2026届高考英语一轮复习试题汇编 阅读理解说明文（含解析）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2026届高考英语一轮复习试题汇编 阅读理解说明文 含解析
考点01 人与自我类说明文
【2025八省联考卷】
Want to learn a new language or get A’s in college exams Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory. A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.
Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning.
Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learning. After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries, but two-thirds of them also exercised. Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes immediately after the test. The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested.
Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity. The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately. Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned.
According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why That’s one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning.
32. What did the new study aim to explore
A. When exercise is best for learning. B. What biochemicals are good for health.
C. How brainwaves should be measured. D. Which area of the brain is the most active.
33. What were all the participants asked to do during the experiment
A. Train on bicycles. B. Do mathematics exercises.
C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about nature.
34. Why did the participants return to the lab two days later
A. To do a medical examination. B. To have their memory tested.
C. To get their workouts recorded. D. To finish their previous tasks.
35. What might the author’s marathon running prove
A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart.
C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain.
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究——锻炼可以帮助刺激大脑将新信息转化为长期记忆的区域，以及进行锻炼以最大程度提高学习的最佳时间。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.(一项新的研究更进一步，找到了锻炼有助于最大化学习效果的最佳时间)”可知，新研究旨在探索什么时候锻炼最有利于学习。故选A项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中“After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries(测试后，所有受试者都观看了自然纪录片)”可知，实验要求所有受试者在实验过程中观看自然纪录片。故选D项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test(两天后，所有参与者返回实验室进行回忆测试)”可知，参与者两天后返回实验室是为了进行记忆测试。故选B项。
35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout.(我已经跑了足够多的马拉松来证明这样一个事实：在艰苦的锻炼过程中或之后，我的大脑一点也不敏锐)”可知，作者通过自己跑马拉松的经历证明，剧烈的锻炼可能不会使大脑变得敏锐。故选D项。
【2022新课标II卷】
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
34. What does Levine’s research find
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest
A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
32. D。推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
33. C。推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
34. A。细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
35. C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
【2020全国I卷】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play
A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program.
【答案】24-27 BCDB
【导读】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24. B。细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。
25. C。细节理解题。根据第二段( Levine说，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。
26. D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。
27. B。主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。
【2020全国I卷】
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24. Why does the author like rereading
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B. It’s a window to a whole new world.
C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding of oneself.
25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast
A. It’s a brief account of a trip.
B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event.
D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allowance. D. Face value.
27. What can we infer about the author from the text
A. He loves poetry. . He’s an editor. C. He’s very ambitious. D. He teaches reading.
【答案】24-27 DBBA
【导读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24. D。推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.”和第二段“The beauty of rereading lies in that our bond with the work is based on our present register. It is true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings.”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
25. B。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Movable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。
26. B。词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。
27. A。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: selected poems, because poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥 科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。
【2020全国I卷】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics. B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building. D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A. Getting experts’ opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【答案】28-31 CDAB
【导读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28. C。细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。
29. D。细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。
30. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。
31. B。推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。
考点02 人与社会类说明文
【2025全国二卷】
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
32. What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home.
33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought.
35. What can we learn about wastED
A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs.
【答案】32. A 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
32.推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)”可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
33.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
34.主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。
【2025浙江1月卷】
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced
A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants.
C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS
【导读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。这种种植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。
【解析】
28. B。词义猜测题。根据首段第二句“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.”以及最后一句中的to garden more like nature does可知，矩阵式种植方法旨在减少人工干预，发挥自然在花园的生长和设计中的更大作用。故Eschewing 应该指减少、摒弃化肥以及园艺电动工具的使用，故选B。
29. D。事实细节题。根据第二段首句“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可知，矩阵式种植的目的是开发维护度极低的公园用地。develop low-maintenance parkland 是plant large areas of parkland ...need minimal maintenance 的同义表达，故选D。
30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、enjoy the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园融入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful意为“雅致的；有品位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy的概括。
31. A。主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用。第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展，第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”，末段分析这种设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A项中WILD 意为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念，故选A。
【2025八省联考卷】
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city — in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments. She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity.
For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions.
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks. The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better.
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial, business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people's interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused.
Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
28. What does Jacobs find most important for a successful urban community
A. Efficient public transport. B. Strong interaction between people.
C. Uniform style of buildings. D. A comparatively large population.
29. Who does Jacobs think should make decisions on urban development
A. Local residents. B. Government officials.
C. City planners. D. Construction workers.
30. How does Jacobs suggest sidewalks be built
A. Lined with plants. B. Painted with clear signs.
C. Tightly connected. D. Convenient for the old.
31. According to Jacobs, the “eyes on the street” bring a sense of _______.
A. pride B. comfort C. security D. urgency
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. C
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍了Jacobs一生致力于推进一种独特的城市愿景，尤其关注是什么造就了一个成功的城市社区。
28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments. (她构想的核心在于，城市生活应当充满活力且丰富多彩，人们能够在密集且令人兴奋的城市环境中相互交流。)”可知，Jacobs认为对于一个成功的城市社区来说，人与人之间的强烈互动是最重要的。故选B项。
29.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“For Jacobs (对于Jacobs来说)”以及“The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. (一个城市应该如何发展，最好的评判者是当地居民自己。)”可知，Jacobs认为对城市发展做出决定的应该是当地居民。故选A项。
30.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better. (人们居住的街道应当是纵横交错的人行道构成的紧密格局，这样人们才能相遇、交谈并相互了解。这样一系列复杂但最终丰富了个人经历的相遇，有助于人们更好地了解自己的邻居和社区。)”可知，Jacobs建议如何修建连接紧密的人行道。故选C项。
31.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood. (它们也是安全的地方，因为人口密度高意味着有更多“街头的眼睛”：店主和当地人熟悉自己的区域，并密切留意着社区的情况。)”可知，Jacobs认为，“街头的眼睛”给人带来一种安全的感觉。故选C项。
【2024新课标II卷】
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
32.词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
33. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。
34.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。
35. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。
【2024全国甲卷】
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
28. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.
29. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
30. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A. About a year. B. About ten months.
C. About two months. D. About two weeks.
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
28.细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。
29.推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。
30.细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。
31.推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
【2024浙江1月卷】
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A. Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34. What does the author suggest readers do
A. Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Eat Less, Read More
B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】32. D33. C34. B35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
【2023新课标I卷】
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B9. A10. C11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
8.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
9.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
10.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
【2023新课标I卷】
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
【2023新课标II卷】
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】8. B9. C10. A11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
8.推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. (Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
9.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
10.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
【2023全国甲卷】
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s T中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2026届高考英语一轮复习试题汇编 阅读理解说明文（原卷版）
考点01 人与自我类说明文
【2025八省联考卷】
Want to learn a new language or get A’s in college exams Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory. A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.
Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning.
Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learning. After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries, but two-thirds of them also exercised. Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes immediately after the test. The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested.
Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity. The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately. Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned.
According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why That’s one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning.
32. What did the new study aim to explore
A. When exercise is best for learning. B. What biochemicals are good for health.
C. How brainwaves should be measured. D. Which area of the brain is the most active.
33. What were all the participants asked to do during the experiment
A. Train on bicycles. B. Do mathematics exercises.
C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about nature.
34. Why did the participants return to the lab two days later
A. To do a medical examination. B. To have their memory tested.
C. To get their workouts recorded. D. To finish their previous tasks.
35. What might the author’s marathon running prove
A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart.
C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain.
【2022新课标II卷】
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
34. What does Levine’s research find
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest
A. Making use of the findings.
B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research.
D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【2020全国I卷】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play
A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program.
【2020全国I卷】
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24. Why does the author like rereading
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B. It’s a window to a whole new world.
C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding of oneself.
25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast
A. It’s a brief account of a trip.
B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event.
D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allowance. D. Face value.
27. What can we infer about the author from the text
A. He loves poetry. . He’s an editor. C. He’s very ambitious. D. He teaches reading.
【2020全国I卷】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics. B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building. D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A. Getting experts’ opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
考点02 人与社会类说明文
【2025全国二卷】
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
32. What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home.
33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought.
35. What can we learn about wastED
A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs.
【2025浙江1月卷】
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced
A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants.
C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS
【2025八省联考卷】
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city — in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments. She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity.
For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions.
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks. The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better.
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial, business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people's interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused.
Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
28. What does Jacobs find most important for a successful urban community
A. Efficient public transport. B. Strong interaction between people.
C. Uniform style of buildings. D. A comparatively large population.
29. Who does Jacobs think should make decisions on urban development
A. Local residents. B. Government officials.
C. City planners. D. Construction workers.
30. How does Jacobs suggest sidewalks be built
A. Lined with plants. B. Painted with clear signs.
C. Tightly connected. D. Convenient for the old.
31. According to Jacobs, the “eyes on the street” bring a sense of _______.
A. pride B. comfort C. security D. urgency
【2024新课标II卷】
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【2024全国甲卷】
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
28. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.
29. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
30. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A. About a year. B. About ten months.
C. About two months. D. About two weeks.
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【2024浙江1月卷】
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A. Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34. What does the author suggest readers do
A. Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【2023新课标I卷】
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【2023新课标I卷】
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【2023新课标II卷】
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【2023全国甲卷】
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiners book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiners book
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
【2023全国乙卷】
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV
A. Authoritative. B. Creative.
C. Profitable. D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
31. What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
【2022新课标I卷】
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project
A. To ensure harmony in care homes.
B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research.
D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
A. She has learned new life skills.
B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory.
D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7
A. Improve. B. Oppose.
C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
【2022新课标I卷】
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A. It is key to effective communication.
B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【2022新课标II卷】
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.
考点03 人与自然类说明文
【2025全国一卷】
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings.
【2025全国二卷】
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started
A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well.
29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants
A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity.
30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability.
C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions.
31. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home
【2024新课标I卷】
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【2024新课标I卷】
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
29. What information does the convenient app offer
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
30. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
31. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【2024全国甲卷】
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音)that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
24. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age.
25. How does a pet cat assess different situations
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.
26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
27. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【2024浙江1月卷】
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
28. What does the project aim to do
A. Conserve moisture in the soil.
B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29. Who are opposed to the project
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.
B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials.
D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
30. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
31. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scie