2026年高考英语一轮复习 议论文阅读理解（含答案与解析）

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高考英语一轮复习 议论文阅读理解
一．阅读理解（共20小题）
1．（2025 天河区校级一模） Are you a logical thinker，or would you say that you're more free﹣spirited and artistic？If you're the former，somebody's probably told you at some point that you're a left﹣brained person，and if you're the latter.right﹣brained.The idea that the right half of the brain is the creative half and the left half is the analytical half and that our individual characteristics are determined by which half is dominant is widespread in popular psychology.However，this idea is a fiction.
Although we all obviously have different personalities and talents，there's no reason to believe these differences can be explained by the dominance of one half of the brain over the other half.Recent research using brain imaging technology hasn't found any evidence of hemispheric （脑半球的） dominance.Math，for example，requires logical thought and，thus，is generally said to be connected with the left brain.But mathematics involves a highly creative effort in addition to being a logical one.So would a gifted mathematician be a right﹣brained or a left﹣brained person？
If there's no evidence for the fiction of right﹣brained and left﹣brained people，why do so many people accept it？Perhaps it just makes intuitive（直觉的） sense that people's brains would be dominant on one side or the other just as their hands，feet，or eyes are.It may also have something to do with our seemingly unlimited appetite that allows us to sort ourselves （and our friends） into "types" based on our emotional and intellectual characteristics.
When people are offered general descriptive statements that are presented as individualized descriptions of their own personalities，they tend to accept them as meaningful and true，especially if the statements are positive.The "insights" they generate are both universal and congenial.After all，who would reject a description of themselves as "artistic and creative" or "reasonable and analytical"？The fiction is popular，in the end，because it gives us a "scientific" way to talk about our favorite subject ﹣ ourselves.
（1）Why does the author mention math in paragraph 2？ 　 　
A.To disapprove a popular belief.
B.To offer an acknowledged view.
C.To prove the brain's dominance.
D.To introduce a complicated topic.
（2）Which is a possible reason for people believing left﹣or right﹣brained dominance？ 　 　
A.Roles of different brain regions.
B.Distinctions between different people.
C.The tendency to classify people.
D.The conclusion from daily phenomena.
（3）What does the underlined word "congenial" mean in the last paragraph？ 　 　
A.Reasonable.
B.Accurate.
C.Random.
D.Pleasing.
（4）What is the best title for the text？ 　 　
A.The Science of Different Personalities.
B.The Truth Behind Hemispheric Dominance.
C.Links Between the Brain and Characters.
D.Ways to Tell Right﹣and Left﹣brained People.
2．（2025春 济宁校级期中） Being a vegetarian （素食者） in a meat﹣eating culture isn't always easy.I always get asked， "Why？Since when？How come？" and "How can you stand not eating meat？"
For me，being a vegetarian isn't strange；it's just who and what I am.I'm sick and tired of people judging （评价） me based on a personal choice that has nothing to do with them.Honestly，I could understand if my decision had an influence on their lives，but the thing is it doesn't，so they should just get over it.
If anything，more people should be vegetarians.It's a fact that a vegetarian has a lower risk of cancer，heart attacks，and high blood pressure.Being a vegetarian can help people live a longer life because they are eating healthily and not taking in the fat found in non﹣vegetarian diets.While all diets need to be balanced，it is possible to get protein，minerals and nutrients from vegetable sources.Vegetables，milk and eggs have all the requirements your body needs to survive.
If you are creative，a vegetarian diet is far from boring.As vegetables come in various types and tastes，they can be prepared and eaten in countless ways.There are so many vegetarian cookbooks，which shows this is a fact.
I find it funny when people say vegetarians do not get enough energy from their diet.My answer is to mention Dave Scott，the first person to win the IRONMAN World Championship six times!Yes，surprise，surprise，at the time he was a vegetarian.
Vegetarianism is better for the planet because the ecological footprint of vegetarians is smaller.So next time you want to judge someone's personal choice to go veggie，remember they have their reasons，not the least of which are concerns for animals and the state of the planet.
（1）How does the author feel about others' opinions on his diet？　 　
A.Curious.
B.Annoyed.
C.Appreciative.
D.Unconcerned.
（2）What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about a vegetarian diet？　 　
A.Its advantages.
B.Its sources.
C.Its varieties.
D.Its popularity.
（3）Why does the author mention Dave Scott in paragraph 5？　 　
A.To show what a vegetarian diet is like.
B.To present a study on vegetarian diets.
C.To suggest a vegetarian diet is healthy.
D.To explore why some athletes are vegetarians.
（4）What is the best title for the text？　 　
A.My Road to Becoming a Vegetarian
B.Mistaken Beliefs about Vegetarianism
C.Vegetarianism：A Common Phenomenon
D.Vegetarianism：More Than a Personal Choice
3．（2025 朝阳区校级四模） We should all ask one question a lot more often："What are you reading？"It's a simple question but a powerful one，and it can change lives.A grandmother reconnected with her grandson by reading The Hunger Games，shifting their conversations from words of single syllable（音节） to deep discussions on survival，morality，and politics.This story illustrates how reading bridges distances and forms meaningful connections.
We need to be readers now more than ever.We overschedule our days and complain constantly about being too busy.We flood ourselves with video clips and instant messages.We even interrupt our interruptions.And at the heart of it，is fear﹣fear that we are missing out on something.Connectivity is one of the great blessings of the Internet era，and it makes extraordinary things possible.But constant connectivity can be a curse.encouraging the lesser angels of our nature.I'm eager to escape from this way of living.And if enough of us escape，the world will be better for it.
Books are uniquely suited to helping us change our relationship to the rhythms of daily life in this world of endless connectivity.We can't interrupt books；we can only interrupt ourselves while reading them.They are the expression of an individual or a group of individuals.They speak to us，thoughtfully，one at a time.And they demand that we briefly put aside our own beliefs and prejudices and listen to someone else's.
The technology of a book is genius.The order of the words is fixed，whether on the page or on the screen，but the speed at which you read them is entirely up to you.It allows you to slow down，relish and reflect.
At the trial in which he would be sentenced to death，Soerates（as quoted by Plato） said that the unexamined life isn't worth living.Reading is the best way I know to learn how to examine your life.By comparing what you've done to what others have done，and your thoughts and theories and feelings to those of others，you learn about yourself and the world around you.Perhaps that is why reading is one of the few things you do alone that can make you feel less alone.It is a solo activity that connects you to others.
（1）How did the grandmother﹣grandson connections change after reading The Hunger Games？ 　 　
A.From silence to deep talks.
B.From anger to attachment.
C.From distance to forgiveness.
D.From criticism to praise.
（2）What does the author think of constant connectivity？ 　 　
A.It is at the heart of our fear.
B.It encourages negative tendencies.
C.It is the best blessing of our times.
D.It greatly harms our productivity.
（3）What is the author's attitude to the technology of a book？ 　 　
A.Favorable.
B.Dismissive.
C.Critical.
D.Ambiguous.
（4）What is the main purpose of the article？ 　 　
A.To recommend a good read.
B.To analyze reading psychology.
C.To compare reading media.
D.To advocate reading benefits.
4．（2025 潍坊二模） Have you ever found yourself really wanting to change yet somehow remaining stuck in the same patterns？The answer might not be in your behaviors，but in your beliefs—specifically，the beliefs you have about yourself and who you are.This is what psychologists call self﹣concept inertia（惰性）.
Self﹣concept inertia is the psychological resistance to changing our identity.Our self﹣concept is influenced by our narrative identity，which is made up of the stories we tell about ourselves.These narratives can go beyond simply describing who we are today—they can restrict us from being who we believe we' re capable of becoming in the future.This means that even if we want to change，as long as we hold onto our old identities，we' ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make to become the"new"version of ourselves.
Our self﹣concept doesn't yield easily，even to our conscious （有意识的） desires.When your behaviors contradict your self﹣image，you experience a state of psychological discomfort.For example，if you' ve always seen yourself as"not a morning person"，successfully waking up at5 a.m.creates tension with your established identity.So your brain has two options：Update your self﹣concept（hard） or abandon the new behavior（easier）.As Carol Dweck discusses in her book Mindset：The New Psychology of Success，people with"fixed mindsets"tend to avoid challenges that might contradict their self﹣concept.
Yet your self﹣concept is malleable by design.Notice when you use a phrase like"I'm just not a person".The absolute statement signals few changes will happen.Instead of"I'm not an organized person"（ identity），try "I haven't developed strong organizational systems yet"（behavior）.Identity statements feel permanent，but behavior statements feel changeable.Identifying these habits also gives you insight into a solution you can practice and improve.
Self﹣concept inertia weakens when we hold our identities lightly.When we see ourselves as works in progress rather than finished products，we create the psychological space needed for genuine transformation.The question isn't whether you can change—it's whether you' re willing to let go of familiar limitations to discover what lies beyond them.
（1）How does our narrative identity affect us？ 　 　
A.It defines our better future.
B.It changes our self﹣concept.
C.It limits our behaviour choices.
D.It improves our previous selves.
（2）What does the example of waking up at 5 a.m.illustrate？ 　 　
A.The difficulty in getting rid of tension.
B.The benefits of becoming an early riser.
C.The conflict between behaviour and self﹣identity.
D.The importance of following a strict daily routine.
（3）What does the underlined word"malleable"in paragraph 4 mean？ 　 　
A.Predictable.
B.Available.
C.Sustainable.
D.Adjustable.
（4）What does the author advise people to do？ 　 　
A.Make perfect products.
B.Avoid labelling yourself.
C.Monitor psychological changes.
D.Attach importance to self﹣image.
5．（2025 开封三模） Lately，a common hiring practice has come under examination；personality testing in the interview process.Someone believed that personality assessments shouldn't be wed in hiring，but rather for team﹣building，leadership development and other non﹣selective purposes.
Does this mean we should stop using all personality assessments in hiring？In short，no.Personality assessments can play a helpful，objective role in the hiring process，as long as the proper assessment is used，findings are applied correctly and it's not the only way you're determining who to hire.
While many factors influence us，personality is a major force behind our habits，behaviors and attitudes.So it's not surprising that some personality assessments can be a strong predictor of job performance.
Think about two common work roles：sales and accounting.Why do salespersons and accountants tend to have different personality characteristics？It's about their duties.Employees are the most efficient when their personalities and interests are in line with job requirements.Assessments that show this can be very helpful when deciding who to offer the job to.
If you consider whether someone is likely to stay for the long term and how hardworking they'll be while they're at your company，these questions are most influenced by one simple factor：how much people enjoy their job.And being satisfied in your career is also influenced by personality.Assessments can help pick out the right individual for a work environment.
Organizations should be careful when using personality assessments for hiring.If the assessment isn't psychometrically（心理测量学地） appropriate for hiring and selection，you can make poor decisions or find yourself in legal trouble.In many cases，using a personality assessment for hiring when it wasn't designed to be used for hiring is not morally acceptable.
I'll close by stressing that personality assessments shouldn't be used as the only tool in hiring decisions.When they're just one part of a hiring process that includes interviews，references and more，they provide valuable insight that can end in a great hiring decision.
（1）What is the author's idea in regard to personality assessments？ 　 　
A.The results from them are usually wrong.
B.They are a key factor in the interview process.
C.They shouldn't be used in the working environment.
D.They can be beneficial in hiring under certain conditions.
（2）Why does the author mention salespersons and accountants in the fourth paragraph？ 　 　
A.To tell the difference between sales and accounting.
B.To show that different personalities are suited to different jobs.
C.To stress that personality has nothing to do with job requirements.
D.To explain why people in different positions have different personalies.
（3）What can be inferred from the last paragraph but one？ 　 　
A.Personality assessments can be used for all candidates.
B.Appropriate personality assessments are necessary in hiring.
C.The use of personality assessments in hiring is against the law.
D.So far，there have not been any effective personality assessments for hiring.
（4）Which of the following would be the best title for the text？ 　 　
A.How Should We Prepare for Interviews？
B.How Do Personality Assessments Work in Hiring？
C.Should Personality Assessments Be Used in Hiring？
D.What Are the Advantages of Using Personality Assessments in Hiring？
6．（2025 嘉兴三模） The 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant lived very firmly in a world of time.He was so strict about routine that his fellow citizens of Kocnigsberg could set their watches by his afternoon walk.However，in his philosophical work，Kant was doubtful about time.He believed time is created by the human mind.Out there beyond our minds，there is no time.It's simply a "category" of our minds that helps us to perceive objects and order our experience.
The flexibility of our time perception （感知） supports Kant's doubt.We all know time is not a fixed phenomenon but seems to pass at different speeds in different situations.For example，it seems to go slowly when we travel to unfamiliar places，or when we are bored or in pain.It seems to speed up when we're absorbed，such as when we play music or paint.
Our perception of time can change in a dramatic way.Perhaps，at least once in your life，you've had what is called a "Time Expansion Experience （TEE），" when seconds have stretched out into minutes.TEEs happen most frequently in accidents where perception becomes more intense than normal and thus people notice more details.
In accident situations，people are often surprised by the amount of time they have to think and act.In fact，many people are convinced that time expansion spared them from their serious injury，or even death.For example，a woman who reported a TEE in which she avoided a metal barrier falling on to her car said， "For me the slowing down of the moment allowed me to decide how to escape the falling metal on us."
All of this suggests that Kant was right.Perhaps the reason why time is variable is because it doesn't really exist—at least，outside our minds.There is no objective time out there in the universe.What we experience as time is filtered （过滤） through our minds，and so varies according to our state of mind.
（1）Which of the following would Immanuel Kant approve of？ 　 　
A.Time is a basic quality of the world.
B.Time is a record of human experience.
C.Time is a situation measured by daily routine.
D.Time is a mental concept generated by humans.
（2）What is the main idea of paragraph 2？ 　 　
A.Time progresses at a constant speed.
B.Full attention affects people's sense of time.
C.Time perception varies depending on context.
D.People feel time slows down on special occasions.
（3）What do people think of TEEs in accidents？ 　 　
A.Inspiring.
B.Beneficial.
C.Temporary.
D.Painful.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text？ 　 　
A.The Secret of Time：A State of Mind.
B.Time Expansion：Real or Imaginary？
C.Time Perception：A Philosophical Exploration.
D.The Clockwork of the Mind：How to Measure Time？
7．（2025 青秀区校级模拟）A few years ago，the City Council of Monza，Italy，barred pet owners from keeping goldfish in curved fishbowls.The sponsors of the measure explained that it is cruel to keep a fish in such a bowl because the curved sides give the fish a distorted view of reality.Aside from the measure's significance to the poor goldfish，the story raises an interesting philosophical question：How do we know that the reality we perceive is true？
Physicists are finding themselves in a similar trouble to the goldfish's.For decades they have been pursuing an ultimate theory of everything—one complete and consistent set of fundamental laws of nature that explain every aspect of reality.It now appears that this pursuit may generate not a single theory but a family of interconnected theories，each describing its own version of reality，as if it viewed the universe through its own fishbowl.This concept may be difficult for many people to accept.Most people believe that there is an objective reality out there and that our senses and our science directly convey （传达） information about the material world.In philosophy，that belief is called realism.
In physics，realism is becoming difficult to defend.Instead，the idea of alternative realities is a mainstay of today's popular culture.For example，in the science﹣fiction film The Matrix the human race is unknowingly living in a simulated （模拟的） virtual reality created by intelligent computers.How do we know we are not just computer﹣generated characters living in a Matrix﹣like world？If—like us—the beings in the simulated world could not observe their universe from the outside，they would have no reason to doubt their own pictures of reality.
Similarly，the goldfish's view is not the same as ours from outside their curved bowl.For instance，because light bends as it travels from air to water，a freely moving object that we would observe to move in a straight line would be observed by the goldfish to move along a curved path.The goldfish could form scientific laws from their frame （框架） of reference that would always hold true and that would enable them to make predictions about the future motion of objects outside the bowl.If the goldfish formed such a theory，we would have to admit the goldfish's view as a reasonable picture of reality.
The goldfish example shows that the same physical situation can be modeled in different ways，each employing different fundamental elements and concepts.It might be that to describe the universe we have to employ different theories in different situations.It is not the physicist's traditional expectation for a theory of nature，nor does it correspond to our everyday idea of reality.But it might be the way of the universe.
（1）What does the underlined word "distorted" in Paragraph most probably mean？ 　 　
A．Original.
B．Accurate.
C．Distant.
D．False.
（2）What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us？ 　 　
A．The need for a complete theory.
B．The lasting conflict in physics.
C．The existence of the material world.
D．The conventional insight of reality.
（3）What can we learn from the passage？ 　 　
A．Nature's mysteries are best left undiscovered.
B．An external world is independent of the observers.
C．People's theories are influenced by their viewpoints.
D．It is essential to figure out which picture of reality is better.
（4）According to the passage，the author may agree that 　 　 .
A．various interpretations of the universe are welcomed
B．physicists have a favorite candidate for the final theory
C．multiple realities can be pieced together to show the real world
D．there is still possibility to unify different theories into a single one
8．（2025 龙岗区校级三模） Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing.You can no longer get guided to work，order your coffee，or connect with friends.For most of us，it is a nightmare（噩梦）.But it should not be exactly far﹣fetched.
Despite being more digitally connected than ever，we are lonelier and more anxious.Anxiety rates increased by 25% globally.Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide.All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep，meaningful engagement，which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored.
While these conveniences offer short﹣term relief，they may weaken our thinking skills.For example，GPS has undeniably transformed how we travel.But a 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self﹣guided navigation.Over time，those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp decline in special memory and problem﹣solving skills.However，reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort.In seeking comfort today，we might be trading away some discomfort.
That is the problem：the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us.Viewing stress，a kind of discomfort，as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better outcomes.Research shows that mild stress can enhance adaptability.Neuroscience（神经科学） reveals that neuroplasticity﹣the brain's ability to form new connections ﹣is enhanced through challenging experiences.This adaptability is crucial for developing resilience（抗逆力），a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort.
But this doesn't mean we should reject comfort entirely；it's to balance it with intentional discomfort.Think of it as "microdosing hardship"﹣a series of small，manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong，such as writing with a pen，or washing dishes by hand.These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we've buried under layers of ease.So，the next time you feel the pull of ease，pause.Ask yourself：Is this momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck？Choosing discomfort isn't easy，but sometimes，it's worth it.
（1）What does the underlined word"far﹣fetched"in Paragraph 1 probably mean？ 　 　
A.Possible to change.
B.Certain to function.
C.Unlikely to be forgotten.
D.Unable to be accepted.
（2）What may digital conveniences cause according to the text？ 　 　
A.The fast but worthless relief.
B.The meaningful engagement.
C.The loss of thinking capacity.
D.The lack of necessary comfort.
（3）Which is a real﹣life application of "microdosing hardship"？ 　 　
A.Taking the stairs instead of the lift.
B.Ordering take﹣out food after work.
C.Exploring a new city by using GPS.
D.Writing an email using voice﹣to﹣text.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text？ 　 　
A.GPS：the invisible cost of convenience
B.Stress：the main cause of brain damage
C.Discomfort：a hidden source of resilience
D.Smartphones：barriers to human progress
9．（2025 常德二模） The mental pain of failure can stimulate you to become better at the activity in which you lack proficiency﹣if you can consider the unpleasant experience as an indicator of personal growth.This is what researchers found when they conducted a field experiment at an improvisation（即兴表演） club.One group of amateur improvisers was instructed to actively seek the feeling of awkwardness.The scholars found that，compared with improvisers who were not given this instruction，the first group was more engaged in the exercise.Instead of seeing the discomfort as something to avoid，they saw it as central to the process and leaned into it.
This has effects on how to improve ordinary life.You can put failure to good use in many other areas of life.If you're a student，take a class far outside your area of skills and interests，knowing that the struggle to cope with a very novel challenge may improve studying what you do like.Enjoy the difficulty of it and analyze the mistakes you make﹣and you will almost certainly find that you're doing even better at your preferred subject.
Employers can apply these principles as well.I like the"75/25 rule，"according to which employees spend three﹣quarters of their time on their assigned task and one quarter helping others outside their area.The short﹣term cost of this is friction as people struggle with novelty and difficulty﹣and bosses should take care not to make this worse by being punitive or overly critical.But I have seen the long﹣term benefit of better motivation in the core assignment，as well as a better flow of information and distribution of new skills across different activities within an enterprise.
The embrace﹣failure principle can even be applied to happiness itself.None of us wants to be unhappy.But inviting sources of unhappiness into life can be extremely beneficial.Resolve not to be afraid of fear，anger，or sadness.They are normal and natural parts of life，after all.And if you let them，they will help you savor（享受） the joys of life all the more.
（1）What did the experiment at the improvisation club find？ 　 　
A.Avoiding awkwardness improved improvisers' creativity.
B.Actively embracing awkwardness increased engagement.
C.Professional improvisers performed better than amateurs.
D.Discomfort negatively impacted participants' motivation.
（2）Why does the author advise students to take unfamiliar classes？ 　 　
A.To reduce their academic pressure.
B.To increase their studying interests.
C.To avoid errors in their preferred field.
D.To indirectly strengthen their major subjects.
（3）What is the long﹣term effect of the"75/25 rule"？ 　 　
A.Employees are more motivated and multi﹣skilled.
B.Competitions among colleagues get more intense.
C.New and difficult assignments become effortless.
D.Conflicts in workplace disappear completely.
（4）Which is the best title of the text？ 　 　
A.The Different Ways to Avoid Failure
B.The Advice on How to Seek Happiness
C.The Benefits of Doing Things You're Bad at
D.The Reasons Why You're in Negative Moods
10．（2025 晋城二模） In recent years，some experts suggest that reading on screens has led to more and more skim reading，since most digital texts tend to be relatively short.Some of them are even worried about the loss of our ability to engage more deeply with long texts.
So is there a"right" way to read？
"There's a lot of discussion whether social media has sort of destroyed our ability to pay attention，"says Daniel Willingham，a psychologist at the University of Virginia."None of us knows，because this is a very difficult research problem."
Willingham theorizes that our changing reading habits are likely not because our attention is degraded.
Otherwise，that would have huge effects on our other abilities，like memory.But because the internet provides an opportunity for endless entertainment，our willingness to focus on a text might be decreasing.He is optimistic that most people can learn these close reading skills with practice.
"In some ways，focusing on the same thing for a long time is not necessarily a natural state，"Willingham explains."Our mind wants to sample different things and see what's going on in our environment.Therefore，it might not be helpful to put skimming and close reading against each other，but rather to understand that both are important to learn，especially when we have huge amounts of information available at our fingertips."
Skimming﹣where we skip over words and sections to grasp the main idea of a text﹣is a common reading strategy.Skimming is sufficient for most beach reads，for example，which don't require us to recall details of a scene
Our familiarity with the type of text also influences the strategy we use to read.If we have read a lot of mystery novels，we may get used to the structure of the text and thus be able to skim sections and still get what's going on.
（1）Why have our reading habits changed，according to some experts？ 　 　
A.We can't concentrate on long texts any more.
B.Our opportunity for entertainment is endless.
C.We have too much information to absorb.
D.Our willingness to focus on a text is decreasing.
（2）What does Daniel Willingham say about the two reading strategies？ 　 　
A.Both of them should be learned with practice.
B.They are destroying our ability to pay attention.
C.Close reading is not necessarily a better strategy.
D.Skim reading is more important in the digital age.
（3）What is the author's attitude to skim reading？ 　 　
A.Disapproving.
B.Doubtful.
C.Favorable.
D.Unclear.
（4）What is the best title for the text？ 　 　
A.Short Digital Texts Are Destroying Our Ability to Concentrate!
B.Should We Put Skimming and Close Reading Against Each Other？
C.Can Our Ability to Engage More Deeply With Long Texts Be Recovered？
D.Be Aware of the Huge Amounts of Information Available in Our Daily Life!
11．（2025 天津）
The shape of a life
Ask most people what 'the good life' involves，and they will likely rattle off a list of goods.Maybe those goods are simple pleasures like food，laughter，sex，or money；maybe they're more refined goods like art，music，friendship，parenthood，or a fulfilling career.Philosophers，you may be surprised to learn，are people too，and often put together similar lists as constituents of the good life.Even Aristotle，who believed that the key to eudaimonia，or 'flourishing'，is the cultivation and exercise of virtue，still thought certain goods were either prerequisites for happiness （e.g.，health） or were goods that came to the virtuous （fame，wealth，friendship）.
If we're comparing how happy or flourishing various people's lives are，it seems natural to look for certain goods，and compare who has more of them.There are plenty of different ways we could do this，of course，and it's quite likely we won't agree on which goods are the ones that are constitutive of happiness.It may，for one thing，depend on who you are，and what you happen to value.Ask a young actor，for instance，what they'd consider a flourishing，fulfilling life to consist of，and they might reel off a list of goods related to their profession：being cast in high﹣profile roles，being well﹣paid，achieving critical acclaim，winning awards，and so on.That seems reasonable enough.An actor's life will be better，all things considered，if it contains these things than if it doesn't.
But consider this thought experiment，adapted from one given by the philosopher Dale Dorsey.Let's compare two thespian lives，each seemingly containing the same overall amount of goods，but with very different life﹣trajectories.
First，meet Toby.Toby wants to be an actor.He struggles to get work for many years，enduring all sorts of setbacks and heartbreaks.But as the years go by，Toby manages to land a succession of increasingly prestigious roles.From humble beginnings，he works his way up to become a famous，wealthy，and universally respected actor.His lifetime earnings are ＄20 million，and he wins an Oscar for his final movie before retiring.
Now，meet Ybot.Ybot，like Toby，wants to be an actor.Unlike Toby，however，Ybot hits the big time right out of the gate：in fact，he wins an Oscar for his very first film role，making him rich and respected.After this initial easy success，he enjoys a succession of film roles，but over time the roles become less prestigious and less well paid，and he begins to endure a number of setbacks and heartbreaks.Towards the end of his career （across which he has earned ＄20 million，mostly at the start），he struggles to get work，and finally retires into humble obscurity.
As you'll have quickly realized，these two actors' lives，like their names，are mirror﹣images.Both Toby and Ybot's lives contain the same putative goods：an Oscar， ＄20 million，fame，respect，and so on.They also contain the same struggles and heartbreaks.If we view their lives as sort of balance sheet of experiential profit and loss，Toby and Ybot both seem to lead lives of equal net worth.The only difference is that Ybot experiences these goods and bads in a reverse order to Toby.Toby's overall 'score' in life slopes upwards over time from a low starting point，while Ybot's slopes downward from an initial high，yet they both hit the same heights and endure the same lows.If flourishing is just a matter of enjoying certain goods，then it seems both actors flourish to the same extent.
Yet most of us，I suspect，would think that the ordering of these goods does，in fact，make a decisive difference to how we compare Toby and Ybot's careers.It seems hard to avoid the conclusion that Toby's life is better than Ybot's.If we had to choose between these lives，most of us would much prefer to live like Toby than Ybot.Both experience triumph and adversity，but Toby's story is one of triumph over adversity，while Ybot's is a story of decline into adversity.
But why should that make a difference，if both lives contain the same amount of pleasure vs suffering and both contain the same net benefits？Does our preference for one life over the other track some deep fact about human value，or is it simply an irrational habit of thought—and would we，then，be better off if we ditched this preference？
When comparing the overall welfare level of different lives，it seems natural enough to think of a person's life as a sort of container for various good and bad experiences.Someone whose life contains loving relationships，a stable home life，fulfilling work and experiences like travel and education seems better off than someone whose life does not contain these goods.The goods and the bads are what we evaluate；the 'container' they sit in is basically neutral.But that balance sheet model seems to miss another，more elusive kind of value.
We might，for instance，value things like overcoming adversity，or not having our successes come too easily.Someone who climbs a mountain will experience more struggle than someone who gets dropped on the peak by helicopter，but the climber will also have a sense of accomplishment the other person may well envy.In that sense，we might think Toby's life is better because his highs seem more well﹣earned than Ybot's do.But that's not the whole story.The narrative trajectory itself seems to make a difference.A life of early success followed by stagnation and decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day.Where the story ends，relative to where it began，seems to matter in itself.We value happy endings，not just happy moments.
This intuitive judgment finds expression in what's been called the 'shape of life' hypothesis.On this view，living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life﹣events，but of having them in the right order or sequence.In other words，it's not enough to have the right ingredients—you have to arrange them in the right sort of way，and some arrangements are better than others，in ways that can't be reduced to the sum of the parts.It's like furniture：you can have two nice sofas and a coffee table，but it also matters how the room is set up.
What the shape of life hypothesis suggests is that our lives are not simply bags into which we cram good things and bad things.The type of life it is—the genre of that life﹣story，so to speak—matters too.Without the right shape，even a life full of wondrous things can end up as a tale we'd prefer not to live out.
（1）What is Aristotle's view on the good life？ 　 　
A.goods contribute to happiness.
B.those goods are simple pleasures.
C.good life should include more refined goods.
D.the key to happiness lies only in the cultivation of virtue.
（2）What are the common points between Toby and Ybot？ 　 　
A.They enjoy great reputation when they retire.
B.They reach the same height in film industry.
C.They acting careers have all been smooth.
D.They lives start with hardships and turn sweet.
（3）What can we infer from mountain climbing？ 　 　
A.What comes easily is more valuable.
B.Someone prefers to get dropped on the peak by helicopter.
C.The other person may well envy the climber.
D.Struggling life should be treasured more.
（4）According to paragraph 11，the author tries to 　 　
A.Make a definition
B.Change the topic
C.Further the argument
D.Provide further evidence
（5）What's the best title of the passage？ 　 　
A.To shape life with good deeds
B.Defining the shape of good life
C.Essential components of good life
D.How to shape a good life
12．（2025 天河区校级一模） If you live on this planet，there's a decent chance you've seen the classic Star TrekEpisode，in which captain Kirk and several members find themselves in what appears to be another universe.
These days，it seems the idea of the multiverse﹣many worlds﹣is having its Hollywood moment.Its appeal as a storytelling device is obvious﹣ characters explore a multi﹣world with varying degrees of similarity to our own，as well as different versions of themselves.Hence，it has been fully established in mainstream pop culture.
While Hollywood can't seem to get enough of the multiverse，it remains deeply controversial （有争议的）among scientists.Advocates on the two sides show no mercy toward each other in their books，on their blogs.But physicists didn't pull the idea out of thin air ﹣ rather，several distinct lines of reasoning seem to point to the multiverse's existence.However，critics warn that making the multiverse legal could make it harder for the public to distinguish speculative（推测性的）theories from established fact，making it more difficult to keep pseudo﹣science（伪科学）at bay.Giving credit to such speculation risks "turning fundamental physics into pseudo﹣science".
The multiverse controversy is rooted in the idea of test ability.If we can't interact with these other universes，or detect them in any way，some experts insist that reduces them to mere philosophical speculation.But Carroll，an advocate for "many worlds"，argues that mathematics is the language describing our physical theories.Since Schrdinger's equation （方程），on which Quanturr （量子）mechanic rests，predicts the existence of many worlds，so be it.
Could a more expansive view of the universe itself be the next breakthrough？As Siegfried puts it： "Every time in the past that we've thought， 'We've got it；this is what the whole universe is'﹣ the people who've said， 'Maybe there's more than one of those' have always turned out to be right. "
（1）Why is Hollywood so occupied with the multiverse？ 　 　
A.It makes for engaging plots.
B.It is a much﹣talked﹣about topic.
C.It is helpful to popularize science.
D.It dominates the mainstream pop culture.
（2）What do the underlined words in paragraph 3 probably mean？ 　 　
A.Out of date.
B.Out of place.
C.Out of nowhere.
D.Out of question.
（3）What may be the bad effect of making the multiverse legal？ 　 　
A.It may be harder to tell speculative theories from established fact.
B.The speculative theories will turn physics into pseudo﹣science
C.It won't be more difficult to hold the pseudo﹣science back.
D.People will risk turning physics into pseudo﹣science.
（4）According to Carroll，the existence of many worlds 　 　
A.can be detected somehow.
B.can be reasoned logically and emotionally.
C.can be interpreted philosophically.
D.can be predicted by mathematics equation.
（5）What might be the author's attitude toward the multiverse legal？ 　 　
A.Doubtful.
B.Dismissive.
C.Unclear.
D.Approving.
13．（2025 北碚区校级模拟） What makes a good life？Philosophers have long offered two classic answers：hedonia，a life free from pan and full of pleasure，and eudaimonia，a virtuous and purposeful life.But in a new study，philosopher Lorraine Besser and psychologist Shigehiro Oishi argue for a third element"psychological nichness".They suggest that a good life is not just happy or meaningful but also interesting，varied，and surprising﹣even if some surprises are unpleasant.
A psychologically rich life may not always be in line with happiness or virtue.Adventures，crises.and unexpected turns can be painful or lead one away from their original purpose.Yet，these experiences bring depth and complexity，making life less boring.As Besser and Oishi write in Philosophical Psychology，a psychologically rich life may give up some happiness or meaning for novelty and transformation.
But do people actually value such a life？To find out，the researchers surveyed over 3，000 people across nine countries.Participants were given 15 words such as"pleasant"，"meaningful"and"interesting"，and asked which best described a good life.While most prioritized happiness and meaning，10﹣15% across cultures still chose psychological richness as their ideal，even when forced to pick just one.
In another experiment，the researchers asked participants about their regrets.Did they regret decisions that made their lives less happy or meaningful？Or did they regret missing out on interesting，surprising experiences？About 30% of respondents in the U.S.and South Korea valued psychological richness when reflecting on their regrets，suggesting that people often wish they had embraced more varied and unexpected paths.
The desire for psychological richness goes beyond avoiding boredom.Even tragic or challenging experiences can have transformative power，offering insights that happiness or virtue alone cannot provide.As Leonard Cohen sang，"It's the cracks that let the light come in."A psychologically rich life，with all its unpredictability，may be what truly lets the light in.
（1）What leads to psychological richness？　 　
A.Pure pleasure and lasting comfort.
B.Clear goals and traditional virtues.
C.Constant pain and unpleasant memories.
D.Novel experiences and various challenges.
（2）How does psychological richness impact our life？　 　
A.It adds dimensions to life.
B.It erases boredom from life.
C.It confirms people's initial intentions.
D.It conflicts with happiness and meaning.
（3）What does the author imply through two experiments？　 　
A.Some people attach importance to varied life.
B.Regret is the key to a psychologically rich life.
C.Most people do not value psychological richness.
D.Defining a good life varies from culture to culture.
（4）What's the author's attitude towards the psychological richness？　 　
A.Objective.
B.Favorable.
C.Unclear.
D.Dismissive.
14．（2025 端州区二模） Studies have shown the mere exposure effect，also referred to as the familiarity principle，inspires our decisions.It is a helpful psychological mechanism（机制）that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things.Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring.So unless we have a terrible experience，we are likely to buy from companies we've got used to.That is why companies spend so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge existing customers more than new ones.
It's not the case that we only desire things we already know.Some studies suggest when invited to share our preferences，we sometimes see less familiar choices as more desirable.But when acting on that preference，we fall back to what we know.This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don't quite match up.We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationships.
It's easy to paint the familiarity principle as an enemy or something to battle as if it is something that holds us back from living our dreams.But this attitude might be overwhelming because it tends to encourage us toward big﹣picture thinking.Where we imagine that change requires a substantial dramatic（巨大而突然的）swing that we don't feel ready for.Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity frustration is complete exposure to novelty（新奇的事物）.While this can appear effective in the short run，we may only end up replacing one problem with another.It also risks overwhelm and burnout.
So what if we can work with the familiarity principle instead？Familiarity is something we can learn to play with and enjoy.It is a setting for creativity and a pathway to expansion.We can broaden the zone of familiarity bit by bit.If we think of familiarity as something that can expand，we can consider changing the conditions in and around our lies to make more space for our preferences to take root and grow gently.From here，we will start to make decisions，drawing from an ever﹣deepening pool of valuable alternatives.
（1）What allows insurance companies to charge old customers more？ 　 　
A．The familiarity principle.
B．The advertising cost.
C．The improved service.
D．The law of the market.
（2）What can be learned from paragraph 2？ 　 　
A．Our preferences affect our decisions.
B．There can be a mismatch between desires and actions.
C．The familiarity principle is a double﹣edged sword.
D．Familiarity tends to generate disrespect.
（3）What is the author's attitude towards the solution in some articles？ 　 　
A．Objective.
B．Favorable.
C．Disapproving.
D．Tolerant.
（4）Which of the following is the best title for the text？ 　 　
A．Gently Expand Your Familiarity Zone.
B．Step Out of Your Familiarity Zone.
C．Spare A Thought For Your Preference.
D．Give Priority to the Mere Exposure Effect.
15．（2025 丰台区二模） In an era of big research，having confidence in scientists，individually or collectively，involves trade﹣offs.Science is ideally built on evidence but in reality，for most people，it is based on trust.Scientific evidence is hard to access.Journals are difficult to get and their articles，written in specialised language，are only understandable to a few field experts.So，we trust experts' results without being able to question them ourselves，believing that if needed，someone knowledgeable will.
Historically，the reputation of individual scientists has been important in facilitating the spread of scientific theories and discoveries.If a scientist is，or can appear to be，trustworthy，so might that scientist's ideas.
This can lead to odd consequences.Recognisable scientists receive more credit and trust，while unrecognisable scientists often have their work overlooked.The history of science is filled with cases where basic papers written by relatively unknown scientists were neglected for years.Consider the case of Joseph Fourier，whose classic paper on the propagation of heat had to wait 13 years to be published.
Since recognisable scientists receive disproportionate（不成比例的） credit，their names become disproportionately associated with discoveries.Statistics professor Stephen Stigler formulated "Stigler's law of eponymy"（斯蒂格勒命名法则），stating no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer.For instance，Pythagoras wasn't the first to discover the Pythagorean theorem，nor was Edwin Hubble the first to formulate Hubble's law.
However，modern science operates differently.Large collaborative（合作的） projects often produce papers with hundreds of authors.The record for the number of authors on a single scientific paper is currently 5，154.Furthermore，an editorial board composed of project group members actually wrote the papers.The papers were then placed on an electronic bulletin board for criticism and comment by all.Some massive collaborative projects constantly maintain author lists of hundreds of names，which are automatically submitted on every publication.
If we can't identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors，who do we trust？I'd say we trust "science" itself regardless of the individual scientists' integrity.We trust the organisations that are considered scientific.Any clickbait news articles with "Science Says" in the title show this shift from trusting individuals to trusting the scientific enterprise.
This shift to trusting "science" itself has risks.Misidentifying experts or trusting dishonest ones can abuse scientific erodibility.A striking example is Merchants of Doubt，where experts hid truths about acid rain and global warming.Authorship，then，serves one last function，which in some cases only benefits the historian like me：accountability.
（1）What is the passage mainly about？ 　 　
A.The moral issues in scientific authorship and accountability.
B.The role of individual scientists in modern scientific research.
C.The evolution of trust in science from individuals to enterprises.
D.The challenges of confirming scientific evidence in the digital age.
（2）Why is "Stigler's law of eponymy" mentioned？ 　 　
A.To justify an argument.
B.To introduce an approach.
C.To challenge a convention.
D.To evaluate an assumption.
（3）According to the passage，the author may agree that 　 　 .
A.modern science collaboration challenges the trust in individual scientists
B.the current trend of trusting science overlooks scientists' sacrifices
C.authorship ought to be founded upon intellectual contributions
D.it is vital to identify the authors of large﹣scale science projects
（4）What is the author's attitude towards the shift to trusting science itself？ 　 　
A.Sympathetic.
B.Cautious.
C.Disapproving.
D.Puzzled.
16．（2025 郫都区校级模拟） In a drawing room in rural Oxfordshire，an artist slowly and deliberately puts pen to paper.Her arm moves across the canvas，the marks gradually integrating into a portrait of herself.It seems like a moment of creative expression.But this is no ordinary artist—she is the world's first humanoid robot artist，Ai﹣Da.By design，her very existence brings into question how we define art，and who，or in this case，what，can create it.
Will AI algorithms （算法） and robots like Ai﹣Da mean the end of human creativity and artistry，or can they strengthen our own creative potential？When Marcel Duchamp proposed that a urinal （小便池） be considered art，he flipped the art world on its head.In much the same way，AI﹣created artworks are changing the standards of the art world，because both were controversial and contain objects that haven't technically been created by an "artist's" hand.
Someone argues that a humanoid artist like Ai﹣Da represents society's current fears — the rise of job﹣stealing AI algorithms and potential robot domination.But technological revolutions like artificial intelligence don't necessarily mean the "end of art" as many fear.Instead，they can help to kickstart an artistic transformation and move us towards different ways of seeing and creating. "AI might kick us into being creative again as humans，" says mathematician du Sautoy，who sees it as a powerful partner in the pursuit of human creativity.
However，questions of authorship haunt the artificial intelligence story.Artists Holly Herndon and Mat Dryhurst co﹣founded Spawning AI，which aimed at empowering human creators to prohibit AI from using their works.But there are also artists who see AI as a new outlet for their own creativity.Some artists are now even training algorithms in an attempt to push their own creative boundaries.
It's clear that AI algorithms and machines like Ai﹣Da are having an impact on the art world.Their works are exhibited alongside more traditional forms of art worldwide.Next year we'll see the world's first AI art gallery open its doors in LA．Eva J ger，the creative AI lead，is also helping to bring AI art to the masses，with a programme of exhibitions leading to critical discussion about the impact of technology on art.She sees the cooperation between human and machine as a space for real creative potential.
（1）What does the phrase "flipped the art world on its head" in paragraph 2 probably mean？　 　
A．Overturned the art standards.
B．Dominated the art world.
C．Broadened artists' horizons.
D．Recognized artists' wisdom.
（2）What influence will Ai﹣Da generate on the art world？　 　
A．It will increase the commercial value.
B．It will replace human artists soon.
C．It may boost human creativity.
D．It may help artists protect their works.
（3）What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs？　 　
A．Spawning AI helps produce better art works.
B．Some artists trained AI to work for them.
C．AI art gallery will win over more visitors.
D．Eva looks favorably to the future of AI.
（4）What's the author's purpose in writing the text？　 　
A．To argue that AI will eventually outperform human artists.
B．To explore the impact of AI on art definition and creativity.
C．To promote the idea that artworks created by AI lacks value.
D．To record the history of art movements and their significance.
17．（2025 西城区二模） The human being is a"social animal，"as Aristotle suggested.We have a fundamental need to belong.Yet we find ourselves in the middle of an epidemic of loneliness and isolation.How，then，might we encourage the feelings of connectedness that are so crucial to our well﹣being？
Over the past several years，my colleagues and I have conducted scientific studies suggesting that experiential purchases tend to bring people more happiness than material ones.In recent research，we investigated another downstream consequence of spending on experiences rather than things：it can promote a greater sense of social connection.
We conducted a series of 13 experiments involving 1，980 participants.We asked people to think about either experiential or material purchases they had made and then rate their thoughts and feelings about those purchases on nine﹣point scales.In some of our studies，people reported feeling more connection with someone who had made the same experiential purchase than someone who had made the same material purchase.This reflects the fact that experiential purchases are more central to an individual' s identity：our data show that people feel more similar to and more connection with someone who purchases the same experience as them because they believe this kind of consumption tends to represent more of one's true，essential sense of self.
These findings apply even when people think about how their experiences differ.Knowing that another person has a better version of what you have can create a sense of social distance.What we observe，however，is that this distance feels less wide when it comes to experiential purchases compared with material ones.
We also discovered that experiential consumption fosters （促进）a sense of social connectedness more broadly，not just to those who have made a similar purchase.People who reflected on experiences they had acquired—rather than material goods—reported a broader sense of connection to humanity.
Finally，we found that after people think about a fulfilling experience，they express a greater desire to engage in social activities than they do after they reflect on an important possession.Experiences connect us with others，and they provide memories of such connection that people can revisit.These memories，in turn，can encourage engagement in even more sociality.
One clear takeaway from this research—like the many studies on experiential spending and happiness done to date—is that people would likely be wise to increase their spending on"doing"rather than"having."But our work points to another implication as munities could benefit in many ways from encouraging experiential pursuits.Policymakers can support access to public parks，beaches and museums，for example.Improved funding for the arts and performance spaces can be a way for communities to ensure that shared experiences continue to bring people together.Directing resources toward more community engagement might promote improvements in societal well﹣being.
（1）What can be learned about experiential purchases？ 　 　
A.They effectively prevent social distancing.
B.They promote involvement in social events.
C.They allow people to discover the r true selves.
D.They reduce the likelihood of social comparison.
（2）According to the passage，policymakers had better 　 　 .
A.address the funding challenges of communities
B.advocate the importance of social well﹣being
C.prioritize the construction of public spaces
D.finance local cultural events and festivals
（3）What is the purpose of this passage？ 　 　
A.To argue against materialism in modern society.
B.To suggest ways to reduce loneliness and isolation.
C.To compare the economic value of goods and experiences.
D.To show how experiences boost connection and well﹣being.
18．（2025 河北区二模） Ancient Greek philosopher Socrates famously declared that the unexamined life wasn't worth living for a human being，implying that we should attempt to know ourselves，to think through our actions，choices，prejudices，and attitudes.But when it comes to thinking about our own happiness and what makes our lives go well，it really does seem that this reflective attitude can ruin our chances of finding what we seek.For instance，constantly overthinking our social interactions or obsessing over minor details at work can lead to missed opportunities and increased anxiety.Perhaps，in our quest for self﹣improvement，we need to achieve harmony between reflection and action.
Perhaps it's not surprising that we are better designed for engaging in other activities than reflecting on how best to achieve our own happiness and well﹣being.Doing things that enhance our growth in physical，social，and intellectual areas tends to bring the reward of feeling good，and so stimulates us further to pursue those activities.Sitting around reflecting on what will make us happy is a lot less efficient than chasing the things that make us happy.If we think too much，there is an opportunity cost﹣time that we could have spent in a worthwhile activity has gone while we were thinking deeply about the best way to develop.
The philosopher David has explored the role of reflective thinking in sports，and his observations offer valuable insights.He notes that while athletes must think about the basic actions they perform，overthinking the mechanics of those actions can be counterproductive.For instance，a footballer needs to focus on kicking the ball low and hard to the left of the goalkeeper，but not on the minute movements of the legs and feet that produce the desired outcome.Overthinking often leads to a poorer performance；instead，an automatic response to the situation is required.This is because the human mind and body are designed to work in harmony when engaged in activities，and overthinking disrupts this natural flow.
A similar dynamic could also be operating in our lives.Individuals who start detailed programs of self﹣development in various dimensions，focusing on diet，habits，exercise，mental activity，work output，and so on，are like the footballer overthinking their development.Their well﹣intentioned self﹣reflection might actually prevent them from achieving a high level of fulfillment.Sometimes，it is better to engage in activities wholeheartedly rather than constantly analyzing every aspect of our lives.After all，happiness may be found more easily through action than through endless contemplation.
As we know，the path to fulfillment，then，may lie not in relentless self﹣dissection，but in the courage to act﹣even imperfectly﹣while allowing reflection to guide，not govern，our lives.
（1）By citing Socrates in Paragraph 1，the author primarily intends to 　 　 .
A.show the history of self﹣examination
B.compare ancient and modern views
C.criticize philosophical traditions
D.introduce the topic of reflection
（2）What may cause an opportunity cost according to the passage？　 　
A.Spending time on worthy activities.
B.Focusing on efficient physical exercises.
C.Spending too much time in self﹣reflection.
D.Participating actively in social interactions.
（3）Why does the author mention David's observations？　 　
A.To praise a wise philosopher.
B.To show overthinking effects.
C.To teach readers football skills.
D.To argue for reflective thinking.
（4）The author believes happiness is primarily achieved by 　 　 .
A.recording every life detail for analysis
B.balancing action with timely reflection
C.studying happiness theories extensively
D.following self﹣improvement checklists strictly
（5）How does the author develop this passage？　 　
A.By using numbers and test results.
B.By telling stories from his own life.
C.By comparing old and new ideas about thinking.
D.By giving examples from sports and philosophy.
（6）What does the passage mainly tell us？　 　
A.Thinking deeply guarantees success.
B.Philosophers misunderstand human nature.
C.Overthinking may prevent self﹣improvement.
D.Physical activities outweigh mental exercises.
19．（2025 海陵区校级模拟） In this period of anxiety about the size of our waists and what we consume，simple dietary rules are appealing. "Eat like our ancestors" is a particularly catchy slogan （口号） to live by.
But who are these ancestors we are supposed to follow？Are they our great﹣great﹣grandparents，cooking healthy things？Or are they hairy animals we imagine "cavemen" to be？The popular ancient diet blames modern health problems on the birth of agriculture，claiming that we should stick to eating meat，nuts and berries.
This kind of stone age trend is based on the false assumption that palaeolithic （旧石器时代的） peoples all ate the same food，regardless of their location.Nevertheless，England's 900﹣year﹣old Cheddar Man would not have eaten the same foods as his contemporaries on the Kenyan plain.The amount of meat peoples ate，and how much was obtained by hunting，are also up for debate.
Moreover，the stone age trend is focused on what's perceived to be good for our bodies，without any concern for the rest of nature，including other humans whose livelihoods are threatened by western over﹣consumption.Were I to eat like my Punjabi farming great﹣grandparents，my diet would be based on the wheat and milk products that people in the Punjab have relied on for probably at least the last two thousand years.But delicious and "original" as it might be for me to follow its lead，the morals of industrially farmed milk products in the 21st century make the situation more confusing and complicated.
Now，probably more than ever before，what we eat connects us to the fate of other beings，human and non﹣human，and to the fate of our planet.A dogmatic （武断的） approach to this would be a mistake.Better to preserve what's worth keeping and remain clear﹣eyed about our cooking past，much of which is unknowable，immoral and impossible to follow in any case.
（1）What does the text concern？ 　 　
A.An ancient study.
B.An immoral case.
C.A balanced diet.
D.A popular belief.
（2）Why does the author mention Cheddar Man in paragraph 3？ 　 　
A.To illustrate an opinion.
B.To present a fact.
C.To clarify a concept.
D.To introduce a theory.
（3）What does the author focus on in paragraph 4？ 　 　
A.The eating behavior of our great﹣grandparents.
B.The complexity of following ancestral diets in modern times.
C.The impact of food over consumption on the environment.
D.The comparison between ancient and modern farming practices.
（4）What is a suitable title for the text？ 　 　
A.Punjabi diet：popular again.
B.Should we eat like our ancestors？
C.Is the fate of the planet in our hands？
D.Our cooking past：a complicated history
20．（2025 南开区校级模拟） Socrates declared that the unexamined life wasn't worth living for a human being，implying that we should attempt to know ourselves，to think through our actions，choices，prejudices and attitudes.But when it comes to thinking about our own happiness and what makes our lives go well，it really does seem that this reflective attitude can ruin our chances of finding what we seek.
Perhaps it's not surprising that we are better designed for engaging in other activities than reflecting on how best to achieve our own happiness and well﹣being.Doing things that enhance our growth in physical，social and intellectual areas tends to bring the reward of feeling good，an