Period 4 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
1．shade n． 阴影部分；色度；阴凉处
(1)in the shade 在阴凉处，在阴暗处
in/under the shade of a tree 在树荫下
a shade of 少许
(2)shade vt． 遮蔽；画阴影于……之上
shade... from... 挡，遮(光或热)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①There was a shade of humour in his voice．
②Store the bottle of medicine in the shade．
③她抬起手遮住眼睛上方以挡住阳光。
She raised her hand to shade her eyes from the sun．
2．bathe vt． 以(光线)洒满，覆盖，使沐浴(在光线里)；用水清洗
(1)be bathed in 沉浸在(水中或阳光下)
(2)bath n． 沐浴，洗澡； 浴缸
a cold/warm/hot/steam bath 冷水/温水/热水/蒸汽浴
take/have a bath 洗澡
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Headaches also ease off if you take a bath．
②The whole room is bathed in soft lighting．
③沐浴在月光里，我们高兴得欢呼雀跃。
Bathed in moonlight，we jumped and cheered with joy．
P34
1．wonder at the skill of the artists 惊叹于艺术家们的技艺
2．enhance their works 提高他们的作品
3．view important and precious artworks 观看重要且珍贵的艺术品
4．seem interested in taking photos 似乎对拍照感兴趣
5．keep my smartphone in my bag 把我的智能手机放在包里
6．appreciate each individual painting 欣赏每一幅画
P35
1．walk into a museum 走进博物馆
2．observe it up close 近距离观察
3．have a good view of it 好好地观看它
4．rather than 而不是
5．encourage people to enjoy the experience 鼓励人们享受这种体验
6．pick up paper and pencils 拿起纸和铅笔
7．appreciate the beauty of art 欣赏艺术之美
8．record everything with a smartphone 用智能手机记录下一切
动词 ing形式和动词 ed形式作表语
[观察例句]
观察例句并指出黑体部分在句中所作的句子成分
1．She was quite astonished at his rudeness． 作表语
2．He was excited at the news． 作表语
3．It's astonishing that she should say that sort of thing to you． 作表语
4．This film is more exciting than any that I've ever seen． 作表语
[归纳用法]
一、动词 ing形式作表语
1．动词 ing形式作表语有时相当于形容词，用于说明主语(常为表示事物的名词)的特征或性质，意为“令人……的”。常见的有：moving，interesting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing，disappointing等。
The development of our aviation industry is quite encouraging．
我们的航空工业的发展是非常令人鼓舞的。
The result was not the same as they had expected，which was rather disappointing．
结果与他们预料的不一样，这相当令人失望。
2．动词 ing形式作表语有时用于说明主语的内容，这时动词 ing形式可以带有逻辑主语或宾语，并且主语和表语两者可互换。
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible．
＝Keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job．
她的工作是尽可能使报告厅保持干净。
My wish is everybody's having fun at the party．
我的愿望是每个人都能在派对上玩得开心。
3．动词 ing形式作表语与进行时态的区别
His job is cleaning the classroom．(动词 ing形式作表语)
他的工作就是打扫教室。
He is cleaning the classroom now．(谓语，现在进行时)
他现在正在打扫教室。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①One of the good exercises is swimming (swim)．
②The real problem is getting (get) to know the needs of the customers．
③The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring (inspire)．
④The book is interesting (interest) and I like it very much．
⑤From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises，the whole experience was amazing (amaze)．
二、动词 ed形式作表语
1．动词 ed形式作表语，说明主语(表示人或物的名词)所处的状态，常用在be，remain，feel，seem，look，become等系动词之后。
He looked worried after reading the letter．
看完信后，他显得很忧虑。
Both he and I are satisfied with the result．
我和他对结果都很满意。
2．动词 ed形式作表语与被动语态的区别
动词 ed形式作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
The cup is broken．(系表结构)
杯子破了。
The cup was broken by Tom．(被动语态)
杯子是被汤姆打破的。
3．动词 ing形式与动词 ed形式作表语的区别
动词 ing形式 表示事物自身具有的特性，常译作“令人……的”
动词 ed形式 表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态，常译作“感到……的”
这类词常见的有：
interesting 令人感兴趣的—interested感到有趣的
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
confusing 令人费解的—confused感到费解的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人迷惑的—puzzled感到迷惑的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
moving令人感动的—moved感动的
[名师点津] 某些动词的 ed形式可用来修饰名词look，expression，face等。如：a surprised look一个惊讶的表情；a tired face 一张疲倦的脸；a discouraged expression 一个沮丧的表情。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①I was too tired (tire) to walk any further．
②The story is moving and whenever I read it I am deeply moved．(move)
③Tom was more surprised (surprise) than disappointed (disappoint) at this news．
④It is more interesting why the public is interested in the question again now． (interest)
⑤Sherman Cymru is excited (excite) to present a packed programme of the very best theatre，dance，family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world．
短文语法填空
Tom's hobby was smoking． He also liked reading newspapers because it was 1．interesting (interest)． He felt 2．astonished (astonish) when he read a newspaper about lung cancer． 3．What he wanted to do was 4．(to) give (give) up smoking at once． But sometimes he remained 5．puzzled (puzzle) if he should continue or give up． So he got 6．changed (change) and went to a hospital to ask a doctor for help，7．who showed him some pictures of lung cancer，which were 8．frightening (frighten)． So he was 9．determined (determine) to follow the doctor's advice 10．and stop smoking．
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①scroll n． 长卷纸，卷轴
②insight n． 洞悉，了解；洞察力，领悟
an important insight into深入了解
③It is commonly believed that...一般认为……
④consist of由……组成
⑤crop n．庄稼，作物；收成，产量
crop fields农田
⑥wind vi． & vt．蜿蜒，迂回；上发条；缠绕
wind through弯弯曲曲地通过
⑦(be) hard at work勤奋工作
⑧sail vi．& vt． (乘船)航行；起航；驾驶(船只)；飘，掠 n． 帆；乘船航行
⑨civilian n． 平民，老百姓，庶民
⑩all walks of life各行各业，社会各界
butcher n．肉贩，屠夫
go about sth． 忙于做某事，继续做某事
apparent adj．显而易见，明白易懂，显然
ink n．墨水，墨汁
perspective n．透视法；态度，观点；客观判断力；景观，远景
precise adj．细致的，精细的；准确的，精确的；恰好的
precise brushwork严谨的笔法
ambitious adj．宏大的，艰巨的；有野心的，有雄心的
enormous adj．巨大的，庞大的
an enormous amount of大量的
thanks to幸亏，多亏，由于
comprehensive adj．全面的，详尽的；综合性的
a great deal大量；许多
clothing n．衣服，服装
a wide range of大范围的，多种多样的
temple n．庙宇，寺院
structure n．建筑物；结构，构造；精心组织
at first sight乍一看；初看之下
overall adj．全面的，综合的 adv．全部，总计；一般来说，大体上
critic n．批评家，评论家；批评者，挑剔的人
inspection n．检查，查看，审视；视察
on closer inspection进一步观察
expose vt．揭露，揭穿；暴露，显露；使遭受；使接触
political adj．政治的，政府的，政权的；政党的，党派的
serious political and social problems严重的政治和社会问题
belong to属于
lose control of失去对……的控制
soldier n．军人，士兵
in danger of处于……危险之中
crash into撞上
crisis n．危机，危急关头；危难时刻，病危期
decline n． 衰退，衰落，减少，下降 vi．& vt． 减少，下降，衰退，衰落；谢绝
be in decline处于衰退状态
overthrow vt． 推翻，打倒 n．推翻，打倒
be down to由……引起(或造成)
scale n．规模，范围；等级，级别；标度；比例
emperor n．皇帝
make copies of临摹
in one's own right凭自身的资格(或努力)
outstanding adj．优秀的，杰出的；突出的，明显的
make an outstanding contribution to对……作出突出贡献
exhibition n． 展览，展出
be on exhibition展览中，在展出之中
wait in line排队等候
rare adj．稀少的，罕见的；稀罕的，珍贵的
speak volumes about充分说明，清楚表明
historic adj．历史上著名的；有史时期的
Qingming Scroll①
Zhang Zeduan's Qingming Scroll is a masterwork of Chinese art． Painted on a five metre long silk scroll，it offers an important insight② into life in China in the 12th century． It is commonly believed that③ the city described in the painting is Bianjing (present day Kaifeng)，the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty．[1] The ancient scroll has survived the test of time remarkably well，and is currently housed in the Palace Museum in Beijing．
[1]本句中包含It is commonly believed that...句型，表示“一般认为……”，it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。
The scroll consists of④ three main sections． The first section presents a peaceful scene of rural life near Bianjing，featuring crop⑤ fields，a river winding⑥ through the landscape，and farmers hard at work⑦． The second section shows the riverbanks and the central bridge alive with activity as boats sail⑧ in and out of Bianjing． Civilians⑨ can also be seen walking through the city gate in both directions． The third and final section pictures life inside the city itself． Here，hundreds of people from all walks of life⑩，including butchers ，hairdressers and government officials，can be seen going about their daily business． The combination of these three sections gives the viewer an idea of what life was like for the people of Bianjing[2]．
[2]what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。
Zhang's amazing artistic technique is apparent all across the scroll． Using ink on silk[3]，he creates realistic images of scenery，buildings and people，and displays a remarkable mastery of perspective ． The most impressive aspect of the painting，however，is probably Zhang's precise brushwork． This well developed ability，as well as the scroll's ambitious size，allows Zhang to show an enormous amount of detail—you could study the painting for hours and still discover something new．
[3]动词 ing形式短语作方式状语。
Thanks to all this fine detail，the Qingming Scroll provides a comprehensive look at life during the Northern Song Dynasty． It reveals a great deal about the 12th century Chinese customs，clothing ，transportation methods，business practices，and a wide range of buildings，such as temples ，teahouses and government structures ． At first sight ，the overall scene of life in the capital city appears peaceful and cheerful． However，some critics suggest that on closer inspection ，the painting actually exposes serious political and social problems[4]． Some boats carrying food do not seem to belong to the government，which suggests that the government has lost control of food supplies and transportation．[5] Also in the painting are soldiers who appear to ignore their duties．[6] There are some less obvious indicators of trouble too． For example，in the centre of the scroll，a boat is in danger of crashing into the bridge． These sorts of details point to a crisis developing in the city． In fact，the Northern Song Dynasty was in decline by this stage． About twenty years after the painting was completed，it was overthrown ．
[4]that引导宾语从句。
[5]本句中动词 ing形式短语carrying food作名词boats的后置定语；which引导非限制性定语从句，其中that引导宾语从句。
[6]本句中主句为倒装句，正常语序为Soldiers are also in the painting...；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词soldiers。
Zhang's timeless scroll is an important example of realism in the history of Chinese paintings． Its value is down not only to its great scale ，artistic quality and attention to detail，but also to its representation of daily life． Such is its worth that several later emperors even asked the most talented artists of their day to make copies of the scroll．[7] Some of these copies are now regarded as precious works of art in their own right ． With the Qingming Scroll，Zhang made an outstanding contribution to Chinese art and greatly influenced generations of future artists．
[7]本句中主句为倒装句，正常语序为Its worth is such...；后面是结果状语从句。
The original scroll is still in one piece despite its age，but it is extremely delicate． Because of this，it is not often displayed to the public． The last time it was on exhibition ，crowds waited in line for hours for the rare chance to see the famous painting with their own eyes．[8] The public's continued enthusiasm about the Qingming Scroll，even after all these centuries，speaks volumes about the power of this historic piece of art．
[8]本句中The last time引导时间状语从句；不定式短语to see the famous painting作名词chance的后置定语。
《清明上河图》
张择端的《清明上河图》是中国艺术的代表作。它绘于一幅五米长的绢布卷轴上，让我们得以深入了解十二世纪中国的生活风貌。一般认为，画中描绘的城市是北宋的都城汴京(今天的开封)。这个古卷经过时间的考验，保存完好，目前存放在北京故宫博物院。
该画卷由三个主要部分组成。第一部分展现了汴京城外平静的乡村生活场景，重点描绘了农田、蜿蜒而过的河流和辛勤劳作的农民。第二部分展示的是船只进进出出汴京的热闹河岸和中央大桥。也可以看到平民进出城门。第三部分，也是最后一部分，描绘了城内的生活。在这里，我们可以看见数百个来自各行各业的人正忙着自己的营生，有肉贩，有理发师，还有官差。这三个部分的结合让观众了解到汴京人的生活是什么样的。
张择端令人惊叹的绘画技艺在整幅画卷中随处可见。他在丝绸上用墨创作了写实的风景、建筑和人物形象，并表现出高超的透视技巧。然而，这幅画最令人印象深刻的方面可能要数张择端严谨的笔法了。张择端娴熟的绘画技艺以及气势恢宏的画幅，让他能展现海量的细节——你仔细看这幅画卷数小时之后还能有新的发现。
多亏了这些精美的细节，《清明上河图》提供了对北宋时期生活的全面了解。它揭示了大量关于十二世纪中国的习俗、服装、交通方式、商业行为和各种各样的建筑，如寺庙、茶馆和政府机构。乍一看，这个都城的整个生活场景显得平静而愉快。然而一些评论家提出，进行更为仔细的观察，会发现这幅画实际上揭露了严重的政治和社会问题。一些运送食物的船只似乎不属于政府，这表明政府已经失去了对食品供应和运输的控制。这幅画里还有一些士兵，他们似乎忽视了自己的职责。还有一些不太明显的迹象也预示着麻烦。例如，在卷轴的中央，一艘船有撞到桥上的危险。这些细节表明一场危机正在这座城市蔓延。事实上，到这个阶段，北宋已经走向衰落了。大约在这幅画完成二十年后，北宋就被推翻了。
张择端的永恒画卷是中国绘画史上写实主义的重要例证。它的价值不仅在于画幅宏大，艺术性高，注重细节，而且还在于对日常生活的展现。这幅画价值如此之高，以至于后世有几位皇帝甚至命令当朝最有才华的画家来临摹这幅长卷。现在其中一些摹本本身就被视为艺术珍品。因为《清明上河图》，张择端为中国艺术作出了杰出贡献，对后世画家产生了深远影响。
尽管年代久远，原始的画卷仍是完整的，但它极其易坏。正因为如此，它不经常向公众展示。上次这幅画展出时，人们排了几个小时的队，只为有机会亲眼看到这幅名画。甚至在几个世纪之后，公众仍对《清明上河图》的热情不减，这足以证明这幅历史性画作的影响力。
10 / 10Period 4 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
1．shade n． 阴影部分；色度；阴凉处
(1)in the shade 在阴凉处，在阴暗处
in/under the shade of a tree 在树荫下
a shade of 少许
(2)shade vt． 遮蔽；画阴影于……之上
shade... from... 挡，遮(光或热)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①There was ___ shade of humour in his voice．
②Store the bottle of medicine in _____ shade．
③她抬起手遮住眼睛上方以挡住阳光。
She raised her hand ________________________________．
2．bathe vt． 以(光线)洒满，覆盖，使沐浴(在光线里)；用水清洗
(1)be bathed in 沉浸在(水中或阳光下)
(2)bath n． 沐浴，洗澡； 浴缸
a cold/warm/hot/steam bath 冷水/温水/热水/蒸汽浴
take/have a bath 洗澡
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Headaches also ease off if you take ___ bath．
②The whole room is bathed ____ soft lighting．
③沐浴在月光里，我们高兴得欢呼雀跃。
_____________________，we jumped and cheered with joy．
P34
1．____________________________________ 惊叹于艺术家们的技艺
2．_____________________ 提高他们的作品
3．______________________________________ 观看重要且珍贵的艺术品
4．__________________________________ 似乎对拍照感兴趣
5．______________________________ 把我的智能手机放在包里
6．_____________________________________ 欣赏每一幅画
P35
1．____________________ 走进博物馆
2．_____________________ 近距离观察
3．________________________ 好好地观看它
4．_____________ 而不是
5．__________________________________________ 鼓励人们享受这种体验
6．___________________________ 拿起纸和铅笔
7．______________________________ 欣赏艺术之美
8．_____________________________________ 用智能手机记录下一切
动词 ing形式和动词 ed形式作表语
[观察例句]
观察例句并指出黑体部分在句中所作的句子成分
1．She was quite astonished at his rudeness． ________
2．He was excited at the news． ________
3．It's astonishing that she should say that sort of thing to you． ________
4．This film is more exciting than any that I've ever seen． ________
[归纳用法]
一、动词 ing形式作表语
1．动词 ing形式作表语有时相当于形容词，用于说明主语(常为表示事物的名词)的特征或性质，意为“令人……的”。常见的有：moving，interesting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing，disappointing等。
The development of our aviation industry is quite encouraging．
我们的航空工业的发展是非常令人鼓舞的。
The result was not the same as they had expected，which was rather disappointing．
结果与他们预料的不一样，这相当令人失望。
2．动词 ing形式作表语有时用于说明主语的内容，这时动词 ing形式可以带有逻辑主语或宾语，并且主语和表语两者可互换。
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible．
＝Keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job．
她的工作是尽可能使报告厅保持干净。
My wish is everybody's having fun at the party．
我的愿望是每个人都能在派对上玩得开心。
3．动词 ing形式作表语与进行时态的区别
His job is cleaning the classroom．(动词 ing形式作表语)
他的工作就是打扫教室。
He is cleaning the classroom now．(谓语，现在进行时)
他现在正在打扫教室。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①One of the good exercises is __________ (swim)．
②The real problem is _________ (get) to know the needs of the customers．
③The situation both at home and abroad is very ___________ (inspire)．
④The book is _____________ (interest) and I like it very much．
⑤From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises，the whole experience was _________ (amaze)．
二、动词 ed形式作表语
1．动词 ed形式作表语，说明主语(表示人或物的名词)所处的状态，常用在be，remain，feel，seem，look，become等系动词之后。
He looked worried after reading the letter．
看完信后，他显得很忧虑。
Both he and I are satisfied with the result．
我和他对结果都很满意。
2．动词 ed形式作表语与被动语态的区别
动词 ed形式作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
The cup is broken．(系表结构)
杯子破了。
The cup was broken by Tom．(被动语态)
杯子是被汤姆打破的。
3．动词 ing形式与动词 ed形式作表语的区别
动词 ing形式 表示事物自身具有的特性，常译作“令人……的”
动词 ed形式 表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态，常译作“感到……的”
这类词常见的有：
interesting 令人感兴趣的—interested感到有趣的
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
confusing 令人费解的—confused感到费解的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人迷惑的—puzzled感到迷惑的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
moving令人感动的—moved感动的
[名师点津] 某些动词的 ed形式可用来修饰名词look，expression，face等。如：a surprised look一个惊讶的表情；a tired face 一张疲倦的脸；a discouraged expression 一个沮丧的表情。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①I was too _______ (tire) to walk any further．
②The story is ________ and whenever I read it I am deeply _______．(move)
③Tom was more ___________ (surprise) than ______________ (disappoint) at this news．
④It is more _____________ why the public is ____________ in the question again now． (interest)
⑤Sherman Cymru is _________ (excite) to present a packed programme of the very best theatre，dance，family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world．
短文语法填空
Tom's hobby was smoking． He also liked reading newspapers because it was 1．_____________ (interest)． He felt 2．____________ (astonish) when he read a newspaper about lung cancer． 3．______ he wanted to do was 4．_____________ (give) up smoking at once． But sometimes he remained 5．_________ (puzzle) if he should continue or give up． So he got 6．_________ (change) and went to a hospital to ask a doctor for help，7．_____ showed him some pictures of lung cancer，which were 8．_____________ (frighten)． So he was 9．____________ (determine) to follow the doctor's advice 10．_____ stop smoking．
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①scroll n． 长卷纸，卷轴
②insight n． 洞悉，了解；洞察力，领悟
an important insight into深入了解
③It is commonly believed that...一般认为……
④consist of由……组成
⑤crop n．庄稼，作物；收成，产量
crop fields农田
⑥wind vi． & vt．蜿蜒，迂回；上发条；缠绕
wind through弯弯曲曲地通过
⑦(be) hard at work勤奋工作
⑧sail vi．& vt． (乘船)航行；起航；驾驶(船只)；飘，掠 n． 帆；乘船航行
⑨civilian n． 平民，老百姓，庶民
⑩all walks of life各行各业，社会各界
butcher n．肉贩，屠夫
go about sth． 忙于做某事，继续做某事
apparent adj．显而易见，明白易懂，显然
ink n．墨水，墨汁
perspective n．透视法；态度，观点；客观判断力；景观，远景
precise adj．细致的，精细的；准确的，精确的；恰好的
precise brushwork严谨的笔法
ambitious adj．宏大的，艰巨的；有野心的，有雄心的
enormous adj．巨大的，庞大的
an enormous amount of大量的
thanks to幸亏，多亏，由于
comprehensive adj．全面的，详尽的；综合性的
a great deal大量；许多
clothing n．衣服，服装
a wide range of大范围的，多种多样的
temple n．庙宇，寺院
structure n．建筑物；结构，构造；精心组织
at first sight乍一看；初看之下
overall adj．全面的，综合的 adv．全部，总计；一般来说，大体上
critic n．批评家，评论家；批评者，挑剔的人
inspection n．检查，查看，审视；视察
on closer inspection进一步观察
expose vt．揭露，揭穿；暴露，显露；使遭受；使接触
political adj．政治的，政府的，政权的；政党的，党派的
serious political and social problems严重的政治和社会问题
belong to属于
lose control of失去对……的控制
soldier n．军人，士兵
in danger of处于……危险之中
crash into撞上
crisis n．危机，危急关头；危难时刻，病危期
decline n． 衰退，衰落，减少，下降 vi．& vt． 减少，下降，衰退，衰落；谢绝
be in decline处于衰退状态
overthrow vt． 推翻，打倒 n．推翻，打倒
be down to由……引起(或造成)
scale n．规模，范围；等级，级别；标度；比例
emperor n．皇帝
make copies of临摹
in one's own right凭自身的资格(或努力)
outstanding adj．优秀的，杰出的；突出的，明显的
make an outstanding contribution to对……作出突出贡献
exhibition n． 展览，展出
be on exhibition展览中，在展出之中
wait in line排队等候
rare adj．稀少的，罕见的；稀罕的，珍贵的
speak volumes about充分说明，清楚表明
historic adj．历史上著名的；有史时期的
Qingming Scroll①
Zhang Zeduan's Qingming Scroll is a masterwork of Chinese art． Painted on a five metre long silk scroll，it offers an important insight② into life in China in the 12th century． It is commonly believed that③ the city described in the painting is Bianjing (present day Kaifeng)，the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty．[1] The ancient scroll has survived the test of time remarkably well，and is currently housed in the Palace Museum in Beijing．
[1]本句中包含It is commonly believed that...句型，表示“一般认为……”，it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。
The scroll consists of④ three main sections． The first section presents a peaceful scene of rural life near Bianjing，featuring crop⑤ fields，a river winding⑥ through the landscape，and farmers hard at work⑦． The second section shows the riverbanks and the central bridge alive with activity as boats sail⑧ in and out of Bianjing． Civilians⑨ can also be seen walking through the city gate in both directions． The third and final section pictures life inside the city itself． Here，hundreds of people from all walks of life⑩，including butchers ，hairdressers and government officials，can be seen going about their daily business． The combination of these three sections gives the viewer an idea of what life was like for the people of Bianjing[2]．
[2]what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。
Zhang's amazing artistic technique is apparent all across the scroll． Using ink on silk[3]，he creates realistic images of scenery，buildings and people，and displays a remarkable mastery of perspective ． The most impressive aspect of the painting，however，is probably Zhang's precise brushwork． This well developed ability，as well as the scroll's ambitious size，allows Zhang to show an enormous amount of detail—you could study the painting for hours and still discover something new．
[3]动词 ing形式短语作方式状语。
Thanks to all this fine detail，the Qingming Scroll provides a comprehensive look at life during the Northern Song Dynasty． It reveals a great deal about the 12th century Chinese customs，clothing ，transportation methods，business practices，and a wide range of buildings，such as temples ，teahouses and government structures ． At first sight ，the overall scene of life in the capital city appears peaceful and cheerful． However，some critics suggest that on closer inspection ，the painting actually exposes serious political and social problems[4]． Some boats carrying food do not seem to belong to the government，which suggests that the government has lost control of food supplies and transportation．[5] Also in the painting are soldiers who appear to ignore their duties．[6] There are some less obvious indicators of trouble too． For example，in the centre of the scroll，a boat is in danger of crashing into the bridge． These sorts of details point to a crisis developing in the city． In fact，the Northern Song Dynasty was in decline by this stage． About twenty years after the painting was completed，it was overthrown ．
[4]that引导宾语从句。
[5]本句中动词 ing形式短语carrying food作名词boats的后置定语；which引导非限制性定语从句，其中that引导宾语从句。
[6]本句中主句为倒装句，正常语序为Soldiers are also in the painting...；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词soldiers。
Zhang's timeless scroll is an important example of realism in the history of Chinese paintings． Its value is down not only to its great scale ，artistic quality and attention to detail，but also to its representation of daily life． Such is its worth that several later emperors even asked the most talented artists of their day to make copies of the scroll．[7] Some of these copies are now regarded as precious works of art in their own right ． With the Qingming Scroll，Zhang made an outstanding contribution to Chinese art and greatly influenced generations of future artists．
[7]本句中主句为倒装句，正常语序为Its worth is such...；后面是结果状语从句。
The original scroll is still in one piece despite its age，but it is extremely delicate． Because of this，it is not often displayed to the public． The last time it was on exhibition ，crowds waited in line for hours for the rare chance to see the famous painting with their own eyes．[8] The public's continued enthusiasm about the Qingming Scroll，even after all these centuries，speaks volumes about the power of this historic piece of art．
[8]本句中The last time引导时间状语从句；不定式短语to see the famous painting作名词chance的后置定语。
《清明上河图》
张择端的《清明上河图》是中国艺术的代表作。它绘于一幅五米长的绢布卷轴上，让我们得以深入了解十二世纪中国的生活风貌。一般认为，画中描绘的城市是北宋的都城汴京(今天的开封)。这个古卷经过时间的考验，保存完好，目前存放在北京故宫博物院。
该画卷由三个主要部分组成。第一部分展现了汴京城外平静的乡村生活场景，重点描绘了农田、蜿蜒而过的河流和辛勤劳作的农民。第二部分展示的是船只进进出出汴京的热闹河岸和中央大桥。也可以看到平民进出城门。第三部分，也是最后一部分，描绘了城内的生活。在这里，我们可以看见数百个来自各行各业的人正忙着自己的营生，有肉贩，有理发师，还有官差。这三个部分的结合让观众了解到汴京人的生活是什么样的。
张择端令人惊叹的绘画技艺在整幅画卷中随处可见。他在丝绸上用墨创作了写实的风景、建筑和人物形象，并表现出高超的透视技巧。然而，这幅画最令人印象深刻的方面可能要数张择端严谨的笔法了。张择端娴熟的绘画技艺以及气势恢宏的画幅，让他能展现海量的细节——你仔细看这幅画卷数小时之后还能有新的发现。
多亏了这些精美的细节，《清明上河图》提供了对北宋时期生活的全面了解。它揭示了大量关于十二世纪中国的习俗、服装、交通方式、商业行为和各种各样的建筑，如寺庙、茶馆和政府机构。乍一看，这个都城的整个生活场景显得平静而愉快。然而一些评论家提出，进行更为仔细的观察，会发现这幅画实际上揭露了严重的政治和社会问题。一些运送食物的船只似乎不属于政府，这表明政府已经失去了对食品供应和运输的控制。这幅画里还有一些士兵，他们似乎忽视了自己的职责。还有一些不太明显的迹象也预示着麻烦。例如，在卷轴的中央，一艘船有撞到桥上的危险。这些细节表明一场危机正在这座城市蔓延。事实上，到这个阶段，北宋已经走向衰落了。大约在这幅画完成二十年后，北宋就被推翻了。
张择端的永恒画卷是中国绘画史上写实主义的重要例证。它的价值不仅在于画幅宏大，艺术性高，注重细节，而且还在于对日常生活的展现。这幅画价值如此之高，以至于后世有几位皇帝甚至命令当朝最有才华的画家来临摹这幅长卷。现在其中一些摹本本身就被视为艺术珍品。因为《清明上河图》，张择端为中国艺术作出了杰出贡献，对后世画家产生了深远影响。
尽管年代久远，原始的画卷仍是完整的，但它极其易坏。正因为如此，它不经常向公众展示。上次这幅画展出时，人们排了几个小时的队，只为有机会亲眼看到这幅名画。甚至在几个世纪之后，公众仍对《清明上河图》的热情不减，这足以证明这幅历史性画作的影响力。
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