参考答案
Unit 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Period One Reading and Thinking—
Comprehension
【课前自主探究】
Task 1: Text Structure Analysing
1.severe 2.frustrated 3.contradictory 4.infection
5.subscribed 6.proof/evidence 7.suspected 8.to blame
9.substantial 10.transformed
Task 2: Fast Reading
how John Snow solved the problem of cholera
Task 3: Careful Reading
1—4 BDDC
Task 4: Micro-writing
1.frustrated 2.for 3.was caused 4.proof 5.marking
6.where 7.to blame 8.removed 9.Fortunately 10.the
LE▲RN
导学案 参考答案
Unit 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Period One Reading and Thinking—Comprehension
Ⅰ.1. 使感染,影响 2.一家人;家庭 3.怀疑 4.处理 5.订购,订阅
Ⅱ.1.frustrated 2.severe 3.multiple 4.contradictory 5.intervention 6.raw 7.transformed 8.substantial
Ⅲ.1.was contradictory to 2.is suspected of 3.attended to
4.In time 5.As a result of 6.is to blame for 7.die of
8.With/Through tireless efforts
Ⅳ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓——两位mRNA领域先驱卡里科和韦斯曼获奖。本文主要介绍了他们的研究历程。
1.D 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“mRNA is a special molecule (分子) which carries instructions that tell cells what proteins to make. Proteins are one of the building blocks of life. They’re involved in almost every process in living things, from fighting diseases to building muscles to helping our bodies work. Karikó was excited about the idea that mRNA could be used to help the body fight many different diseases.”可知,关于mRNA,第二段主要谈到了其研究价值。故选D项。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Karikó got to know another UPenn scientist, Drew Weissman in the late 1990s while photocopying research papers.”可知,卡里科与韦斯曼的相遇是偶然的。故选A项。
3.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“One of the biggest problems in using mRNA as a medicine was that the human body saw mRNA as an enemy and fought it off. Together, they came up with an approach to treating mRNA.In 2005, they published their key discovery: mRNA could be changed and delivered effectively into the body to activate (激活) the body’s protective immune system.”可知,这两位科学家的科学突破在于他们通过处理mRNA使得人体接受mRNA。故选C项。
4.D 推理判断题。通读全文,尤其是根据文章第三段中的“Karikó had trouble getting money for her research. She even got a pay cut from the school. What was worse, at this time, she suffered from cancer. But she stuck at it.”可知,从卡里科的故事中我们能学到:成功源于持久的探索欲望。故选D项。
Ⅴ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章向我们描述了优秀的科学家的性格特点。
1.C 上文“The Free Dictionary defines a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science.”讲字典对科学家这一名词的解释和理解,C项“它还将科学家定义为使用科学方法的人。”承接上文。故选C项。
2.B 设空处位于段首,应是本段的中心句,根据本段小标题“Curiosity.”可知,本段主要讲述科学家需要有好奇心,B项“An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.(一个优秀的科学家必须对事物充满好奇心。)”是对小标题的说明,为本段中心句,其中curious和curiosity相呼应。故选B项。
3.A 设空处位于段首,应是本段的中心句。根据后文“There are very few jobs that take longer than this one. Even if you think you have received some education on science, you still have a lot of scientific research to do.”可知,成为科学家需要很长时间,A项“Becoming a scientist takes a long time.(成为一名科学家需要很长时间。)”是本段中心句。故选A项。
4.D 根据前文“A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal or outside commercial interests. Sticking to an old belief contradicted(反驳)by evidence is dishonest.”可知,D项“However, that belief shouldn’t be changed without powerful evidence.(然而,在没有有力证据的情况下,这种信念不应该改变。)”承接上文,符合语境。故选D项。
5.E 根据后文“He/She also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally.”可知,E项“He/She can work well alone or in groups, depending on what’s needed.(他/她可以单独工作,也可以在团队中工作,这取决于需要什么。)”也是描述科学家的工作方式,符合语境。故选E项。
Ⅵ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了2021年获得诺贝尔化学奖的两名科学家的研究成就。
1.developing 考查非谓语动词。空处作介词for的宾语,应用动名词形式。故填developing。
2.requires 考查时态和主谓一致。句子描述现在的一般性情况,应用一般现在时,主语the process of making molecules是单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填requires。
3.or 考查连词。句意:多年来,化学家只使用复合酶或者金属催化剂。either…or…表示“或者……或者……”。故填or。
4.independently 考查副词。空处修饰动词reported,应用副词作状语,independently是副词,表示“独立地”。故填independently。
5.easier 考查形容词比较级。此处表示“更容易”,应用形容词的比较级形式。故填easier。
6.estimated 考查非谓语动词。此处是非谓语动词作定语,estimate与被修饰词35 percent of the world’s total GDP之间是被动关系,应用过去分词作定语。故填estimated。
7.announcement 考查名词。空处作介词after的宾语,应用名词announcement。故填announcement。
8.a 考查冠词。结合语意可知,此处泛指一个愚蠢的想法,应用不定冠词表示泛指,stupid是发音以辅音音素开头的单词,故填a。
9.that/which 考查定语从句。此处是定语从句,修饰先行词idea,先行词指物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,应用that/which引导。故填that/which。
10.to do 考查非谓语动词。 have sth to do sth表示“用某物去做某事”,所以空处应用不定式形式作目的状语。故填to do。Unit 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
John Snow
John Snow被认为是流行病学最早的创始人之一,同时又是最初研究和计算麻醉药剂量的医生。
John Snow was a British physician. He was born on 15 March, 1813 in York, England. He was the first of nine children born to William and Frances Snow in their North Street home. His neighbourhood was one of the poorest in the city and was always in danger of flooding. His father worked in the local coal yards.
Snow studied in York until the age of 14. He graduated from the University of London in December 1844, and was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians in 1850.
Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate drug doses (剂量) for use in surgical anaesthesia (麻醉).
John Snow is considered to be one of the fathers of epidemiology (流行病学) because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, England, in 1854. He used a spot map to illustrate how cases of cholera were centred around the pump. He also made a solid use of statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the source of water and cholera cases. He showed that companies taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames delivered water to homes with an increased incidence of cholera. Snow’s study was a major event in the history of public health, and could be regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology.
At the age of 45, Snow suffered a stroke while working in his London office on 10 June, 1858. He never recovered, dying on 16 June, 1858 and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. John Snow was voted the greatest physician of all time in a poll of British doctors in 2003.
【主题词句背诵】
1.in danger of 有……的危险→in danger处于危险之中
2.be admitted to 获准进入;被……录取
3.outbreak n.爆发,突然发生→break out vi.爆发,突然发生
4.spot map 标点地图
5.illustrate vt.说明;(用示例、图画等)解释
6.deliver sth to sb/a place把某物运送至某人/某地
7.of all time有史以来;一直,始终
Period One Reading and Thinking—Comprehension
Task 1: Text Structure Analysing
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
About cholera and John Snow Cholera, which is a 1. illness, used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world. When an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, causing millions of deaths, John Snow became 2. . In time, he rose to become famous, always desiring to destroy cholera once and for all.
Two 3. theories explaining how cholera spread One theory was that bad air caused it. The other was that cholera was caused by an 4. from germs in food or water, to which John Snow 5. .
Finding 6. & measures to prevent it By marking on a map the exact places where all the dead had lived, Snow 7. that the water pump was 8. .
(续表)
The results Snow’s tireless efforts led to a 9. decrease of the threat of cholera around the world,and made people know how to prevent cholera.In his use of maps and statistics, Snow 10. the way of studying diseases.
Task 2: Fast Reading
The passage mainly tells us .
Task 3: Careful Reading
Read the text and then choose the best answer according to the text.
( )1.Which of the following theories did John Snow subscribe to
A.Cholera was caused by bad air.
B.Cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
C.Cholera was caused by free beer.
D.Cholera was caused by dirty food.
( )2.What was to blame for the outbreak of cholera in London in 1854
A.Polluted air.
B.The water company.
C.Beer out of date.
D.Polluted water.
( )3.Why did some households have no deaths
A.They drank beer as well as water from the pump.
B.They didn’t take in bad air.
C.They knew how to treat cholera.
D.They didn’t drink the water from the pump.
( )4.How did John Snow find out the cause of cholera
A.By living in the area where cholera broke out.
B.By telling the people concerned how to prevent it.
C.By marking on a map where all the dead had lived.
D.By saving the people suffering from cholera.
Task 4: Micro-writing
In the early 19th century, an outbreak of cholera hit Europe. No one knew how to prevent or treat it. John Snow,a British doctor,felt 1. (frustrate). But he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and 2. all. In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread, and Snow subscribed to the second theory that cholera 3. (cause) by an infection from germs in food or water. It was correct, but 4. (prove) was still needed. He was determined to find out why.
Snow began by 5. (mark) on a map the exact places 6. all those who died had lived. Snow doubted if the water pump was 7. (blame).At last,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump 8. (remove).
Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. 9. (fortunate),we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered 10. father of modern epidemiology. Unit 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Period One Reading and Thinking—Comprehension
●Ⅰ 品句识词
1.She infected the children with her enthusiasm for music.
2.Most households now own at least one car.
3.Suspecting nothing, he walked right into the trap.
4.A new man was appointed to handle the crisis.
5.Which journals does the library subscribe to
●Ⅱ 单词拼写
1.John Snow became (沮丧的) when he couldn’t prevent cholera at the very beginning.
2.Despite the (严重的) shortage of water resources in some parts of the world, there is serious waste of water.
3.The designer can add (多种多样的) details to the design to communicate her idea.
4.There were (相互矛盾的) versions of what the President said in his speech.
5.The World Wildlife Fund warns that, without the urgent government (介入,干涉), koalas in eastern Australia could be extinct by 2050.
6.Oil is an important (未经处理的) material that can be processed into many different products, including plastics.
7.Undoubtedly, it is his marriage that has completely (改变) him into a caring man.
8.He knows (大量的) grammar rules, but he can’t speak the language fluently.
●Ⅲ 短语填空
1.The prisoner’s statement (与……相矛盾) the one he’d made earlier.
2.The drug, which (被怀疑) having side effects, has been withdrawn from the market.
3.The application must be made within twenty-four hours, or it will not be (处理,受理).
4. (迟早) you will appreciate the beauty of this language.
5. (由于) the heavy fog, all flights have been delayed.
6.The report discloses that human error (应对……负责) the accident.
7.He was very sick and we knew he might (死于) that.
8. (经过不懈努力), the rescue workers finally dug out the survivors from the ruins.
●Ⅳ 阅读理解
[2024·海南三亚高二期末考试]
The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their work on mRNA vaccines (疫苗), a crucial tool in holding back the spread of COVID-19.
Karikó,68, is from Hungary. In the 1970s, she began studying a new area of research: messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA is a special molecule (分子) which carries instructions that tell cells what proteins to make. Proteins are one of the building blocks of life. They’re involved in almost every process in living things, from fighting diseases to building muscles to helping our bodies work. Karikó was excited about the idea that mRNA could be used to help the body fight many different diseases.
In 1985, Karikó moved to America to continue her research. In 1989, she joined the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) in Philadelphia as a scientist. But as time went on, the initial excitement surrounding mRNA research started to disappear, and other scientists thought it was too financially risky to fund the research. Karikó had trouble getting money for her research. She even got a pay cut from the school. What was worse, at this time, she suffered from cancer. But she stuck at it.
Karikó got to know another UPenn scientist, Drew Weissman in the late 1990s while photocopying research papers. He was hoping to find a way to create a vaccine for a disease known as HIV. The two began talking and soon decided to work together.
One of the biggest problems in using mRNA as a medicine was that the human body saw mRNA as an enemy and fought it off. Together, they came up with an approach to treating mRNA.In 2005, they published their key discovery: mRNA could be changed and delivered effectively into the body to activate (激活) the body’s protective immune system. Thanks to their work, companies were able to develop mRNA vaccines far more quickly than ever before, which have saved millions of lives around the world.
( )1.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about regarding mRNA
A.Its reflections on health.
B.Its main components.
C.Its threats to proteins.
D.Its research values.
( )2.What can we learn about Weissman according to the text
A.He met Karikó by accident.
B.He applied mRNA to HIV.
C.He invited Karikó to UPenn.
D.He helped discover mRNA.
( )3.What is Karikó and Weissman’s scientific breakthrough
A.Their idea for how to recognize COVID-19 fast.
B.Their method of testing the mRNA vaccines’ effect.
C.Their way to make the human body accept mRNA.
D.Their experiment of activating the immune system.
( )4.What can we learn from Karikó’s story
A.We should pursue excellence in our careers.
B.Creativity results from challenging authority.
C.Scientists’ work follows technological trends.
D.Success comes from a lasting desire to explore.
●Ⅴ 阅读七选五
[2024·广东深圳高级中学高二期末测试]
Characteristics of an excellent scientist
The Free Dictionary defines a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science. 1. Let’s look at some characteristics of an excellent scientist.
Curiosity.
2. Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things worked. If a scientist doesn’t have the drive to ask questions or even wonder, then he/she never gets to the first stage of the scientific process.
Patience.
3. There are very few jobs that take longer than this one. Even if you think you have received some education on science, you still have a lot of scientific research to do. If you’re an instant-gratification (及时满足的) type of person, this may not be the best choice for you.
Ethical(道德的) qualities.
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good, a scientist must have a desire to improve people’s life as well as the environment, since they are linked and they can affect each other in the long run. A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal or outside commercial interests. Sticking to an old belief contradicted(反驳)by evidence is dishonest. 4.
Working habits.
An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation, keeping it in mind and recording it. 5. He/She also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking skills connect him/her with colleagues working on similar projects where he/she may discover something new.
A.Becoming a scientist takes a long time.
B.An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.
C.It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.
D.However, that belief shouldn’t be changed without powerful evidence.
E.He/She can work well alone or in groups, depending on what’s needed.
F.To make discoveries in human knowledge, you have to think differently.
G.One of the main places that many scientists work in is the research laboratory.
●Ⅵ 语法填空
[2024·湖北夷陵中学、恩施高中高二期末]
Two scientists, Germany’s Benjamin List and Scotland-born David MacMillan, have won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1. (develop) a molecule-building(分子建构)tool that can produce many important compounds in a “greener” way.
The process of making molecules 2. (require) the linking of individual atoms together in specific positions. This can be very slow and difficult. For many years, chemists only used either complex enzymes(酶) 3. metal catalysts(催化剂).
That all changed in 2000, when List and MacMillan 4. (independent) reported that small organic molecules can be used to do the same job.
The process has made the production of some drugs much 5. (easy). It noted that an 6. (estimate) 35 percent of the world’s total GDP, in some way involves chemical catalysis.
Speaking after the 7. (announce), List said the award came as a “huge surprise”. He said at the beginning he did not know that MacMillan was working on the same subject, and he thought his effort might turn out to be, what he called, 8. “stupid idea”.
MacMillan said the start of his catalysis work was a pretty simple idea 9. really sparked a lot of different research. He added, “The part we’re just so proud of is that you don’t have to have huge amounts of equipment and money 10. (do) fine things in chemistry.” (共50张PPT)
Period One
Reading and Thinking—Comprehension
John Snow
John Snow被认为是流行病学最早的创始人之一，同时又是最初研究和
计算麻醉药剂量的医生。
John Snow was a British physician. He was born on 15 March,
1813 in York, England. He was the first of nine children born to
William and Frances Snow in their North Street home. His
neighbourhood was one of the poorest in the city and was always
in danger of flooding. His father worked in the local coal yards.
Snow studied in York until the age of 14. He graduated from
the University of London in December 1844, and was admitted
to the Royal College of Physicians in 1850.
Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate
drug doses (剂量) for use in surgical anaesthesia (麻醉).
John Snow is considered to be one of the fathers of
epidemiology (流行病学) because of his work in tracing the source
of a cholera outbreak in Soho, England, in 1854. He used a spot
map to illustrate how cases of cholera were centred around the
pump. He also made a solid use of statistics to illustrate the
connection between the quality of the source of water and cholera
cases. He showed that companies taking water from sewage-
polluted sections of the Thames delivered water to homes with an
increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in
the history of public health, and could be regarded as the
founding event of the science of epidemiology.
At the age of 45, Snow suffered a stroke while working in his
London office on 10 June, 1858. He never recovered, dying on 16
June, 1858 and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. John Snow was
voted the greatest physician of all time in a poll of British doctors
in 2003.
【主题词句背诵】
1.in danger of 有……的危险→in danger处于危险之中
2.be admitted to 获准进入;被……录取
3.outbreak n.爆发，突然发生→break out vi.爆发，突然发生
4.spot map 标点地图
5.illustrate vt.说明;(用示例、图画等)解释
6.deliver sth to sb/a place 把某物运送至某人/某地
7.of all time 有史以来；一直，始终
课前自主探究
练习册
Task 1: Text Structure Analysing
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” About cholera and John Snow Cholera, which is a 1._________ illness, used to be
one of the most feared diseases in the world. When
an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, causing millions of
deaths, John Snow became 2._____________. In time, he
rose to become famous, always desiring to destroy
cholera once and for all.
severe
frustrated
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” Two 3._________________ theories explaining how cholera spread One theory was that bad air caused it.
The other was that cholera was caused by
an 4.____________ from germs in food or water,
to which John Snow 5.______________.
contradictory
infection
subscribed
续表
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” Finding 6.___________________ & measures to prevent it By marking on a map the exact places
where all the dead had lived, Snow
7._____________ that the water pump was
8.____________.
proof/evidence
suspected
to blame
续表
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” The results Snow's tireless efforts led to a
9.______________decrease of the threat of
cholera around the world, and made people
know how to prevent cholera. In his use of
maps and statistics, Snow 10.________________ the way of studying diseases.
续表
substantial
transformed
Task 2: Fast Reading
The passage mainly tells us _______________________________________
________________________.
how John Snow solved the problem of cholera
Task 3: Careful Reading
Read the text and then choose the best answer according to the
text.
( ) 1.Which of the following theories did John Snow subscribe
to
B
A.Cholera was caused by bad air.
B.Cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
C.Cholera was caused by free beer.
D.Cholera was caused by dirty food.
( ) 2.What was to blame for the outbreak of cholera in London
in 1854
D
A.Polluted air. B.The water company.
C.Beer out of date. D.Polluted water.
( ) 3.Why did some households have no deaths
D
A.They drank beer as well as water from the pump.
B.They didn't take in bad air.
C.They knew how to treat cholera.
D.They didn't drink the water from the pump.
( ) 4.How did John Snow find out the cause of cholera
C
A.By living in the area where cholera broke out.
B.By telling the people concerned how to prevent it.
C.By marking on a map where all the dead had lived.
D.By saving the people suffering from cholera.
Task 4: Micro-writing
In the early 19th century, an outbreak of cholera hit Europe.
No one knew how to prevent or treat it. John Snow,a British
doctor,felt 1._____________ (frustrate). But he never lost his desire to
destroy cholera once and 2._____all. In general, doctors in those
days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread,
and Snow subscribed to the second theory that cholera
3._______________ (cause) by an infection from germs in food or
water. It was correct, but 4.________ (prove) was still needed. He
was determined to find out why.
frustrated
for
was caused
proof
Snow began by 5.___________ (mark) on a map the exact places
6._________ all those who died had lived. Snow doubted if the
water pump was 7.____________ (blame).At last,John Snow was able
to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.
Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump 8.____________
(remove).
Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
9._______________ (fortunate),we now know how to prevent cholera,
thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, Snow transformed the
way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered
10.______ father of modern epidemiology.
marking
where
to blame
removed
Fortunately
the
练 习 册
Ⅰ品句识词
1.She infected the children with her enthusiasm for
music.________________
使感染，影响
2.Most households now own at least one car._________________
一家人;家庭
3.Suspecting nothing, he walked right into the trap._______
怀疑
4.A new man was appointed to handle the crisis._______
处理
5.Which journals does the library subscribe to ______________
订购，订阅
1
2
3
4
5
Ⅱ单词拼写
1.John Snow became _____________ (沮丧的) when he couldn't
prevent cholera at the very beginning.
frustrated
2.Despite the _________ (严重的) shortage of water resources in
some parts of the world, there is serious waste of water.
severe
3.The designer can add ___________ (多种多样的) details to the
design to communicate her idea.
multiple
4.There were _________________ (相互矛盾的) versions of what the
President said in his speech.
contradictory
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5.The World Wildlife Fund warns that, without the urgent
government ________________(介入,干涉), koalas in eastern Australia
could be extinct by 2050.
intervention
6.Oil is an important ______ (未经处理的) material that can be
processed into many different products, including plastics.
raw
7.Undoubtedly, it is his marriage that has completely
________________(改变) him into a caring man.
transformed
8.He knows ______________ (大量的) grammar rules, but he can't
speak the language fluently.
substantial
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ⅲ短语填空
1.The prisoner's statement __________________________(与……相矛盾)
the one he'd made earlier.
was contradictory to
2.The drug, which ____________________ (被怀疑) having side effects,
has been withdrawn from the market.
is suspected of
3.The application must be made within twenty-four hours, or it will
not be ________________(处理,受理).
attended to
4.__________(迟早) you will appreciate the beauty of this language.
In time
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5.__________________(由于) the heavy fog, all flights have been
delayed.
As a result of
6.The report discloses that human error ____________________
(应对……负责) the accident.
is to blame for
7.He was very sick and we knew he might _________ (死于) that.
die of
8.____________________________________(经过不懈努力), the rescue
workers finally dug out the survivors from the ruins.
With/Through tireless efforts
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Ⅳ阅读理解
[2024·海南三亚高二期末考试]
The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been
awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their work on
mRNA vaccines (疫苗), a crucial tool in holding back the spread of
COVID-19.
Karikó,68, is from Hungary. In the 1970s, she began studying a
new area of research: messenger RNA (mRNA).
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mRNA is a special molecule (分子) which carries instructions that
tell cells what proteins to make. Proteins are one of the building
blocks of life. They're involved in almost every process in living
things, from fighting diseases to building muscles to helping our
bodies work. Karikó was excited about the idea that mRNA could
be used to help the body fight many different diseases.
In 1985, Karikó moved to America to continue her research. In
1989, she joined the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) in
Philadelphia as a scientist. But as time went on, the initial
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excitement surrounding mRNA research started to disappear, and
other scientists thought it was too financially risky to fund the
research. Karikó had trouble getting money for her research. She
even got a pay cut from the school. What was worse, at this time,
she suffered from cancer. But she stuck at it.
Karikó got to know another UPenn scientist, Drew Weissman in
the late 1990s while photocopying research papers. He was hoping
to find a way to create a vaccine for a disease known as HIV. The
two began talking and soon decided to work together.
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One of the biggest problems in using mRNA as a medicine
was that the human body saw mRNA as an enemy and fought it
off. Together, they came up with an approach to treating mRNA.In
2005, they published their key discovery: mRNA could be changed
and delivered effectively into the body to activate (激活) the body's
protective immune system. Thanks to their work, companies were
able to develop mRNA vaccines far more quickly than ever before,
which have saved millions of lives around the world.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓——两
位mRNA领域先驱卡里科和韦斯曼获奖。本文主要介绍了他们的研究历程。
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( ) 1.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about regarding
mRNA
D
A.Its reflections on health. B.Its main components.
C.Its threats to proteins. D.Its research values.
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[解析] 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“mRNA is a special molecule (分子)
which carries instructions that tell cells what proteins to make.
Proteins are one of the building blocks of life. They're involved in
almost every process in living things, from fighting diseases to
building muscles to helping our bodies work. Karikó was excited
about the idea that mRNA could be used to help the body fight
many different diseases.”可知，关于mRNA，第二段主要谈到了其研究价
值。故选D项。
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( ) 2.What can we learn about Weissman according to the text
A
A.He met Karikó by accident. B.He applied mRNA to HIV.
C.He invited Karikó to UPenn. D.He helped discover mRNA.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Karikó got to know another
UPenn scientist, Drew Weissman in the late 1990s while
photocopying research papers.”可知，卡里科与韦斯曼的相遇是偶然的。
故选A项。
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( ) 3.What is Karikó and Weissman's scientific breakthrough
C
A.Their idea for how to recognize COVID-19 fast.
B.Their method of testing the mRNA vaccines' effect.
C.Their way to make the human body accept mRNA.
D.Their experiment of activating the immune system.
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3
4
[解析] 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“One of the biggest problems
in using mRNA as a medicine was that the human body saw
mRNA as an enemy and fought it off. Together, they came up with
an approach to treating mRNA.In 2005, they published their key
discovery: mRNA could be changed and delivered effectively into
the body to activate (激活) the body's protective immune system.”
可知，这两位科学家的科学突破在于他们通过处理mRNA使得人体接受mRNA。
故选C项。
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( ) 4.What can we learn from Karikó's story
D
A.We should pursue excellence in our careers.
B.Creativity results from challenging authority.
C.Scientists' work follows technological trends.
D.Success comes from a lasting desire to explore.
[解析] 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章第三段中的“Karikó had
trouble getting money for her research. She even got a pay cut
from the school. What was worse, at this time, she suffered from
cancer. But she stuck at it.”可知，从卡里科的故事中我们能学到：成功源
于持久的探索欲望。故选D项。
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Ⅴ阅读七选五
[2024·广东深圳高级中学高二期末测试]
Characteristics of an excellent scientist
The Free Dictionary defines a scientist as a person having
professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural
science or physical science. 1.___ Let's look at some characteristics
of an excellent scientist.
C
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Curiosity.
2.___ Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George
Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to
know how things worked. If a scientist doesn't have the drive to
ask questions or even wonder, then he/she never gets to the first
stage of the scientific process.
Patience.
3.___ There are very few jobs that take longer than this one.
Even if you think you have received some education on science,
you still have a lot of scientific research to do. If you're an instant-
gratification (及时满足的) type of person, this may not be the best
choice for you.
B
A
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Ethical(道德的) qualities.
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater
good, a scientist must have a desire to improve people's life as
well as the environment, since they are linked and they can affect
each other in the long run. A scientist must report findings
honestly regardless of personal or outside commercial interests.
Sticking to an old belief contradicted(反驳)by evidence is dishonest.
4.____
D
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Working habits.
An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest
observation, keeping it in mind and recording it. 5.___ He/She also
needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking
skills connect him/her with colleagues working on similar projects
where he/she may discover something new.
E
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A.Becoming a scientist takes a long time.
B.An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.
C.It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific
methods.
D.However, that belief shouldn't be changed without powerful
evidence.
E.He/She can work well alone or in groups, depending on what's
needed.
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F.To make discoveries in human knowledge, you have to think
differently.
G.One of the main places that many scientists work in is the
research laboratory.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章向我们描述了优秀的科学家的性格特点。
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1.___
C
[解析] 上文“The Free Dictionary defines a scientist as a person
having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially
natural science or physical science.”讲字典对科学家这一名词的解释和
理解，C项“它还将科学家定义为使用科学方法的人。”承接上文。故选C项。
2.___
B
[解析] 设空处位于段首，应是本段的中心句，根据本段小标题“Curiosity.”
可知，本段主要讲述科学家需要有好奇心，B项“An excellent scientist
must be very curious about things.(一个优秀的科学家必须对事物充满好
奇心。)”是对小标题的说明，为本段中心句，其中curious和curiosity相呼应。
故选B项。
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3.___
A
[解析] 设空处位于段首，应是本段的中心句。根据后文“There are very
few jobs that take longer than this one. Even if you think you
have received some education on science, you still have a lot of
scientific research to do.”可知，成为科学家需要很长时间，A项
“Becoming a scientist takes a long time.(成为一名科学家需要很长时
间。)”是本段中心句。故选A项。
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4.____
D
[解析] 根据前文“A scientist must report findings honestly regardless
of personal or outside commercial interests. Sticking to an old
belief contradicted(反驳)by evidence is dishonest.”可知，D项
“However, that belief shouldn't be changed without powerful
evidence.(然而，在没有有力证据的情况下，这种信念不应该改变。)”承接上
文，符合语境。故选D项。
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5.___
[解析] 根据后文“He/She also needs to communicate thoughts on
paper and verbally.”可知，E项“He/She can work well alone or in
groups, depending on what's needed.(他/她可以单独工作，也可以在团
队中工作，这取决于需要什么。)”也是描述科学家的工作方式，符合语境。
故选E项。
E
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Ⅵ语法填空
[2024·湖北夷陵中学、恩施高中高二期末]
Two scientists, Germany's Benjamin List and Scotland-born
David MacMillan, have won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
1._______________ (develop) a molecule-building(分子建构)tool that
can produce many important compounds in a “greener” way.
The process of making molecules 2.___________ (require) the
linking of individual atoms together in specific positions. This can
be very slow and difficult. For many years, chemists only used
either complex enzymes(酶) 3.____ metal catalysts(催化剂).
developing
requires
or
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That all changed in 2000, when List and MacMillan
4.__________________ (independent) reported that small organic
molecules can be used to do the same job.
The process has made the production of some drugs much
5.________ (easy). It noted that an 6._____________ (estimate) 35
percent of the world's total GDP, in some way involves chemical
catalysis.
Speaking after the 7.___________________ (announce), List said
the award came as a “huge surprise”. He said at the beginning
he did not know that MacMillan was working on the same subject,
independently
easier
estimated
announcement
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and he thought his effort might turn out to be, what he called,
8.___“stupid idea”.
MacMillan said the start of his catalysis work was a pretty
simple idea 9.______________ really sparked a lot of different
research. He added, “The part we're just so proud of is that you
don't have to have huge amounts of equipment and money
10.________ (do) fine things in chemistry.”
a
that/which
to do
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【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了2021年获得诺贝尔化学奖的两
名科学家的研究成就。
1._______________
developing
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。空处作介词for的宾语，应用动名词形式。故填
developing。
2.___________
requires
[解析] 考查时态和主谓一致。句子描述现在的一般性情况，应用一般现在时，
主语the process of making molecules是单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单
数形式。故填requires。
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3.____
or
[解析] 考查连词。句意：多年来，化学家只使用复合酶或者金属催化剂。
either…or…表示“或者……或者……”。故填or。
4.__________________
independently
[解析] 考查副词。空处修饰动词reported，应用副词作状语，
independently是副词，表示“独立地”。故填independently。
5.________
easier
[解析] 考查形容词比较级。此处表示“更容易”，应用形容词的比较级形式。
故填easier。
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6._____________
estimated
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。此处是非谓语动词作定语，estimate与被修饰词35
percent of the world's total GDP之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作定语。
故填estimated。
7.___________________
announcement
[解析] 考查名词。空处作介词after的宾语，应用名词announcement。故填
announcement。
8.___
a
[解析] 考查冠词。结合语意可知，此处泛指一个愚蠢的想法，应用不定冠词
表示泛指，stupid是发音以辅音音素开头的单词，故填a。
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9.______________
that/which
[解析] 考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，修饰先行词idea，先行词指物，关
系词在定语从句中作主语，应用that/which引导。故填that/which。
10.________
to do
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。 have sth to do sth表示“用某物去做某事”，所
以空处应用不定式形式作目的状语。故填to do。
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