Period Three Discovering Useful Structures
【语境感悟】
阅读以下有关“自然灾害”的短文,感知加黑部分,并回答其后的问题。
The flood is a common natural disaster ①that brings great harm. It usually happens in places ②which are near rivers or lakes. People ③who live in these areas are often in danger. Many families ④whose houses are washed away by the flood face great loss. People ⑤whom we should praise are the volunteers. They bring food and clothes to those in need.
【自主归纳】
以上语段中,句①②③④⑤均为定语从句,that,which,who,whose,whom均为关系 ;句①中,that在定语从句中作 ,指 ;句②中,which在定语从句中作 ,指 ;句③中,who在定语从句中作 ,指 ;句④中,whose 在定语从句中作 ,指 ;句⑤中,whom 在定语从句中作 ,指 。
定语从句之关系代词
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose),其中that,which,who在从句中作主语或宾语,whom作宾语,whose作定语。
一、基本用法
1.指人用who, whom, that。作主语时用who/that,且不可省略;作宾语时用who, whom, that都可以,且可以省略。
①Visitors that/who come from different places are deeply attracted by the scenery there.
来自不同地方的游客深深地被那儿的景色所吸引。(指人,作主语)
②He is the man (who/whom/that) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天看见的那个男人。(指人,作宾语)
2.指物用which, that。作主语时不可省略;作宾语时可以省略。
①Guilin is a city which/that has a history of more than 2,000 years. 桂林是一个有2000多年历史的城市。(指物,作主语)
②The report (that/which) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race. 特纳先生递交的报告是关于汽车比赛的。(指物,作宾语)
3.whose既可以指人,又可以指物,在从句中作定语。(whose+n.=the+n.+of whom/which)
①This is the female scientist whose name (=the name of whom) is known all over the country.
这就是那位闻名全国的女科学家。
②He lives in a room whose window (=the window of which) faces north.
他住在一个窗户朝北的房间里。
4.在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时,指人用whom,指物用which。
①I made some friends from whom I learned a lot after I came here.
我来到这儿以后,交了一些朋友,从他们那儿我学到了很多东西。(作介词的宾语,指人用whom)
②The house in which Bardo lived was situated on the side of the street near the hill.
巴多居住的房屋坐落在这条街靠近小山的一边。(作介词的宾语,指物用which)
二、that与which的区别
1.在以下情况中用that不用which
①当先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
Please tell me anything that you know about the matter. 有关此事,凡是你所知道的请都告诉我。
②当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或the very, the only, the same等修饰时。
This is the most interesting storybook that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的故事书。
③当先行词既指人又指物时。
They are talking about the heroines and their deeds that interest them.
他们正在谈论他们感兴趣的女英雄及她们的事迹。
④当先行词是疑问代词who, which, what或主句以这些词开头时。
Which is the star that is nearer to the Earth
哪颗恒星离地球比较近
2.在以下情况中用which不用that
①在非限制性定语从句中时。
He has a walk every night, which does good to him.
他每晚都散步,这对他有好处。
②在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词必须用which。
The house in which we live is very large.
我们住的房子非常大。
③为了避免重复,一个用that,另一个则用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 让我给你看看那本我从新开的图书馆里借来的小说。
【实战演练】
●Ⅰ 单句填空
1.The boy broke the window is called Tom.
2.The most interesting film I have watched is Howl’s Moving Castle.
3.The student the teacher praised at the class meeting is our monitor.
4.They talked about their classmates and things they still remember in middle school.
5.The most important thing we should consider is the first idea he has mentioned in his speech.
6.The tiny insect eyes are fixed on the cabbage shows great interest in the vegetable.
7.Do you still remember the chicken farm
we visited three months ago
8.Women drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those don’t.
9.This is the building windows were all painted green.
10.That is one of the most interesting books
are sold in the bookshop.
●Ⅱ 语法与写作
1.All the students the English speech contest should sign up before Friday.(应用文写作之通知)
所有对英语演讲比赛感兴趣的学生都应该在周五之前报名。
2.Those the volunteer activity can contact us at the following number.(应用文写作之通知)
那些愿意参加志愿者活动的人可以通过以下号码联系我们。
3.I’m writing to complain that the service during my stay in your hotel was far from satisfactory.(应用文写作之投诉信)
我写信是为了投诉我在贵酒店入住期间所享受到的服务远不能令人满意。
4.This is the only job because it perfectly matches my career goals.(应用文写作之求职信)
这是我唯一真正感兴趣的工作,因为它与我的职业目标完美契合。
5.We are honoured to invite the famous artist in many international galleries.(应用文写作之发言稿)
我们很荣幸邀请到这位其作品已在许多国际画廊展出过的著名艺术家。
Period Three Discovering Useful Structures
【自主归纳】
代词; 主语; 物;主语; 物; 主语; 人; 定语; 人; 宾语; 人
【实战演练】
●Ⅰ 1.who/that 2.that 3.whom/who/that 4.that
5.that; that 6.whose 7.that/which 8.who/that; who 9.whose 10.that
●Ⅱ 1.who are interested in
2.who are willing to take part in
3.(which/that) I received
4.(that) I’m really interested in
5.whose works have been exhibited
《全品学练考》Period Three Discovering Useful Structures
●Ⅰ 单句填空(每小题1.5分,满分9分)
1.The building wall is white is my uncle’s house.
2.Will you please lend me the very book you bought yesterday
3.The season comes after spring is summer.
4.This is the museum we visited last Saturday.
5.The boy with John spoke is my brother.
6.Sally is talking about the writer and his book interest her.
●Ⅱ 句型训练(每小题3分,满分12分)
1.The old gentleman for years still observes the traditional Chinese customs. (live)
这位在国外生活了多年的老先生仍然遵循中国的传统习俗。
2.It was at the church last week that the accident took place.(show) 事故就发生在上个星期我带你参观的那个教堂里。
3.She is very excited to be informed that she is the only one of the girls the driving test. (pass)
她非常兴奋地得知, 她是女孩中唯一通过驾驶考试的人。
4.This is the most instructive film since I could remember. (see) 这是自我记事以来我看过的最有教育意义的电影了。
●Ⅲ 语法填空(每小题1.5分,满分15分)
An earthquake hit San Francisco on Wednesday morning, April 18, 1906. Within 1. hour, the disaster shook down walls. Fires started and the smoke could 2. (see) 100 miles away. The firefighters to 3. the task was given did their best but there was no way to organize or communicate. All of the ways to keep the city safe were gone, 4. (leave) the city in ruins. Nothing was the same in comparison to its past state. By Wednesday afternoon, half the heart of the city had been gone. From every direction, strong winds blew upon the unlucky city 5. countless homes had once stood. Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart of the city. Local government took 6. (effect) measures to clear ruins so that they would not be a danger to those in the streets. Tens of thousands of people who had lost their homes left the city 7. (look) for shelters. Some were dressed only in blankets (毯子) and carried their remaining belongings, 8. they had rescued from the fires. But there were no fights and no pushing. To everyone’s surprise, this disaster brought out the best in every 9. (survive). Never in San Francisco’s history 10. (be) her people so kind as they were on this night of disaster.
●Ⅳ 阅读理解(每小题2.5分,满分10分)
[2025·云南长水教育集团高一期中]
Natural disasters take many different forms and can happen without warning. Earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, droughts, typhoons, and hurricanes are all natural disasters.
The earthquake of 26 December 2004 led to one of the worst natural disasters in living memory. It was a very big underwater quake and happened in the Indian Ocean. This caused a huge tsunami to cross the Indian Ocean. It destroyed coastlines and communities and brought death and destruction (破坏) to many people. The survivors needed fresh water, food and shelter as well as medical help. People from all over the world collected money to help them.
The surface of the Earth has not always looked as it does today; it is moving continuously although very slowly and has done so for billions of years. This is one reason for earthquakes, when one part of the Earth crashes into another. Scientists can predict (预测) where this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line (断层线). However, earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines, which is why they are so dangerous and unpredictable.
All the disasters are very dangerous and continue to kill thousands of people each year, but they are nowhere near the most dangerous disaster to ever happen on Earth. One type of event in the Earth’s history has regularly killed millions of beings: asteroid impacts (小行星撞击). About once every million years the Earth is hit by a piece of rock and ice from space large enough to cause large destruction (including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and ice ages) and sometimes to kill entire species (物种). Sixty-five million years ago more than half the Earth’s species were killed by such a disaster, including all the dinosaurs. Disasters on the Earth may seem dangerous, but the biggest danger to humans is likely to come from space.
( )1.What did the Indian Ocean earthquake cause
A.A typhoon. B.A tsunami.
C.A hurricane. D.A volcanic eruption.
( )2.What can scientists predict about earthquakes
A.The possible rate.
B.The possible damage.
C.The possible place.
D.The possible time.
( )3.Where will the most dangerous natural disaster come from according to the author
A.The volcanoes.
B.The ocean.
C.Outer space.
D.Deep under the surface.
( )4.What can be the best title for the text
A.How natural disasters happen
B.Where natural disasters happen most
C.When people should avoid natural disasters
D.What kind of natural disaster is most destructive
●Ⅴ 阅读七选五(每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)
[2025·山东菏泽高一期中]
Rain is pouring hard and fast—more than eight inches in just an hour, turning river water brown with mud. Earthworms (蚯蚓) move up to the ground as the soil becomes too wet for them. 1.
During a rainstorm, the water that comes from rain goes to different places. Some of it runs off into rivers, lakes, or city watercourses. Other water evaporates (蒸发) and returns to the atmosphere. 2. It runs through the top surface of the ground, to the part of plants that grows below the surface.
Floods can form slowly over several days or can flood an area with little warning. Slow-forming river flooding happens in flood plains (漫滩). When big storms hit, the water floods over the banks and spreads out across the plains. It brings nutrients (营养物) to the soil, which is good for growing crops. 3. However, too much water can destroy crops and damage homes.
Another type of flooding is called a flash flood, when a flood happens within six hours of a heavy rainfall—as much as eight inches an hour. With no place to go, the moving water will run quickly through highways, and wash away cars, roads, bridges, and houses. 4. On coastlines, hurricane rains cause water levels to rise, and the high winds push that water onto land. This also causes flash floods.
5. If flooding has already started where you are, move to the highest place you can find. Bring as much food and water as possible. Never walk through flood water, especially if it’s moving. If you must walk through water to get away, walk where the water is still.
A.A flood might be coming.
B.How can you survive a flood
C.What should you prepare for a flood
D.But much of the rainwater is taken in by soil.
E.That’s why many people live in or near flood plains.
F.The soil would become too wet to take in more water.
G.Quickly melting ice and snow can also cause flash floods.
●Ⅵ 完形填空(每小题1分,满分15分)
On 20 December, in Newdale, a series of huge waves caused by an undersea earthquake raced across the ocean near Goldshore. Worse still, it 1 thousands dead. Goldshore Beach was the only local beach to 2 the disaster without any loss of life. A 10-year-old girl, Sabrina Andron, helped around 100 people escape danger with her 3 of tsunamis.
The day began like any other on Goldshore Beach. People were walking, running or simply sitting on the sandy beach, 4 the warm sea air and enjoying the soft 5 that brushed their hair. Sabrina was one of the happy tourists until she noticed something 6 . “The water was like the bubbles (气泡) on the top of a beer,” she later explained. “It wasn’t 7 and it wasn’t going in and then out. It was just coming in and in and in.” It struck her that these were the 8 of an upcoming tsunami, which Sabrina had just learnt about in a geography lesson.
Sabrina was 9 , but she soon kept her head. She warned her parents of the 10 , though at first they just thought she was 11 . However, Sabrina was certain that a terrible disaster was 12 and kept asking her parents to talk to a safety officer. To her great relief, the officer 13 realized the coming danger. The beach was rapidly 14 of people, just before the huge waves 15 into the coast.
( )1.A.left B.brought
C.affected D.led
( )2.A.recognize B.survive
C.challenge D.quit
( )3.A.knowledge B.impression
C.wisdom D.detail
( )4.A.making up B.taking in
C.focusing on D.checking out
( )5.A.wind B.sunshine
C.whistle D.wave
( )6.A.unique B.powerful
C.strange D.attractive
( )7.A.narrow B.adventurous
C.distant D.calm
( )8.A.signs B.damages
C.effects D.results
( )9.A.embarrassed B.confused
C.annoyed D.frightened
( )10.A.stress B.development
C.danger D.credit
( )11.A.cheating B.debating
C.helping D.joking
( )12.A.under control B.on hand
C.on its way D.on schedule
( )13.A.actually B.anxiously
C.immediately D.curiously
( )14.A.informed B.warned
C.reminded D.cleared
( )15.A.slid B.crashed
C.divided D.tapped
Period Three Discovering Useful Structures
Ⅰ.1.whose 2.that 3.that/which 4.that/which
5.whom 6.that
Ⅱ.1.who/that has lived abroad
2.(that/which) I showed you around
3.who/that passed/has passed
4.(that) I have ever seen
Ⅲ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。本文讲述了1906年4月18日星期三早上,旧金山发生了一场地震,成千上万失去家园的人们离开了城市去寻找避难所,令人惊讶的是,这场灾难激发出了每个人最好的一面。在灾祸的这一夜,旧金山的人们展现出前所未有的善良。
1.an/one 考查冠词或数词。hour为可数名词单数,此处泛指“一个小时”,应用不定冠词,且hour为发音以元音音素开头的单词,应用an;也可以用one hour表示“一个小时”。故填an/one。
2.be seen 考查动词语态。主语与谓语动词构成被动关系,且情态动词could后跟动词原形。故填be seen。
3.whom 考查定语从句。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,修饰先行词firefighters,先行词在从句中作介词to的宾语,指人,故用关系代词whom。故填whom。
4.leaving 考查非谓语动词。此处是v.-ing 作结果状语,表示自然而然的结果,因此用v.-ing 形式。故填leaving。
5.where 考查定语从句。此处为限制性定语从句修饰先行词city,先行词在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where。故填where。
6.effective 考查形容词。修饰后文名词measures应用形容词effective,作定语。故填effective。
7.to look 考查动词不定式。句中left为谓语动词,此处用非谓语动词,表目的,故用不定式作目的状语。故填to look。
8.which 考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词belongings,先行词在从句中作宾语,指物,故用关系代词which。故填which。
9.survivor 考查名词。设空处使用名词作宾语,此处表示“幸存者”应用survivor,根据前文的every可知,此处应使用单数。故填survivor。
10.were 考查动词时态和倒装及主谓一致。此句是否定词never 开头的倒装句,句子的主语为her people,表示复数,又因为此处描述过去发生的事,应用一般过去时,因此用were。故填were。
Ⅳ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了自然灾害的形式、发生原因和影响,并强调了小行星撞击是地球历史上最危险的灾难之一,也是对人类最大的威胁。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第二段“It was a very big underwater quake and happened in the Indian Ocean. This caused a huge tsunami to cross the Indian Ocean.”可知,印度洋地震造成了巨大的海啸。故选B项。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第三段“Scientists can predict (预测) where this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line (断层线).”可知,科学家能预测地震可能发生的地方。故选C项。
3.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Disasters on the Earth may seem dangerous, but the biggest danger to humans is likely to come from space.”可知,作者认为最危险的自然灾害来自外太空。故选C项。
4.A 主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其根据第二段中的“This caused a huge tsunami to cross the Indian Ocean.”以及第三段中的“This is one reason for earthquakes, when one part of the Earth crashes into another.”可知,本文主要介绍了自然灾害的形式、发生原因和影响,由此可推知,“自然灾害是如何发生的”概括了本文的主题,最适合做文章标题。故选A项。
Ⅴ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了各种类型的洪水形成的原因及其对环境的影响,以及如何在洪水中保护自己。
1.A 由上文“Rain is pouring hard and fast—more than eight inches in just an hour, turning river water brown with mud. Earthworms(蚯蚓) move up to the ground as the soil becomes too wet for them.”可知,上文描述的急速降水、河流变色、蚯蚓爬上地面的现象,这暗示了一个恶劣天气状况下的紧急情况。空处承上启下,需要一个句子来警告或指出这些情况可能导致的结果,A选项“A flood might be coming.(洪水可能要来了。)”指出暴雨可能导致洪水到来的风险,起到了警示作用,能承接上文,符合语境。故选A项。
2.D 由上文“During a rainstorm, the water that comes from rain goes to different places. Some of it runs off into rivers, lakes, or city watercourses. Other water evaporates(蒸发) and returns to the atmosphere.”和下文“It runs through the top surface of the ground, to the part of plants that grows below the surface.”可知,上文描述了雨水的去向,下文描述雨水被土壤吸收的过程。空处应强调雨水被土壤吸收,D选项“But much of the rainwater is taken in by soil.(但是大部分雨水被土壤吸收。)”是对雨水去向的补充说明,能承上启下,符合语境。故选D项。
3.E 由上文“Slow-forming river flooding happens in flood plains(漫滩). When big storms hit, the water floods over the banks and spreads out across the plains. It brings nutrients(营养物) to the soil, which is good for growing crops.”可知,缓慢形成的河流洪水发生在漫滩上,能够为土壤带来养分,有利于作物生长。空处应与洪水带来的正面影响有关,E选项“That’s why many people live in or near flood plains.” (这就是为什么许多人生活在漫滩或附近。)能承接上文,符合语境。故选E项。
4.G 由上文“Another type of flooding is called a flash flood, when a flood happens within six hours of a heavy rainfall—as much as eight inches an hour. With no place to go, the moving water will run quickly through highways, and wash away cars, roads, bridges, and houses.”和下文“On coastlines, hurricane rains cause water levels to rise, and the high winds push that water onto land. This also causes flash floods.”可知,上文和下文都介绍了暴洪形成的原因。空处应与暴洪的其他成因有关,G选项“Quickly melting ice and snow can also cause flash floods.”(快速融化的冰和雪也会导致暴洪。)是对暴洪成因的补充,能承上启下,符合语境。故选G项。
5.B 由下文“If flooding has already started where you are, move to the highest place you can find. Bring as much food and water as possible. Never walk through flood water, especially if it’s moving. If you must walk through water to get away, walk where the water is still.”可知,下文介绍了洪水发生时人们应如何应对。空处应与如何在洪水中生存有关,B选项“How can you survive a flood ”(你怎么能在洪水中幸存下来 )直接提出了如何在洪水中幸存的问题,引出下文的建议,符合语境。故选B项。
Ⅵ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了小女孩Sabrina Andron用自己学到的关于海啸的知识帮助约100人逃离危险的故事。
1.A 根据thousands dead可知,地震带来的巨浪造成了数千人死亡。故选A。leave造成; bring带来; affect影响; lead导致。
2.B 根据without any loss of life可知,金海岸海滩是这场灾难中唯一幸存下来没有人员伤亡的海滩。故选B。recognize认识; survive幸存; challenge挑战; quit停止。
3.A 根据“It struck her that these were the…of an upcoming tsunami, which Sabrina had just learnt about in a geography lesson.”可知,Sabrina Andron用自己所学的知识帮助约100人逃离危险。故选A。knowledge知识; impression印象; wisdom智慧; detail细节。
4.B 根据the warm sea air可知,人们在沙滩上呼吸着温暖的空气。故选B。make up组成; take in吸入; focus on集中; check out核查。
5.A 根据“…that brushed their hair.”可知,沙滩上轻柔的风吹拂着他们的头发。故选A。wind风; sunshine阳光; whistle口哨; wave海浪。
6.C 根据“‘The water was like the bubbles (气泡) on the top of a beer,’ she later explained. ‘It wasn’t…and it wasn’t going in and then out. It was just coming in and in and in.’”可知,Sabrina在沙滩上注意到一些奇怪的事情。故选C。unique独特的; powerful强有力的; strange奇怪的; attractive有吸引力的。
7.D 根据“…and it wasn’t going in and then out. It was just coming in and in and in.”可知,海水并不平静。故选D。narrow狭窄的; adventurous冒险的; distant遥远的;calm平静的。
8.A 根据“…which Sabrina had just learnt about in a geography lesson.”可知,Sabrina意识到的奇怪的事情是海啸即将到来的迹象。故选A。sign迹象; damages损害赔偿金; effect影响; result结果。
9.D 根据“…but she soon kept her head.”可知,Sabrina意识到海啸即将到来,感到很害怕。故选D。embarrassed尴尬的; confused困惑的; annoyed烦恼的; frightened害怕的。
10.C 根据“…though at first they just thought she was…”可知,Sabrina提醒父母即将来临的危险。故选C。stress压力; development发展; danger危险; credit信用。
11.D 根据“She warned her parents of the…”可知,父母以为Sabrina在开玩笑。故选D。cheat欺骗; debate争辩; help帮助; joke开玩笑。
12.C 根据“…and kept asking her parents to talk to a safety officer.To her great relief, the officer…realized the coming danger.”可知,Sabrina确信海啸即将来临。故选C。under control得到控制; on hand现有; on its way在路上,即将来临; on schedule按预定时间。
13.C 根据“…realized the coming danger.”可知,安全员立刻意识到即将来临的危险。故选C。actually实际上; anxiously焦虑地; immediately立即; curiously好奇地。
14.D 根据“To her great relief, the officer…realized the coming danger.”和常识可知,海啸即将来临,应快速清空海滩上的人。故选D。inform通知; warn警告; remind提醒; clear清空,使人离开。
15.B 根据the huge waves可知,巨浪撞击着海岸。故选B。slide滑动; crash撞击; divide划分; tap轻拍。(共63张PPT)
Period Three
Discovering Useful Structures
语法归纳
练习册
答案速查【导】
答案速查【练】
【语境感悟】
阅读以下有关“自然灾害”的短文，感知加黑部分，并回答其后的
问题。
The flood is a common natural disaster ①that brings great
harm. It usually happens in places ②which are near rivers or
lakes. People ③who live in these areas are often in danger.
Many families ④whose houses are washed away by the flood
face great loss. People ⑤whom we should praise are the
volunteers. They bring food and clothes to those in need.
【自主归纳】
以上语段中，句①②③④⑤均为定语从句，that，which，who，
whose，whom均为关系______；句①中，that在定语从句中作
______，指____；句②中，which在定语从句中作______，指____；
句③中，who在定语从句中作______，指____；句④中，whose 在
定语从句中作______，指____；句⑤中，whom 在定语从句中作
______，指____。
代词
主语
物
主语
物
主语
人
定语
人
宾语
人
定语从句之关系代词
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有
that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose),其中that,which,who在从句
中作主语或宾语,whom作宾语,whose作定语。
一、基本用法
1.指人用who, whom, that。作主语时用who/that,且不可省略;作宾语
时用who, whom, that都可以,且可以省略。
①Visitors that/who come from different places are deeply
attracted by the scenery there.
来自不同地方的游客深深地被那儿的景色所吸引。(指人,作主语)
②He is the man (who/whom/that) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天看见的那个男人。(指人,作宾语)
2.指物用which, that。作主语时不可省略;作宾语时可以省略。
①Guilin is a city which/that has a history of more than 2,000
years. 桂林是一个有2000多年历史的城市。(指物,作主语)
②The report (that/which) Mr Turner handed in was about the
motor race. 特纳先生递交的报告是关于汽车比赛的。(指物,作宾语)
3.whose既可以指人,又可以指物,在从句中作定语。
(whose+n.=the+n.+of whom/which)
①This is the female scientist whose name (=the name of
whom) is known all over the country.
这就是那位闻名全国的女科学家。
②He lives in a room whose window (=the window of which)
faces north.
他住在一个窗户朝北的房间里。
4.在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时,指人用whom,指物用
which。
①I made some friends from whom I learned a lot after I came
here.
我来到这儿以后,交了一些朋友,从他们那儿我学到了很多东西。
(作介词的宾语,指人用whom)
②The house in which Bardo lived was situated on the side of
the street near the hill.
巴多居住的房屋坐落在这条街靠近小山的一边。(作介词的宾语,指物
用which)
二、that与which的区别
1.在以下情况中用that不用which
①当先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
Please tell me anything that you know about the matter. 有关
此事,凡是你所知道的请都告诉我。
②当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或the very, the only, the
same等修饰时。
This is the most interesting storybook that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的故事书。
③当先行词既指人又指物时。
They are talking about the heroines and their deeds that
interest them.
他们正在谈论他们感兴趣的女英雄及她们的事迹。
④当先行词是疑问代词who, which, what或主句以这些词开头时。
Which is the star that is nearer to the Earth
哪颗恒星离地球比较近
2.在以下情况中用which不用that
①在非限制性定语从句中时。
He has a walk every night, which does good to him.
他每晚都散步,这对他有好处。
②在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词必须用which。
The house in which we live is very large.
我们住的房子非常大。
③为了避免重复,一个用that,另一个则用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library
which was newly open to us. 让我给你看看那本我从新开的图书
馆里借来的小说。
【实战演练】
Ⅰ单句填空
1.The boy _________ broke the window is called Tom.
2.The most interesting film _____ I have watched is Howl's
Moving Castle.
3.The student ________________ the teacher praised at the class
meeting is our monitor.
4.They talked about their classmates and things _____ they still
remember in middle school.
who/that
that
whom/who/that
that
5.The most important thing _____ we should consider is the
first idea _____ he has mentioned in his speech.
6.The tiny insect _______ eyes are fixed on the cabbage shows
great interest in the vegetable.
that
that
whose
7.Do you still remember the chicken farm ___________
we visited three months ago
that/which
8.Women _________ drink more than two cups of coffee a day
have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____
don't.
who/that
who
9.This is the building _______ windows were all painted green.
10.That is one of the most interesting books _____are sold in
the bookshop.
whose
that
Ⅱ语法与写作
1.All the students _____________________ the English speech
contest should sign up before Friday.(应用文写作之通知)
所有对英语演讲比赛感兴趣的学生都应该在周五之前报名。
who are interested in
2.Those ______________________________ the volunteer activity
can contact us at the following number.(应用文写作之通知)
那些愿意参加志愿者活动的人可以通过以下号码联系我们。
who are willing to take part in
3.I'm writing to complain that the service ____________________
________ during my stay in your hotel was far from
satisfactory.(应用文写作之投诉信)
我写信是为了投诉我在贵酒店入住期间所享受到的服务远不能令人
满意。
(which/that) I received
4.This is the only job ___________________________ because it
perfectly matches my career goals.(应用文写作之求职信)
这是我唯一真正感兴趣的工作，因为它与我的职业目标完美契合。
(that) I'm really interested in
5.We are honoured to invite the famous artist ________________
___________________ in many international galleries.(应用文写作
之发言稿)
我们很荣幸邀请到这位其作品已在许多国际画廊展出过的著名艺术家。
whose works have been exhibited
练 习 册
Ⅰ单句填空(每小题1.5分，满分9分)
1.The building _______ wall is white is my uncle's house.
whose
2.Will you please lend me the very book _____ you bought
yesterday
that
3.The season ___________ comes after spring is summer.
that/which
4.This is the museum ___________ we visited last Saturday.
that/which
5.The boy with _______ John spoke is my brother.
whom
6.Sally is talking about the writer and his book _____ interest
her.
that
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ⅱ句型训练(每小题3分，满分12分)
1.The old gentleman __________________________ for years still
observes the traditional Chinese customs. (live)
这位在国外生活了多年的老先生仍然遵循中国的传统习俗。
who/that has lived abroad
2.It was at the church ________________________________ last
week that the accident took place.(show) 事故就发生在上个星期
我带你参观的那个教堂里。
(that/which) I showed you around
1
2
3
4
3.She is very excited to be informed that she is the only one of
the girls ___________________________ the driving test. (pass)
她非常兴奋地得知, 她是女孩中唯一通过驾驶考试的人。
who/that passed/has passed
4.This is the most instructive film ______________________ since
I could remember. (see) 这是自我记事以来我看过的最有教育意义
的电影了。
(that) I have ever seen
1
2
3
4
Ⅲ语法填空(每小题1.5分，满分15分)
An earthquake hit San Francisco on Wednesday morning,
April 18, 1906. Within 1.________ hour, the disaster shook down
walls. Fires started and the smoke could 2._________ (see) 100
miles away. The firefighters to 3._______ the task was given did
their best but there was no way to organize or communicate.
All of the ways to keep the city safe were gone, 4.________
(leave) the city in ruins. Nothing was the same in comparison to
its past state. By Wednesday afternoon, half the heart of the
an/one
be seen
whom
leaving
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
city had been gone. From every direction, strong winds blew
upon the unlucky city 5._______ countless homes had once
stood. Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart
of the city. Local government took 6._________ (effect) measures
to clear ruins so that they would not be a danger to those in
the streets. Tens of thousands of people who had lost their
homes left the city 7.________ (look) for shelters. Some were
dressed only in blankets (毯子) and carried their remaining
belongings, 8._______ they had rescued from the fires.
where
effective
to look
which
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
But there were no fights and no pushing. To everyone's surprise,
this disaster brought out the best in every 9.________ (survive).
Never in San Francisco's history 10.______(be) her people so
kind as they were on this night of disaster.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。本文讲述了1906年4月18日星期三
早上，旧金山发生了一场地震，成千上万失去家园的人们离开了城
市去寻找避难所，令人惊讶的是，这场灾难激发出了每个人最好的
一面。在灾祸的这一夜，旧金山的人们展现出前所未有的善良。
survivor
were
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.________
an/one
[解析] 考查冠词或数词。hour为可数名词单数，此处泛指“一个小
时”，应用不定冠词，且hour为发音以元音音素开头的单词，应用an；
也可以用one hour表示“一个小时”。故填an/one。
2._________
be seen
[解析] 考查动词语态。主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且情态动词
could后跟动词原形。故填be seen。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3._______
whom
[解析] 考查定语从句。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，修
饰先行词firefighters，先行词在从句中作介词to的宾语，指人，故用
关系代词whom。故填whom。
4.________
leaving
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。此处是v.-ing 作结果状语，表示自然而然
的结果，因此用v.-ing 形式。故填leaving。
5._______
where
[解析] 考查定语从句。此处为限制性定语从句修饰先行词city，先行
词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。故填where。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
6._________
effective
[解析] 考查形容词。修饰后文名词measures应用形容词effective，
作定语。故填effective。
7.________
to look
[解析] 考查动词不定式。句中left为谓语动词，此处用非谓语动词，
表目的，故用不定式作目的状语。故填to look。
8._______
which
[解析] 考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词
belongings，先行词在从句中作宾语，指物，故用关系代词which。
故填which。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9.________
survivor
[解析] 考查名词。设空处使用名词作宾语，此处表示“幸存者”应用
survivor，根据前文的every可知，此处应使用单数。故填survivor。
10.______
were
[解析] 考查动词时态和倒装及主谓一致。此句是否定词never 开头
的倒装句，句子的主语为her people，表示复数，又因为此处描述
过去发生的事，应用一般过去时，因此用were。故填were。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ⅳ阅读理解(每小题2.5分，满分10分)
［2025·云南长水教育集团高一期中］
Natural disasters take many different forms and can happen
without warning. Earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions,
droughts, typhoons, and hurricanes are all natural disasters.
The earthquake of 26 December 2004 led to one of the
worst natural disasters in living memory. It was a very big
underwater quake and happened in the Indian Ocean.
1
2
3
4
This caused a huge tsunami to cross the Indian Ocean. It
destroyed coastlines and communities and brought death and
destruction (破坏) to many people. The survivors needed fresh
water, food and shelter as well as medical help. People from all
over the world collected money to help them.
The surface of the Earth has not always looked as it does
today; it is moving continuously although very slowly and has
done so for billions of years. This is one reason for earthquakes,
1
2
3
4
when one part of the Earth crashes into another. Scientists can
predict (预测) where this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line (断层线). However, earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines, which is why they are so dangerous and unpredictable.
All the disasters are very dangerous and continue to kill
thousands of people each year, but they are nowhere near the
most dangerous disaster to ever happen on Earth. One type of
event in the Earth's history has regularly killed millions of beings:
1
2
3
4
asteroid impacts (小行星撞击). About once every million years
the Earth is hit by a piece of rock and ice from space large
enough to cause large destruction (including earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions and ice ages) and sometimes to kill entire
species (物种). Sixty-five million years ago more than half the
Earth's species were killed by such a disaster, including all the
dinosaurs. Disasters on the Earth may seem dangerous, but the
biggest danger to humans is likely to come from space.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了自然灾害的形式、
发生原因和影响，并强调了小行星撞击是地球历史上最危险的灾难
之一，也是对人类最大的威胁。
1
2
3
4
( )1.What did the Indian Ocean earthquake cause
A.A typhoon. B.A tsunami.
C.A hurricane. D.A volcanic eruption.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第二段“It was a very big underwater
quake and happened in the Indian Ocean. This caused a huge
tsunami to cross the Indian Ocean.”可知，印度洋地震造成了巨大
的海啸。故选B项。
√
1
2
3
4
( )2.What can scientists predict about earthquakes
A.The possible rate. B.The possible damage.
C.The possible place. D.The possible time.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第三段“Scientists can predict (预测)
where this might happen and the area between plates is called
a fault line (断层线).”可知，科学家能预测地震可能发生的地方。故
选C项。
√
1
2
3
4
( )3.Where will the most dangerous natural disaster come
from according to the author
A.The volcanoes. B.The ocean.
C.Outer space. D.Deep under the surface.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Disasters on the Earth
may seem dangerous, but the biggest danger to humans is
likely to come from space.”可知，作者认为最危险的自然灾害来自
外太空。故选C项。
√
1
2
3
4
( )4.What can be the best title for the text
A.How natural disasters happen
B.Where natural disasters happen most
C.When people should avoid natural disasters
D.What kind of natural disaster is most destructive？
√
1
2
3
4
[解析] 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段中的“This caused a
huge tsunami to cross the Indian Ocean.”以及第三段中的“This is
one reason for earthquakes, when one part of the Earth crashes
into another.”可知，本文主要介绍了自然灾害的形式、发生原因和
影响，由此可推知，“自然灾害是如何发生的”概括了本文的主题，最
适合做文章标题。故选A项。
1
2
3
4
Ⅴ阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
［2025·山东菏泽高一期中］
Rain is pouring hard and fast—more than eight inches in
just an hour, turning river water brown with mud. Earthworms
(蚯蚓) move up to the ground as the soil becomes too wet for
them. 1.___
During a rainstorm, the water that comes from rain goes to
different places. Some of it runs off into rivers, lakes, or city
watercourses. Other water evaporates (蒸发) and returns to the
A
1
2
3
4
5
atmosphere. 2.___ It runs through the top surface of the ground,
to the part of plants that grows below the surface.
Floods can form slowly over several days or can flood an
area with little warning. Slow-forming river flooding happens in
flood plains (漫滩). When big storms hit, the water floods over
the banks and spreads out across the plains. It brings nutrients
(营养物) to the soil, which is good for growing crops. 3.___
However, too much water can destroy crops and damage
homes.
D
E
1
2
3
4
5
Another type of flooding is called a flash flood, when a
flood happens within six hours of a heavy rainfall—as much as
eight inches an hour. With no place to go, the moving water
will run quickly through highways, and wash away cars, roads,
bridges, and houses. 4.___ On coastlines, hurricane rains cause
water levels to rise, and the high winds push that water onto
land. This also causes flash floods.
5.___ If flooding has already started where you are, move
to the highest place you can find.
G
B
1
2
3
4
5
Bring as much food and water as possible. Never walk through
flood water, especially if it's moving. If you must walk through
water to get away, walk where the water is still.
A.A flood might be coming.
B.How can you survive a flood
C.What should you prepare for a flood
D.But much of the rainwater is taken in by soil.
E.That's why many people live in or near flood plains.
F.The soil would become too wet to take in more water.
G.Quickly melting ice and snow can also cause flash floods.
1
2
3
4
5
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了各种类型的洪水
形成的原因及其对环境的影响，以及如何在洪水中保护自己。
1
2
3
4
5
1.___
A
[解析] 由上文“Rain is pouring hard and fast—more than eight
inches in just an hour, turning river water brown with mud.
Earthworms(蚯蚓) move up to the ground as the soil becomes
too wet for them.”可知，上文描述的急速降水、河流变色、蚯蚓爬
上地面的现象，这暗示了一个恶劣天气状况下的紧急情况。空处承
上启下，需要一个句子来警告或指出这些情况可能导致的结果，A选
项“A flood might be coming.(洪水可能要来了。)”指出暴雨可能导
致洪水到来的风险，起到了警示作用，能承接上文，符合语境。故
选A项。
1
2
3
4
5
2.___
D
[解析] 由上文“During a rainstorm, the water that comes from
rain goes to different places. Some of it runs off into rivers,
lakes, or city watercourses. Other water evaporates(蒸发) and
returns to the atmosphere.”和下文“It runs through the top
surface of the ground, to the part of plants that grows below
the surface.”可知，上文描述了雨水的去向，下文描述雨水被土壤吸
收的过程。空处应强调雨水被土壤吸收，D选项“But much of the
rainwater is taken in by soil.(但是大部分雨水被土壤吸收。)”是对
雨水去向的补充说明，能承上启下，符合语境。故选D项。
1
2
3
4
5
3.___
E
[解析] 由上文“Slow-forming river flooding happens in flood
plains(漫滩). When big storms hit, the water floods over the
banks and spreads out across the plains. It brings nutrients
(营养物) to the soil, which is good for growing crops.”可知，缓
慢形成的河流洪水发生在漫滩上，能够为土壤带来养分，有利于作
物生长。空处应与洪水带来的正面影响有关，E选项“That's why
many people live in or near flood plains.” (这就是为什么许多人
生活在漫滩或附近。)能承接上文，符合语境。故选E项。
1
2
3
4
5
4.___
G
[解析] 由上文“Another type of flooding is called a flash flood,
when a flood happens within six hours of a heavy rainfall—as
much as eight inches an hour. With no place to go, the moving
water will run quickly through highways, and wash away cars,
roads, bridges, and houses.”和下文“On coastlines, hurricane rains
cause water levels to rise, and the high winds push that water
onto land. This also causes flash floods.”可知，上文和下文都介绍
了暴洪形成的原因。空处应与暴洪的其他成因有关，G选项“Quickly
1
2
3
4
5
melting ice and snow can also cause flash floods.”(快速融化的冰
和雪也会导致暴洪。)是对暴洪成因的补充，能承上启下，符合语境。
故选G项。
1
2
3
4
5
5.___
B
[解析] 由下文“If flooding has already started where you are,
move to the highest place you can find. Bring as much food
and water as possible. Never walk through flood water,
especially if it's moving. If you must walk through water to get
away, walk where the water is still.”可知，下文介绍了洪水发生时
人们应如何应对。空处应与如何在洪水中生存有关，B选项“How
can you survive a flood ”(你怎么能在洪水中幸存下来？)直接提出
了如何在洪水中幸存的问题，引出下文的建议，符合语境。故选B项。
1
2
3
4
5
Ⅵ完形填空(每小题1分，满分15分)
On 20 December, in Newdale, a series of huge waves
caused by an undersea earthquake raced across the ocean near
Goldshore. Worse still, it . .1. . thousands dead. Goldshore Beach
was the only local beach to . .2. . the disaster without any loss of
life. A 10-year-old girl, Sabrina Andron, helped around 100
people escape danger with her . .3. . of tsunamis.
The day began like any other on Goldshore Beach. People
were walking, running or simply sitting on the sandy beach, . .4. .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
the warm sea air and enjoying the soft . .5. . that brushed their
hair. Sabrina was one of the happy tourists until she noticed
something . .6. .. “The water was like the bubbles (气泡) on the
top of a beer,” she later explained. “It wasn't . .7. . and it wasn't
going in and then out. It was just coming in and in and in.” It
struck her that these were the . .8. . of an upcoming tsunami,
which Sabrina had just learnt about in a geography lesson.
Sabrina was . .9. ., but she soon kept her head. She warned
her parents of the . .10. ., though at first they just thought she
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
was . .11. .. However, Sabrina was certain that a terrible disaster
was . .12. . and kept asking her parents to talk to a safety officer.
To her great relief, the officer . .13. . realized the coming danger.
The beach was rapidly . .14. . of people, just before the huge
waves . .15. . into the coast.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了小女孩Sabrina
Andron用自己学到的关于海啸的知识帮助约100人逃离危险的故事。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
( )1.A.left B.brought C.affected D.led
[解析] 根据thousands dead可知,地震带来的巨浪造成了数千人死亡。
故选A。leave造成; bring带来; affect影响; lead导致。
( )2.A.recognize B.survive C.challenge D.quit
[解析] 根据without any loss of life可知,金海岸海滩是这场灾难中
唯一幸存下来没有人员伤亡的海滩。故选B。recognize认识; survive
幸存; challenge挑战; quit停止。
√
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
( )3.A.knowledge B.impression C.wisdom D.detail
[解析] 根据“It struck her that these were the…of an upcoming
tsunami, which Sabrina had just learnt about in a geography
lesson.”可知,Sabrina Andron用自己所学的知识帮助约100人逃离危
险。故选A。knowledge知识; impression印象; wisdom智慧; detail
细节。
( )4.A.making up B.taking in
C.focusing on D.checking out
[解析] 根据the warm sea air可知,人们在沙滩上呼吸着温暖的空气。
故选B。make up组成; take in吸入; focus on集中; check out核查。
√
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
( )5.A.wind B.sunshine C.whistle D.wave
[解析] 根据“…that brushed their hair.”可知,沙滩上轻柔的风吹拂着
他们的头发。故选A。wind风; sunshine阳光; whistle口哨; wave海浪。
( )6.A.unique B.powerful C.strange D.attractive
[解析] 根据“‘The water was like the bubbles (气泡) on the top
of a beer,’ she later explained. ‘It wasn't…and it wasn't going in
and then out. It was just coming in and in and in.’”可知,Sabrina
在沙滩上注意到一些奇怪的事情。故选C。unique独特的; powerful
强有力的; strange奇怪的; attractive有吸引力的。
√
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
( )7.A.narrow B.adventurous
C.distant D.calm
[解析] 根据“…and it wasn't going in and then out. It was just
coming in and in and in.”可知,海水并不平静。故选D。narrow狭
窄的; adventurous冒险的; distant遥远的;calm平静的。
( )8.A.signs B.damages C.effects D.results
[解析] 根据“…which Sabrina had just learnt about in a
geography lesson.”可知,Sabrina意识到的奇怪的事情是海啸即将到
来的迹象。故选A。sign迹象; damages损害赔偿金; effect影响;
result结果。
√
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
( )9.A.embarrassed B.confused C.annoyed D.frightened
[解析] 根据“…but she soon kept her head.”可知,Sabrina意识到海
啸即将到来,感到很害怕。故选D。embarrassed尴尬的; confused困
惑的; annoyed烦恼的; frightened害怕的。
( )10.A.stress B.development
C.danger D.credit
[解析] 根据“…though at first they just thought she was…”可
知,Sabrina提醒父母即将来临的危险。故选C。stress压力;
development发展; danger危险; credit信用。
√
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
( )11.A.cheating B.debating C.helping D.joking
[解析] 根据“She warned her parents of the…”可知,父母以为
Sabrina在开玩笑。故选D。cheat欺骗; debate争辩; help帮助; joke
开玩笑。
( )12.A.under control B.on hand
C.on its way D.on schedule
[解析] 根据“…and kept asking her parents to talk to a safety
officer. To her great relief, the officer…realized the coming
danger.”可知,Sabrina确信海啸即将来临。故选C。under control得到
控制; on hand现有; on its way在路上,即将来临; on schedule按预
定时间。
√
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
( )13.A.actually B.anxiously C.immediately D.curiously
[解析] 根据“…realized the coming danger.”可知,安全员立刻意识
到即将来临的危险。故选C。actually实际上; anxiously焦虑地;
immediately立即; curiously好奇地。
( )14.A.informed B.warned C.reminded D.cleared
[解析] 根据“To her great relief, the officer…realized the coming
danger.”和常识可知,海啸即将来临,应快速清空海滩上的人。故选D。
inform通知; warn警告; remind提醒; clear清空，使人离开。
√
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
( )15.A.slid B.crashed C.divided D.tapped
[解析] 根据the huge waves可知,巨浪撞击着海岸。故选B。slide滑
动; crash撞击; divide划分; tap轻拍。
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Unit 4 NATURAL DISASTERS
Period Three Discovering Useful Structures
导学案
【自主归纳】
代词；主语；物；主语；物；主语；人；定语；人；宾语；人
语法归纳
【实战演练】
Ⅰ 1.who/that 2.that 3.whom/who/that 4.that 5.that; that
6.whose 7.that/which 8.who/that; who 9.whose 10.that
Ⅱ 1.who are interested in 2.who are willing to take part in
3.（which/that） I received 4.（that） I'm really interested in
5.whose works have been exhibited
练习册
课内基础巩固
Ⅰ 1.whose 2.that 3.that/which 4.that/which 5.whom 6.that
Ⅱ 1.who/that has lived abroad 2.（that/which） I showed you
around 3.who/that passed/has passed
4.（that） I have ever seen
Ⅲ 1.an/one 2.be seen 3.whom 4.leaving 5.where 6.effective
7.to look 8.which 9.survivor 10.were
课后素养提升
Ⅳ 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A
Ⅴ 1.A 2.D 3.E 4.G 5.B
Ⅵ 1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.A 9.D 10.C
11.D 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.B
