【学霸笔记：同步精讲】25 UNIT 4 Period 4 课时学案 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage) 课件--译林版英语选择性必修第一册

(共53张PPT)
复习任务群一
现代文阅读Ⅰ
把握共性之“新”　打通应考之“脉”
Period 4　课时学案 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
UNIT 4　
Exploring poetry
主题语境　人与社会——诗歌领域的代表性作品和人物
1．break with sth． 与某事终止关联，破除
break down 　　　 　 破坏；使分解；出故障
break in 强行进入；插嘴，打断
break into 强行闯入；突然开始
break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生，爆发
break away from 从(政党、组织等)脱离出去；
从……中逃脱/挣脱
[即学即练]　完成句子
①警察抓住那扒手的手臂，却被他挣脱逃走了。
The pickpocket _______________________________ who had been holding his arm．
②别人说话的时候千万别插嘴。
Never __________ while others are talking．
③那幢楼里的电梯总出故障。
The elevators in that building __________________________．
broke away from the policeman
break in
are always breaking down
2．advocate vt．拥护，支持，提倡 n．拥护者，支持者；辩护律师
advocate sth． 　　　　　　 提倡某事
advocate doing sth． 提倡做某事
advocate that sb．(should) do sth． 提倡某人应该做某事
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①Many experts advocate ___________ (reward) your child for good behavior．
②为了保护环境，我们提倡回收和再利用纸张和塑料。
a．In order to protect our environment，we advocate _______________ ___________________________．
b．In order to protect our environment，we advocate that __________ ____________________________________________．
rewarding
recycling and
reusing paper and plastics
paper and
plastics (should) be recycled and reused
3．belief n．看法，信念；信仰；相信，信心
have belief in sth．/sb． 对某事/某人有信心
beyond belief 难以置信
in the belief that... 相信……
It is my belief that... 我相信……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①We are a young team but I have great belief ____ these players．
②His success was ________ belief since his competitor was so experienced．
③我相信这些历史剧有吸引力，容易理解。
______________________ the historical plays are attractive and easy to understand．
in
beyond
It is my belief that
P48
1．___________________________ 用新的且不同的方式
2．_____________________________________________ 与18世纪的观念决裂
3．______________________________ 拒绝遵守死板的规则
4．_______________________________________________ 强调想象力的重要性
in new and different ways
break with the ideals of the 18th century
refuse to follow rigid rules
put emphasis on the importance of imagination
5．______________________ 回到过去
6．____________________________________________ 经历被称为工业化的过程
7．____________________________________ 对正在发生的事情感到高兴
8．_______________________________ 提倡回归自然
9．_____________ 结果
10．_______________________ 成为一个常见的主题
a return to the past
undergo a process called industrialization
be pleased with what was happening
advocate going back to nature
as a result
become a common theme
P49
1．_________________ 关注自然
2．____________________ 获得学位
3．_________________ 很多想法
4．______________________ 成为亲密朋友
5．_______________________ 对……有巨大的影响
6．_______________________ 诗集
7．________________________ 表达他们的感受
8．______________________________ 更喜欢住在乡下
focus on nature
receive his degree
plenty of ideas
become close friends
have a huge impact on
a collection of poems
express their feelings
prefer living in the country
非谓语动词作补语、定语和状语
[观察例句]
观察例句并指出黑体部分的语法作用
1．I heard her sing an English song just now． ________
2．He left，leaving me to do all the rest work． ________
3．Have you read the novel written by Dickens？ ________
4．They went there to visit their teacher． ________
5．Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake．
________
作补语
作状语
作定语
作状语
作状语
[归纳用法]
一、非谓语动词作补语
1．感官动词see，watch，observe，notice，hear等和使役动词have，let，make后面的宾语补足语有三种动词形式，即动词原形(不带to 的不定式)、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式。动词-ing形式表主动或正在进行，动词-ed形式表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成的全过程。如：
I heard her singing a song when I passed by her room yesterday．
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱歌。
I have heard the English song sung many times．
我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。
2．注意在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to。
She was seen to enter the manager's office ten minutes ago．
有人看见她十分钟前进入了经理的办公室。
[名师点津]　“notice/watch sb．do sth．”没有相对应的被动语态。
3．不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语只表完成和状态。如：
I lowered my head and found my necklace gone． (状态)
我低下头，发现我的项链不见了。
I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much． (完成)
我惊讶地发现我的家乡变化很大。
4．leave后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，表示“使……处于某种状态”。如：
It's wrong of you to leave the machine running．
你让机器一直开着是不对的。
The guests left most of the dishes untouched，because they didn't taste delicious．
大部分菜客人们都没有动，因为它们尝起来不可口。
Leave the rice to cook for 20 minutes．
把大米煮20分钟。
[名师点津]　在以上可以变为被动语态的句子中，当其变为被动语态时原在句子中作宾语补足语的非谓语动词将变为主语补足语。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①At the party，the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself _________ (notice)．
②As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica，she found herself _________ (greet) by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello．
③They told me that they had seen two deer __________ (drink) by the riverside．
noticed
greeted
drinking
二、非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语
(1)被修饰的名词或代词就是不定式的逻辑主语，在时间上一般表将来动作；通常用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no，all，any 等限定的中心词，以及不定代词。如：
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday．
我在假期里借了一些书看。
He is the best man to do the job．
他是最适合做这个工作的人。
(2)另外，不定式常用来修饰ability，chance，idea，excuse，promise，attempt，way，reason，time 等抽象名词。如：
Do you have the ability to read and write English
你有读写英语的能力吗？
I have a chance to go sightseeing．
我有一个去观光的机会。
[名师点津]　①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面常需搭配相应的介词。 如：
Do you have enough paper to write on
你有足够多的纸来写字吗？
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in．
布朗一家有个舒适的房子住着。
②当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词与该不定式是被动关系时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：
Have you anything to send
你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”)
Have you anything to be sent
你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)
2．动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作定语
(1)动词-ing形式作定语表示主动的、正在发生的事，动词-ed形式作定语表示已经发生的事或表示被动意义。如：
I have never seen a more moving movie．
我从未看过比这更感人的电影。
The houses being built are for the teachers．
正在建造的房子是给老师的。
The broken glass is Tom's．
被打碎的玻璃杯是汤姆的。
(2)作定语的不及物动词：动词-ing形式表示正在进行；动词-ed形式表示已经完成。如：
falling leaves　正在落下的叶子
fallen leaves　落下的叶子
boiling water　正沸腾的水
boiled water　沸腾过的水(白开水)
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
①If you hand in your homework late，attach a note _______________ ________ (explain) the reason for the delay．
②The airport _________________ (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area．
③A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an，as a first step ____________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot．
④“...It can help to build a community with a ________ (share) future for mankind，” he said．
explaining/to
explain
to be completed
to journey
shared
三、非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语
He sat down to have a rest．(表目的)
他坐下来休息。
He woke up only to find everybody had gone．
他醒来发现大家都走了。(表结果)
[名师点津]　(1)某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐的形容词作表语时，其后的不定式作原因状语。如：
I am very glad to see you．
我非常高兴见到你。
(2)在带有enough 或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：
The destination is too far to reach on foot．
目的地太远了，步行到不了。
2．动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作状语
表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。如：
Hearing the news，they got excited．
听到这个消息，他们非常兴奋。(时间)
Working hard，you will succeed．
努力工作，你会成功的。(条件)
[即时训练3]　单句语法填空
①_______________ (strengthen) the connection with young people，the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media，inviting twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts．
②He hurried to the train station only _______ (find) the train had left．
③____________ (surround) by beautiful green mountains，this area is a famous tourist attraction．
To strengthen
to find
Surrounded
④__________ (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country．
⑤The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected，bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority _____________ (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management．
Covering
to increase
短文语法填空
On your 46th birthday，Mom gave me the letter 1．_________ (write) by you． In your letter，you said you were looking forward to 2．________ (see) me fighting for my future bravely and doing well for myself and others．
written
seeing
After 3．_________ (read) this letter，I feel quite 4．_________ (shock) at your expectations of me． I also feel ashamed of not 5．____________ (perform) well to meet your demands before． I still remember when I was in primary school，I failed 6．__________ (apply) myself to studying． You didn't blame me at all． Instead，you taught me that 7．__________ (study) was the most important object at the moment and encouraged me 8．________ (try) hard． Only when I read your letter did I realize that I behaved so badly at that time and you were so sad 9．_________(find) I didn't do well for myself．
I can't help 10．____________ (express) my gratitude．
reading
shocked
performing
to apply
studying
to try
to find
expressing
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①reach out for伸手去拿
②dare vi．& vt．敢于，胆敢；激(某人做某事)
③for fear of生怕；以免
④dweller n．居民，居住者
⑤striking adj．引人注目的，显著的；妩媚动人的，标致的
striking imagination惊人的想象力
⑥characterize vt．是……的特征，以……为典型；使……具有特点；描述，刻画
⑦contribute to有助于；捐献；促成
⑧of different schools不同学派的
⑨Confucianism n． 儒家，儒学，孔子学说
⑩Taoism n． 道教，道家
legend n． 传说，传奇故事；传奇人物
familiarize oneself with使自己熟悉
more importantly更重要的是
in one's early twenties在某人二十出头的时候
encounter vt． 偶然碰到，意外地遇见；遭遇，碰到 n． 相遇，遭遇，冲突
encounter different customs and practices遇见不同的风俗习惯
nourish vt．培养，助长；抚养，滋养
numerous adj．众多的，许多的
be rooted in根源在于；植根于
glorious adj．荣耀的，光荣的；壮丽的，辉煌的
boom n．(贸易和经济活动的)激增，繁荣 vi．迅速发展，激增，繁荣昌盛
economic boom经济繁荣
stability n．稳定(性)，稳固(性)
social stability社会稳定
tolerant adj．宽容的，容忍的；能耐……的
liberty n．自由
unconstrained adj．不受约束的，自由的
in turn反过来；转而；轮流，依次
have a huge impact on对……有巨大的影响
given his personal experiences鉴于他的个人经历
the majority of ……的大多数
vitality n． 生命力，活力，热情
breathe vitality into为……注入活力
distinguish vt．& vi． 成为……的特征，使有别于；区分，辨别；认出；使出众
distinguish...from区别……，辨别……
exaggeration n．夸张，夸大
metaphor n．暗喻，隐喻
representative adj．典型的，有代表性的 n．典型人物，代表性人物；代表
be representative of代表
frost n．霜；霜冻，严寒天气
cast vt． 投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投，抛；选派角色 n．全体演员；投，抛
owe vt．欠(情)；欠(债)
debt n． 人情债，情义，恩情；借款，欠款，债务
fascinate vt．& vi．深深吸引，迷住
entitle vt．给……命名；使享有权利，使符合资格
Li Bai and his romantic poetry
A hundred feet the temple towers；
I can reach out for① the stars in the sky．
But I dare② not speak in a voice loud，
For fear of ③ scaring dwellers④ on high．
(“A Night Stay at a Mountain Temple”)
[1]本句中It为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。
It is believed that this poem was written by Li Bai in his teenage years．[1] With striking⑤ imagination in expressions like“scaring dwellers on high”，this early poem already displayed signs of a romantic style，which was later to characterize⑥ Li Bai's poetry．
Li Bai's love of reading and travelling from an early age contributed to⑦ his romantic style．He started studying the classics when he was only five years old，and was reading ancient philosophers of different schools⑧ at the age of ten，including Confucianism⑨and Taoism⑩．[2] By reading books of all kinds，from legends to historical stories，he familiarized himself with classical Chinese culture，and more importantly ，he acquired the wisdom of previous generations．
[2]本句中动词-ing形式短语studying the classics 作动词started的宾语；when引导时间状语从句。
[3]动词-ing形式短语作伴随状语。
Driven by a burning desire for adventure and travel，Li Bai left home and started to travel around in his early twenties ． His footsteps covered almost the whole country． During his travels，he visited famous mountains and great rivers，encountering different customs and practices[3]． These travelling experiences also nourished his love of nature and inspired him to write numerous poems in the romantic style．
[4]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词personality。
Li Bai's romantic style was also deeply rooted in the social and historical context in which he lived． Li Bai grew up in the most glorious period of the Tang Dynasty，a time of economic boom and social stability ． This open and tolerant atmosphere allowed Li Bai the liberty to develop a free and unconstrained personality，which，in turn ，had a huge impact on his poetic production[4]．
Given his personal experiences and the historical background，it is only natural to see that the majority of Li Bai's poems are characterized by the romantic style．[5] Even the most uninformed reader would not fail to be impressed by the poet's rich imagination． The moon and stars in the sky，the natural landscape and the figures in legends all become a vehicle for his imagination． Equally impressive is Li Bai's free expression of strong feelings，which breathes vitality into the lifeless objects he describes，and which distinguishes him from other landscape poets．[6] These features are inseparable from Li Bai's wide use of exaggeration ，metaphor and other artistic techniques． The poem below，written in his fifties，is representative of his romantic style：
My silver hair is three thousand feet long，
Because my sorrow is deep and strong．
How can the autumn frost white
Be cast into the mirror bright
(“Autumn Frost”)
[5]本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式短语to see...，其中that引导宾语从句。
[6]本句中主句为倒装句，正常语序为Li Bai's free expression of strong feelings is equally impressive；后面是and连接的两个定语从句，修饰先行词 Li Bai's free expression of strong feelings，其中he describes为省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词lifeless objects。
With his extraordinary imagination，free expression of strong feelings and mastery of language，Li Bai is widely recognized as the greatest romantic poet after Qu Yuan．[7] Generations of poets，both in China and abroad，owe a debt to his inspirational poems．One such poet is Ezra Pound，a 20th-century American poet． He was fascinated by Li Bai's poems and translated some of them in his 1915 poetry collection entitled Cathay．Today Li Bai's poetry continues to be enjoyed by countless readers around the world．
[7]本句中With his...of language作原因状语；be widely recognized as表示“被公认为……”。
李白和他的浪漫主义诗歌
危楼高百尺，
手可摘星辰。
不敢高声语，
恐惊天上人。
(《夜宿山寺》)
相传此诗为李白少年时所作。这首早期的诗以“惊天上人”等惊人的想象力表现了浪漫主义的风格，后来这是李白诗歌的特点。
李白从小酷爱读书和旅游，这造就了他的浪漫主义风格。他五岁就开始学习经典著作，十岁就开始阅读包括儒、道在内的诸子百家的著作。通过阅读各种书籍，从传说到历史故事，他熟悉了中国古典文化，更重要的是，他学到了前辈的智慧。
在对冒险和旅行的强烈渴望的驱使下，李白在二十出头的时候离开家，开始四处旅游。他的足迹几乎遍及整个国家。在他的旅行中，他游览了名山大川，遇见了不同的风俗习惯。这些旅行经历也滋养了他对自然的热爱，激发他写了许多浪漫主义风格的诗歌。
李白的浪漫主义风格也深深植根于他所生活的社会和历史背景中。李白成长于唐朝最辉煌的时期，当时经济繁荣，社会稳定。这种开放、宽容的氛围使李白具有了自由自在、无拘无束的个性，转而对他的诗歌创作产生了巨大的影响。
鉴于李白的个人经历和历史背景，很自然地看到李白的诗歌大多具有浪漫主义风格。即使是最不了解情况的读者也会对这位诗人丰富的想象力印象深刻。天上的月亮和星星、自然景观、传说中的人物，都成为他想象的载体。同样令人印象深刻的是李白强烈情感的自由抒发，这为他笔下无生命的物体注入了生机，也让他有别于其他山水诗人。这些特点与李白广泛运用夸张、隐喻等艺术手法是分不开的。下面这首诗写于他50多岁的时候，是他浪漫主义风格的代表：
白发三千丈，
缘愁似个长。
不知明镜里，
何处得秋霜。
(《秋浦歌》)
因其非凡的想象力、对强烈情感的自由抒发和对语言的精通，李白被公认为继屈原之后最伟大的浪漫主义诗人。一代又一代的中外诗人都得益于他那鼓舞人心的诗歌。20世纪的美国诗人埃兹拉·庞德就是其中一位。他被李白的诗迷住了，在他1915年的诗集《华夏集》中翻译了其中的一些。今天，李白的诗歌继续受到世界各地无数读者的喜爱。
谢 谢！