization, staff and students change their view to education and learning. In this process, both teachers and students need to apply new skills and 35 roles that they might not have needed before.
21．A．allow B．introduce C．accept D．expect
22．A．carrying on B．focusing on C．applying for D．inquiring about
23．A．cares about B．tells of C．turns to D．calls for
24．A．shift B．differ C．suffer D．learn
25．A．outcome B．efficiency C．impact D．value
26．A．exploring B．applying C．modifying D．explaining
27．A．Whether B．As long as C．Although D．Because
28．A．develop B．include C．associate D．integrate
29．A．approving B．questioning C．preventing D．adopting
30．A．affectionately B．calmly C．seriously D．coolly
31．A．transfer B．change C．communicate D．express
32．A．pays off B．goes away C．gives off D．breaks down
33．A．subjective B．real C．imaginary D．virtual
34．A．combination B．organization C．realization D．cooperation
35．A．take on B．put away C．send for D．deal with
五、语篇（本大题共1小题）
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust s Woolbeding Gardens.This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.
The latest 36 (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective 37 (function) structure that is also beautiful.The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝).These sepals open on warm days 38 (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.In cold weather, the structure stays 39 (close) to protect the plants.
Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 40 (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for 41 first time.These plants included modern Western 42 (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road．The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too.
The Glasshouse stands 43 a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 44 brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the 45 (rich) of gardening in England．
六、应用文写作（本大题共1小题）
46．假定你是李华，你校将举办英语演讲比赛，主题为“The Power of Small Actions in Environmental Protection”。请你写一篇演讲稿，内容包括：
1．环保的重要性；
2．你的实践经历。
注意：
1．写作词数应为80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear teachers and classmates,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
七、读后续写（本大题共1小题）
47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
It was my twelfth birthday, and what I really wanted most was a new bicycle. But I knew that my family couldn’t afford one, so I settled for a bedside table with lockable drawers, a safe place to keep my private stuff.
We went to the charity shop where we found an old dark one. It didn’t look too cool, but I thought that I would paint it to make it look better.
After we took it home, I was getting ready to paint it. When I pulled the drawers out. I felt something stuck to the back. I reached in all the way, and guess what A sealed bag with some papers in it.
When I opened the bag, I realized that the papers were official documents. And, wrapped in them were a bunch of ten and twenty dollar bills! Talk about finding a treasure! And on my birthday!
“Is this some kind of joke ” I said aloud. I went ahead and read the papers, and it turned out to be a will. Some old lady was leaving her savings for her son and grandchildren.
My mind was going crazy. Was I the luckiest twelve-year-old ever With this money I could buy the coolest bicycle. Who knows
I began counting. When I reached a thousand dollars, my mother was knocking on my bedroom door. I quickly closed the drawer with the money in it.
“Do you want some help Is everything all right ” she asked.
No, everything was not right. Actually, my stomach was growling (低吼).
“I’m okay,” I lied.
When my mother left my room, I lay on my bed, starting thinking. What a dilemma (窘境)! I wished there were some one I could talk with. Could I keep it and get all kinds of stuff for me and my family It wouldn’t be too bad for me to keep it, if I shared it...right Thoughts ran through my mind. But I really didn’t need someone else to give me the answer.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
I finally made a decision and called my parents into my bedroom.
Though surprised, the shop owner helped find the family’s telephone number.
参考答案
一、阅读单选（3题）
【知识点】情节发展、文章标题、时代变迁、目的意图、科普知识、细节理解、说明文
【答案】
1． C
2． B
3． D
【分析】文章通过弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的介绍引入主题,探讨了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类共同的社会本能和学习机制之中。
【详解】
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Here, norms were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart… Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged.”可知,在因纽特人的生活中,规范是不成文的,因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以各种社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段第三、四句“These universal norms far pre date the concept of any moralising religion or written law.Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.”可知,普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制,即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
3．主旨大意题。文章开头以弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述,引出了文章的中心词:道德准则,进而围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论,主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类共同的社会本能和学习机制之中。所以D项(道德的起源)适合作为本文的标题。故选D项。
二、阅读单选（4题）
【知识点】文章标题、科普知识、细节理解、观点态度、词义猜测、说明文
【答案】4．B 5．C 6．D 7．A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。Atacama Desert沙漠的核心区域500年间从未下雨，近年却因气候变化迎来降雨。科学家们研究发现，雨水并未让这片不毛之地焕发生机，相反，给那里的微生物带来了灭顶之灾。
【详解】4．细节理解题。根据第一段“When rains fell in the Atacama Desert for the first time in centuries, scientists had expected to see life blossom (繁盛). Instead, almost everything died. The shocking discovery was published in the journal Scientific Reports. (当阿塔卡马沙漠几个世纪以来第一次下雨时，科学家们曾期望看到生命开花。相反，几乎所有东西都死了。这一令人震惊的发现发表在《科学报告》杂志上。)”以及第三段“The international team of scientists who studied the region were hoping for deserts springing to life. “Instead, we learned the contrary, as we found that rain in the dry core of the Atacama Desert caused a massive extinction of most native microbe (微生物) species there, ”said study co-author Alberto Fairén.(研究该地区的国际科学家团队希望沙漠能够出现。“相反，我们了解到相反的情况，因为我们发现阿塔卡马沙漠干燥核心的雨水导致了那里大多数本地微生物物种的大规模灭绝，”该研究的合著者阿尔贝托·费尔卡曼说。)”可知，科学家们对他们的发现感到很吃惊。故选B。
5．词义猜测题。根据画线词前“But after the rain fell, just two to four species were still found to be surviving in the resultant pool of water. (但在降雨之后，人们发现只有两到四个物种在由此形成的水池中幸存下来。)”及画线词后“In particular, these microbes were adapted to survive in extreme dryness. They were unable to adapt quickly enough to the unexpected rainfall.(特别是，这些微生物适应了在极端干燥的环境中生存。他们无法足够快地适应突如其来的降雨)”可推断，灭绝事件的原因是是由突然涌入的水引起的，画线词与Arrival的意思最接近。故选C。
6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“And we’ve recently found nitrates on Mars, which could be indicating a similar process there.(我们最近在火星上发现了硝酸盐，这可能表明火星上也有类似的过程。)”可推断，在这片沙漠里发现了硝酸盐，为相关科研带来了些许希望。故选D。
7．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When rains fell in the Atacama Desert for the first time in centuries, scientists had expected to see life blossom (繁盛). Instead, almost everything died. The shocking discovery was published in the journal Scientific Reports. (当阿塔卡马沙漠几个世纪以来第一次下雨时，科学家们曾期望看到生命开花。相反，几乎所有东西都死了。这一令人震惊的发现发表在《科学报告》杂志上。)”可知，本文主要介绍Atacama Desert沙漠的核心区域500年间从未下雨，近年突如其来的雨水并未让这片不毛之地焕发生机，反而给那里的微生物带来了灭顶之灾。故选A。
【知识点】情节发展、文章标题、短语猜测、科普知识、艺术、说明文
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．D
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了听悲伤的音乐在治愈心灵创伤中的作用，相关研究表明，听悲伤的音乐可以帮助人们重新感受到生活的快乐和希望，唤起同理心，并激发与他人建立积极联系的欲望。
【详解】8．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Sad music can help heal and uplift you from your broken heart. (悲伤的音乐可以帮助你从破碎的心灵中治愈和振作起来。)”和第四段中“Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was ‘beautiful but sad’ improved their mood. (肯特大学的另一项实验发现，当人们感到悲伤时，听‘美丽但悲伤’的音乐可以改善他们的情绪。)”可知，悲伤的音乐对悲伤的人而言有治愈作用，能改善他们的情绪，即可以让他们感觉好一些。故选B项。
9．词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“That discomfort points you towards creating a plan, a new action. It brings hope. (这种不适会让你制定一个计划，一个新的行动。它带来了希望。)”可推知，此处描述的一种不适的、糟糕的经历。结合选项内容可知，画线短语意思应该是“有难以忍受的经历”。故选D项。
10． 推理判断题。根据第三段中“A recent study from Germany found the emotional influence of listening to sad music is an arousal of feelings of empathy (同情), and a desire for positive connection with others. (德国最近的一项研究发现，听悲伤的音乐对情绪的影响是一种同理心的唤起，以及与他人建立积极联系的渴望。)”、第四段中“Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was ‘beautiful but sad’ improved their mood. (肯特大学的另一项实验发现，当人们感到悲伤时，听‘美丽但悲伤’的音乐可以改善他们的情绪。)”和最后一段中“For example, research from Cornell University found that accepting discomfort about a life experience or new situation, and viewing it as a step towards growth and change, encourages people to find a pathway through it, beyond it. (例如，康奈尔大学的研究发现，接受对生活经历或新情况的不适，并将其视为迈向成长和改变的一步，会鼓励人们找到克服和超越它的途径。)”可知，文章呈现了多个研究结果，来表明听悲伤音乐的积极作用。故选A项。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“But research shows there are pathways through the heartache. Listening to sad music is a major one. (但研究表明，心痛是有缓解途径的。听悲伤的音乐是主要的一种途径。)”可知，文章主要介绍了听悲伤的音乐在治愈心灵创伤中的作用，这些作用包括帮助人们重新感受到生活的快乐和希望，唤起同理心，并激发与他人建立积极联系的欲望等。因此，D项“为什么听悲伤的音乐能治愈你破碎的心”契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
【知识点】科普知识、细节理解、观点态度、词义猜测、说明文
【答案】12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蛇不仅会用牙齿向猎物注射有毒液体，还会在身体尾部产生难闻的分泌物，科学家通过研究发现这些分泌物可能是蛇为了抵御蚂蚁等昆虫的攻击而进化出来的防御机制。
【详解】12．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“What’s less well known is that they produce poisonous stuff at the other end of their bodies, too. Located at the base of the tail are organs that generate smelly secretions（分泌物）. The point of these organs has long been a mystery, but new research suggests they could stem from a time when snakes needed to protect themselves from a vicious enemy: the humble ant.(鲜为人知的是，它们在身体的另一端也会产生有毒物质。在蛇尾的基部有产生难闻分泌物的器官。这些器官的作用一直是个谜，但新的研究表明，它们可能源于蛇需要保护自己免受一个凶猛的敌人——不起眼的蚂蚁的攻击的时候。)”以及文章最后一段“No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count.(没有蛇愿意让自己发臭，但敌人促使了这种适应性的出现。当你没有四肢时，你最好让两端都发挥作用。)”可知，蛇从尾部释放难闻的气味是为了保护自己免受伤害。故选D项。
13．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段划线词后面的“Yet until now it has been unclear why all snake species, even those that seemingly never interact with ants, produce the secretion.(然而，直到现在还不清楚为什么所有的蛇类，甚至那些看似从不与蚂蚁互动的蛇类，都会产生这种分泌物。)”以及第四段“Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture.(Weldon博士和Vander Meer博士接下来质疑直接与分泌物接触是否会产生影响。他们给蚂蚁一滴普通水和一滴水和蛇分泌物的混合物。虽然蚂蚁很乐意从普通水滴中喝水，但它们很少接近混合物。)”可知，科学家们发现蛇的尾部分泌物对蚂蚁有驱避作用，由此可知，划线词所在句意为“科学家们至少从20世纪60年代就知道，一些蛇的尾部分泌物能驱虫”，bug-repellent意为“对昆虫不友好的”。故选A项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The team then set up a small room with red fire ants that make aggressive attacks on invaders. The team allowed the smell of the snake secretions to stay in the room, to see if it would put the ants off. But they entered the room with no fear.(然后，研究小组在一个小房间里放置了红火蚁，这些红火蚁会对入侵者发起猛烈的攻击。研究小组让蛇分泌物的气味留在房间里，看看是否会让蚂蚁退缩。但它们毫无畏惧地进入了房间。)”以及第四段“Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture.(Weldon博士和Vander Meer博士接下来质疑直接与分泌物接触是否会产生影响。他们给蚂蚁一滴普通水和一滴水和蛇分泌物的混合物。虽然蚂蚁很乐意从普通水滴中喝水，但它们很少接近混合物。)”可知，研究人员通过比较蚂蚁对蛇分泌物和普通水的反应来进行实验，即通过对比来进行实验。故选B项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count.(没有蛇愿意让自己发臭，但敌人促使了这种适应性的出现。当你没有四肢时，你最好让两端都发挥作用。)”可知，最后一句的意思是尽管蛇的这种适应性并不完美，但为了生存，它们还是发展出了防御特征。故选C项。
三、七选五阅读
【知识点】文学、科普知识、说明文
【答案】
16．F
17．B
18．E
19．A
20．D
【分析】本文从一个作家的视角并结合自身的写作经验,阐述查阅词典的重要性,并列举自己经常使用的几本权威词典,侧面印证查阅英文词典的益处。
【详解】
16．根据上文 If you want to be published, it s vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript.可知,如果想要出版图书,提交专业、完美的原稿是至关重要的;下文No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly.指出没有哪个编辑会容忍一个不能正确拼写单词的作家,设空处内容应与稿件的出版标准有关,即编辑喜欢什么样的稿件,起承上启下的作用。F项(这意味着良好的语法,没有拼写错误)符合语境,其中That指代上文中的“提交一份完美、专业的原稿”,no spelling mistakes与下文中的spell words correctly呼应。故选F项。
37根据上文 I don t trust my laptop s spellchecker.可推知,设空处应解释上文作者不信任笔记本拼写检查程序的原因。B项(它没有考虑到上下文)能够对此进行解释,并说明作者一直坚持用词典的原因,承接上文,符合语境。故选B项。
17．根据下文内容可知,下文强调词典具备的其他功能,设空处应该和词典的功能性相关。E项(当然,词典不仅仅用于检查拼写)能合理引出下文,符合语境。故选E项。
18．考查逻辑判断。
文本分析 根据第二段最后一句I use the Concise Oxford Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus.可知,作者平时主要使用《牛津简明英语词典》和《柯林斯英语同义词词典》。
结构分析 设空处与下文之间由However连接,起到语义转折作用。
核对句意 再根据下文However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there s nothing better.可知,除非作者要考证词源,查找具体用法,才会使用上文提到的the Shorter Oxford Dictionary这本词典。由此可推知,该词典不经常使用。故A项(我不经常用这本词典)承接上文,与下文形成转折关系,符合语境。故选A项。
19．上文“To make dictionaries is dull work,” wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of “dull”.指出,编词典是一项枯燥的工作,再根据下文A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.可知,阅读词典是一种有益的体验,与上文内容形成对比。设空处应表示转折。故D项(但是阅读词典可以是一种乐趣)符合语境,承上启下。故选D项。
四、完形（15空）
【知识点】副词的词义辨析、动词(短语)的辨析、名词的词义辨析、形容词的词义辨析、科普知识、说明文、连词辨析
【答案】
21．C
22．B
23．D
24．A
25．B
26．A
27．C
28．D
29．B
30．C
31．C
32．A
33．B
34．C
35．A
【详解】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是基于挑战的学习方法的优点和对此进行的相关研究；
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：接受挑战的学生往往不知道解决方案是什么。A. allow允许；B. introduce介绍；C. accept接受；D. expect期待。根据下文“often don’t know what the solution will be”可知，句子表示“接受挑战的学生往往不知道解决方案是什么”，空格处意为“接受”。故选C；
22．考查动词短语辨析。句意：立陶宛考纳斯理工大学的研究员Vilma Sukacke说:“引导者阻止他们过早地把注意力集中在解决方案上，并鼓励他们从多个角度、从不同的科学角度分析挑战。”A. carrying on继续；B. focusing on集中于；C. applying for申请；D. inquiring about询问。根据下文“encourages to analyze the challenge from multiple points of view, and from different scientific perspectives”可知，句子表示“引导者阻止他们过早地把注意力集中在解决方案上”。故选B；
23．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种学习方法非常适合可持续发展教育，根据许多学者的说法，可持续发展教育需要一个情境化的、问题导向的、反思的、跨学科的、协作的、参与式的和赋权的学习环境。A. cares about关心；B. tells of讲述；C. turns to求助于；D. calls for要求。根据下文“a contextual, problem-oriented, reflective, interdisciplinary (跨学科), collaborative, participatory and empowered learning environment”可知，句子表示“根据许多学者的说法，可持续发展教育需要一个情境化的、问题导向的、反思的、跨学科的、协作的、参与式的和赋权的学习环境”。故选D；
24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，教育工作者必须从传统的以教师为中心的教育转变为以学生为中心的教育的教学设计师。A. shift转变；B. differ不同；C. suffer遭受；D. learn学习。根据下文“from more traditional teacher-centred education to becoming instructional designers of student-centred education”可知，句子表示“教育工作者必须从传统的以教师为中心的教育转变为以学生为中心的教育的教学设计师”。故选A；
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述，探索了三种主动学习方法，即根据ADDIE（分析、设计、开发、实现和评估）框架进行基于项目、问题和挑战的学习。A. outcome结果；B. efficiency效率；C. impact影响；D. value价值。根据下文“a group of researchers from Lithuanian, Danish, German, Portuguese and Spanish universities conducted a systematic literature review, 21 the three active learning methods, i.e.. project, problem and challenge-based learning according to the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) framework”可知，句子表示“为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述”。故选B；
26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述，探索了三种主动学习方法，即根据ADDIE（分析、设计、开发、实现和评估）框架进行基于项目、问题和挑战的学习。A. exploring探索；B. applying应用；C. modifying修改；D. explaining解释。根据下文“the three active learning methods”可知，此处表示“探索了三种主动学习方法”。故选A；
27．考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性。A. Whether是否；B. As long as只要；C. Although虽然；D. Because因为。根据下文“the application of these methods in the classroom may be challenging for both sides”可知，句子表示“虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性”，空格处意为“虽然”，是although，引导让步状语从句。故选C；
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性。A. develop发展；B. include包括；C. associate联系；D. integrate（使）合并。根据下文“technology in real-life situations and improving their transversal (横向) skills”可知，句子表示“将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能”。故选D；
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在我的实践中，我注意到有时学生会质疑创新的学习方法，并将其视为一种游戏。A. approving批准；B. questioning质疑；C. preventing阻止；D. adopting采用。根据下文“considering them as a sort of a game”可知，句子表示“有时学生会质疑创新的学习方法”。故选B；
30．考查副词词义辨析。句意：由于这些课程通常是在一个充满游戏的环境中进行的，充满了不同的铅笔，彩色的笔记和积木，学生很难把它们当回事。A. affectionately亲切地；B. calmly平静地；C. seriously认真地；D. coolly冷静地。根据上文“these classes often take place in a play full environment, full of different pencils, colorful notes and building blocks”可知，句子表示“由于这些课程通常是在一个充满游戏的环境中进行的，充满了不同的铅笔，彩色的笔记和积木，学生很难把它们当回事”，take sth. seriously意为“认真对待某事”。故选C；
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，将方法和目标清楚地传达给学习者是非常重要的。A. transfer转移；B. change改变；C. communicate传达，传递；D. express表达。根据下文“the methods and the goals to the learners very clearly”可知，此处表示“将方法和目标清楚地传达给学习者”。故选C；
32．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时。A. pays off得到回报；B. goes away走开；C. gives off发出；D. breaks down出故障。根据上文“According to her, to successfully apply unconventional teaching methods is a challenge for a beginning teacher. However”和however表转折可知，此处表示“然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时”。故选A；
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时。A. subjective主观的；B. real真正的；C. imaginary虚构的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据下文“social problems”可知，此处表示“解决真正的社会问题”。故选B；
34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究者认为，CBL、PJBL和PBL的实现需要范式转变，组织、员工和学生改变对教育和学习的看法。A. combination结合；B. organization组织；C. realization实现；D. cooperation合作。根据下文“of CBL, PJBL, and PBL requires a paradigm (范式) shift, where organization, staff and students change their view to education and learning”可知，CBL、PJBL和PBL的实现需要范式转变，故选C；
35．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在这个过程中，老师和学生都需要应用新的技能，承担他们以前可能不需要的角色。A. take on承担；B. put away放好；C. send for派人去叫；D. deal with处理。根据下文“roles that they might not have needed before”可知，此处表示“承担他们以前可能不需要的角色”。故选A。
五、语篇
【知识点】that/which引导的限制性定语从句、一般现在时、其他介词、动词不定式作目的状语、可数名词及其单、复数、名词作定语、名词作宾语、定冠词、形容词作定语、社会、科普知识、说明文、过去分词作表语
【答案】
36．engineering
37．functional
38．to give
39．closed
40．walks
41．the
42．favorites
43．as
44．which/that
45．richness
【分析】本文介绍了位于英国伍尔贝丁花园的一座现代化动力玻璃温室和丝路花园。该玻璃温室由10个钢制的“萼片”构成,并配置了玻璃和铝材立面,这些萼片在温暖时节打开,寒冷之际关闭。花园中种植了通过丝绸之路引入英国的植物,突出了古代丝绸之路对现今英国花园的影响。
【详解】
36．考查词形变化。句意为:最新的工程技术被用于创造这座具有保护功能且美观的建筑。分析句子成分可知,设空处作定语,修饰名词techniques,表示性质和特征,意为“工程(设计)”。故填engineering。
37．考查词性转换。句意见上一题解析。分析句子成分可知,设空处作定语,修饰名词structure,结合句意可知,此处表示“实用的”,应用形容词。故填functional。
38．考查非谓语动词。句意为:这些萼片在天气暖和时打开,给里面的植物提供阳光和新鲜空气。分析句子成分可知,句中已有谓语open,且设空处和谓语之间没有连接词连接,故设空处应用非谓语动词;结合句意可知,设空处在句中作目的状语,应用动词不定式。故填to give。
39．考查非谓语动词。句意为:在寒冷的天气里,该温室保持关闭以保护植物。分析句子成分可知,本句为主系表结构,stays为连系动词,设空处作表语,结合句意可知,此处表示“关闭的”,应用过去分词形式。故填closed。closed已经被形容词化,可以被当作形容词使用。
测训诊断：本题考生易误填closely。考生容易将stays理解为实义动词,故判断此处用副词修饰动词。但结合语境可知,此处stay意为“保持”,为连系动词,后面接表语,故用过去分词表状态。
40．考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意为:此外,环绕着温室的丝路花园陪伴着游客体验一段受到古代丝绸之路影响的旅程,正是通过古代丝绸之路,丝绸以及许多植物品种首次被带到不列颠。分析句子成分可知,本句为主从复合句,设空处在主句中作谓语,根据语境和下文中的The garden also contains… 可知,此处表示客观陈述,应用一般现在时;主语为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填walks。
知识点拨：walk熟词生义熟义:vi. & vt.行走;步行;散步生义:vt.陪伴/护送(某人去某地)
41．考查冠词。句意见上一题解析。for the first time为固定搭配,意为“第一次”。故填the。
42．考查名词单复数。句意为:这些植物包括现代西方人最喜欢的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。分析句子成分可知,设空处作included的宾语,且被形容词modern和Western修饰,应用名词;根据下文的such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知,此处应填名词复数形式。故填favorites。
知识点拨：favorite的词性活用考生熟悉的favorite为形容词,意为“特别受喜爱的”,但favorite也可作名词,指“特别喜欢的人或物”,且为可数名词。如:This book is one of my favorites. 这本书是我最喜欢的书之一。
43．考查介词。句意为:这座玻璃温室是当代设计的一项伟大成就,将中国西南部的植物安置在丝绸之路的尽头,丝绸之路将这些植物从亚洲的原生地(中国)带到英国,实现了英国园艺的丰富多彩性。stand在此作不及物动词,表示“处于某种地位”,此处表示“这座温室是一项伟大成就”,设空处应用as表示“作为”。故填as。
44．考查定语从句。句意见上一题解析。分析句子成分可知,设空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the Silk Route,指物,关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which或that引导该从句。故填which/that。
45．考查词性转换。分析句子成分可知,设空处作define的宾语,且被much of和定冠词the修饰,应用名词形式,richness意为“丰富,富饶”,为不可数名词。故填richness。
六、应用文写作
【知识点】一般现在时、学校生活、日常活动、演讲稿、环境保护
46．【答案】
Dear teachers and classmates,
Good morning! Today, I’d like to deliver a speech on The Power of Small Actions in Environmental Protection.
As we all know, protecting the environment is crucial to preserving ecosystems, combating climate change, and ensuring a healthy, sustainable future for all living beings. Then, how can we help Small daily actions do make a big difference. For example, I’ve started bringing a reusable water bottle and refusing plastic bags. At home, I turn off lights when I leave a room and recycle paper. These habits save resources and reduce waste.
Therefore, I appeal to all of you to start with small habits, because every step counts. Thank you for listening!
【分析】
这是一篇应用文。考生所在校将举办主题为“The Power of Small Actions in Environmental Protection”的英语演讲比赛，要求考生就此写一篇演讲稿。
【详解】
1．词汇积累：
至关重要的：crucial→vital
对抗：combat→fight
关闭：turn off→swith off
呼吁：appeal→call on
2．句式拓展：
同义句
原句：As we all know, protecting the environment is crucial to preserving ecosystems, combating climate change, and ensuring a healthy, sustainable future for all living beings.
拓展句：As we all know, it is crucial to preserve ecosystems, combat climate change, and ensure a healthy, sustainable future for all living beings by protecting the environment.
七、读后续写
【知识点】一般过去时的基本用法和结构、感谢信、故事
47．【答案】
I finally made a decision and called my parents into my bedroom. When my parents saw what I had found in the drawer they were wide-eyed and speechless! Then, they read the papers carefully and were moved to tears. When they asked, “What should we do ” I said, “Let’s take it back to the store and find her family.” My father nodded with a smile on his face and my mother hugged me warmly, saying “You are my pride, dear.” I felt very happy because I already knew right from wrong. We collected all the money and papers at once, putting them in the drawer. We rushed to the charity shop with the drawer in the hope to find the owner as soon as possible.
Though surprised, the shop owner helped find the family’s telephone number. Within a few minutes, the family all came over. When I showed them what I had found in the drawer, they couldn’t believe their eyes. The parents had tears in their eyes. They were still sad about the lady’s death and the father had just lost his job. It was easy to see that my act of honesty gave them hope. They showed me sincere gratitude from the bottom of their hearts. In fact, I had never felt better before. No new bicycle could have made me felt as good about myself as I felt that day because I passed a very important test—a lost and found test of my own character.
【详解】
〖导语〗
本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在12岁生日时，父母给他买了一个二手的床头柜作为生日礼物，作者发现在床头柜里有以前主人的遗书和很多现金，经过一番思想斗争之后，作者和家人一起把钱还给了去世老人的家人们。
【详解】
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“我终于做了决定，把父母叫到我的卧室。”可知，第一段可描写作者与父母分享这件事后，他们做出归还东西的经过。
②由第二段首句内容“店主虽然很惊讶，但还是帮他找到了这家人的电话号码。”可知，第二段可描写作者与那一家人见面的经过以及个人的深切感受。
2.续写线索：做出决定——父母的表扬——寻找失主——失主的感激——个人感悟
3.词汇激活
行为类
①着急去：rush to/ hurry to
②归还：take sth. back/ return sth.
③拥抱：embrace/hold in one's arms
情绪类
①感动落泪：be moved to tears/ be touched to tears
②感谢：show sincere gratitude/ /be grateful
【点睛】
[高分句型1] When my parents saw what I had found in the drawer they were wide-eyed and speechless!（由when引导的时间状语从句和what引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2] We collected all the money and papers at once, putting them in the drawer.（使用现在分词作伴随状语）
[高分句型3] It was easy to see that my act of honesty gave them hope.（由that引导的主语从句）
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